Linguistic Notes

5.The Killing of the Prairie Dogs

(5.1)

     1. d1'88een1 '4god8 'just one more remains'. I cannot explain this form. d1'88een1 looks like d1-....-n1 'just, only', '7- 'there', and -ee. 'at' which would mean literally 'just at that place'. '4god8 seems to be the imp. neut. intr. verb '4...-d8 'to be not' with a place subject; thus 'a place is not. But the combination is translated 'there is just one more place' and, in addition, there are the following similar forms: naakin '4god8 'two more times' [naaki 'two', -n times'], t11n '4god8 'three more times' [t11- 'three'],

     2. n'aa- 'over there' plus -y1 pp. This is the only occurrence of n'aa-; cf. the demonstrative stem 'aa- [Grammatical Sketch, 3].

     3. dl=7'prairie dog'. A variant form also occurs: dl=ye [see passage 3 of the text]. I cannot explain this variation which also occurs in other words; cf., for example, nai, maiye 'coyote.

(5.2)

     1. 1h11n4zh8 'to its vicinity, in its vicinity'. 1h11n4, 3rd person of 'to be close, near' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. ]zaazh8 'to a distance, far away'. ]zaa 'a long way, a distance' [part.].

(5.3)

     1. bigogh3n1'a 'their homes [were], it is said'. gogh3 'home, wickiup, tipi' [thematic].

     2. k==h4zh8 'for a moment. k==h4 'a little, a moment, gently' [part.].

     3. bi'1]y1 'to his hole'. bi'1], 3rd person poss. of 'ii''1] 'hole, den'.

     4. '1n11ha[gho[go 'he, running in again and again'. 3rd person prog. of -l-ghee. 'to run, move rapidly with the prefixes '1- [also heard 1h-] 'in, into' and n11- 'again and again'. Cf. the next word, han11ha[gho[sh9 'from which he was running out again and again', in which ha- 'out' replaces '1-.

(5.4)

      Ma'ish=7[b1y4 'gray lizard'. ma'ish=7 'lizard may be a compound of ma'i-, possibly related to ma'ye 'coyote', and -sh=7 which is a unique morpheme. -[b1y4 is evidently an archaic relative of [b1y4 'he is gray' [3rd person imp. neut.].

(5.5)

     1. ]'1] 'that one'. Cf. '1] 'that one'. See also note 5.1, 2.

     2. ch'7d4goda 'in vain' [part.].

(5.6)

     1. '99y22] 'well then'. Cf. note 3, 1.

     2. nzhooshnee should read nzhooshndee 'I'll help you" 1st person imp. with 2nd person obj. of zhoo-|...[si- perf.]-ndee 'to help assist' [act.tr.]. zhoo- is a thematic prefix.

     3. han11n1sghogo 'he, having run out again' 3rd person perf. of ha-n11-n1- [si- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run out again' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out', n11- 'again'.

     4. 'ii'1hn11n0o[ghogo 'he, running in again'. 3rd person prog. of 'ii'1h-n11-n1-...[si- perf.]l-ghee 'to run in again' [act. intr.]. 'ii'1h- is a unique prefix; cf. 'ii'1] 'hole' and the prefix '1h- in, into'.

     5. haad7 d1s7'itisgo been[t[i7 'as fast as you can'. haad7 'whatever' [see Grammatical Sketch, 4]. d1s7- 'very', 'itis 'over it, the best. been[t[i7, relative in -7 of the 3rd person perf. of Oee-hi-|...[? perf.]-l-tee 'to run, move, walk' [act. intr.]. Literally, the phrase reads: 'whatever is the best [speed] with which you have run'.

     6. been1diy00[yo[ 'you are running with it'. bee- 'with, by means of it'; 'it' referring to the phrase analyzed in 5. n1diy00[yo[, 2nd person prog. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run' [act. intr.].

     7. nii'1 should read ndii'1 'on the ground'. ndii 'ground' plus -y11 pp. Why the -'- appears, I do not know.

     8. n00[gha[go 'you, throwing yourself'. 2nd person prog. of ni-...[si- perf.]-l-gha[ 'to throw oneself' [mediopas.]. ni- terminative.

     9. ts'77yaa 'immediately, at once' [part.].

(5.7)

      ya'jin00gon1'a 'he dashed in, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ya-'i-ni-...[hi- perf.]-gee 'to run inside, to dash into' [act. intr.]. ya'i- > ya'- 'inside, into'; ni- terminative. It is quite possible that I misheard this form and that ya- should read y1-, an intensifier. 'i- means 'in' and y1'i- would therefore mean 'right in' as the context requires.

(5.8)

     1. deek'osh4 'salt'.

     2. bitaji[ghon1'a, 'he had gone among them, it is said. 3rd person perf. of 0-ta-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to go among' [act. intr.]. -ta 'among'; ni- completive.

     3. nan]t'in1'a 'they were lined up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of nan-ni- [ni- perf.]-t4 'several line up; several get in line' [act. intr.]. nan- 'in a line' [?]; ni- completive.

      Preceded by k -- zh8 'to the fire', this phrase means literally: 'they were lined up to the fire, it is said'.

     4. '7[ts4 'here, wait' [exclamation]. Cf. note 1.1, 1.

     5. bich'88daan1['3go 'putting your heads toward it'. bich'88 'toward it'. daan1['3, 2nd person distrib. of ni-...-l-'3 'to have one's head in position' [mediopas. si- perf. neut.]. ni- terminative plus si- perf., ah- 2nd person dual, and the classifier gives n1[-.

     6. k'4daadahaa[ 'look at it'. 2nd person distrib. of k'4-di-...[si- perf.]-ghaa[ 'look at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.16, 2. di- plus the 2nd person dual pronoun gives dah-; dah- plus -ghaa[ gives dahaa[.

     7. dain4['9go 'as they looked at it'. 3rd person distrib. imp. with 3rd person obj. of n4-...[hi- perf.]-[-'9 'to look at' [act. tr.]. n4- ? daa- plus yi- gives dai-.

     8. bich'88ts4j00[kaan1'a 'he threw it toward them into the fire, it is said'. bich'88- 'toward them' plus 3a person perf. of ts4-|...[hi- perf.]-[-kaa 'to throw several objects into the fire' [act. tr.; ts44-| into the fire']. The theme alone refers to the throwing or forcible propulsion of many objects.

(5.9)

     1. bich'88daadeesch'i[n1'a 'it exploded toward them, it is said. 3rd person distrib. perf. of di-|...[si- perf.]-[-ch'ii[ 'to explode, burst, pop out' [act. intr.]. di- is probably the prefix denoting noise, though here it takes the si- perf. rather than the usual hi- perf. [see note 1.15, 3].The si- perf. and hi- perf. tend to merge in meaning in Chiricahua; in the case of some verbs, either perfective may be used.

     2. bi['idaaheesta'n1'a 'it scattered into them, it is said'. bi[- 'to them, with them' plus 3rd person distrib. perf. of -'i-hi-...[si- perf.]-t1 'to break and scatter; [fine particles] scatter [as from an explosion]' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away'; hi- ?]. Note that the subject referring to a mass of salt particles takes the distributive number.

     3. doodaa'a'9da daasil9go 'they, having become blind'. doodaa'a'9da 'blind, they cannot see anything'. doo-...-da negative plus 3rd person with indefinite object of -9; 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.]. This form functions as an adverb to daasil9 'they have become'.

     4. d1'1zh8 'right away'. d1- 'just, exactly'; '1- 'there'; -zh8 'to' [pp.].

     5. taijiisndin1'a 'he knocked them down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of O-taa-ji-...[si- perf.]-l-ndi 'to knock several down one after another' [act. intr.]. Here, however, the indirect object pronoun is lacking [cf. note 4.9, 3]. tai- > taa-ji; the 3a pronoun ji- becomes -i- before another prefix beginning with dz- or j-.

(5.10)
'4gojiisd88go 'he, having finished it'. 3a person perf. with place object of '44-...[si- perf.]-[-d88 'to finish, complete' [act. tr.; '4- thematic prefix].