1. koy1 'yonder'. Cf. note 1.15, 7.

     2. ch'4j7]'11zhn1'a 'the two went out, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ch'4-ni- [ni- perf.] -- '11zh 'two go out' [act. intr.]. The theme means 'two move' [act. intr.]. ch'4- 'out'; ni- completive [appears only in the imperfective].

     3. ⁿd1s4y1 'farther on'. ⁿd1s4- [also heard ⁿd1s1-] 'farther on' plus the postposition -y1.

     4. jazha 'they were hunting'. 3a prog. of -zha 'to hunt' [act. intr.. Cf. note 2.1, 3.

     5. jiyeesx9n1'a 'they had killed it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of si-...[si- perf.][-gh4 to kill one' [act. tr.]. Cf. note 2.1, 7.

     6. n7'ji['ahn1'a 'they butcher it, it is said'. 3a person imp. of n7-...[si- perf.] -- [-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. n7- thematic prefix. '- a reduced form of 'i- indefinite object.

     7. n7'ji['ahn1'a 'they had butchered it, it is said' . 3a person per. of n7-...[si- perf.] -- [-'ah 'to butcher' [act. tr.]. See 6 above.

     8. k -- de'shd00[j4n1'a 'they built a fire, it is said'. k -- 'fire' plus 3a person perf. of de-'i-di-...[hi- perf.]-jaa 'to build a fire' [act. intr. ?]. de-di- prefix referring to fire; 'i- indefinite object (?). -sh- is a reduced form of the 3a subject pronoun ji-.

     9. 'its88 'meat'. Note the use of 'i- indefinite possessor; -ts88 is one of the nouns which cannot be used without a possessive prefix [see Grammatical Sketch, 5].

     10. ts7zh00'3n1'a they had put it an the fire, it is said'. 3a person perf. of c7-|...[hi- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object on [or in] 'the fire' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a round object' [act. tr.]. tsi-| 'in the fire'. The "round object" is, in this case, a piece of meat.

     11. iist'4n1'a 'they had cooked it, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[si- perf.] -- [-t'ees 'to cook, roast, fry' [act. tr.]. The alternation between t'ees [imp.] and -t'4 [perf.] is an unusual one.

     12. t['oh 'grass, hay'.

     13. j00zhizhn1'a 'they had pulled it up, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ...[hi- perf.] -- zh77sh 'to break off, to pull up' [act. tr.].

     14. koy1 'right there". Note the variety of meanings associated with this form. Cf. notes 1.15, 7 and 1, this note.

     15. nj7]jaan1'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-j11sh 'to put a mass down' [act. tr.]. Theme: 'to handle a mass' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down, to a stop'; ni- completive.

     The verb just analyzed is one of the so-called "verbs of handling." It will be noted that there are several of these, the choice in any context depending upon the nature of the object handled. Here the object is a bunch of grass which is classed as a bundle or mass. Cf. notes 2.7, 10; 2.1, 9; 1.15, 1; 1.14, 1; 1.12, 3, 8; 1.11, 5; and 1.22, 1.

     16. bik1y1 'on it'. -k1 'on, upon, surface' [indep. pp.].

     17. ]j7]'3n1'a 'they had put it down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to put a round object down' [act. tr.]. The theme: 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. ni- 'down'; ni- completive. Cf. 15 above; here the referent is a piece of meat.

     18. bich'88jineesk4n1'a 'they had sat down before it, it is said'. -ch'88 'toward, facing, before' [indep. pp.]. jineesk4, 3a person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-kee 'two sit down' [act. intr.] ni- terminative prefix.

     1. 'e'jinii[gha[go 'they, starting to eat'. 3a person imp. of 0ee-'i-ni|...[ni- perf.?]-[-ghaa[ 'to begin eating' [act. intr.?]. ee- is shortened before the following glottal stop. This verb is sometimes conjugated in the -1- class; note that the initial stem consonant does not assimilate in voice to the preceding [- [such assimilation does not occur when -[- is historically an -1-]. Pref ixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-1-gha[ 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Both verbs, incidentally, refer specifically to the eating of meat or meat-like substances.

     2. ka]y1n1'a 'he came to them, it is said'. ka- > go- 3a obj. plus aa- 'to'[pp.]; kaa- becoming ka- when followed by -n- plus consonant. [- 3rd person ni- perf.; -y1- perf. stem of y1- 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See note 1.15, 2.

     3. d1yii[ts1e 'as soon as he had seen him'. d1-...-ee 'as soon as, just as' [d1- 'just, procl.; -ee 'at', pp.]. yii[ts1. 3rd person perf, with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ts4 'to see' [act. tr.]. See note.1.19, 3.

     4. ha0chan1'a 'he had burst out crying, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] cha 'to break out crying' [act. intr.]. ha-| 'out'. Cf. note 2.5, 3.

     5. sid1n1'a 'he sat, it is said'. 3rd person of -d1 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

(2.9)

     1. 'iy1ab22 'why' 'iy1a 'what'. b22 > bi- 3rd person obj. plus -22 'for, because of [pp.]'.

     2. ncha 'you weep'. 2nd person imp. of ...[hi- perf.]-cha 'to weep' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 2.5, 3

     3. b7ni 'stop, let it go', Interjection.

(2.10)

     1. ⁿd4 doonzh=da 'the evil person'. ⁿd4 'person'. doo-...-da negative; nzh= 'he is good' [see note 1.4. 2]; -] relative enclitic.

     2. nahch'88hog11[] 'he who is coming toward us'. nah- 'us'; -ch'88 'toward' [pp.]; hog11[ 3rd person prog. of -y1 'one moves' [act. intr.]; relative enclitic.

     3. higee 'because of him'. -gee 'because of'; hi- variant 3rd person object.

(2.11)

     1. be'jiny3go 'they having started to eat it' . 3a person perf. of Oee-'i-ni-...[-ni- perf.]-y9 'to begin to eat' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but cf. ... [hi- perf.]-y3 'to eat' [act. tr.]. Cf. also note 2.8, 1.

     2. bich'88zhineesk4n7 'those who had sat down before it' bich'88zhineesk4 'they had sat down before it' see note 2.7, 18]. -n past tense enclitic; -7 relative enclitic.

     A better translation of this phrase would be 'then, though the two who had sat down before the meat had begun to eat it , ...'.

     3. kaan1yin'3n1'a 'he took it away from them, it is said'. kaa- 'from them' [go- plus aa- pp.]. n1yin- > n1-yi-di-ni- [see note 1.22 1]; n1-di- 'upward'; yi- 3rd person obj.; ni- perf. -3, perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle around object' [act. tr.]. Literally 'he had picked up the round object from them'.

     4. doos99[7 [should read doosh99[7] 'that which I will eat'.First person future of ... [hi-perf.]-y3 'to eat' [act. tr.] plus -7 relative enclitic. The stem consonant gh- [-gh99[, prog. stem of -y3 'to eat] assimilates to the final consonant of the prefix complex doosh-.

     5. daahi[ts'i'1['9 'you have that'. daahi[ts'i- meaning unknown. '1['9 2nd person imp. of '1...[hi- perf.] -- [-'9 'to do so to, to treat' [act, tr.]. '1- 'thus, so'.

(2.12)

     1. '1n11d00dl77[7'33 'that which you will again make so'. '1- 'thus, so'; n11- 'again'; d00- 2nd person fut.; -dl77[-, -d- form of -l77[-, prog, stem of -11 'to make' [act. tr.]; -7 relative enclitic; -'33 interrog. enclitic. A better translation: 'that which you expect to make so'.

     2. '1sh'88 'I have prepared it'. First person perf. of '1-...[? perf.] -- [-88 'to make, prepare' [act. tr.].

     Child of the Water, in this remark, is emphasizing that he, not his timid brother, prepared the meat which the Giant has stolen.

(2.13)

     1. '1ghazh8go 'over there'. '1gha- 'there' [demonstr. stem] plus -zh8 'to' [pp.] and -go subordinating enclitic. See Grammatical Sketch, 3.

     2. neesd1zh8 'where he sat down'. neesd1- 3rd person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.]-d11 'one sits down' [act. intr.]. ni- terminative. See note 2.7, 18. zh8 'to' [pp.].

     3. niy7]'3n1'a 'he put it down, it is said'.

     3rd person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act. tr.]. See note 2.17, 3.

     4. baan1shn3n1'a 'he took it from him, it is said. 3a object pronoun of Oaa-n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-aa 'to take a round object from someone' [act.tr.]. baa- 'from him'; n1shn- > n1-ji-di-ni-; n1-di 'upward' [di- becomes n-] ji- 3a subject [reduced to -sh-]; ni- perfective. See note 2.17, 3.

     Note how, in this and the three lines following, the two third persons are distinguished by the use of the 3a object pronoun. When Child of the Water is taking meat from the Giant, the indirect object is expressed by bi- [baan1shn3n1'a 'he took it from him, it is said'] and when Giant takes it from Child of the Water, the indirect object is expressed by go- [kaan1yin'3na'a he took it from him, it is said].

     5. d99nn1n exactly four times'. d99-, combining form of d99'-,? 'four'; -n 'times'; -n1 'only, exactly'; -n 'times' (?).

     6. 'i[d4n1n1j00 '3n1'a 'they passed it between themselves, it is said'. 'i[- reciprocal noun; -d4 'between, from one to another' [pp.]; n1n1- 'again and again'; j00- 3a person, hi- perf. -'3 perf. stem of -'aa 'to handle a round object [act.tr.]

(2.14)

     1. haad7 'what'. Interrog. stem haad- plus relative enclitic -7. See Grammatical Sketch, 4.

     2. nk'a'go 'being your arrows'. n- reduced form of ni- 2nd person poss.; -k'a' possessed form of k'aa 'arrows; -go subordinating enclitic.

     3. hash7nk4 'you are fierce'. 2nd person of ha-...-d-k4 'to be fierce, war-like, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     This remark is better translated. "What are our arrows, you [who] are fierce?" Or, in freer translation; "Of what are your arrows made that you can be so warlike?"

(2.15)

     1. bik'aa'7 'his arrows' should read bik'a'7. See note 2.14 ,2.

(2.16)

     1. 'nj11sh22 'hand them here'. 'nj11sh, 2nd person imp. with indefinite obj. of ni- [ni- perf.] -- j11sh 'to move a bundle to' [act. tr.]. ni- completive. -sh22 exclamatory enclitic.

     2. n1k'4dishxaa[ 'I'll look at them for you'. ni- > ni- 2nd person obj. plus 1- 'for' [pp.]. k'4dishxaa[, 1st person imp. of k'4-di-...[si- perf.]-ghaa[ to look at' [act. t r.]. Prefixes. k'4- 'at', cf. di-...[si- perf.] -- ghaa[ to look' [act. intr.]; di- inceptive [?]. Stem -ghaa[ becomes -haa[ by assimilation to preceding -sh-.

(2.17)

     1. baaj7]jaan1'a 'he gave them to him, it is said'. 3a person perf. of Oaa-ni-...[ni- perf.]j11sh 'to give someone a bundle' [act. tr.]. aa- to [pp.]; ni- completive; -j11sh 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.].

     2. k'aan7 'the arrows'. k'aa 'arrows' plus -n past tense enclitic and -7 relative enclitic. The past tense enclitic, used with a noun, indicates that it is one which has been mentioned before.

     3. bitsile 'his anus'. Noun with constant possessor. See Grammatical Sketch, 5.

     4. k1y4ishjaan1'a [should read k1y4isjaan1'a 'he rubbed them on it for him, it is said. k1- 'for him'. y4isjaa, 3rd person perf. of 04-...[si- perf.]-jish 'to rub something on something' [act. tr.]. 4- 'on, against' [pp.]. y4is > yi- indirect 3rd person obj; -4 'on'; yi- direct 3rd person object; and si- perfective.

     5. gh1h1 'away, over there'. gh1h- 'there, yonder' plus -y1 pp. See Grammatical Sketch, 3.

     6. d1doodees'9day1 'where he did not look. d1- 'just; doo-...da negative; -y1 pp. dees'9 'he looked', 3rd person perf. verb apparently with a prefix di-. Only the perfective mode is found in Chiricahua.

     7. k1yaan1y7]ⁿdiln1'a 'he threw them away for him, it is said'. k1- 'for him'. yaan1y7]ⁿdil 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of ya-n1-ni-...[ni- perf]-ⁿdil 'to throw several away back' [act. tr.]. yaa- 'away' (?); n1- 'back'; ni- completive. Theme: 'to handle several scattered objects' [act. tr.]. The use of this theme in placeof -jaash 'to handle a bundle' [act. tr.], which was previously used to refer to the arrows, indicates that the Giant scattered the arrows.

(2.18)

      ⁿd7'a 'you!'. ⁿd7 [variant ⁿd77-] independent pronoun for the second person; 'a enclitic denoting emphasis or exclamation.

(2.19)

     1. b4]ch'iy4ntsaaz7 'big pine logs'. b4]ch'iy4 [also heard b4]ch'i'] 'pine trees, pine logs'. n-tsaaz, 3rd person of ni-...-tsaaz 'to be big, bulky' [imp. neut. intr. ; ni- adj.]. -7 relative.

     2. biyeeshxahy1 'at his side'. -eeshxah 'in the vicinity of, near' [pp.]; bi- 'his'; -y1 [pp.]

     3. sizhoozh7 'that were lying in rows'. 3rd person of -zhoozh 'a set of parallel objects lie' [si- perf. neut. intr.] plus -7 relative.

     4. k1y0[chin1'a 'he pointed them out for him, it is said'. k1- 'for him'. y0[chi, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of h0-...hi- perf.] -- [-chi 'to point at, to indicate' [act. tr.]. Prefix indefinable.

(2.20)

     1. n1diidz1n1'a 'he arose, it is said'. n1dii- > n1-di- 'upward' plus ni- perf. dz1, perf. -d- stem of -y1 'one moves' [act. intr.; see note 1.15, 2].

     2. b4]ch'iy47 shik'a' bi[jiⁿd7n7 'the logs he had told him [were] his arrows'. b4]ch'iy47 'the pine logs; shik'a 'my arrows'; bi[jiⁿd7 'he told him'; -n past tense enclitic; -7 relative. Literally: 'the pine logs "my arrows" that he had told him.

     3. k1ik'inaaheesj88n1'a 'he rubbed his anus on them for him, it is said'. k1- 'for him'. -ik'i- > yik'i- 'on them'. aa-hi-...[si- perf.] -- [-j88 'to slide one's anus; to sit along; to move along while sitting' [act. intr.]. Cf. ni-...[si- perf.] 'to sit down, to perch' [act. intr.; ni- terminative].

(2.21)

     1. 'i[aanaagot'aashn1'a 'they quarrelled with each other, it issaid'. 'i[- reciprocal pronoun; aa- 'from' [pp.]. naa-|...[si- perf.]-'aash 'two move about, here and there' [act. intr.]. i[- causes the stem to have the -d- form. Literally: 'they walked about from one another'.

     2. 'i[k'id3 'long ago' [part.]. Cf. the enclitic -d3 'time past'.

     3. ndah 'but' [part.].

     4. goch'88sid1n1'a 'he sat before him, it is said'. -ch'8 'before, facing, towards' [indep. pp]

(2.22)

     1. 'i[nn[t'0 'let's shoot at each other'. first person dual imp. with reciprocal prefix 'i[- of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'0 'to shoot at' [act, tr.; ni- completive].

     2. t'4h4]dooda7 'that you are so brave'. t'4h4]doo, 2nd person of t'4-h4-ni-...-doo, to be brave' [imp. neut. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable, -da 'even, so' [encl.]; -7 relative.

     3. b4gooz88 'it will be known'. 3rd person imp. of 04-go-|...[si- perf.] -- z88 'knowledge about something comes' [act. intr.]. 4- 'about'; go- ?.

(2.24)

     1. sh1nan]ⁿd1 'you stand over there for me'. sh1- 'for me'. Prefixes na-ni-ni- indefinable except that the final ni- is probably completive. -ⁿd1, 2nd person imperf. stem of -y1 'one moves' [act. intr.]. See 1.15, 2.

     2. ninsht'0 shoot at you'. First person imp. with 2nd person obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'0 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, 1.

(2.26)

     1. k1nan]y1n1'a 'he stood over there for him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 01-na-ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-y1 'to stand over there for someone' [act. intr.]. See note 2.24, 1.

     2. d99n 'four times'. d99- combined form of d99' 'four'; -n 'times'.

     3. g0][t'on1'a 'he shot at him, it is said', 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'0 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.22, 1.

     4. d77k'een 'every time'. d77k'ee- combined form of d77k'eh 'all, every' [part.]; -n 'times'.

     5. gosiin1'a 'he missed him, it is said', 3rd person imp. with 3a obj. of ...[hi- perf.] -- [-zii 'to miss [a mark in shooting]' [act. tr.]. -[- combines with the initial stem consonant.

(2.28)

     1. b4shgai'4 'flint'. Possibly an old compound of b4sh 'flint' [ < b4sh-]; -gai 'white', cf. [i-ni-...-gai 'to be white' [imp. neut. intr.; [i-ni- adj. prefixes]; and the relative -4.

     2. d99'go 'being four'. d99' 'four'; -go subordinating enclitic.

     3. i[k11'sijaago 'being laid on top of one another'. i[- reciprocal prefix, -k11'-, variant of -k1 'top, surface' [indep. pp.]. sijaa 'a mass lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     4. bi'4den1'a '[was] his coat, it is said', possessed form of '4' 'coat'.

     5. dooka'0l7dan1'a 'he was not afraid of him, it is said'. doo-...-da negative. ka'0l7, 3rdperson of Oaa-'i-ho-...-l7 'to be suspicious of, to fear, to have no faith in' [imp. neut. intr.]. aa- 'about' [?]; 'i-ho-- ?.

(2.29)

     1. 'ik1sh9go 'the topmost'. 'ik1 'top, surface' [-k1 with indef. pronoun]; -sh9 'from' [pp.]; -go subordinating enclitic. Literally: 'being from the surface'.

     2. go'4den7 'his coat'. -'4de, possessed form of '44 'coat'; -n past tense enclitic [see note 2.17, 2]; -7 relative.

     3. goghahnaadz00[teeln1'a 'it had slid off him, it is said'. -ghah 'off' [pp.]. naadz00[teel. 3rd person perf. of naa-dzi-...[hi- perf.] -- [-t44[ 'to stream, to slide' [act. intr.]. naa- 'down'; dzi- ?

     4. n11bik'esh9go 'the next layer'. n11- 'again'; -k'e 'on' [pp.]. Literally: 'being from on it again'.

     5. '17[i'7 'this one'. '17 'that'; [i' 'this, the other'.

     6. t11n hilaaee 'for the third time'. taa- combined form of t17 'three'; -n 'times'. hilaa, 3rd person imp. of ...[si- perf.]-1aa 'to become' [act. intr.; hi- peg element]. -ee 'at' [pp.]. Literally: 'at its becoming the third time'.

     7. t11nee 'the third time'. t11- from t17 'three', -n 'times'; -ee 'at' [pp.].

     8. d1gon'osh9 'clearly, in plain sight'. d1gon'oh 'it is clear, plain, in plain sight' [no analysis]. -sh9 'from' [pp.].

     9. goj47 'his heart'. -je7 'heart', noun with constant possessor.

     10. naahihⁿd1n1'a 'it was beating, it is said'. 3rd person imp. of naa-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿd1 'to move, tremble, shake' [mediopas.]. Prefixes indefinable, but cf. di-yi-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd1 'to begin to move, shake' [act. intr.]. The -d- classifier becomes -h- before the stem consonant ⁿd- [see Grammatical sketch, 7].

     11. d1s7'i[ⁿd7y1 'right in the center'. d1s7- 'just, exactly' [procl.]; 'i[- reciprocal pronoun; -ⁿd7 'middle, center' [pp.]; -y1 postpositional enclitic.

     12. 'ij00sin1'a 'he had shot it off, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-ji-...[hi- perf.] -- [-zii 'to shoot off [an arrow]' [act. intr.]. 'I- 'off, away'; ji- ?.-[- combines with the initial stem consonant.

(2.30)

     1. 'iy1ahee should read 'iy1ahee 'what'.

     2. doot'9da7 'that which cannot be seen'. doo-...da negative; hot'9, 3rd person passive of '9 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.]; -7 relative.

     3. '1shi['88n1 'it has done so to me'. 3rd person perf. with first person obj. of 'a-...[? perf.] -- [-'9 'to do to, treat' [act. tr.]. -n1 emphatic enclitic.

(2.31)

     1. n1n[ghee 'run'.2nd person imp. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf]-l-ghee 'to run' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but the theme, used with a variety of prefixes, seems to mean 'to move rapidly' [act. intr.]. In the 2nd person imp., di- becomes n-. Note that the 2nd person imp. has imperative connotation; see note 1.17, 2.

     2. nd44skaa 'he has started to fall'. 3rd person perf. of n7-di-...[si- perf.]-kaa 'a long object begins to fall' [act. intr.]. di- inceptive; n7- ?.

     3. nk'eeniikaa 'he will fall on you'. 3rd person imp. of O-k'e-ni-|...[hi- perf.]-kaa 'a long object falls on someone' [act. intr.]. -k'ee 'on'; ni-| ?. Cf. 2 above.

(2.32)

     1. 'i[4]z8n1'a 'he was happy, it is said'. See note 1.18, 5.

     2. naan1'azhishn1'a 'he was dancing around and around, it is said'. Prefix complex naa-n1-'i-... found only with the prog. paradigm. zhish prog. stem of zh77sh 'to dance' [act. intr.].

(2.33)

     1. baan1j7g9n1'a 'they carried it back to her, it is said'. baa- > dx bi- 3rd person obj. plus aa- 'to' [pp.]. n1j7g9, 3a person perf. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf]-d-ghee

     'to carry a burden back' [act. tr.]. n1- 'back', requires the -d- form; ni- completive. Theme: 'to carry a burden' [act. tr.].

     2. 'ih4hee 'good, thank you'. Interjection denoting pleasure and gratitude.

     3. 'ij00'11zhd3 'when they had gone away'. 3a person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-'aash 'two go away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'. -d3 'at that time; time past' [encl.].

     4. doohiⁿd1kaay0l7da 'she had not expected them alive'. doo-...da negative; hiⁿd1, 3rd person of ⁿd1 'to live, to be alive' [imp. neut. intr.; hi- peg element ?]. kaay0l7, 3rd person with 3rd person obj. of Oaa-ho-...-l7 'to expect, to believe' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. note 2.28, 5.

     5. '17n7 'they'. '!7 'those'; -n past tense enclitic; -7 relative.

     6. baan1j7t'11zh 'they had come back to her'. For prefix complex, see 1, this note. -d- form of the perf. stem of -'aash 'two move' [act. intr.].

     7. b1nij7gh9 'they had brought it for her'. b1- 'for her'. nij7gh9, 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-ghee 'to stop carrying a burden, to bring [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; ni- completive.

     8. b7nihoon1'a 'she was happy, it is said'. An unanalyzable form; cf. sh7nihoo 'I am happy', n7nihoo 'you are happy'.

3.The Killing of the Bull

(3.1)

     1. N1a'ts7liibiⁿd1ayee'igh33'7 'The Bull that kills with his eyes'. n1a'ts7lii 'bull, cow, cattle' [no analysis]. biⁿd1a 'his eyes'; yee'igh33', a bound form of yee'igh3 'he kills by means of them'. yee- > yi- 3rd person obj. plus ee- 'with, by means of' [pp.]. 'igh3, 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of ...[hi- perf.]-gh3 to kill several' [act. tr.]. -7 relative enclitic.

     2. doob1]g0laadan1'a7 'he, who, it is said, did not permit them to live'. Relative enclitic 7; for analysis of verb, see note 1.5, 4.

(3.2)

     1. naagh17 'that he lives'. naagh1 'he goes about here and there' [see note 1.6, 1] also means 'he lives'. -7 relative.

     2. bich'88diy4shdz1 'I'm going to him'. ch'8 'to, toward' [pp.]. diy4shdz1, 1st person perf. of di-yi-|...[si- perf]-d1'one starts off' [act. intr.]. -d1, -d- form of -y1 'one moves' [act. intr.; see note 1.15, 2]. Prefixes indefinable.

     3. hich'88'ihaadz1n1'a 'he went off to him, it is said'. hich'88 'toward, to him' [hi- variant 3rd variant 3rd person obj.] plus 3rd person perf. of 'i-hi-|...[hi- perf.]-d1 'one goes off, away' [act. intr.]. 'i- 'away'; hi- ?

(3.3)

     1. dooha'sh9 baaj0ya'le'1t'4dash9 'where one could not approach him from any direction'. do-...-da negative; ha'- 'anywhere, any direction', -sh9 'from' [pp.]. baaj0ya', 3a person opt. of Oaa-ni-...[ni- perf.]-y1 'one goes to someone' [act. intr.; aa- 'to'; ni- completive, occurs only in the imp.]. -lee [shortened to -le by the following -'] optative enclitic. '1t'4, 3rd person of '1-ni-...-t'4 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. sit9n1'a 'he lay, it is said'. 3rd person of -t9 'an animate object lies' [si- perf., neut. intr.].

     3. d1dzi[gash9 'right in a plain'. d1dzi[ga plain, clearing'; cf. go[ga 'plain, clearing' and [i-ni-...-ga 'to be white' [imp. neut. intr.; [ini- adj.]. [what Hoijer translates here as 'white' also can have the meaning: 'clear', 'transparent' -- MEC]

     4. i[ch'3go 'in all directions'. -ch'3 'away from' [pp.]; 'i[ reciprocal: -go subordinating. Literally: 'being from one another'.

     This line is better translated: "he lay looking in all directions from a clearing."

(3.4)

     1. han1'an 'hiding place, out of sight' [part.]; -sh9 'from' [pp.].

     2. bich'8nj7]y1n1'a 'he stopped facing him, it is said'. bich'88- 'toward him, facing him'. nj7]y1, 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 one stops moving' [act. intr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; ni- completive.

     3. jiisd1n1'ago 'he, sitting, it is said'. jiisd1, 3a person of -d1 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.]; -n1'a narrative encl.; -go subordinating encl. The narrative enclitic is not usually suffixed to subordinated verbs [see note 1, 3].

     4. 'a'11[n1'a [the sun] was moving, it is said. 'a- > 'i- indefinite pronoun plus the 3rd person prog. prefix haa-. -'11[, prog.stem of -'aa 'a round object moves' [act. intr.]. Literally: 'some round object is moving', an idiomatic expression for 'the sun is moving, time is passing'. Thus, the line reads: 'he, sitting there, time is passing', which is the Apache way of expressing 'he sat there for some time'.

     5. ha'gohee 'how', a combination of ha'- interrog. stem, -go subord. encl., and hee interrogative encl .

     6. 'aa7 'that', the demonstr. stem 'aa- plus the relative enclitic -7 See Grammatical Sketch, 3.

     7. sishx4n1 'I shall kill him!'. sishx4, first person imp. of si- [si- perf.] -- [-gh4 'to kill one' [act. tr.]. The first person pronoun sh- and the classifier [- combine, and the initial consonant of the stem assimilates to this combination in voice. -n1 emphatic enclitic.

(3.5)

     1. d1h1gohⁿdii 'suddenly' [part.]

     2. [ighe'naa'iⁿdil4 'gopher'. [7- 'ground' [in compounds and as a verb prefix]; ghe' 'inside' [pp.]; naa'iⁿdil, 3rd person cont. imp. with indefinite obj. of naa-|...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'to tear up, to scatter about' [act.tr.]; -4 relative. Literally: 'he who scatters things about underground'.

     3 kaah7[ghon1'a 'he had come to him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of Oaa-nbi...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to come to someone' [act.intr.]. -aa- 'to' [pp.]; ni- completive. This verb theme is one of the few which always have the -l- class.

(3.6)

      The part of this passage within the quotation marks may be analyzed as follows:

      'aa7 N1a'ts7l[7 biⁿd1ayee[gh33'7 ⁿd4 doob1]g0laada7 'that Bull who kills with his eyes [and] who does not permit people to live' is the object of sishx4 'I'll kill him'. ha'y1goda 'in some way' modifies hish[1 'I'll do it' and [a' 'that' is the direct object of hish[1. Thus, 'I'll do that [referring to the killing] in some way'.

      In ]s['7 'that which I wish', 'that which' refers back to the statement 'I'll kill the Bull who kills with his eyes [and] who does not permit people to live [by] my doings of some nature'. Therefore, the whole phrase may be translated: "that which I want [is to] kill the Bull who..."

      dooha'y1go [a' hosh[1 h1t'4da7d6 is a relative form of the negative of ha'y1go 'in some way', [a' 'that', hosh[1 'I want to do it' [opt.], and h1t'4 'it is possible, it can be done'. Thus: 'that which it is not possible [that] I do in some way'.

      bigee 'because of it', 'it' referring to the phrase analyzed above; hishcha 'I weep'. Therefore: 'I weep because of that which it is not possible [that] I do in some way'.

(3.7)

     1. '7y22 'for that reason, therefore'; -] ?

     2. 'i[dag4 'on, above one another'; 'i[- reciprocal, -dag4 'on, above' [pp.]. Cf. -d1 'top, cover'.

     3. ']'1]go 'being tunnels'. ']'1] 'tunnel', an unanalyzable noun. Cf. 'ii'1] 'hole, cave'.

     4. d1s7 bij47 si'37 '1zh8 'to exactly where his heart lies'. d1s7..'exactly'; bij47 'his heart'; si'37 relative form of si'3 'a round object lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]; '1- 'there', -zh8 'to'.

     5. n1ha'ishⁿd77[ 'I'll dig them for you'. n1- 'for you'. ha'ishⁿd77[ 'I'll throw things out, I'll dig', 1st person imp. with indef. obj. of haa-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'to cause several objects to move out' [act. tr.]. ha-| 'out'; -ⁿd77[ 'to cause several objects to move.'

     6. k'adi n[d00ⁿdiigo '"Now," I having said to you'. k'adi 'now'. n[d00ⁿdii, 1st person perf. of O-[-di-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿdii 'to say to someone' [act. intr.]. See note 1.15, 3.

     7. 'id1h4go 'the topmost'; -go subord. encl. Cf. -d1 'top' and note 3.7, 2.

     8. 'n[ghee 'you run in'. 2nd person imp. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run in' [act, intr.]. 'i-| 'in, into; away', reduced to '-.

     9. 'aaee ]n[ghogo 'you having arrived there'. 'aa- 'there'; -ee 'at'. ]n[gho, 2nd person perf. of ni-...[ni- perf.]l-ghee 'to arrive' [act. intr.]. ni- completive.

     10. d1dz22sh9 'from right there". d1- 'just, exactly'; dz22- 'here'; -sh9 'from'.

     11. naahihⁿd1daa[ 'it is beating' [see note 2.29, 16]; -daa[ future tense enclitic.

     12. 'ij0nsigo 'you, having shot it off'. 2nd person perf. Of' 'i-ji-...[hi-perf.] -- [-zii to shoot off [an arrow]' [act. intr.]. See note 2.29, 12.

     13. d1s7'iyah4go 'being the lowest'. 'iyah4 'below, under' [pp. with indef. poss. ?]; d1s7 'just, exactly, very'.

     14. kaohⁿdiin1'a 'he advised him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of Oaa-|...[hi- perf.]-d-ⁿdii 'to advise, teach' [act. intr.]. aa- 'to'; -ⁿdii 'to say'. Note that the -d- classifier has become -h- [see Grammatical Sketch, 7].

(3.8)

     1. h2'1['9 'hurry up'. h2- 'hurry, quickly; 2nd person imp. of '1-...[? perf.] -- [-'9 'to do so' [act. tr.]. Literally: 'do so in a hurry, quickly'.

     2. d1'1n[dishⁿd77 'just that which I tell you'. d1- 'just'; -7 relative. '1n[dishⁿd77 'I tell you so', see note 1.15, 3.

     3. d7k'eh 'all, completely'. See note 1.1, 4,

     4. d1'1kaay1 'in just that way'. d1- 'just'; '1kaa 'there, that way'; -y1 [pp.].

     5. '1ⁿd1 'you do so'. 2nd person imp. of '1-...[? perf.]-d-ⁿd1 'to do so' [act. intr.].

(3.10)

     1. 'oo[ghon1'a 'he had gone in, it is said'. 2rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee 'to go in' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 2.7, 8.

     2. d1s7bit['1sh9 'from exactly under him'. -t['1h 'under, beneath' [pp.].

     3. nj7[ghon1'a 'he stopped moving, it is said'. 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to stop moving' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 3.7, 8.

     4. bich'3nashdii[ghon1'a 'he ran away from him, it is said'. -ch'3 'away, from'. For verb, see note 2.31, 1.

(3.11)

     1. bidee7 'his horns'. -dee 'horns'.

     2. yeenaan1gadz99sn1'a 'he was plowing it up with them, it is said'. yee- 'with, by means of them'. naan1gadz99s. 3rd person prog. with place object and prefix naan1- 'all around, here and there' of -dz99s 'to plough, to rip, to tear' [act. tr.]. The prefix naan1 occurs only in the progressive mode. See note 2.32, 2.

     3. naisⁿdiln1'a 'he tore them up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of naa-|...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd77l 'to scatter several objects' [act. tr.].

     4. d1s7'ik4y3 'finally'. d1s7- 'just, exactly'; -k4 'next to, behind, after'.

     5. hik'4n11godeesch'7n1'a 'he had started to tear it up also, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of k'e-n11-go-di-...[si- perf.]-d-ch'ii 'to tear ground up again, to furrow the ground again' [act. intr.], k'e- ?; n11- again, also'; go- place object?; di- inceptive. The theme alone appears to mean 'to dig, to scratch'.

     6. jiist97 d1goch'88 '1h11n4y1 'just close to where he was lying'. jiist9, 3a person of -t9 'an animate being lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]; d1goch'8 'just toward him' [-ch'88 'toward']; '1h11n4, 3rd person of '1-ni-...-h11n4 'to be near, close to, in the vicinity of' [imp. neut. intr.].

     7. ts1deest[izhn1'a 'he had started to fall dead, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ts1-di-...[si- perf.] -- dl77sh 'to fall dead' [act. intr.]. Cf. di-...[si- perf.]-dl77sh 'to fall, stumble' [act. intr.; di- inceptive]. The prefix ts1- 'dead' may be cognate to the theme of the verb daa-|...[si- perf.]-tsaa 'to die' [act. intr.].

(3.12)

      n11jiyeesx9n1'a 'he had killed him also, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of n11-si-...[si-perf.] -- [-gh44 'to kill one also' [act. tr.]. n11- 'also, again'. See note 2.7, 5. See also, in passage 13 of the narrative, n11z4[h9 'I have killed him also', the first person perf. of this verb. Here, for some reason, the initial consonant of the prefix si- is voiced.

4.The Killing of the Eagles

(4.1)

     1. bich'77'7 'his intestines'. ch'77' 'intestines'.

     2. d1'17 'that same one' d1- 'just, exactly'; '17 'that'.

     3. bidi[e7 'his blood'. -di[e 'blood'.

     4. bigheezh8 nt1jiisⁿdiln1'a 'he poured it into them, it is said'. -ghee- 'in, inside' [cf. -ghe' 'inside']. nt1jiisⁿdil, 3a person perf. of ni-t1-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'to pour' [act. tr.], -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects'; ni- 'down, to an end' [?]; -t1 'water, liquid' [?].

(4.2)

     1. 'its1 biⁿd1ayee'iy33'] 'the Eagle that kills with his eyes'. 'its1 'eagle'. For biⁿd1ayee'iy33', see note 3.1, 1. Note that here the relative enclitic -], referring to persons, is used whereas, in the compound denoting the Bull, -7 was employed.

     2. bich'88shdiyeesdz1 'I am also going to him'. For analysis, see note 3.2, 2. Here the prefix n11- 'also, again' has been added. In the line below in the text, the 3a person of this verb will be found.

(4.3)

     1. ch'4j7ⁿd1dad3 even when he went out'. ch'4j7ⁿd1, 3a person imp. of ch'4-ni-...[ni- perf.]-y1 'one moves out' [act. intr. ; ch'4- 'out'; ni- completive]. The stem form is usually -y1 in the 3a person [see note 1.15, 2]. However, the influence of the ni- completive undoubtedly accounts for this variation.

      -da 'even'; -d3 'time when, time past.'.

     2. beehadashdeesb8'n7 'that he had filled with it'. bee- 'with it, by means of it'. hadashdeesb8', 3a person perf. with distrib. 3rd person of ha-di-...[si- perf.] -- [-b8' 'to fill' [act. tr.; ha-di' ]. n past tense; -7 relative.

     3. gok'4shdeesdizn1'a 'he had wound them around him, it is said'. 3a person perf. of 0-k'4-di-...[si- perf.] -- dis 'to wind something about someone' [act. tr.; -k'e 'on, around'; di- inceptive ?].

     4. d77k'een 'many times'. d77k'ee-, bound form of d77k'eh 'all, every'; -n 'times'.

(4.4)

     1. ts4y1[t'aho0'1sh9 'from the rock which extends to the sky'. ts4 'rock, stone'. y1[t'a 'up in the sky'; y1 'sky'; -[-t'1 ?, cf. -t'1 'top'. ho0'1, 3rd person of ha-...-'1 'to extend up, to extend out of' [hi- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. hi[dasij4sh9 'where he lies on it with them'. hi[- 'with them' [-[- 'with, accompanying']. dah-...j4 'several lie on' [si- perf. neut. intr.; dah- 'on'].

     3. iy1ada ha'y1da ch'4ⁿd17 'that someone will come out somewhere'. iy1a 'someone' plus -da 'even'. ha'y1 'somewhere'. For ch'466ⁿd1, see note 4.3, 1. this is the 3rd person imp.

     4.h7k1dees'9go dasid1sh9 'where he sits on it looking for them'. h7k1 'for, in search of, them'; -k1 'for, in search of' [pp.] requires a high tone on its prefixes. dees'9 'he is looking', see note 2.17, 6. dasid1, 3rd person of dah-...d1 'one sits on' [si- perf. neut. intr.; dah- 'on']

     5. d1g0oshch'88 'suddenly' [part.].

     6. g0]gon1'a 'he swooped down at him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3a object of ni-...[ni- perf.]-gee 'to run, rush at; to swoop down upon' [act. tr.; ni- completive].

     7. gogh1dee[ch'in1'a 'he grabbed him with his claws, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0-gh1-di-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-ch'7 'to grasp with claws, to claw, tear at' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable but the theme alone appears to mean 'to scratch'.

     8. hadaasl9 'it flowed out'. 3rd person distrib. of ha-...-l7 'to flow out' [si- perf. because of daa-; otherwise hi- perf. neut. intr.]. -l9 'to flow', cf. ]l9 'it flows' [3rd person ni- perf. neut. intr.].

     Note that this verb, with its subject di[7 'blood', stands in an adverbial relation to the verb following, sil9n1'a 'it had become, it is said'.

     9. n1gon[t9n1'a 'he had picked him up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3a obj . of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-te 'to pick an animate being' [act. tr.]. See note 1.22, 1 for an analysis of the prefixes.

     10. yaan1g0g9n1'a 'he carried him back to them, it is said. ya- 'to them'. nagog9, 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-ghe 'to carry a burden back'. n1- 'back' requires the -d- class; ni- completive.

(4.5)

     1. naaheest3zh8 'to where they were sitting'. naaheest3, 3rd person of naa-hi-...-t3 'several sit about' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. hich'88'iy00[t'en1'a 'he threw him toward them, it is said'. hich'88 'toward them'. 'iy00[t'e, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 'o-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-t'ee 'to throw a board-like object' [act. tr.; 'i-| 'away']. The theme alone refers to the handling of board-like objects.

     3. biche'shk4n7 'his children'; -n past tense; -7 relative.

     4. 'aa7 h2h k'adi daaha[gha[ 'eat this up quickly'. Literally: 'that one / quickly / now/ you eat him'. daaha[gha[, 2nd person distrib. of ...[hi- perf.]-l-gha[ 'to eat meat-like substances' [act. tr.].

     5. ts4dees'1sh9 'where the rock extended'. ts4 'rock, stone; 3rd person of di-...'1, 'to begin to extend' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     6. dahn1ndaansh9 'on which he usually sat' dahn1ndaa, 3rd person iter. of dah-ni-...[si- perf.]-daa 'one sits down on' [act. intr.; dah- 'on'; ni- terminative]. -n past tense.

     The verb following, dahn1neesd1n1'a, is the 3rd person perf. of dah-n1-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-daa 'one sits down on again' [act. intr.]. n11- 'again' requires the -d- class.

(4.6)

     1. bich'88shdideesⁿdiin1'a 'they reached out toward him, it is said'. bich'88- 'toward him'. -sh-dideesⁿdii > jidideesⁿdii, 3a person perf. of di-di...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿd7 'to move one's hands' [act. intr.]. di-di- ?; the theme alone 'to make a movement of the hands'.

     2. bi[daag0gh4n1'a 'they were afraid, it is said'. g0gh4, place subj. of ni-...-y4 'there is danger, fear' [imp. neut. intr.]. bi[- 'with him'; daa- distrib. Note that daa- modifies bi- and not go- the place subject. The position of daa- is the same whether it refers to subject or object; the reference being made clear by the context.

(4.8)

     1. n00ghoy1h2h 'go on, go ahead' [interjection]. Cf. n00gho 'go on' and h2h 'hurry'.

     2. daasts33 'he had died'. 3rd person perf. of daa-|...[si- perf.]tsaa 'to die' [act. intr.; daa- ?].

     3. k'aadaak'esh9 'from where he is wounded'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of k'aa-|...[si- perf.]-k'ee 'to be wounded' [act. intr.; k'aa 'arrow'?]. In this form, daa- seems to function adverbially to indicate that the subject is wounded in many places.

     4. hadaasch'i'7 'that which is blowing out. 3rd person distrib. perf. of ha-|...[si- perf.][-ch'i'7wind blows out [act. intr.; ha-| 'out'].

     5. '1i[ts'a 'there is a noise'. 3rd person imp. of '1-yi-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ts'a 'there is a noise; a noise is heard' [act. intr.]. '1-yi- ? but cf. di-|...[si- perf.]-ts'a 'to hear [noises]' [act. tr.; di-| referring to noise].

     6. d1'1gh1daago[deesⁿdiid3 'just as he had told them this'. d1-...-d3 'just as, assoon as'. '1gh1- 'thus, so'; daago[- 'to them, with them'. deesⁿdii-, 3rd person si- perf. oF di-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿd7 'to say' [act. intr.]. The si- perf. is found in the text form because of the presence of the distributive prefix daa-.

     7. 'in11n0ot'an1'a 'he flew away again, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-n11-n1-...[hi- perf.]-d-t'1 'to fly away again' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away'; n11-n1- 'again'].

(4.9)

     1. ts4ghe'si'37 'stone axe. ts4 'stone; -- ghe' 'in, inside'; si'3 'a round object lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]; -7 relative. Literally: 'that stone which lies inside': the axe is made of a stone inside a piece of buckskin fastened to a haft.

     2. bit'ah1 'in his pocket'. bit'ah 'his pocket, the folds of his clothing'; -y1 pp.

     3. y44gotaazhiisⁿdin1'a 'he knocked them down with it, it is said'. yee- 'with it, by means of it' plus 3rd person perf. of 0-taa-ji-...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿdi 'to knock several down one after another' [act. intr.]. O-taa-ji- ? but the theme alone means 'to knock, strike, pick at'.

     4. d1s7'ik4y1naagh1] 'the one who was born last'. d1s7- 'very, just; 'ik4 'next, behind, after'; -y1 pp.; naagh1 'he goes about, he lives'. Literally: 'he who lives at the very last'.

     5. 'in1is88n1'a 'he spared him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 'i-n1-...[si- perf.] -- [-z88 'to leave alone, to spare' [act. tr.]. Prefixes indefinable.

(4.10)

     1. 'ik4'naagh1n] 'the one who was born last'. 'ik4'-, bound form of 'ik4 'after, behind'; naagh1 'he lives'; -n past tense; -] relative. See note 4. 9, 4.

     2. hishdi[kin1'a 'he asked him, it is said, 3a person imp. of h7-di-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ki 'to ask, to inquire of' [act. tr.]. h7- ?; di- possibly the same prefix found in other verbs of speaking, saying, or making a noise [see note 1.15, 3]

(4.11)

     1. ][ts3bik2'7 'male rain' [see Ethnological Notes, Text 4, note 2]. ][ts3 'rain', an archaic form employed only in myths. bik2'7 'male, its male-ness'.

     2. daadik1go 'when it starts to come'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of di- [si- perf.] -- k1 'several start moving' [act. intr. ; di- inceptive].

     Note that a plural verb and the distributive number are employed when reference is made to the movement of rain.

     3. t0bizhole7 'water dust'. t0 'water'; bizholl 'it's dust, chaff'. The reference is to fine misty rain.

     4. daasdiⁿd77[go 'when it starts to fall'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of dzi-di-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ '[e.g. rain, snow] begins to fall; several objects begin to fall' [act. intr.]. di- inceptive; dzi- ?. Again a verb requiring a plural subject and the distributive prefix are used to refer to the movement of rain [see 2, above].

(4.14)

     1. b1njiyeedz1n1'a 'he lay in wait for him, is said.' 3a person perf. of 01-ni-hi-ni-...[si- perf.]-d1 [-d- form of -y1 'one moves'] 'to lie in wait for someone' [act. intr.]. 1- 'for; ni-hi-ni- ?

     2. n0ogosh9 'from where hewas swooping back.'. 3rd person prog. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-gee 'to swoop back' [act. intr.; n1- 'back'. ni- completive]. Cf. note 4.4, 6.

     3. d0shood0 godihⁿd7n1'a 'there was a great noise, it is said'. d0shood0 'great, very, much'. [part.], godihⁿd7, place subj. imp. of di-...[hi- perf.]-d-ⁿd7 'there is a noise' [act. intr.].

     4. '88- 'there' plus -sh99 'from'. See Grammatical Sketch, 3.

     5. dahneesj9n1'a 'he alit, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of dah-ni-...[si- perf.]-1-j9 'to sit upon, to perch upon' [act. intr.; dah- 'on, upon'; ni- terminative].

     6. 'it'ago bi[k4goz88dago 'even before he noticed him'. 'it'a 'before. bi[k4goz88, 3rd person imp. of 0-[-04-go-...[si- perf.]-z88 'knowledge of something occurs with one' [act. intr.]. -[ 'with, accompanying'; 4- 'of, about'.

      -da 'even, just'; -go subord.

     7. bi]t['ah1 'on the side of the head'. -]t['ah1 'side of head, temple' plus -y1 [pp.].

     8. beejiisⁿdiin1'a 'he hit him with it, it is said' bee- 'with it, by means of it'. jiisⁿdii, 3a person perf. of hi-|...[si- perf]-[-ⁿdii 'to hit or strike [act. tr.; hi-| ?]. Cf. note 4.9, 3.

     9. 'isda' 'ib4idz00[ⁿdin1'a 'he knocked him off it, it is said. 'isda' 'down, off' [part.]. 'ib4idz00[ⁿdi > 'ib4jidz00[ⁿdi [the deictic prefix ji- becomes -i- before another prefix beginning with -dz- or ji-]. 3a person perf. of 'i-O4-dzi-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ⁿdi 'to knock someone off, away' [act. intr.]. 'i- 'away, off'; 4- 'against' [?]; dzi- ?. Cf. note 4.9, 3.

(4.16)

      ][ts3bi'17 'female rain' [see Ethnological Notes to Chiricahua text 4, note 2]. ][ts3 'rain' [archaic]; bi'1 'female, its female-ness'. See note 4.11, l.

(4.19)

     1. The forms in passages 15-19 inclusive are essentially the same as those in l0-14 inclusive except that the prefix n11- 'again, also' has been added.

     ko'sh9 'from far off'. ko'- [variant of ko-] 'yonder'.

     2. hogo hii[ts'an1'a 'was heard the noise of her flying, it is said'. hogo-, 3rd person prog. of -gee 'to rush at, to swoop' [act. intr.]. hii[-ts'a, 3rdperson imp. of hi-|...[si- perf.][-ts'a 'a noise is heard' [act. intr.]. Cf. note 4.8 5.

     3. dahn[j9zh8 'to her perch'. dahn[j9, 3rd person cust. or imp. of dah-ni-...[si- perf.]-l-j9 'to perch, sit, alight' [act. intr.]. See note 4.14, 5. Since the iter. and imp. stems are identical in this verb, it is impossible to distinguish, in form, the cust. and imp. modes [see Grammatical Sketch, 17]. But the context here makes it likely that the form, which means literally 'to where she usually sat', should be interpreted as of the cust. mode.

(4.20)

      'isda' n1sh7gee you carry me down'. 3rd person imp. with lst person obj. of' 'isda'-n1-...[hi- perf.]-d-ghee 'to carry a burden down again' [act. tr.]. 'isda' 'down, off' a particle functioning here as a verb prefix. n1- 'again' requires the -d- class.

(4.21)

     1. hanyaa 'down' [part.]. Cf. -yaa 'down, below, under' [pp.].

     2. n1godeesg9n1'a 'he had started to carry him again, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of n1-di-...[si- perf.]-d-ghee 'to start to carry a burden again' [act. tr.]. n1- 'again', di- inceptive. Cf. note 4.20.

     Note, also, in the next line, 'isda' n1gag9n1'a 'he had carried him down again, it is said'. This is the 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of the verb analyzed in 4.20. The irregularity in the 3rd person of the hi- perf. is characteristic of -d- verbs.

(4.22)

     1. bit'a7 'their feathers'. -t'aa 'feathers' [also heard -t'a'].

     2. baahajiyaⁿdishn1'a 'he was pulling them out of them,'it is said'. baa- 'of them, from them' . hajiyaⁿdish, 3a person prog. of ha-hi-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿdish 'to pull, pluck out' [act. tr.; ha- 'out', hi- ?]. hajiya > ha-ji-hi-ya.

     3. 'izh1shee '1gh1t'47 'all varieties of birds'. 'izh1shee 'birds'. '1gh1t'47, 3rd person of '1gh1-ni-...t'4 'to be thus' [imp. neut. intr.].

     4. h0laa[aha 'let them become'. h0laa-, 3rd person opt. of ...[si- perf.]-laa 'to become' [act. intr.]. [aha hortatory enclitic.

     5. 'ijiⁿd77[n1'a 'he scattered them, it is said'. 3rd person imp. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'to scatter, to cause several objects to move away' [act. tr.; 'i-| 'away].

     6. '17 bik'ehgo 'by that act'. '17 'that' referring to the throwing away of the feathers. -k'eh- 'by reason of' [see note 1.1, 2].

     7. i['ango 'being difficult'. i['an 'different, various' [part.]. Cf. this phrase, i. e. 'izh1shee'i['ango '1daat'47 'those different birds that exist', with that analyzed in 3, this note.

(4.23)

     1. gob00gh3 'I have killed them. 1st person perf. with 3rd person dual obj. of ...[hi- perf.]-gh3 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. This is one of the rare cases of the use of the separate 3rd person dual object pronoun. Note, too, that it refers to a number greater than two [see Grammatical Sketch, 11].

5.The Killing of the Prairie Dogs

(5.1)

     1. d1'88een1 '4god8 'just one more remains'. I cannot explain this form. d1'88een1 looks like d1-....-n1 'just, only', '7- 'there', and -ee. 'at' which would mean literally 'just at that place'. '4god8 seems to be the imp. neut. intr. verb '4...-d8 'to be not' with a place subject; thus 'a place is not. But the combination is translated 'there is just one more place' and, in addition, there are the following similar forms: naakin '4god8 'two more times' [naaki 'two', -n times'], t11n '4god8 'three more times' [t11- 'three'],

     2. n'aa- 'over there' plus -y1 pp. This is the only occurrence of n'aa-; cf. the demonstrative stem 'aa- [Grammatical Sketch, 3].

     3. dl=7'prairie dog'. A variant form also occurs: dl=ye [see passage 3 of the text]. I cannot explain this variation which also occurs in other words; cf., for example, nai, maiye 'coyote.

(5.2)

     1. 1h11n4zh8 'to its vicinity, in its vicinity'. 1h11n4, 3rd person of 'to be close, near' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. ]zaazh8 'to a distance, far away'. ]zaa 'a long way, a distance' [part.].

(5.3)

     1. bigogh3n1'a 'their homes [were], it is said'. gogh3 'home, wickiup, tipi' [thematic].

     2. k==h4zh8 'for a moment. k==h4 'a little, a moment, gently' [part.].

     3. bi'1]y1 'to his hole'. bi'1], 3rd person poss. of 'ii''1] 'hole, den'.

     4. '1n11ha[gho[go 'he, running in again and again'. 3rd person prog. of -l-ghee. 'to run, move rapidly with the prefixes '1- [also heard 1h-] 'in, into' and n11- 'again and again'. Cf. the next word, han11ha[gho[sh9 'from which he was running out again and again', in which ha- 'out' replaces '1-.

(5.4)

      Ma'ish=7[b1y4 'gray lizard'. ma'ish=7 'lizard may be a compound of ma'i-, possibly related to ma'ye 'coyote', and -sh=7 which is a unique morpheme. -[b1y4 is evidently an archaic relative of [b1y4 'he is gray' [3rd person imp. neut.].

(5.5)

     1. ]'1] 'that one'. Cf. '1] 'that one'. See also note 5.1, 2.

     2. ch'7d4goda 'in vain' [part.].

(5.6)

     1. '99y22] 'well then'. Cf. note 3, 1.

     2. nzhooshnee should read nzhooshⁿdee 'I'll help you" 1st person imp. with 2nd person obj. of zhoo-|...[si- perf.]-ⁿdee 'to help assist' [act.tr.]. zhoo- is a thematic prefix.

     3. han11n1sghogo 'he, having run out again' 3rd person perf. of ha-n11-n1- [si- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run out again' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out', n11- 'again'.

     4. 'ii'1hn11n0o[ghogo 'he, running in again'. 3rd person prog. of 'ii'1h-n11-n1-...[si- perf.]l-ghee 'to run in again' [act. intr.]. 'ii'1h- is a unique prefix; cf. 'ii'1] 'hole' and the prefix '1h- in, into'.

     5. haad7 d1s7'itisgo been[t[i7 'as fast as you can'. haad7 'whatever' [see Grammatical Sketch, 4]. d1s7- 'very', 'itis 'over it, the best. been[t[i7, relative in -7 of the 3rd person perf. of Oee-hi-|...[? perf.]-l-tee 'to run, move, walk' [act. intr.]. Literally, the phrase reads: 'whatever is the best [speed] with which you have run'.

     6. been1diy00[yo[ 'you are running with it'. bee- 'with, by means of it'; 'it' referring to the phrase analyzed in 5. n1diy00[yo[, 2nd person prog. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run' [act. intr.].

     7. nii'1 should read ⁿdii'1 'on the ground'. ⁿdii 'ground' plus -y11 pp. Why the -'- appears, I do not know.

     8. n00[gha[go 'you, throwing yourself'. 2nd person prog. of ni-...[si- perf.]-l-gha[ 'to throw oneself' [mediopas.]. ni- terminative.

     9. ts'77yaa 'immediately, at once' [part.].

(5.7)

      ya'jin00gon1'a 'he dashed in, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of ya-'i-ni-...[hi- perf.]-gee 'to run inside, to dash into' [act. intr.]. ya'i- > ya'- 'inside, into'; ni- terminative. It is quite possible that I misheard this form and that ya- should read y1-, an intensifier. 'i- means 'in' and y1'i- would therefore mean 'right in' as the context requires.

(5.8)

     1. deek'osh4 'salt'.

     2. bitaji[ghon1'a, 'he had gone among them, it is said. 3rd person perf. of 0-ta-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to go among' [act. intr.]. -ta 'among'; ni- completive.

     3. nan]t'in1'a 'they were lined up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of nan-ni- [ni- perf.]-t4 'several line up; several get in line' [act. intr.]. nan- 'in a line' [?]; ni- completive.

      Preceded by k -- zh8 'to the fire', this phrase means literally: 'they were lined up to the fire, it is said'.

     4. '7[ts4 'here, wait' [exclamation]. Cf. note 1.1, 1.

     5. bich'88daan1['3go 'putting your heads toward it'. bich'88 'toward it'. daan1['3, 2nd person distrib. of ni-...-l-'3 'to have one's head in position' [mediopas. si- perf. neut.]. ni- terminative plus si- perf., ah- 2nd person dual, and the classifier gives n1[-.

     6. k'4daadahaa[ 'look at it'. 2nd person distrib. of k'4-di-...[si- perf.]-ghaa[ 'look at' [act. tr.]. See note 2.16, 2. di- plus the 2nd person dual pronoun gives dah-; dah- plus -ghaa[ gives dahaa[.

     7. dain4['9go 'as they looked at it'. 3rd person distrib. imp. with 3rd person obj. of n4-...[hi- perf.] -- [-'9 'to look at' [act. tr.]. n4- ? daa- plus yi- gives dai-.

     8. bich'88ts4j00[kaan1'a 'he threw it toward them into the fire, it is said'. bich'88- 'toward them' plus 3a person perf. of ts4-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-kaa 'to throw several objects into the fire' [act. tr.; ts44-| into the fire']. The theme alone refers to the throwing or forcible propulsion of many objects.

(5.9)

     1. bich'88daadeesch'i[n1'a 'it exploded toward them, it is said. 3rd person distrib. perf. of di-|...[si- perf.] -- [-ch'ii[ 'to explode, burst, pop out' [act. intr.]. di- is probably the prefix denoting noise, though here it takes the si- perf. rather than the usual hi- perf. [see note 1.15, 3].The si- perf. and hi- perf. tend to merge in meaning in Chiricahua; in the case of some verbs, either perfective may be used.

     2. bi['idaaheesta'n1'a 'it scattered into them, it is said'. bi[- 'to them, with them' plus 3rd person distrib. perf. of -'i-hi-...[si- perf.] -- t1 'to break and scatter; [fine particles] scatter [as from an explosion]' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away'; hi- ?]. Note that the subject referring to a mass of salt particles takes the distributive number.

     3. doodaa'a'9da daasil9go 'they, having become blind'. doodaa'a'9da 'blind, they cannot see anything'. doo-...-da negative plus 3rd person with indefinite object of -9; 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.]. This form functions as an adverb to daasil9 'they have become'.

     4. d1'1zh8 'right away'. d1- 'just, exactly'; '1- 'there'; -zh8 'to' [pp.].

     5. taijiisⁿdin1'a 'he knocked them down, it is said'. 3a person perf. of O-taa-ji-...[si- perf.]-l-ⁿdi 'to knock several down one after another' [act. intr.]. Here, however, the indirect object pronoun is lacking [cf. note 4.9, 3]. tai- > taa-ji; the 3a pronoun ji- becomes -i- before another prefix beginning with dz- or j-.

(5.10) '4gojiisd88go 'he, having finished it'. 3a person perf. with place object of '44-...[si- perf.] -- [-d88 'to finish, complete' [act. tr.; '4- thematic prefix].

6.The Creation

(6.1)

     nii'7k1ee should read ⁿdii'7k1ee 'on the surface of the earth'. ⁿdii'- bound form of ⁿdii 'earth'; -7 relative; - k1 'surface, top'; - ee 'at, on'.

(6.2)

     1. gosht['ish 'mud, clay'.

     2. ⁿd4 k'4h1t'4go 'being just like men'. nd4 'men'; k'4h1t'4go 'it is just like, it is similar' is found only in the 3rd person. Cf. -'1-ni-...-t'4 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.; '1- 'so'; ni- adj.].

     3. haodz7go 'they, having spoken'. 3rd person perf. of ha-|...[hi-perf.]-d-dzii 'to talk, speak'[act.intr.; ha-| ?]. This form is adverbial to that following, '1j7laan1'a 'he made them so, it is said'.

(6.3)

     1. ⁿd4sh9 'isdz1]d0 'man and woman'. - sh9, ordinarily the pp. 'from', and - d0, ordinarily 'also', function here as a conjunction.

     2. nah7 ⁿd4 hinah4daa[ 'you two, you two will be called Indians'. The indep. pronoun nah7 is used for emphasis [see Grammatical Sketch, 2]. Note that ⁿd4 here has the meaning 'Indians'. It also means 'man, men, person, Apache'; the exact meaning depending upon the contrast desired. hinah4daa[ , 2nd person dual of ho-[or hi-]ni-...-gh4 'to be called, named' [imp. neut. intr.]. -daa[ future tense.

     3. 'i[d= 'also'. Here, however, the English sense is better rendered by 'others'.

     4. naadina[t'47 'you who are two'. naa-, reduced form of naaki 'two' [see also naa-din 'twenty' , idin ' -- ty'] . dina[t'4 , 2nd person dual of di-ni-...-[-t'4 'to be a certain number' [imp. neut. intr.]. This verb is irregular; cf. t1-'a[t'4 'you are three' [t1- 'three']; d99'-na[t'4 'you are four' [d99' 'four']

     5. 'iⁿdaa 'white men' also 'enemy, hostile' [for example, Chiricahua text 32 it is used to refer to a Comanche war party -- MEC]. The function of the prefix 'i- is not clear; cf. shi'iⁿda' 'my enemy' [shi- 'my'].

(6.4)

     1. k1ni'j7][d44ln1'a 'he set them down for them, it is said'. k1- 'for them' plus 3a person perf. with indef. obj. of ni-ni...[ni-perf.][-dee[ 'to put several down' [act. tr.; ni- 'down, to a stop'; ni- completive]. The theme alone means to cause several objects to move'.

     2. ⁿd4ne 'Indians'. ⁿd4 'Indians' [see note 6.3, 2] plus the enclitic -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

     3. ' y1n1'dii'88go 'he, choosing for them'. y1- 'for them' plus 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- '88 'to pick up, to choose an unknown object' [act. tr.; n1-di-| 'upward']. The theme -'88 is the verb of handling [see note 2.7, 15] used when the object is unknown [as in this case] or when several objects belonging to more than one classification are being handled [see 5 below].

     4. 'i[t88 k'aabi[ 'gun and bow and arrows'. 'i[t88 [also heard 'i[t9] 'gun, rifle, bow'. This word probably meant originally 'bow' as it sometimes does yet; here, however, it is clear that 'gun' is meant. k'aa 'arrow, bow and arrows, weapons, cartridges'. bi- 'it', -[ 'with'.

     5. k1nj7]'88n1'a 'he put them down for them, it is said'. k1- 'for them' plus 3a person perf. of ni- ni...[ni-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- '88 'to put an unknown object down' [act. tr.]. For the prefixes, see 1, above. Here the theme -'88 is used with reference to the handling of objects of differing classifications [see 3, above]. For the bow and arrows alone, the theme -[-jee 'to handle a group of sticks' is used [see note 6.6, 2], and for the rifle alone, the theme -t88 'to handle a long, slender object' is used [see note 6.7, 3].

(6.6)

     1. d1'00s'ago 'being a little while later'. d1- 'just'; '00s'a [also heard '00s'ah] 'later'.

     2. k'aa7 nd4 y1n1in[jeen1'a 'he chose the bow and arrows for the People, it is said'. n1in[jee, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-jee 'to pick up a group of sticks' [act. tr.]. For prefixes, see note 1.22, 1. Since the object handled is here definitely known and of one classification, the theme -'88 is no longer used [see note 6.4, 5].

     3. '1d77d77n1b4g0z8 '1j7l1go 'the making of these is understood'. '1d77d77 'these'; -n1 'only'; b4g0z8 , 3rd person of 04-go-ni-...-z8 'knowledge about something exists' [imp. neut. intr.]; '1j7l1, 3a person imp. of '1-...[? perf.] -- l1 'to make' [act. tr.]. In this phrase, the subordinated verb follows the principal verb; the reverse order is more usual.

(6.7)

     1. bich'3n1'shn'887 'that which remained'. bich'3 'from it' plus 3a person perf. with indef. obj. of n1-di-|...{ni- perf.] -- '88 'to pick up an unknown object' [act. tr.], and -7 relative. Literally: 'that from which he had picked up something'.

     2. dooy1[tidahe 'without saying anything'. y1[ti, 3rd person imp. of y1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ti 'to speak' [act. intr.; y1- thematic prefix]. I do not understand the function of the ending -he.

     3. n1int3n1'a 'he picked it up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- t88 'to pick up a long slender object' [act. tr.]. See note 6.4, 5 and 6.6. 2.

(6.8)

     1. [i' 'one, the other' plus -7 relative.

     2. go][ch'iln1'a 'there was a heavy growth of vegetation, it is said'. go- place subject plus ][ch'il 'it is leafy, branchy; there is much vegetation'. This verb appears only in the 3rd person so analysis is difficult. However, it looks like a 3rd person ni- perf. neut. intr.

     3. bid1] 'their food'; cf. d1] 'food'.

     4. d1'1kodeey1 n1nt'99 'wild growing things' d1'1kodeey1 'wild, uncultivated' [part:]. n1nt'99, 3rd person iter. of ni-... [si- perf.]-t'3 'to grow, to ripen' [act. intr.; ni- terminative]. Literally: 'those which customarily grow wild'.

     5. dzi[1taazhe7 'wild turkeys'. dzi[ 'mountain'; -1, reduced form of -y1 pp.; taazhe 'chicken'.

     6. d1di[k -- dego 'it being absolutely barren'. d1- 'absolutely'. d1di[k -- dego , 3rd person of di-...-[-k -- [or -k-de] 'to be smooth, to be barren' [imp. neut. intr.]. In the first and second persons singular and in the 2nd person dual of this verb, the prefix appears to be ni- rather than di-. There are apparently three sets of adjectival prefixes in Chiricahua: ni-, di-, and di-ni-, which are often confused.

     7. hich'3n1'n'88n1'a 'he chose [the former mountain] it is said'. Literally: 'he chose one away from it', 'it' referring to the barren mountain. For analysis, see 6.7, 1.

(6.9)

     1. 'i[ch'3'1dzaan1'a 'it spread apart, it is said'. 'i[- reciprocal; - ch'3 'away, from'; '1jaa, 3rd person perf. of '1-...[? perf.] -- ⁿd1 'to do' [pass. of -l1 'to do'].

     2. [7n7 'horses'; [9 plus relative -7. The -n- occurs as the result of adding a vocalic suffix to a stem with nasalized vowel. This, however, does not always happen; [97 also occurs.

     3. dzaaⁿdeez7 d1s7danzh0n7n1 'the very best mules'. dzaaⁿdeez7 'mules', is also given tsaaⁿdeez7. The former can be analyzed as jaa- 'ear' [becoming dzaa- by assimilation to the -z- following], -ⁿdeez 'long' [compounded form of the verb ni-... -ⁿdeez 'to be long'], and -7 relative. tsaa-, however, is meaningless.

     d1s7- 'very'; danzh0n7, relative of danzh=, 3rd person distrib. of ni-...-zh= 'to be good' [imp. neut. intr.]; -n1 'just, only'.

     4. dib4h4 'sheep'.

     5. g0ochi 'pigs', one of the rare Chiricahua words which has been borrowed from Spanish. Cf. Spanish cochino.

     6. ch'4n1daahees3n1'a 'they came out, it is said'. 3rd person distrib. of ch'4-n1-hi-...[si- perf.]- [-z4 'a group moves out en masse' [act. intr.; ch'4- 'out'; n1- thematic ? ; hi- ?]. -[- combines with the stem initial.

     7. baa'shd00'88n1'a 'he had given them things, it is said'. 3a person perf. with indef. obj. of 0aa-di- ...[hi- perf.] -- '88 'to give an unknown object to someone' [act. intr.; aa- 'to'; di- ?].

(6.10)

     1. yeehiⁿd1n1'a 'he lives on them, it is said'. yee- 'with them, by means of them' plus 3rd person of hi-...-ⁿd1 'to live, to be alive' [imp. neut. intr.]. hi- ? is, in some persons, replaced by ni- adj.

(6.11)

     1. naa'iziigo 'they, working'. 3rd person cont. imp. with indef. obj. of naa-|...[si- perf.] -- z7 'to do with, to meddle with, to handle' [act. tr.; naa-| 'about, here and there']. To work is, therefore, to go about handling things.

     2. n1'n[t'97 'cultivated plants'. 3rd person iter. with indef. obj. of ni-...[si- perf.] -- [-t'3 'to raise, cultivate, grow' [act. tr.] plus the relative -7. Cf. note 6.8, 4.

     3. hich'3sh9 'on them'. hi- variant 3rd person pronoun; -ch'3 'from, away'; -sh9 'from'.

(6.12)

     1. 'i[ch'3'aaⁿdahy1 'very far apart'. 'i[ch'3 'from one another' plus 3rd person of 'aa-ni-...-ⁿdah 'to be far away' [imp. neut. intr.]. 'aa- ?; ni- adj., disappears in the 3rd, 3a, 1st dual, and 2nd dual persons.

     2. t0gon1sga'7 'ocean'. t0 'water'. gon1sga', bound form of gon1sga, place subject of n1-...-ga 'whiteness extends in a circle' [si- perf. neut. intr.; n1- 'around, in a circle']. Literally: 'white water that extends in a circle'. [what Hoijer refers to as 'white' here can also be translated 'clear', 'transparent'- MEC]

     3. hanan 'across' [part.].

     4. 'i[iyaa[ts44[ee 'as you see one another'. 3rd person prog. with reciprocal pronoun of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ts44 'to see, catch sight of [act. tr.] plus -ee 'at'. 'i[iyaa[- > 'i[- plus hi- plus haa- plus -[-.

     5. naagona[dzoodaa[ 'you will fight'. 2nd person dual imp. of naa-go-ni-...[si- perf.] -- [-dzoo 'to fight, to go to war' [act. intr.; prefixes indefinable]. -daa[ future tense enclitic. Why the future tense enclitic instead of the future paradigm should be used here, I cannot say.

7. The Gambling Game for Night and Day

(7.1)

     1. dooi[kaadan1'a 'there was no day, it is said'. hi[kaa, imp. of hi-...[si- perf.] -- [-kaa 'day dawns' [act. intr.].

(7.2)

     1. naadaa'iⁿdiish4go 'they, being of the kind that fly'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of naa-'i- ...[si- perf.]-ⁿdii 'several fly about' [act. intr.; 'i- indef. deictic prefix?] plus -sh4 'side, kind' [pp.].

     2. d1chaago[hee[n11n00[t'ee7 'that it was always very dark'. d1- 'very'; chaago[hee[, imp. with place subj. of chaa-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ghee[ 'to become dark' [act. intr.; chaa- thematic?]; n11n00[t'ee 'always' [part.].

     3. [ash4go7 'those being of the other side'. [a- 'other'; -sh4 'side, kind'.

     4. d1been4godzi'7n1 'were only those who are feared'. d1-...-n1 'only, just'. n4godzi' 'danger, there is danger, it is dangerous', presumably an imp. neut. intr. verb with place subject and prefix n4-. bee- 'with them, by means of them'. Literally, the text form means: 'only those by means of whom there is danger'.

     5. bij1dedaad99'7n1 'only those who had four legs'. bij1de 'their legs'; daa- distrib.; d99' 'four'; -7 relative; -n1 'only'.

(7.3)

     1. b7k1 'for it'. -k1 'for, in order to' requires a high tone on its prefixes.

     2. 'i[aaj7k1go 'they, coming together'. 3a person imp. of 'i[-aa-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- k1 'several come together, meet' [act. intr.]. 'i[- reciprocal; aa- 'to'; ni- completive.

     3. baay1'iti 'there is to be discussion about it'. baa- 'about it'. y1'iti, 3rd person imp. with indef. subj. of y1-...[hi- perf.]-ti 'a discussion is held' [act. intr.; y1- thematic]. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.7, 2.

(7.4)

     1. hik1 'day'. Cf. note 7.1.

     2. baadaa'deekaa 'let's gamble for it'. baa- 'for it, about it'; daa- distrib. 'i-di...[si- or hi- perf.]-kaa 'to gamble' [act. intr.]. The text form is 1st person distrib. perf.

(7.5)

     1. k4hee 'moccasin [or stick] game' [see Ethnological Notes, 7.1]. Cf. k4 'bone used in moccasin game'.

     2. '1n1gat'88[ 'it was happening'. 3rd person prog. of '1-n1-go-...[hi- perf.]-t'ii 'something happens, goes on' [act. intr.]. '1- 'thus so'; n1- 'again' [?]; go- place subject [?].

     3. 'i[ch'3n11gonahⁿd44[ 'each side won and lost alternately'. 'i[ch'3 'from one another'. n11gonahⁿd44[, 3rd person prog. of n11-go-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿd4 ' a game is won again and again' [act. intr.]. n11- 'again and again' requires the -d- class. go- place subj. referring to 'game' [?]. ni- terminative.

(7.6)

     1. Ts4][gh44see 'wren'. t s4 'rock, stone'. -][gh44s- resembles the 2nd person imp. of di-...[si- perf.]-l-gh44s 'to dodge, twist, turn' [mediopas.; di- becomes n- in the second person]. - ee may be an archaic relative enclitic. Therefore, the form may mean literally: 'you who dodge about rocks'.

     2. hi[kaa h1t'9n1'a 'he wanted day, it is said'. hi[kaa 'day is dawning' is here used as a noun [cf. notes 7.1 and 7.4, 1]. h1t'9, 3rd person of h1-...-t'9 'to want, to desire' [imp. neut. intr.]. See note 2.6, 1.

     3. ⁿd4dantsaa7 'the big fellows'. ⁿd4 'person'. dantsaa, 3rd person distrib. of ni-...-tsaa 'to be big' [imp. neut. intr.].

(7.8)

     hiisk3 hay00[k3 'morning has dawned'. hiisk3, 3rd person perf. of hi-...[si- perf.] -- [-kaa 'day dawns' [act. intr.] is here used as a noun. hay00[k3, 3rd person perf. of ha-yi-...[hi- perf.] -- [-kaa 'day dawns, morning breaks' [act. intr.; ha- 'out' ?]. yi- in this form is probably cognate with the hi- of the preceding verb.

(7.10)

     1. naa'itan1'a 'he was among them, it is said'. 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-ta 'to be among' [act. tr.; naa-| 'about'].

     2. dooh2hnaash1da7 'I who cannot move about rapidly'. naasha 'I move about' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.6, 1]; h2h 'rapidly, quickly'.

     3. nahba'hosh11[ 'I'll go on before you'. nah- 2nd person dual pronoun; -ba' 'before'; hosh11[, 3rd person prog. of -y1' 'one moves'.

     4. 'o0y1n1'a 'he went away, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- y1 'one goes away' [act. intr.; 'i-| 'away'].

(7.11)

     1. bit['aab22y1 'at the borders of his back'. - t['aa 'back, buttocks'; -b22 'edge, border'.

     2. 'i[eedaa'jiniig3n1'a 'they began to fight with one another, it is said'. 3a person distrib. imp. of 'i[- ee-'i-ni-|...[ni- perf.] -- g3 'to begin to fight' [act. intr.]. 'i[- reciprocal pronoun; ee-'i-ni-| 'to begin to do ...' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.11, 1]. This theme, i. e., - g3, is possibly a -d- form of -gh3 'to kill several'. The verb 'to fight' always requires the reciprocal prefix 'i[- and this prefix requires the -d- class. Therefore, the verb 'to fight' probably means literally; 'to kill one another'.

(7.12)

     1. 'itasit9n1'a 'he was among them, it is said'. 'i- indef. pronoun; -ta 'among' [pp.; cf.. note 7.10, 1]. sit9 'an animate being lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. baat88jakan1'a 'they attacked him, it is said'. 3a person perf. of 0aa-t88-...[hi- perf.] -- k1 'several attack someone' [act. intr.]. aa- 'to'; - t88 'attack' [?]. The theme alone means 'several move' [act. intr.].

     3. bik4t['1y4goda 'under his foot'. -k4 'foot' [non-poss. form]; -t['1y4, a compounded form of -t['1 'under, beneath'; -go subord.; -da 'even'.

(7.13)

     1. bik4t['1hy1 'under his foot'. Note that here -t['1 'under' has the form -t['1h- Cf. note 7.12, 3.

     2. nah1nsht'0 'I'll shoot him for you'. nahi- 2nd person dual pronoun; -1 'for'. nsht'0, 1st person imp. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'0 'to shoot at' [act. tr.; ni- completive].

     3. shaanah'88 'give them to me'. 2nd person dual imp. of 0aa-ni...[ni- perf.] -- '88, 'to give someone an unknown object' [act. tr.; aa- 'to'; ni- completive]. Since the object of the verb is definitely known and stated [k'aa 'arrows'], this use of the theme -'88 is irregular [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.4, 3].

(7.15)

     1. g07dan1'a 'the snake also, it is said'. g0 'snake'; -da 'even, also'.

     2. ts4gizhiy1 'in a rock crevice'. ts4 'rock'; -gizhi 'between, interstice, gap'.

     3. k1y00[d44l 'he had thrown them for them'. k1- 'for them'. 'iy00[d44l, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-dee[ 'to throw away several objects' [act. tr.; 'i-| 'away'].

     4. dooha'y1gobich'88g0zh=day1 'where it was impossible to get them'. ha'y1go 'in some way'; bich'88 'toward them'; g0zh= 'place is good'. Literally: 'a place where it is in no way good toward them'.

     5. kaa'isdadaay1n1'a 'he got away from them, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-'isda-daa-|...[si- perf.] -- y1 'one gets away from someone' [act. intr.]. aa- 'from'; 'isda- 'away'; daa- ?.

(7.16)

     1. shash7 'i[d= baat88n11jakan1'a 'they attacked the bear also, it is said'. shash 'bear'; 'i[d= 'also'. 3a person perf. of 0aa-t88-n11-...[hi- perf.]-d-k1- 'several attack someone also' [act. irttr.]. n11- 'again, also' requires the -d- class. See note 7.12, 2.

     2. dits8 [37 sikaa7 'a large grove of tress'. dits8 'trees'; [3 'many'; sikaa 'a clump [of trees] lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     3. bich'88kaadaah7ⁿd1n1'a 'he dragged them toward it, it is said'. bich'88 'toward it'. 3rd person imp. of 0aa-daa-ni...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one drags several along' [act. intr.]. aa- 'from' ?; daa- ?; ni- completive.

     4. kaagh4daay1n1'a 'he went in from them, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-gh4-daa-|...[si- perf.] -- y1 'one goes in from someone' [act. intr.]. gh4- 'in' [cf. -ghe' 'in']; daa- ?.

(7.17)

     1. ts8[1n7 sikaa7 'large grove oftrees'. ts8 'trees' [cf. dits8 'trees']; [1n7 'that are many' [cf. [37 in note 7.16, 2]; sikaa 'a clump [of trees] lies'.

     2. kaagh4h00y17 'into which he had gone'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-gh4h-|...[hi- perf.] -- y1 'one goes in from someone' [act. intr.; aa- 'from'; gh4h-| 'in']. See note 7.16, 4.

     3. ts8skaa 'a grove of trees lies' [place name]. ts8 'trees' plus sika 'a clump [of trees] lies'.

(7.18)

     1. [9n1daa[j00tseel7 'where they played the moccasin game'. 3a person distrib. perf. with indef. obj. of [9-n1...[hi- perf.] -- tsi[ [rep. stem of -tsee[] 'to hammer something into the ground again and again; to play the moccasin game' [act. tr.]. [9- 'ground'; n1- 'again and again'.

     2. 'it'a '1ⁿdeede n1'a7 k'eh1t'4h7 'it is just like it was then'. 'it'a 'still, before'; '1ⁿdeede 'now'; n1'a7 looks like the narrative enclitic plus the relative enclitic; k'eh1t'4h7 'it is just like, it is similar' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.2, 2].

     3. '1d3 d1'i[jag3i '4goosd88 'when they had finished fighting one another'. '1d3 'at that time'; d1- 'just'; 'i[jag3, 3a person perf. of 'i[-...[hi- perf.]-d-g3 'to fight' [act. intr.]. See note 7.11, 2. '4goosd88 'they had finished' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.10].

     4. [ee'4nn1j7kan1'a 'they returned together, it is said'. 3a person perf. of [ee'4-ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-k1 'several go back together' [act. intr.]. [ee'4- '[to come] together'; ni- 'to a stop'; 'n1- 'back' [requires the -d- class]; ni- completive.

     5. '88sh9ⁿd1se 'from now on'. '88 'here'; -sh9 'from'; ⁿd1se 'further on'.

     6. d1'1ⁿdeen1n00[t'eedaa[ 'it will always be unchanged'. d1- 'just'; '1ⁿdee 'it is new, recent' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.18, 3]; n1n00[t'ee 'always' [part.]; -daa[ future tense.

     7. 'iⁿdaa7 ⁿd47daa [3 hilaadeeda 'though there come to be many white men and Indians'. 'iⁿdaa 'white men'; ⁿd4 'Indians'; [3 'many'; hilaa 'it becomes' [3rd person imp. of -laa 'to become']; -deeda 'though, whether, even if'.

(7.19)

      Dzi['inaadahaas'17 'the mountain on which mescal extends upward' [place name]. dzi[ 'mountain'; 'inaada 'mescal'; haas'1 'it extends upward' [ha- 'out, up'; -'1 'a rigid object has extension'; 3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

8.The Quarrel Between Thunder and Wind

(8.2)

     1. ][ch'i'7 'the wind'. ][ch'i' [also heard ]-ch'i] 'wind'. Cf. ...zero or -[-ch'7 'wind blows' [act. intr.]. The noun may be a ni- perf. neut. intr. form of this verb.

     2. 'iihⁿdiide 'thunder'; -7 relative; -bi[ 'with it'. 'iihⁿdiide cannot be analyzed but it seems to bear some relation to the theme -ⁿd7 'a noise is made'.

     3. d1[e'naa'jiziin1'a 'they were to work together, it is said'. d1[e'- 'together' plus 3a person imp. of naa-'i-...[si- perf.]-zi 'to work' [act. intr.]. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.11, 1.

     4. 'i[ch'88go[g00t -- n1'a 'they became angry at each other, it is said'., 'i[ch'88 'toward each other; go[- 'with them' plus perf. of go-...[hi- perf.] -- t -- 'there is trouble, difficult, anger' [act. intr.; go- place subject ?].

     5. 'i[k'1ja[ghon1'a 'they separated, it is said'. 3a perf. of 'i[-k'1-...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee 'to separate' [act. intr.; 'i[- reciprocal; - k'1 'away, from' ?]. The theme alone: 'to go, move'.

(8.3)

     1. sh7n1 sheeg0zh= 'I alone do good'. sh7- indep. 1st person pronoun; -n1 'only, alone'. shee- 'with me, by means of me'; g0zh= 'there is good' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.8, 3]. Note that emphasis is achieved by the use of the indep. pronoun and the enclitic -n1.

     2. ⁿd7 doojo] ⁿdeedeeda 'even if you do not help'. ⁿd7 indep. 2nd person pronoun. doo- negative [the element -da omitted because of the other enclitic]; -deeda 'even if, although'. jo] ⁿd44, 2nd person of joo-ni-...-ⁿdee 'to be helpful' [imp. neut. intr.]. joo- thematic; ni- adj.

(8.4)

     ]za'y1 nch'3n1d4shdz1 'I'll go far away from you'. ]za' 'far away' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.2, 2]. nch'3 'from you'. n1d4shdz1 1st person perf. of n1-di-...[si- perf.]-d-y1 'one begins to return, go back' [act. intr.; n1- 'back'; di- inceptive].

(8.5)

     1. nii'g1shb22y1 'to the end of the earth'. nii'-, compounded form of ⁿdi 'earth'; -g1sh- a unique morpheme; -b22 'edge, border'; -y1 pp.

     2. goch'3'in00dz1n1'a 'he went away from him, it is said'. goch'3 'from him' plus 3rd person perf. of 'i-n1-...[hi- perf.]-d-y1 'one goes back away' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away'; n1- 'back'].

     3. d1goosdo 'it was very hot'. d1- 'very'; gosdo '[weather] is hot' [si- perf. neut. intr. with place subject].

(8.6)

     1. [3go naago[t8go '1g0s8, 'he caused much rain'. [3 'much, many'; naago[t8 'it is raining' [imp. neut. intr. with prefix naa- 'about' and place subject]. '1g0s8, 3rd person with place object of '1-ni-...- [-z8, 'to make so, to cause to be so' [imp. neut. tr.; '1- 'so'; ni- adj.]. The theme alone is a causative of -z8 'to think, feel, desire'.

     2. doo'nt'3dan1'a 'there were no crops, it is said'. 'nt'3, 3rd person imp. with indef. subj. of ni-...[si- perf.] -- t3 'to grow' [act. intr.; ni- terminative].

(8.7)

     1. -ts'os 'downy feather' [requires a poss. prefix].

     2. 'in1itsin1'a 'he continually set them up, it is said'. 3rd person iter. with 3rd person obj. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.] -- ts4 'to set a long pointed object in [e. g., in the ground]' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away, in'. The theme alone: 'to do something with a long pointed object.

     3. ch'4dah1shdees'9n1'a 'he looked in vain for it, it is said'. ch'4da- 'in vain' [cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.5, 2] plus 3a person perf. of h1-di...[si- perf.] -- 9 [perf. stem] 'to look for' [act. tr.; h1- 'for'; di- ?]. This verb appears only in the perfective mode. Note that the deictic prefix ji- 3a subject reduces to sh-.

(8.8)

     1. bich88'i'j00['a'n1'a 'he sent for him, it is said'. bich88 'toward him' plus 3a person perf. with indef. obj. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-'1 'to send for, to send [someone] away' [act. tr.; 'i-| 'away']. A better translation of the text form would be: 'he had sent someone [or, a message] to him, it is said'.

     2. d1goosdo'4goosdo ' it is very, very hot' . d1- 'very'; goosdo'4, presumably an archaic combination of goosdo 'it is hot' and -4 relative; goosdo 'it is hot'. One of the very few cases of reduplication in Chiricahua [see linguistic not to Chiricahua text 1.15, 4].

     3. nooshk22 'I beg you'. 1st person imp. with 2nd person obj. of ho-|...[si- perf.] -- k22 'to beg, plead' [act. tr.; ho-| ?]. The last word of this passage [of the text] is the 3rd person perf. with 3a object of this verb. Cf. also linguistic not to Chiricahua text 1.7, 1.

     4. d1[e'naa'iidziidaa[ 'we will work together'. d1[e'- 'together' plus 1st person dual imp. of naa-'i- ...[si- perf.]-zii 'to work [act. intr.; see note 8.2, 3], and the future tense enclitic. Note, in the verb, that the final -d of the 1st person dual pronoun has combined with the stem initial [see Grammatical Sketch, 12].

     5. d1[e'hoot'ashdaa[ 'we will travel together'. d1[e'- 'together' plus lst person dual prog. of -aash 'two move' [act. intr.], and the future tense enclitic. Here, as in the preceding verb, the 1st person dual pronoun has combined with the stem initial.

     6. nahk'ehgo n1'nt'9daa[ 'because of us there will be crops'. nah- 'us'; -keh 'by reason of'; -go subord. n1'nt'9, 3rd person iter. with indef. subj. of ni-...[si- perf.] -- t'3 'to grow' [act. intr.]. -daa[ future tense enclitic.

(8.9)

     gojoon11n1sⁿdeen1'a 'he became his friend again, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0-joo- n11n1-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿdee 'to become someone's friend again, to help someone again' [act. intr.]. 'joo- thematic; n11n1- 'again'.

9. The Sun

(9.1)

     1. j7gonaa'17 [also heard j9gonaa'17 'the sun'. Possibly a compound of j9go 'being day, during the day' [cf. j99' 'day'], naa'1 'a round object moves about' [3rd person cont. imp. with prefix naa- 'about' of -'aa 'a round object moves'] and -7 relative.

     2. 'i[k'id3ne 'the old people'. 'i[k'id3 'long ago' [part.] plus -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

10. Coyote Obtains Fire

(10.1)

     1. y1'4d8n1'a 'there was none, it is said'. y1- is an intensifier; '4d8, the 3rd person of '4-...- d8 'to be none' [imp. neut. intr.]. '4- thematic prefix.

     2. t['7zhe 'flies, houseflies'.

     3. bik-' '0l7n1'a 'they had fire, it is said'. It seems clear that this is a mishearing of bik-' g0l9n1'a 'their fire existed, it is said'.

(10.2)

     1. got1l yiis'3n1'a 'they held a ceremony, it is said'. got1l 'ceremony'. yiis'3, 3rd person with 3rd person obj. of -[-'3 'to have a round object in position' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. The "round object" is, in this case, the ceremony.

     2. mai 'coyote'. A:variant form: ma'yee. See note 5.1, 3.

     3. ts7n1i[gon1'a 'he continuously poked it in the fire, it is said'. 3rd person iter. with 3rd person obj. of ts7-|...[si- perf.] -- [-gee 'to poke into a fire' [act. tr.; ts7-| 'in a fire'].

(10.3)

     1. sh==d4 'friend'. An appellation used only in Coyote Stories between Coyote and the various animals he has contact with. Sometimes the word is translated 'coyote'.

     2. dili' 'it will burn'. 3rd person imp. of di-...[si- perf.]-li' 'to burn' [act, intr.; di- referring to fire ?].

(10.4)

     1. ch4ek'e 'let it, what does it matter, who cares'. An interjection denoting indifference.

     2. k -- dahiitoo 'fire flared up'. k -- 'fire' plus the perf. of dah-hi-|...[? perf.] -- t0 '[fire] flares up' [act. intr.; dah- 'up, on']. The theme may be related to -t0 'to redden, to become red' [act. intr:].

(10.5)

     1. nandaaj7]t'i 'they circled about him'. 3a distrib. perf. of nan-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t4 'to line up, to form a line [around]' [act. intr.]. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text .8, 3.

     2. kai[yaan1a[ghon1'a 'he jumped away from them with it, it is said'. kai[- > kaa- 'from them' plus yi[- 'with it'. yaan1a[gho, 3rd person perf. of yaa-n1-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to jump' [act. intr.]. yaan1-| ? ; the theme alone means 'to move'.

     3. 'i[adaashdeeskan1'a 'they ran, it.is said' 3a distrib. perf. of 'i[a-di-...[si- perf.] -- k1 'several run' [act. intr.]. 'i[a- ?; di- inceptive [?]. The theme alone: 'several move'.

(10.6)

     1. yaay7][t'3 'he gave it to him'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'aa 'to give someone fire, a torch' [act. tr.; aa- 'to', ni- completive]. The theme alone: 'to handle fire, a flame'.

     2. naideesgeen1'a 'he scattered it all over, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of naa-di- ...[si- perf.] -- [-gee 'to scatter about' [act. tr.; naa- 'about'; di- referring to fire ?]. Cf. note 10.2, 3.

     3. daagodeek'22n1'a 'fire was burning, it is said'. 3rd persbn distrib. with place subj. of dee-|...[si- perf.] -- k22 'to burn [of a forest fire]' [act. intr.]. de-|, also heard di-| and di-, and sometimes occurring with hi- perf. is the prefix referring to fire [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.7, 8].

(10.7)

     1. daayin[ts44s 'they tried to put it out'. 3rd person distrib. with 3rd person obj. of ni...[si- perf.] -- [-ts44s 'to put out a fire' [act. tr.; ni- terminative].

     2. ch'4da'1daay00['88n1'a 'they tried in vain, it is said'. ch'4da- 'in vain' plus 3rd person distrib. perf. with 3rd person obj. of '1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-'9 'to do to, to treat' [act. tr.; '1- 'so']. Literally: 'they did so to it in vain, it is said'.

(10.8)

     1. bijoosⁿdeego 'he having been helped by it'. 3rd person perf. of 0-joo-|...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿdee 'to be helped by' [pass.]. Cf. note 6.8, 2.

     2. deeyolgo 'it having started to blow'. 3rd person perf. of di-...[si- perf.] -- yoo[ 'to blow' [act. intr.].

     3. doobeeshigoda'88[dago 'being impossible to control'. Except for the obvious negative and subordinating affixes, I cannot analyze this form.

     4. daadii[t[1n1'a 'it burned on, it is said'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of di-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-t[1 'to burn' [act. intr.; di-| referring to fire].

(10.9)

     1. k'eedaashnⁿdii 'they hated him' . 3a person distrib. of k'ee-di-ni-...-ⁿdii 'to hate' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. di-ni-...-ⁿdii 'to be hurt, pained' [imp. neut. intr.]. Probably the verb 'to hate' means literally 'to be hurt by someone'.

     2. bi[nood0[aha 'let them become hot for him'. bi[- 'with him' plus 3rd person opt. of ni-|...[ni- perf.] -- d0 'to become hot' [act. intr.], and -[aha hortatory enclitic.

(10.10)

     naan1jinagon1'a 'he was dashing around and around, it is said'. 3a person prog. of -gee 'to rush, dash' with prefixes naan1-ni-. naan1- evidently means 'around and around' [see linguistic note to Chirichau text 2.32, 2] but ni- is uncertain.

(10.11)

     1. sik'as[ee 'it used to be cool'. sik'as 'it is cool, cold' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]; -[ee 'it used to be' [encl.][appears as -[55 in the text-MEC].

     2. n['1daists'3n1'a 'a noise was heard, it is said'. Distrib. perf. of 0-[-'1-yi-...[si- perf.] -- [-ts'a noise is heard from somewhere' [act. intr.; cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 4.8, 5]. The text form means 'noises were heard of you' [ni- 'you'; -[ 'with, of becoming n[-]. This seems incorrect; perhaps the form should read bi['1daists'3n1'a 'noises were heard of him, it is said'.

(10.12)

      dood1'1koy1haa]bich'88y1ji[tidan1'a 'one did not say just anything to someone, it is said'. d1'1koy1 'just anything' [d1- 'just']; haa] 'someone, anyone'; bich'88 'to them'; y1ji[ti 3a person imp. of y1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ti 'to speak' [act. intr.; y1- thematic].

     The form dood1'1kod4y1haa]bich'88y1ji[tidan1'a with the same meaning in line six of this passage of text is the same as the above except that d1'1kod4y1 'just anything' has replaced d1'1koy1.

11. Coyote and the Money Tree

(11.1)

     1. Mai '7]tin ho[gho[n1'a 'Coyote was walkinging along a road, it is said'. mai 'coyote'; '7]tin 'road'; ho[gho[, 3rd person prog. of -l-ghee 'to move' [act, intr.]. Note that the noun '7]tin has no postposition indicating its relationship to the verb. This is unusual.

     2. dits8'00'17 'a tree that was standing'. dits8 'tree' plus '00'1, 3rd person indef. of -'1, rigid object extends [upward]' [hi- perf. neut. intr.], and the relative -7.

(11.2)

     1. b44so 'money, dollars' > Spanish peso. We know the reference here to be to several pieces of money because the verb that follows is used only to refer to several discrete objects.

     2. yaadahyeesⁿdi[n1'a 'he put them upon it, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 0aa-dah-hi-...[si- perf.]-ⁿd77[ 'to put several object on to something' [act. tr.; aa- 'to'; dah- 'on'; hi- ?].

(11.3)

     1. h44[ yi['inayo[n1'a 'they came driving a pack [train], it is said'. h44[ 'pack, burden'. 'inayo[ is the 3rd person prog. with indef, obj. of the verb theme ni-...y0 'to drive, herd [animals]' [act. tr.]. The prefix ni- is thematic but only in the progressive mode does it occur with no other derivational prefixes.

     The text form means literally: 'they were driving (animals) with burdens, it is said'.

     2. h44[ baabi['in4]yoon1'a 'they drove the pack [train] to him, it is said'. baa- 'to him'; bi[- 'with them'; 'i- indefinite obj.; n4]- > ni- thematic plus the ni- perfective, 3rd person; -yoo perfective stem. See 1, above.

     3. d1'kod4sh9 [appears as d1'kodesh9 in the text -- MEC] 'in this lonely place'. 'lonely, wild'. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.8, 4.

(11.4)

     1. dooda means literally 'no, not, none'; see passage 6 of the text.

     2. baas7d1 'I sit guarding it'. baa- 'to it' plus 1st person of -d1 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     3. 'baan1nt'9 'it grows on it'. baa- 'from it' plus 3rd person iter. of ni-...[si- perf.] -- t3 'to grow' [act. intr.].

     4. shi[nzh= 'it is valuable to me'. shi[- 'to me, with me' plus 3rd person of ni-...-zh= 'to be good, beautiful, of value' [imp. neut. intr.].

(11.5)

     naanaahii[ⁿdii 'we will buy it from you'. naa- 'from you' plus 1st person dual of naa-hi- |...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿdii 'to buy' [act. tr.]. naahi- ? but cf. naa-|...[si- perf.]-ⁿdii 'to give away, to distribute here and there' [act. tr.]. The verb 'to buy' is probably the causative with an extra prefix hi- of 'to give away'.

(11.6)

      d3'ay1[37 '7l9 'it is worth a great deal'. d3'ay1 'very much'; [37 'much'. '7l9, 3rd person of 'i- ni-...-l9; 'to be worth, to be valued at' [imp. newt. intr.]. 'i- ?; ni- adj.

(11.7)

      1d77d77 [97 d1'[k'eh daadahoⁿd44[go 'both these horses with their burdens'. 1d77d77 'these'; [97 'horses'; d1'[k'eh 'both' [see note1.l, 4]. daadahoⁿd44[, 3rd person distrib. prog. of dah-|...[si- perf.]-ⁿd4 'to move carrying a load' [act. intr.], dah- 'on'; theme alone 'to move'. This is an idiomatic way of describing fully saddled and bridled horses.

     2. h44[7 bi[noodzo[7 'the pack animals that we are driving'. h44[7 'packs'; bi[noodzo[, 1st person dual prog. of the verb analyzed in note 11.3, 1, and -7 relative. The -d of the lst person dual combines with the initial stem consonant to form dz-. This is an irregular resultant sound, however [see Grammatical Sketch, part 12], and indicates that this stem initial is historically z- rather than y-.

     3. nanⁿd77[go 'we, giving them to you'. 1st person dual of 0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.]-ⁿd77[ 'to give someone several objects' [act. tr.]. nan- > ni- plus aa- plus the 1st person dual pronoun [see Grammatical Sketch, part 12].

     4. nahaad4]'aa 'you will give it to us'. 2nd person imp. of 0aa-di-ni-...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to give someone a round object' [act. tr.]. Cf. 0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to give someone around object' [act. tr.]. The former differs in that it refers to giving under compulsion or to giving in expectation of a return.

     5. ngh1 'shake it'. 2nd person imp, of ...[hi- perf.] -- gh1 'to,shake' [act. tr.].

     6. naaniid1 h1l7 'let's see if it will fall'. 3rd person imp, of naa-ni-|...[si- perf.] -- d1 'several fall off' [act. intr.]. naa- 'off, down'; ni-| ?; -d1 'several objects move through space'. h1l7, a modal particle denoting uncertainty or doubt.

(11.9)

      beeja'ashn7 Of 'that with which they had been traveling'. bee- 'with it, by means of it'; ja'ash, 3a person prog. of -'aash 'two move'; -n past tense; -7 relative.

(11.10)

     1. si'3'77y47 'that lies at that place yonder'. si'3 'a round object lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut,intr.]; -'77y4 'over yonder' [encl.].

     2. 'i'n00yoogo 'when I have driven them'. 3rd person perf, with indef. obj. of i-ni-...[hi- perf.] -- y0 'to drive [animals] off, away' [act. tr.; 'i- 'away'; ni- thematic]. Cf. linguistic note to Chirichua text 11.3, 1,2

     3. n1ha[1 'you pick it up'. 2nd person dual imp. of n1-hi-...[si- perf.] -- l1 'to pick up several scattered objects' [act. tr.]. The theme occurs only with these prefixes. The final -h of the 2nd person dual pronoun unvoices the stem initial.

(11.11)

      goch'3'7]deeyoon1'a 'he began to drive them away from them, it is said'. goch'3 'from them' plus 3rd person perf. of 'i-ni-di-...[si- perf.] -- y0 'to begin to drive animals away'. 'i- 'away' plus ni- thematic apparently results in ''7]- but perhaps this is misheard for ''i]-. The verb seems to be intr.; cf. notes 11.10, 2 and 11.3, 1, 2.

(11.12)

     1. n1diit'11zhn1'a 'they got up, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-d-'áash 'two arise, get up' [act. intr.]. n1-di-| 'upward'; -'aash 'two move'. Why has this verb the -d- class?

     2. yigh1go yaanaa'aashn1'a 'they shook it for a long time, it is said'. yigh1 'they shook it' [see note 11.7, 5]. yaa- 'about it' plus 3rd person imp. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-'aash 'two go about, here and there' [act. intr.]. Literally: 'they, shaking it, they went on about it'.

     3. dooy1anoot'88dan1'a 'nothing fell down, it is said'. y1a 'something' plus perf. of naa-|...[hi- perf.]-d-'88 'an unknown object falls down' [pass.; naa- 'down'].

     4. joojib11y4go 'in a pitiable state'. 3a person of joo-ni-...-b11y4 'to be in a pitiable state' [imp. neut. intr.]. joo- is also used with -ⁿdee 'to help, assist', see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6; 2; ni- adj. The latter prefix disappears entirely in the 3rd and 3a persons.

     5. naajiyee'aashn1'a 'they stood about, it is said'. This is the 3a person of a verb found only in the imp. mode. The other persons are: naaheet'ash 'we stand about'; naahaah'aash 'you two stand about'. The stem is apparently -'aash 'two move' [act. intr.] but the prefixes are puzzling.

     6. bike'shdiyeest'11zhn1'a 'they started to go after him, it is said'. bike 'after him' plus 3rd person perf. of di-yi-...[si- perf.]-d-'aash 'two start off' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable; cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.2, 2.

(11.13)

     1. bigoota 'their camp'.

     2 n1'ee 'at that place'. n1- 'that place' plus -ee 'at, on'.

     3. gotaadaisⁿdiin1'a 'he had distributed them among them, it is said'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person distrib. obj. of 0-taa-|...[si- perf.]-ⁿdii 'to distribute things among' [act. tr.; -taa 'among'].

(11.14)

     1. god1h7[ghon1'a 'he met them, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0-d1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to meet, encounter someone' [act. intr.]. -da 'before, in front of'; ni- completive. Literally 'to come before someone'.

     2. doohaa00'9da 'you haven't seen anyone'. haa- 'anyone, someone' plus 2nd person of -'9 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.].

(11.15)

      '1ⁿdeedego 'a while ago'. Possibly '1ⁿdeede is an older form of '1ⁿdee 'it is new, recent' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.18, 3]. Cf. also '1ⁿdeeda 'then, now' [part.].

12. Coyote and the Rock Rabbit

(12.1)

      ts4ghe'heesⁿdi[n1'a 'rocks were lying inside it, it is said'. That is, it was a rabbit skin stuffed with rocks. ts4 'rocks' plus the perf. of ghe'-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿd77[ 'several objects are put inside' [pass.; ghe'- 'inside'; hi- ?]. The line is better translated: 'rocks have been put inside that rabbit'.

(12.2)

      'ij00[hazhn1'a 'he bit at it, it is said'. 3rd person perf.of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-yash 'to take a bite at, to snap at' [act. intr. ?; i-| ?]. -ghash is the semelf. imp. stem; -gh11sh is the mom. imp. stem of this theme.

Linguistic Notes

13. Coyote Misses Real Rabbit

(13.1)

      h1] dail1 'who would meddle with it?' h1- interrog. pronoun; -] relative. da- interrog. proclitic; -i-, reduced form of yi- 3rd person obj.; -l1, imp. stem of 'to do, to make' [act. tr.]. This theme, it will be recalled, generally occurs with a prefix '1- 'thus, so'. Here that prefix is replaced by the interrog. procl. daa-. Literally, then, 'who is going to do what to it?'.

(13.2)

     1. d1'ⁿd77d4 'surely, certainly, truly'. Also heard d11ⁿd7 and d1'ⁿd7.

     2. dooyaashdeesz8dan1'a 'he paid no attention to it, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-dzi-di-...[si- perf.] -- z8, 'to pay attention to, to think about' [act.intr.; aa- 'to, about'; dzi-di-]. 'dzi- has been reduced to -s-.

     3. d1ⁿd1s hik'i'ch'44[ghon1'a 'he passed on right by it'. d1- 'just', -ⁿd1s 'on, farther'. hik'i'ch'44[gho, 3rd person perf. of 0-k'i-ch'4-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to pass by, to move on past' [act. intr.; -k'i 'past, beyond' ?; ch'4- 'out'; ni- completive].

(13.3)

     t'33'n1deesgaln1'a 'he looked back'. t'33' 'backward' plus 3rd person perf.of n1-di-...[si- perf.]-d-ghaa[ 'to look again' [act. intr.; n1- 'again'; di- ?].

(13.4)

     1. '1d00dziin1'a 'he cursed himself'. 3rd person imp. of '1d-ho-...[hi- perf.]-d-dzii 'to curse oneself, berate oneself'. '1d- reflexive; cf. ho-...[hi- perf.]-d-dzii 'to scold, berate' [act. tr.; ho- ?].

     2. maint-'4 'no good coyote'. mai 'coyote' plus a bound 3rd person form of ni-...-t- 'to be no good, worthless' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.] and the archaic rlative -4

.

     3. d1k==h4d1 doo'ik0]z8da 'without a bit of sense'. d1- 'very'; k==h4d1 'a little'; 'ik0]z8, 3rd person of 'ik0-ni-...-z8 'to be wise, clever' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. ni-...-z8 'to feel, think, know' [act. intr.]. Cf. also linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.8, 5.

(13.5)

     1. hikehii[teen1'a 'he ran after him'. hik'e- 'after him' plus 3rd person imp. of hi-|... [? perf.]-l-tee 'to run' [act. intr.].

     2. n1heesg2'7 'that which was dead'. 3rd person of n1-hi-...-d-g2' "to be dried up, poor; to be dead [of a tree or plant]' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. The theme occurs with no other prefixes.

     3. baagheho[ghon1'a 'he ran into it'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-gheh-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run into a hole' [act. intr.; aa- 'to'; gheh- 'in'].

     4. hich'88yaasit9n1'a 'he lay toward it'. ch'88- 'toward it'; yaa- 'to it'; sit9 'he lay' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     5. 'igoi'1]ji 'to the hole'. 'igoi'1] 'hole' [cf. 'ii'1] 'hole, den']; -ji 'to' [pp.].

     6. ch'id4goda '1il1go hich'88'in1di[ⁿdin1'a 'he tried again and again in vain to reach into it'. ch'id4goda 'in vain'; '1il1 'he did it so'; hich'88 'toward it'; 'in1di[ⁿdi, 3rd person iter. of 'i-di-...[hi- perf.]-l-ⁿd7 'to extend one's hands inside' [mediopas.; i- 'away, in'; 'di- 'one's own' ?].

     7. yiisi[n1'a 'he caught hold of him'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[si- perf.] -- [-zi[ 'to catch hold of, to grab' [act. tr.].

(13.6)

     1. shich0[ee 'oh, my grandmother'. shich0 'my mother's mother' plus -[ee- which functions here as a vocative [cf. note 10.11, 1]. For a complete account of Chiricahua kinship terms see Morris E. Opler,"An Outline of Chiricahua Apache Social Organization" in F. Eggan [ed], Social Anthropology of North American Tribes, Chicago, 1937. pp. 173-239.

     2. bilaats7]sh9 'from his wrist'. laats7] 'wrist', a compound of -laa 'hand, fingers' and -ts7] 'joint'. The latter does not occur independently but is found only in this and the compound k4ts7] 'ankle' [k4- 'foot']. -laa 'hand' sometimes requires a high tone on its prefixes.

     3. k'ejinshg44sh 'I'm going to cut it off'. 1st person imp. of 'e-ji-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- g44sh 'to cut off' [act. tr.]. k'e- 'off'; ni- completive.

(13.7)

     baaha'ja[ghon1'a 'he got away from him'. 3a person perf. of 0aa-ha-'i-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee 'to get away from, to escape' [act. intr.]. aa- 'from'; ha- 'out'; 'i-| 'away'.

     The verb theme -l-ghee 'to move', it will be noted, has occurred so far with a variety of prefix complexes, each of which has expressed a distinctive meaning. It will perhaps be instructive to review these as an illustration of Chiricahua verb morphology [see also Grammatical Sketch 8-10].

     

1-n11-...[si- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run in again' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.3, 4].
'i-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run in' [see notes 3.7, 8 and 3.10, 1].
'ii'1h-n11n1-...[si- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run in again' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6, 4].
''i[-k'1-...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee	'to separate' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 8.2, 5].
0-d1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to meet, encounter someone' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.14, 1].
0-ta-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to go among someone' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.8, 2].
n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.31, 1]
0ee-n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run by means of something' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6, 6].
0-ch'3-n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run away from' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.10, 4].
ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to arrive' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.7, 9].
0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to come to. to arrive at' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.5, 3].
ni-ni-...[1ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to stop moving' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.10, 3].
0-k'i-ch'4-ni-...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to pass by' [see note 13.2, 3].
ha-n11n1-...[si- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run out again' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6, 3].
0aa-gheh-|...[hi- perf.]-l-ghee	'to run into [a hole]' [see note 13.5, 3].
yaa-n1-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to jump' [see note 10.5, 2].
0aa-0-[-yaa-na-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee	'to jump away from someone with something' [see note 10.5, 2]

Linguistic Notes

14. Coyote and the Rolling Rock

(14.1)

     n11n0o[gho[n1'a 'he was going along again'. 3rd person prog. of n11n1-...[si- perf.]-l-ghee 'to go again' [act. intr.; n11n1- 'again']. See note 13.7.

(14.3)

     dook'ejich88da 'do not defecate on it'. 3rd person imp. of k'e-...[si- perf.] -- ch88 'to defecate on'. 'k'e- is probably. cognate with the pp. -k'i [also heard -k'e 'on, upon'. In this verb, however, it is not preceded by a pronoun object except in the third person and has lost the inherent tone characteristic of the independent postposition [see, for example, 'k'4-ch88 'you defecate on it']. Since the theme -ch88 'to defecate' is intransitive, the verb k'e-...-ch88 'to defecate on', which is apparently transitive, is probably derived from an earlier form *0-k'i-...-ch88.

(14.4)

     hik'eesch22n1'a 'he defecated on it'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of k'e-...[si- perf.] -- ch88 'to defecate on'. See note 14.3.

(14.5)

     1. gh1h1ch'4[ghon1'a 'he went over yonder'. gh1h1 'over yonder' is the demonstr. stem gh1h- plus the pp. -y1 [see Grammatical Sketch, 3]. ch'4[gho, 3rd person perf. of ch'4-ni-...[ni-perf.]-l-ghee 'to go out' [act. intr.; ch'4- 'out'; ni- completive]. See note 13.7.

      2. bike'ch'4]m11zn1'a 'it rolled out after him'. bike'- 'after him' plus 3rd person perf. of ch'4-ni- ...[ni- perf.] -- m11z 'to roll out' [act. intr.]. Cf. 1, above. The third person ni- perf. of the verb in 1 differs from this one because it is an -l- class verb.

     3. d1bik4ts7nee 'right at his heels'. d1- 'just'; bi- 'his'; k4ts7n 'ankles' [see note 13.6, 2]; -ee 'at'.

     4. homasn1'a 'it rolled along'. 3rd person prog: of -m11s 'to roll' [act. intr.]. The verb theme without derivational prefixes is found only in the progressive mode.

     5. d1s7bindzile7 'that which is all his strength'. d1s7- 'very'; -ndzile 'strength, power'.

     6. yeen1daadii[ghon1'a 'he ran with it'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of 0ee-n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to run by means of it' [act. intr.; see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6, 6]. Note that 'the distrib. 3rd persen is used when it is quite clear from the context that a single actor is being referred to. The distributive prefix probably functions here as an adverb and therefore the form should be translated 'he ran very [fast] by means of it'.

(14.6)

     1. d1s7shih1tide7 'my very best speed'. -h1tide 'best speed, full speed'.

     2. dansh=='9n1 'did you ever see me?'. dan- interrog. procl. [cf. da- interrog. procl. in note 13.1]. sh=='9, 2nd person with 1st person obj. of -'9 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.].

(14.8)

     1. bid1d4]m11zn1'a 'it rolled to cover it'. bid1 'its top, its cover, over it'. I cannot analyze '-d4]m11z It seems to be a 3rd person ni- perf. of the theme -m11z 'to roll' [act. intr.] with the prefixes di-ni- but I have not a conjugation complete enough to verify this.

     2. sh1n1[ⁿdaa 'lick it off for me'. 2nd person imp. of 01-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ⁿdaa 'to lick clean for someone' [act. tr.]. 1- 'for'; n1- 'off [to lick] clean'; cf ...[hi- perf.] -- [-ⁿdaa 'to lick' [act. tr.] .

(14.9)

     nn1]m11zn1'a 'he rolled back'. 3rd person perf. of ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d- m11s 'to roll back' [act. intr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; n1- 'back'; ni- completive. See note 14.5, 2, 4.

Linguistic Notes

15. Coyote and Beetle

(15.1)

     1. G0lizhn[chin4 'beetle, tip-beetle'. Apparently a compound of g0lizh-; the 3rd person of ni- ...-[-ch8, 'to smell, give off an odor' [imp. neut. intr.; ni- adj.]; and the archaic , relative -4. g0lizh- also appears in the word g0lizh4 'skunk'. The g0- of these forms may be cognate with the g0- [or g00'-] of the following: g00'zhin4 'black ants' [-zhin- bound form of [i-ni-...-zh8, 'to be black']; g00'[ch7d4 'red ants' [-[ch7d- bound form of [i-ni...-ch7 'to be red']; g0na'a'4 'a species of animal' [-na'a'4 ?]; g00'ye 'animal'; g00'is'8' 'mink' [-'is'8' ?]; g0 'snake'. -lizh may be related to the theme -l77sh 'to urinate' [perf. -lizh].

     2. yaat['aa'i['1go 'standing on his head' should read yaat['aa'ii['1go. 3rd person of yaat['aa-'i- |...-[-'1 'to stand on one's head' [imp. neut. intr.]. No further analysis is possible.

(15.2)

     'ik'ah hish3n1go naash1 'I eat only fat in order to.live'. This is a phrase Coyote utters when he meets those he is about to devour. -k'ah 'fat, fatty meat'; hish3, 1st person imp. of ...[hi- perf.] -- y3 'to eat' [act. tr.]; naash1 'I go about, I live'.

(15.3)

     1. haast88 'old man'. A verbal abstract, the 3rd person of ha-...-d-t8. 'to be old' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. doodaanⁿdida 'don't say anything'. 2nd person imp. of daa-di...[hi- perf.]-ⁿd7 [or -ⁿdi] 'to say something' [act. intr.]. di- is a prefix referring to noise; daa- 'something' [?].

(15.5)

     The last sentence of this passage means literally: daajii[h4 'they will kill him'; daajiⁿdi 'they are saying'; hi[ch'a' 'there is a noise'.

(15.6)

     1. shiba's7nd1 'wait for me'. shiba' 'for me' plus the 2nd person of -d1 'one sits' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. 'iy1a'ist'enn7'887 'something which I left there'. 'iy1a 'something' and 'ist'e- 'there' [?] plus the 1st person perf. of ni-ni...[ni- perf.] -- '88 'to put down an unknown object' [act. tr.].

     3. '1sh=-[gho[d3 'as he had been coming there' . '1sh7 'from there' plus ho[gho[ 'he is coming' and -d3 'at that time'.

(15.8)

     1. 'i[gha[nee 'the place where he should have been eaten'. 3rd person cont. imp. with indef. obj. of ...[hi- perf.]-l-gh11[ 'to eat meat-like substances' [act. tr.]. -n past tense; -ee 'at'.

     2. baa'isd1n0odz1 'he has left it'. baa- 'from it' plus 3rd person perf. of 'isd1-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- d1 'one escapes' [act. intr.]. The theme -d1 is the -d- form of -y1 'one moves'.

Linguistic Notes

16. Coyote Holds up the Sky

(16.1)

     1. d1n1']tin1 'on the very same road'. d1- 'very'; d1- 'again'; '7]tin 'road'; -y1 pp.

     2. Ma'ish=7dich'izh4 'Rock Lizard'. A compound of Ma'ish=7 'lizard' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.4] and dichizh, 3rd person of di-ni-...-chizh 'to be rough' [imp. neut. intr.]. di-ni- adj.; ni- is lost in the 3rd person.

(16.2)

     naa][ghee 'come down'. 2nd person imp. of naani-...[ni- perf.]-1-ghee 'to come down' [act. intr.; naa- 'down'; ni- completive]. See note 13.7.

(16.3)

     1. doo]ⁿdii'4d8da 'don't be foolish'. -]ⁿdii 'your mind, sense'; -ⁿdii 'mind, sense' requires a high tone on its prefixes. '4d8, 3rd person of '4-...-d8 'to be none' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. y1b4yan'17 'that which holds up the sky'. y1 'sky' plus 04ya-...-'1 'to brace up, to hold up' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. 4ya- 'against'; -'1 'a rigid object extends'.

     3. h0nsht2 'I am holding it'. 1st person of h0-ni-...-t2 'to have hold of' [imp. neut. tr.].

     4. bid00chigo 'if I let go of it'. 1st person perf. of 0-di-...[hi- perf.] -- ch7 'to turn loose, let go' [act. tr.; di- ?].

(16.4)

     1. ]n1hiiy1 'I'm very tired'. ]n1- 'very' plus the 1st person perf. of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one becomes tired' [act. intr.]. - y1 'one moves'; hi-| ?

     2. n[ts0 'you hold it'. 2nd person imp. of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ts0 'to hold, to grasp' [act. tr.; hi-| ?].

     3. nan'00k44zgo 'if it falls over'. 3rd person perf. of nan-'i-|...[hi- perf.]-kees 'a long rigid object falls over' [act. intr.]. nan- 'on [its] side' [?]; i-| 'away'. The theme: 'a long rigid object moves'.

(16.5)

     1. yaadahneesghaln1'a 'he threw himself onto it'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-dah-ni-...[si- perf.]-l-ghaa[ 'to grab at, to throw oneself onto' [mediopas.]. aa- 'to'; dah- 'on'; ni- terminative. The theme: 'to move quickly, suddenly'; cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.6, 8.

     2. goch'agoshch7 'I'll let them know'. 1st person imp. with 3a obj. of 0-ch'a-|...[si- perf.] -- ch7 'to make known to' [act. tr.]. -ch'a 'about, concerning' [pp.].

     3. [ash4 'one side'. [a- 'one'; -sh4 'side'.

(16.7)

     bi[ke'1n1h1hnd77[n1'a 'it continually seemed to him'. The prefixes 0-[-k'e-'1-n1- plus the prog. mode of -ⁿd1 'to do, make, act'' [act. intr.]. ''1 'thus'; n1- 'again and again'; 'k'e- 'similar to, like' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.2, 2]; bi[- 'with him'. Literally: 'it was acting like so again and again to him'.

(16.8)

     nahag0]'1 or naag0]'1 'arroyo'. Cf. also g0]'1 'arroyo'. The latter is probably the ni- perf. neut. with place subject of -'a 'a rigid object extends'. naa- and naha- cannot be defined.

     Note, in the interrogative sentence, that the dubitative enclitic -sh8, is found on each word in the sentence.

(16.9)

     1. bich'88'1deenaaji[t[izhgo 'in a zigzag course to it'. bich'88- 'toward it' plus 3a person imp. of '1d-ee-naa-|...[si- perf.] -- [-t[izh [rep. of -t[iish] to dodge, to zigzag'. The theme alone seems to refer to sudden and forcible action such as stumbling, falling violently, throwing oneself, striking or beating. 'ad- reflexive; ee- 'by means of'; naa- 'here and there'.

     2. '1dee'ja[t[izhn1'a 'he threw himself in'. 3rd person perf. of '1d-ee-'i-ji-...[hi- perf.] -- [-t[77sh 'to throw oneself in, to throw oneself about'. The theme here is the same as in 1 above '1dee- 'by means of oneself'; 'i- 'away, in'; ji- ?.

(16.10)

     1. 'isdahenl9go [the form appearing in the text is: 'ishdahenl9n1go -- MEC] 'panting'. 'isdahe 'panting', breathless' plus 3rd person of ni-...-l9 'to be' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. dahy1 'upward'. dah- 'up' is usually a verb prefix but here functions as a particle.

     3. 'in1daagoya[t['ash9 'to one hollow after another'. 'in1daagoya[t['ah 'many caves, hollows'. Cf. 'iga[t['ah 'cave, hollow'. No further analysis is possible.

Linguistic Notes

17. Coyote Dances with the Prairie Dogs

(17.1)

     1. sil11do 'soldiers' > Spanish soldado.

     2. bi'4de 'their coats'. -'4de, possessed form of '44' 'coats'.

     3. nt==y47 'that were old and wornout'. 3rd person of ni-...-t==y4 'to be worthless' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. ni-...-t- 'to be no good' [see note 13.4, 2].

     4. Note that dits8 here means 'stick, club'. Cf. note 11.1, 2.

     5. yaadaayeestsoozn1'a he hung them onto it'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj.of 0aa- dah-yi-...[si- perf.] -- [-ts00s 'to hang a fabric-like object onto something' [act. tr.]. aa- 'to'; dah- 'upon'; yi- ?. dahyees- > dah- plus yi- 3rd person obj. plus yi- prefix plus si- perf. and the -[- classifier.

     6. y4'a[tsin1'a 'he was carrying it like a flag'. y4- 'against it' plus the 3rd person prop. with indef. obj. of the theme -[-ts4 'to cause a pointed object to move' [act. tr.]. Literally: 'he went along causing a pointed object to move against it'.

(17.2)

     1. 'i'00'3go 'being sunset'. The perf. of 'i-i-...[hi- perf.]-aa 'a round object [i. e., the sun] moves away' [act. intr.]. i- away'; i- indef. subject. Literally: 'the sun having moved away'.

     2. hich'88daagoⁿd4n1'a he shouted to them'. hich'88- 'to them'; daa- distrib., here modifying the indirect obj. hi-. goⁿd4, 3rd person imperf. of go-. ..[si- perf.] -- nd4 'to shout' [act. intr.]. the theme appears with no other prefix.

     3. yoshch'9sh9 'over here' [part.].

     4. bich'88daah7keen1'a they ran to him'. bich'88- 'to him' plus the 3rd person distrib. imp. of ni-...[ni- perf.]-kee 'several run' [act. intr.; ni- completive].

(17.3)

     1. dooh1] koogh2y1 sid1dago no one is to stay at home'. h1- 'anyone'; koogh2 'home' [also heard [googh2] sid1 he sits' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]. Note that the negative doo-...-da encircles the whole phrase.

     2. '8'daanahk1 'all of you come here'. '8'- a prefixed form of '8- 'here' [see Grammatical Sketch, 3] plus the 2nd person distrib. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- k1 'several come' [act. intr.; ni- completive].

(17.5)

     1. d1naagondzoogo 'there was a big battle until sunset'. Literally: 'there being hard fighting, the sun had gone away'. d1- very' plus the imp. of naa-go-ni-...[si- perf.]- dzoo 'a battle goes on, there is fighting' [act. intr.].

     2. n1n7[tsooz 'I brought them back'. 1st person perf. of n1-ni-. ..[ni- perf.] -- [- ts00z 'to bring back a fabric-like object' [act. tr.].

     3. dahy4'a[tsin1'a 'he held them up'. dah- 'up'. [See note 17.1, 6].

(17.6)

     1. k -- dasakaa 'build your fires'. 2nd person dual imp. of k -- -dah-yi-...['si- perf.]-kaa 'to build a fire' [act. tr.]. k -- fire'; dah-yi- 'on, upon' [dah- plus yi- plus ah- 2nd person dual pronoun gives dasah-]. The theme: 'to handle something in a container'. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.11, 1.

     2. bik'4d4 'in honor of it'.

     3. got1l si'3go hi[kaa 'the ceremony will last all night'. Literally; 'the ceremony', it lying, day will come'.

     4. d1goneedl9go 'the celebration going on'. d1- very' plus goneedl9 'there is a celebration, a good time'. Probably an imp. neut. with place subject and a prefix nee-. Cf. go-nee-...[hi- perf.] -- dl88 'a celebration takes place' [act. intr.].

(17.7)

      got1l nt'aa 'there is to be a ceremony'. got1l 'ceremony' plus the imp. of ni-ni- ...[ni- perf.]-d-aa a round object is put down' [pass.; ni- 'down, to a stop'; ni- completive]. See notes 10.2, 1 and 17.6, 3.

(17.9)

     sh4daa'da['a 'sing about me'. 2nd person distrib. imp. of 04-i-di-...[hi- perf.]- [-a 'to sing about someone' [act. intr.]. 4- 'about'; 'i'- ?; di- referring to noise. The theme is not used with any other prefix complex.

(17.11)

     t['44'00s'ahn1'a 'it was late at night'. t['44' 'night' plus '00s'ah 'late, later' [part.].

(17.12)

     1. daa['ahk'aa7 'those of you who are fat'. 2nd person distrib. of [i-ni-...-k'aa 'to be fat' [imp. neut. intr.]. [i-ni- adj; ni- is lost in the 3rd and 3a persons singular and dual and sometimes in the 2nd person dual. [inahk'aa also occurs however.

     2. d1[esh4go naht'igo 'you line up on one side'. d1[e- 'one'; - sh4 'side'. naht'i is the 2nd person dual cont. imp. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'to line up, to get in line' [act. intr.; ni- [completive].

     3. dant==y47 'those that are thin'. Literally: 'those that are poor, worthless' [see note 17.1, 3].

     4. goneedl9go 1gonas9 'have a good time'. goneedl9 'there is a good time' [see note 17.6, 4]. '1gonas9, 2nd person dual with place object of '1-ni-...-[-z8 'to have so' [imp. neut. tr.].

(17.14)

     1. t'4doodago 'very, exceedingly' [part.].

     2. 'iishx11sh 'I'm going to sleep'. 1st person imp. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-gh11sh 'to go to sleep' [act. intr.; 'i-| ?].

(17.15)

     1. kaitah7[ghon1'a 'he went into it'. kaa- 'to it' plus the 3rd person perf. of 0-t'a-ni- ...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to go away' [act. intr.; see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.8, 2].

     2. 'idaagoi'1] 'their holes'; cf. 'igoi'1] 'hole' and 'ii'1] 'hole'.

     3. kaadaan1daagodeezin1'a 'he filled them all up'. kaa- 'to them' plus 3rd person perf.with distrib. place object of daa-n1-di-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- z7 'to fill up [e. g., a hole with dirt]' [act. tr.]. In the text form, the distributive daa- causes the si- perf. The prefix complex is not clearly definable; the theme alone means; 'to work, to meddle with, to handle'.

(17.16)

     1. ts4[kanee 'mulberry tree'. No analysis.

     2. k'4y7]tin1'a 'he broke it off'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of k'4-ni- ...[ni- perf.] -- t7 to break off' [act. tr.; k'4- off'; ni- completive].

     3. goch'88n1yag44[n1'a 'he carried it back to them'. goch'88 'to them' plus the 3rd person prog. with 3rd person obj. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-ghee 'to carry a burden back' [act. tr.].

(17.17)

     1. goneedl9goy4 'to have a good time'. -y4 ?; goneedl9go, see note 17.6, 4.

     2. [7n1daago[ch7n1'a 'he pretended to hit them again and again'. 3rd person iter. with distrib. 3a obj. of [7-|...[si- perf.] -- [- ch7 'to threaten to hit' [act. tr.; [7-| ?].

     3. gish 'club, cane stick'; bee 'with it'.

(17.18)

     k'as3 hagoj00[haal 'he nearly hit him'. k'as3 'nearly, almost'. 3a person perf. with 3a obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-ghaa[ 'to whip, to beat' [act. tr.; ha-| ?].

(17.22)

     'gotaajiist['izhn1'a 'he struck at them'. 3a person perf. of 0-taa-|...[si- perf.] -- [- t['izh 'to beat, strike' [act. intr.; taa- among']. Cf. hi-|...[si- perf.] -- [-t['ish 'to hit, strike' [act. tr.]. See also note 18:9, 1.

(17.23)

     1. nn1daagoigeen1'a 'he carried them back there'. 3rd person imp. with 3a distrib. obj. of ni-n1-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-ghee 'to carry a burden back there' [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; n1- 'back'; hi- ?. hi- is reduced to -i- in the text form. The theme: 'to carry a burden'.

     2. 'i[y4n1goyeesg9n1'a 'he piled them in a heap'. 3rd person perf. with 3a obj. of 'i[-y44-n1-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-ghee 'to carry a burden back together' [act. tr.]. 'i[y4- 'together' may be 'i[- reciprocal plus the pp. 44- 'against'. n1- 'back'; hi- ?.

     3. 'i[ch'3y7]ziin1'a 'he spread it apart'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 'i[- ch'3-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- z7 'to spread apart' [act. tr.; 'i[- reciprocal; ch'3- 'from'; ni- completive]. The theme: 'to handle'.

     4. 'igoyeesⁿdiln1'a 'he put them in'. 3rd person perf. with 3a obj, of 'i-hi-...[si- perf.]-ⁿd77[ 'to put several objects in' [act. tr.; 'i- 'away'; hi- ?].

     5. gok'een1yiiziin1'a 'he covered it up a-gain'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 0-k'ee-n1-... [ni- perf. ?]-z7 'to cover up again' [act. tr.]. k'ee- 'on, over'; n1- 'again'. See 3 above.

(17.25)

     1. ]d07 'puma, mountain lion'. No analysis.

     2. baahan1'00zin1'a 'he dug them out from him'. baa- 'from him' plus 3rd person perf. with indef. obj. of ha-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- z7 'to dig out' [act. tr.]. ha- 'out', - n1- ? See note 17:23, 3 and 5.

     3. d1naaki4 'just two'. naaki 'two'; d1- 'just'; -4 relative [?].

     4. b1nn1y7]l1n1'a 'he put them back for him'. b11- 'for him' plus 3rd person perf.with 3rd person obj. of ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- l4 'to put two beings back there' [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; -n1- 'back'; ni- completive. -n1- 'back' ordinarily requires the -d- class; this verb is exceptional. the theme: to handle a rope-like object, to handle two beings, to handle several objects o a mass'.

(17.26)

     1. ch'7n1dzin1'a 'he woke up'. 3rd person perf. of ch'7-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d- dz7 'to wake up' [mediopas. ?]. The stem initial is probably z- since this is a -d- form. The theme, however, is found with no other prefixes.

     2. 'i'y00sht'ood 'they are tender'. This verb is not conjugated; cf. dit'ood4 'it is tender, well cooked, fragile'.

(17.27)

     1. ts7ghe'naa'itsin1'a. 'he poked about in the fire'. ts7- fire'; -ghe' 'in' plus the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-tsi 'to move a pointed object' [act.tr.; naa-| 'about']. Cf. note 17.1. 8.

     2. hay4'00[tsin1'a. 'he poked them out'. 3rd person perf. of ha-04-i-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ts4 to cause a pointed object to move something out'. ha- out'; 4- 'against'; 'i- indef. obj. referring to a pointed object. Cf. 1 above and note 17:1, 6.

(17.28)

     1. 'ii[k0 'they are no good'. 3rd person of 'i-ni-...-[-k0 'to be ugly, bad, no good' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. yee'deesd44[n1'a. 'he threw them away'. 3rd person perf. of 0ee-i-di-...[si- perf.] -- [-dee[ 'to throw several objects away' [act. intr.]. Prefixes indefinable. The theme: 'to cause several to move'.

     3. ch'4h1nineest3n1'a. 'he searched in vain for them'. . ch'4- 'in vain' plus 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of h1-ni-...[si- perf.] -- t1 'to look for, search for' [act. tr.]. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1:10, 4.

Coyote Marries his Own Daughter

(18.1)

     1. hi[naaheest3n1'a 'he lived with them'. Literally: 'he sat about with them'. 3rd person of naa-hi-...-t3 'several sit about' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. A plural verb.is used here because the total number is more than one.

     2. bijeek5' 'his daughter'.

     3. '7[ts4naagh1] 'she who was oldest': '7[ts4 'first'; naagh1 'she lives, she goes about' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 4.9 4].

     4. yaab00ⁿdiin1'a 'he wanted to marry her'. yaa- 'to her'; b00ⁿdii 'he has sexual desire, he wants, desires'. Bi- 3rd person pronoun plus hoo- and a stem -ⁿdii.

(18.2)

     1. kaa'7godeest9n1'a 'he pretended to be sick'. 3rd person perf. of kaa-'7-go-di- ...[si- perf.] -- [-tee 'to pretend to be sick' [act. intr.]. kaa- 'sickness, disease' [a noun]. The prefix complex 7-go-di- apparently means 'to pretend to be'. This theme is obviously neither -tee 'one person lies' nor -[-tee 'to handle an animate being'. It may be a mediopassive in which the signs of the -l- class have entirely disappeared.

     2. -gha'isdz1] 'wife'. Apparently a compound of -gha-, a unique morpheme, and 'isdz1] 'woman'.

     3. kaas7t9 'I am sick'. kaa 'sickness' plus the 1st person of -t9 'one animate being lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. Cf. 1 above.

     4. t4esk'eh 'bed, sleeping place'.

(18.4)

     'izi h00[dzi'7 'a liver that was rotten'. -zi liver'. h00[dzi', perf. of ...[hi- perf.] -- [-dzi 'to become rotten' [act. intr.].

(18.5)

     1. d1'a[tsoj9da 'every day'. d1- just'; 'a[tso [or 'i[tso] 'all, every'; j9 'day' ; -da 'only, even'.

     2. g0sh0 'you sweep it'. 2nd person imp. with place object of ...[hi- perf.] -- [- zho 'to sweep, brush' [act. tr.].

     3. doonsh0]l7dadaa[ 'you will know I am gone'. Negative with future enclitic -daa[ of the 2nd person with 1st person object of ni-00-...-l7 'to expect someone, to hope for someone'. Literally: 'you will not hope for me'; a euphemistic way of saying 'you will know I am dead'.

     4. baagodaa[t44[ 'you will give her to him'. 2nd person dual future with 3a object of 0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-tee 'to give someone an animate being' [act. tr.] aa- 'to'; ni- completive. The latter prefix appears only in the imp. mode.

     Why Coyote should use the 2nd person dual when addressing his wife is not clear. The 2nd person dual is a polite form of address generally applied only to those relatives with which one maintains a respect relationship.

(18.6)

     hich'88nab00ⁿdii 'he had sexual desires toward her'. hich'88 'toward her'; na- ? b00ⁿdii see note 18:1, 4.

(18.9)

      biche'shk4ne 'her children'; -ne 'people of such and such a group.

(18.12)

     '7y4h4 a particle denoting certainty: 'surely, positively'.

(18.15)

     bich'aaghag0ch8n1'a 'she stopped him. 3rd person imp. of 0-ch'aa-gha-go-ni-...[hi- perf.] -- ch8 'to forbid someone, to stop someone [from doing]'. The prefix complex cannot be defined.

(18.16)

     gogh2'n] 'her husband'. -gh2' 'husband'; -n past tense.

(18.19)

      goj7y3[ee 'he was wise'. 3a person of go-ni-...-y3 'to be wise, sensible' [imp. Neut. Intr.; go- ?; ni- adj.]. -[ee 'it used to be.

(18.22)

     1. yi[sik4n1'a 'she sat with him' yi[- with him' plus 3rd person of k4 'two persons sit' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. Note the dual verb with a singular subject [cf. note 18.1; §1].

     2. sh3' 'sunshine, rays of the sun'.

(18.23)

     yaa sh1h1]ghaa[ 'search or lice on me'. yaa 'lice'. sh1- 'for me' plus 2nd person imp. Of h1-di-...[si- perf.] -- ghaa[ 'to search for' [act. intr.]. In this verb the prefix h1- 'for' is evidently an archaic combination of a pronoun object plus a postposition. When any other than the 3rd person pronoun is expressed, the postposition becomes -k1 'for'; thus, sh7k1]ghaa[ 'look for me'. In other verbs, however, h1- is treated as a non- postpositional prefix and the verb is transitive [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.19, 4].

(18.24)

     1. gotsaask'idey1 'in her lap'. -tsaask'ide 'lap'; no analysis.

     2. nneet'3go 'putting his head'. 3rd person perf. of ni-ne-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d- aa 'to move one's head to a stop' [mediopas.]. ni- to a stop'; ne-ni- ?. The theme is probably 'to handle a round object'; thus, the mediopassive -d-aa 'to handle one's own round object [i. e., one's head]'. ne-ni-[the ni- is probably the perf. prefix] combine to nee- in the 3rd person perf. [cf. nnenst'3 'I have put my head down'].

     3. nanneest9go 'he lay on his side'. 3rd person perf. of nan-ni-...[si- perf.]-tee 'one person lies on his side' [act. intr.; nan- 'on [his] side'; ni- terminative].

     4. 'in11shdiya[ⁿdi 'she put her hand [there] every now and then'. 'i- 'away'; n11- 'again and again'; di-yi- ? plus the prog. mode of -[-ⁿdi 'to make a movement of the hands' [act. intr.]. This prefix complex appears only in the prog.

(18.25)

     1. sh4goja 'several are on me'. Analysis uncertain. sh4- is probably shi- 'me' plus 4- 'against, on' [pp.]. goja, however, is not clear. It may be a form of the theme - jaa 'several lie' [act. Intr.] but the mode cannot be identified.

     2. doodashdi[ⁿdikaah1t'9dan1'a 'he did not permit her to put her hand [there]'. doodashdi[ⁿdi, 3a person imp. of dah-di-...[si- perf.]-l- [ⁿdi 'to move one's hands about' [mediopas.; dah- 'on'; di- ?]. kaah1t'9 is probably a mishearing of k11h1t'9; 'he permits, allows her' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.6, 1].

(18.27)

     haja[tsan1'a 'she slipped out'. 3a person perf. of 0-k'ee-hi|...[hi- perf.]-l-ts11 'to slip out, to move while sitting' [mediopas.; ha- 'out'].

(18.29)

     k'eejii[kaan1'a, 'she threw it on it'. 3a person imp. of 0-k'ee-hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- [- kaa 'to throw a large flat object on someone' [act. tr.; kee- on'; hi- ?]. In the text, bitsi- 'his head' apparently makes the pronoun object before k'ee- unnecessary.

19. The First Mountain Spirit Ceremony

(19.1)

     1. '1ⁿdeenaagogh1d3 'when everything was new'. '1ⁿdee 'it is new, recent' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.18, 3]; naagogh1 'a place or time moves about, exists' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.8, 1]; -d3 'at that time'.

     2. G3h4 'Mountain Spirits' [see the ethnological note 1 to linked to the English translation of this story, listed as Ethnological note 19.1].

     3. dooh1d3'iy1ay4g0s8dan1'a 'no one at that time knew anything about them'. h1- 'whatever', - d3 'at that time'; 'iy1a 'someone'; y4g0s8 3rd person of 04-go-ni- ...-[-z8, 'to have knowledge of, to know about' [imp. neut. intr.; 4- 'about'; go-ni- ?]. Cf. 04-go-ni-...-z8, 'there is knowledge of and ni-...-z8, 'to know, think, feel'.

     4. d1h0o[e'4 'only one'. Cf. d1[ee'4 'one, just one'.

     5. ⁿd4[37ghe'4 'among the many Indians'[also 'among the many People' -- MEC]. ⁿd4 'Indians'[also 'People' -- MEC]; [3 'many'; -ghe' 'inside, among'. -4 is probably the relative -7 assimilated to the preceding vowel.

(19.2)

     1. dooh1d3daah'9da7 'that which you have never seen before'. h1d3 'at whatever time' [cf. note 19:1, 3]. daah'9, 2nd person distrib. of '9, 'to see' [prog. neut. tr.].

     2. 'aaee daanahk1 you go there'. 'aa- there' plus -ee at'. daanahk1 , 2nd person distrib. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- k1 several go, several come' [act. intr.; ni- completive]. It should be pointed out that the ni- completive prefix gives no indication of direction; it denotes simply that the action is approaching a definite end. Therefore this verb would better be translated 'several move completively [to or from] an end'. Such verbs, it is clear, must be preceded by words denoting the end. In this case, that word is aaee.

(19.3)

     1. d1'1kanzh= 'it is well'. d1'1ka > d1'1kaa the final vowel being shortened before -n- plus consonant. "d1- 'just, exactly' plus '1kaa 'there, that [time], that [manner]'. nzh= 'it is good'.

     2. d1n1na[1zh8 'every last one of you'. 2nd person dual of d1-n1-ni-...-[-'1. 'to have a line [of people] extended to include everyone' [neut. tr.; ni- perf.?]. Cf. d1-ni-...- [-1 with essentially the same meaning and with the same conjugation. -[-1 'to have a rigid object extending' [neut. tr.].

(19.4)

     1. shik'ish0k4ne, sh7l2g0k4ne 'my brothers, my sisters'. -k'ish 'sibling of same sex'; -l2 'sibling of opposite sex' [requires a high tone on its prefixes]. -h0k4ne an unanalyzable plural enclitic.

     2. dzi[7 bit'ahy1 'at the foot of the mountain'. Literally: 'at the fold of the mountain'. dzi[ 'mountain'; -t'ah 'pocket, fold'.

     3. naht'4k4ne7 'your relatives'. -t'4k4 'relatives'; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

     4. k'edaa'ishch77 'those which I am going to decorate'. 1st person imp. of k'e-daa-i- ...[si- perf.] -- [-ch77 to put several designs on' [k'e- on'; daa-i- distrib. plus indef. obj. referring to designs]. Cf. k'e-i-...[si- perf.] -- [-ch77 to put a design on' and k'e-i- ...[si- perf.] -- [-ch77 a design is put on' [here 'i- functions as subject].

     5. dooy1adah7gh1da no one is to come'. y1ada someone, anyone'. h7gh1, 3rd person imp. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 one person comes, one person goes' [act. intr.; ni- completive, see note 9.2, 2].

     6. b7zhii7 doobeeh1sh7da 'do not call them by their names'. -zhii 'name' [requires high toned prefixes]. bee- 'by means of' plus 2nd person dual imp. of h0-...[hi- perf.]- zh7 'to call by name' [act. tr.].

     7. [3ⁿd1 g0gh4y1 hadaadziih1l7 'it is dangerous [for] anyone to speak so'. [3ⁿd1 'anyone'; g0gh4 'there is danger' [imp. neut. intr. with place subject and ni- adj.]; -y1 pp.; hadaadzii 3rd person distrib. imp. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-d-dzii 'to speak' [act. intr.; ha-| ?]. h1l7 a particle or enclitic denoting uncertainty.

     8. go[n44j9go 'at twilight'. perf. of go[-ni-|...[? perf.] -- j9 'to become dark, twilight falls' [act. intr.]. go[- is presumably the place pronoun plus -[ 'with, accompanying'. ni-| ?.

     9. godinash8 'treat them with respect'. 2nd person dual with 3a object of di-ni-...-[- z8, 'to treat with respect, to regard as sacred' [neut. tr.; imp. or ni- perf. ?]. di- ?; cf. ni- ...-z8 'to think, feel'.

(19.5)

      beegoch'adaagojiisch9n1'a 'he made it known to them'. bee- 'by means of it'; 'it' referring to the two preceding phrases: 'in a good way' and 'in exactly the right way'. Note that the final verb of this passage is preceded by yee- 'by means of it' and that it' here also refers back to these phrases. goch'adaagojiisch9, 3a person perf. With distrib. Place obj. of 0-ch'a-|...[si- perf.]och77 'to make known to' [act.tr.]. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 16.5, 2.

(19.6)

     1. bi[ⁿd4j7l97 'those people who were with him' bi[- 'with him'; nⁿ4 'people'; 3a person of ni-...'l9 'to be' [imp. Neut. Intr.].

     2. chidaajoos'88go 3a person perf. with 3rd person distrib. Obj. ot chi-ho-|...[si- perf.] -- [-'9 to make use of' [act. Tr.]. The theme alone: 'to cause someone to be in such and such a state'. chi- 'useful, helpful'; ho-| ?.

     3. b1n11'jineesⁿdiln1'a 'he made a brush corral for them'. b1- 'for them' plus 3a person perf. with indef. Obj. of n11-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿdil 'to make a corral, to put several objects around, in a circle' [act.tr.] n11- around'; ni- terminative. -ⁿdi[, cont. stem of -ⁿdii[ 'to handle several objects'.

(19.7)

     1. naadaand4h4go 'they, playing about'. 3rd person distrib. of naa-|...[si-]-nd4h4 'to play about' [act.intr.; naa-| 'about'].

     2. 'i[n1n1keen1'a 'they ran about here and there'. 3rd person imp. of 'i[-nana- ...[si- perf.]-kee 'several run about here and there' [act. intr.]. 'i[-n1n1- 'here and there' is probably 'i[- reciprocal plus n1n1- 'again and again'.

(19.8)

     1. jee7k67 'young girl'. Cf. jee7k6 'young girl' and jee7k5' 'daughter' [linguistic note to Chiricahua text 18.1 2].

     2. njinee[ⁿdin1'a 'she turned her head'. 3a person imp. of ni-ne-ni- ...[ni- perf.]-l-ⁿdi 'to move one's head to a stop' [mediopass.]. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 18.24 2. -l-ⁿdi 'to move one's head.

     3. jiⁿd4 3a person of ni-...-ⁿd4 'to be mean'.

     4. k4gojiis88n1'a 'she recognized him' 3a person perf. of 04-go-|...[si- perf.]- [-z88 'to learn about, to recognize' [act. intr.; 4- 'about'; go-| ?].

(19.9)

     1. k -- zh -- kan1'a 'they came to the fire'. k -- 'fire'; -zh8 'to' plus hoka 'they were coming' [3rd person distrib. of -k1 'several move'

     2. dais9n1'a 'they blessed it, consecrated it' [The phrasing of the gloss here is changed from the original 'they worshipped it' in order to answer the objections of many Apache people to the primitivistic connotations of the latter -- MEC] [see Ethnological Notes to the English translation of this text, note 5]. 3rd person distrib. imp. with 3rd person object of ...[hi- perf.] -- [-z9 'to bless to worship, to pay respect to' [act.tr.].

     3. b1ha'dat'3n1'a 'singing had begun for them'. b1- 'for them' plus perf. of ha-i- di-...[hi- perf.]-aa 'to sing' is probably the theme -aa 'to handle a round object' with ha- 'out', 'i- indefinite object and di- noise. Thus: 'to cause a noise to move out'.

(19.10)

     1. '1'naan11ja[gho[n1'a 'he was going around there' '1'- 'there', prefixed form of '1-. naan11 'around and around' plus the 3a prog. of -l-ghee 'to move' [act.intr.]. this prefix is used only with the progressive mode.

     2. naan0ok44[e 'where they were dancing'. naan1- 'around and around' plus the 3rd person prog. of -kee 'several run' [see 1 above], and -ee 'at'.

     3. '1gh1hoogh4] he who is called so and so'. '1gh1- thus so'; hoogh4 he is called' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.5, 2]; -] relative.

(19.12)

     1. 'in1j00zhoozh 'they went back'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-n1-ji-...[hi- perf.] -- zh00sh 'several move away, go back' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away'; n1- 'back'; ji- ?]. The theme: 'several move as a group'.

     2. [3ⁿd1 ha'1goda 1daⁿdii[ h1l7' 'no one is to say anything'. [3ⁿd1 'someone'; ha'1goda 'in any way'; '1daⁿdii[, 3rd person prog. of '1-di-...[hi- perf.] ⁿd7 'to say so'; h1l7 'perhaps'.

     3. doo'1kaaday1 'improperly'. '1kaa 'that way'. Literally: 'in not that way'.

     4. dooha'y1go nzh=y1 nah1'1n0osdl1[ee'1t'4da 'I can in no way make things good again for you'. ha'y1go 'some way'; nzh= 'it is good'. nah1- 'for you' plus 1st person opt. of '1-n1-...[hi- perf.]-d-l1 to do again, to make again' [act. tr.; '1- 'so'; n1- 'again']. -[ee opt. encl. '1t'4 'it is so' [3rd person imp. neut.intr.].

(19.13)

     1. nah1bich'88]t[11s 'help her for us'. nah1 'for us' plus the 2nd person imp. of 0-ch'88-di...[si- perf.]-d-t[11s 'to help, assist someone' [act. intr.; ch'88- 'to'; di- ?].

     2. doodanaha'1n1'idl1 'nothing will happen to us'. dooda 'nothing'; nahaa- 'to us' plus imp. of '1-n1-i-...[hi- perf.]-d-l1 something happens again' [pass.; '1- 'so'; n1- 'again'; 'i- indef. pronoun].

(19.15)

      doonahiⁿd7ida 'she will not be ours'. -ⁿd7i 'belonging to, owned by'.

(19.16)

     1. bidigh8n7bee 'by means of his power'. digh8 'power, shaman, he is holy', 3rd person of "di-ni-...-gh8 'to be holy' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. d1h0o[eeny1gon1 'only one thing'. d1-...-n1 'only, just'; d1h0o[ee- 'one' [see note 19.1, 4], -n 'times'.

     3. k -- [37 'the fire'. k -- 'fire'; [3 'big, much'.

     4. 'igahch'iiy1 'a hole you will dig'. 2nd person dual imp. of 'i-go-...[hi- perf.]- ch'ii 'to dig a hole' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.11, 3] plus -y1 pp.

(19.20)

     1. d99'hi[kaa7 'the fourth night'. d99' 'four', d99'hi[kaa 'day is dawning'.

     2. k1goshdees'3n7 'as he had promised them'. 3a person perf. of 01-go-di-...[si- perf.]-aa 'to plan something for someone, to promise someone'. 11- 'for'; go- place object referring to plans, promises; di- ?. The theme: 'to handle a round object' [?].

(19.21)

     1. ]n1]t'igo 'strung out in a line'. ]n1- very' [procl.] plus perf. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t4 'to be strung out in a line' [act. intr.].

     2. {ib1y4 'the Gray One' [see ethnological note 13 to the English translation of this story, listed as note 19.13]. An archaic relative of the 3rd person of [i-ni-...-b1 'to be gray' [imp. neut. intr.]. This spirit is also called G3h4[b1y4 [see last line of this passage] which is a compound of G3h4 'Mountain Spirit' and [ib1y4 [[i- reduces to -[-].

     3. di[t[ishii 'sabres'. Cf. di-...[si- perf.] -- [-t[ish 'to strike, beat with a club' [act. tr.].

     4. G3h4tsodi[hi[] 'the Big Black Mountain Spirit'. G3h4 'Mountain Spirit'; tso, compounded stem of ni-...-tso to be big' [imp. neut. intr.]; di[hi[, 3rd person of di-ni- ...-[-ghi[ 'to be black' [imp. neut. intr.]. Sometimes this compound is given G3h4ntsodi[hi[], in which the complete third person form of ni-...-tso 'to be big' is found.

     5. d1s7'eesh1]ee 'in the very first place'. d1s7- very'; 'eesh1] 'first, at the head'.

     6. G3h4ntsodat['izh] 'the Big Blue Mountain Spirit'. dat['izh, 3rd person of da- ni-...-t['izh 'to be blue' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. 4 above.

     7. G3h4ntso[itso] 'the Big Yellow Mountain Spirit'. [itso, 3rd person of [i-ni-...-tso 'to be yellow' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. 4 above.

(19.22)

     go'izhaazh47 'their furnishings'. 'izhaazh47 'furnishings, camp equipment'.

(19.23)

     1. hich'99n1daadidi[disn1'a 'they circled toward it several times'. hich'99- 'toward it' plus the 3rd person distrib. iter. of di-di-...[si- perf.] -- [-ghi[ 'to circle the fire in the ceremonial fashion of the mountain spirits' [act. intr.]. No further analysis is possible.

     2. yeesh1] 'before them'. Cf. note 19.21, 5. Evidently yi- 3rd person pronoun plus -eesh1] 'before, ahead of'.

     3. ch'4'1t'9go 'since he had failed'. Literally: 'he being in vain'.

(19.24)

     hin0ok44[n1'a 'they ran around it'. 3rd person prop. of 0-n1-...[si- perf.]-kee 'several run around something' [act. intr.; n1- 'around'].

(19.26)

     1. d99n '7laaee 'the fourth time it was done'. d99n 'four times'. '7laa-, 3rd person perf. with indef. obj. of -l1 'to do' [act. tr.]. The customary '1- prefix to this verb is replaced here by d99n. -ee- 'at'.

     2. keehaj00[t[izhn1'a 'he pulled her out'. 3rd person perf. of 0ee-ha-ji-...[hi- perf.] -- t[77sh 'to pull someone out' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'. The function of ee- and ji- is not clear to me. The theme is that discussed in linguistic note to Chiricahua text 18.9, 1.

     3. nk4daajiyeest[izhn1'a 'they cut her up'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of ni-04-ji-yi- ...[si- perf.] -- [-t[77sh 'to knock down, to slash, cut' [act. intr.]. ni- to a stop' [?]; 4- 'against' [?]; ji-yi- ?. For the theme, see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 16.9, 1.

(19.27)

     1. daadits'ago 'clashing'. Imp. of daa-di-|...[si- perf.]-ts'a 'noises are heard' [act. intr.; daa- distrib.; di-| noise].

     2. k'iyaadaa'didlaago 'sparkling' should read k'iyaadaa'diidlaago. Distrib. imp. of k'i-yaa-i-di-|...[ni- perf.]-dlaa 'to flash, sparkle' [act. intr.]. The prefixes cannot be analyzed, though di- possibly refers to fire. The theme appears with no other prefix complex.

     3. ch'4n1]s3n1'a 'they went out'. 3rd person perf. of ch'4-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -[-z4 'several move out as a group' [act. intr.]. ch'4- 'out'; n1- thematic [?]; ni- completive. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.9, 6.

     4. ts4nteel7n1]t'i7 'a broad sheer rock wall'. ts4 'rock'; nteel 'it is broad' [3rd person imp. neut.]; -7 relative; n1]t'i 'it extends upward' [perf. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'to extend upward'; prefixes ?

     5. bich'88handa'n0os44[n1'a 'they were moving up toward it'. bich'88- 'toward it'; handa' 'upward'. n0os44[, 3rd person prog. of the theme n1-...-[-z4 'several move as a group' [act. intr.].

     6. hich'88nn1]s3n1'a 'they stopped before it'. hich'88- 'before it' plus 3rd person perf. of ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-z4 'several stop moving as a group' [act. intr.]. Cf. 3 above.

     7. ya'n00s3n1'a 'they went in'. 3rd person perf. of ya'-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- [- z4 'several move in' [act. intr.]. ya'- 'in' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 5.7].

(19.28)

     The first line of this passage may be translated literally as follows: "These / Mountain Spirits / of whatever kind / only the Gray One / all of them / being over them / he knows."

     d1ha'y1go'1t'4deeda 'of whatever kind' is composed of d1- 'very', ha'y1go 'some kind', '1t'4 'it is so', -deeda 'even if, although'.

20. The Visit of the Mountain Spirits

(20.1)

     1. d1ji[e'4 'only one'. Cf. note 19.1, 4.

     2. A literal translation of the last line of this passage is as follows: "it is possible / those / a while ago / Mountain Spirits / they knowing about them / they about whom I told / perhaps / those same ones / they are so / perhaps / those only / no one has said so."

     d1'1t'4sh8 'it is possible'; d1- 'just'; '1t'4 'it is so'; -sh8 dubitative enclitic.

(20.4)

     1. yaazh8 dees'3go 'when the sun had begun to go down'. yaa- 'down'; -zh8 'to'. dees'3, 3rd person perf. of di-...[si- perf.]-aa 'a round object begins to move' [act. intr.].

     2. daa'deezhiizhee 'where they were to dance'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of 'i-di- ...[si- perf.] -- zh77sh 'to begin to dance' [act. intr.; 'i- ?].

     3. 'isdz3y07 'the women'. 'isdz3-, bound form of 'isdz3] 'woman'; -y0 a plural suffix restricted to words denoting persons.

     4. hin1jazhoshn1'a 'they were moving around it'. 3rd person prop. of 0-n1-ji-...[si- perf.] -- zh00sh 'several move as a group around' [act. intr.; n1- 'around'].

(20.5)

     1. d1s7'7d88 goneedl9n1go 'when the celebration was at its height'. d1s7- 'very'; '7d88 'exceedingly'; goneedl9 'there is a celebration' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 17.6, 4]; -n1 'just'.

     2. d1ch44y1 'very, exceedingly' [part.].

     This sentence and the next could be considered independent clauses of the sentence following since both principal verbs are followed by the relative enclitic-i. ["independent" is likely to be a misprint -- Hoijer probably meant "dependent" clauses in this note. See Grammatical Sketch, 5, Noun Compounds, part c. Noun plus verb plus relative enclitic -- MEC]

     3. d1k7daagoⁿd7i7 'those that belonged to them'. d1k7 'just them'. daa-go- 3a distrib. pronoun; -ⁿd7i belonging to'. Literally: 'those that belonged to them, them alone'.

     4. 'i[7[d44l7 'those two who had come'. 3rd person perf.of. 'i[-ni-...[ni- perf.]- [-dee[ two come' [act. intr.]. The function of 'i[- is not clear; ni- completive. Perhaps the literal meaning is 'to cause one another to move completively'; i. e., 'two move completively [in company with] one another'.

     5. [3go 1t'4n1'a 'they were outstanding'. Literally: 'being much, they are so'.

(20.7)

     1. chaan1go[ghee[go 'it being yet dark'. Imp. with place subj. of chaa-n1-...[? perf.]-l-ghee[ 'to become dark again, to be still dark' [act. intr.]. chaa- 'darkness, shade'; n1- 'again' [requires the -l- class]. The -l- class is indicated in the text form by the fact that the initial stem consonant does not assimilate in voice to the -[- [historically -l-] preceding it.

     2. 'i[ya[di[n1'a 'they were going'. 3rd person prog. with prefix 'i[- of the theme -l- dee[ 'two move' [act. intr.]. Only in the prog. can this theme be used with only the prefix 'i[-. Cf. note 20.6, 4. I do not know why 'i[- plus the prog. prefix becomes 'i[ya[- rather than 'i[a[-.

(20.8)

     1. 'in1'i[ya[di[ 'they went back'. The prog. form i[ya[di[ [see note 20.7, 2] with the prefixes 'i- 'away' and n1- 'back'.

     2. ni'i[ya[di[n1'a 'they stopped'. The prog. form with the prefix ni- 'to a stop'.

(20.9)

     1. d1'i[tso[t['44'da 'every night'. d1-...-da 'just, absolutely'; 'i[tso 'all, every'; -[- ?; t['44' 'night'.

     2. n1'i[i[di[n1'a 'they kept coming'. 3rd person iter. of 'i[-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [- dee[ 'two come' [act. intr.]. See note 20.5, 4.

(20.10)

     1. n1nzh= 'it is better'. 3rd person of n1-ni-...- zh= 'to be better' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. ni-...- zh= 'to be good'.

     2. d1'di'aa 'it is the time'. da- 'just' plus the imp. of 'i-di-...[si- perf.]-aa, 'a round object begins to move' [act. intr.; 'i- indef. pronoun; di- inceptive]. Literally: 'a round object [i. e., the sun] is just about to move'.

(20.11)

     1. d1s7'itisgo daadij17 'those which run the fastest'. d1s7- 'very'; 'itis 'over, above'. daadij1, 3rd person distrib. of di-...-j1 'to run fast, to be a fast runner' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. k'edaada'ahⁿd77[ 'saddle them'. Literally 'put several objects on top of them'. k'e- 'on'; da- [also dah-] 'on top, on'; daa'i- distrib. indef. pronoun; ah- 2nd person dual imp.; -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects' [act. tr.].

     3. Literally, the last line of this passage means: "dawn coming over yonder / that [way] in which they usually go away / there / horses / they standing with you in a line after one another / you do so / they said to one another."

     'in1'i[i[di[ 'they usually go away' is the 3rd person iter. of 'i-i[-...[hi- perf.] -- [- dee[ 'two go away' [act. intr.; 'i- 'away']. See note 20.5, 4.

     na['i[k4]z9 'they stand with you in a line after one another'. 'They' refers to the horses; 'You' to the riders. na[- 'with you'; 'i[k4 'after, or next to, one another'. ]z9 'they stand in a line' [3rd person ni- perf. neut. intr.].

(20.12)

     1. n0d1haa 'the high step' [see ethnological notes 4 to the English translation of this story, listed as note 20.4]. Cf. n0d1 'high' [part.].

     2. da'n'3n1'a 'the sun had risen'. Perf. of da-i-di-|...[ni- perf.]-aa 'a round object arises, goes up' [act. intr.]. da-di-| [also dah-di-|] 'upward'; 'i- indef. pronoun.

(20.13)

     d1s7'7k'e'1]y1 'he was farthest away'. d1s7-'very'; '7k'e'1]y1 is possibly '7k'e'1 'to the last, farthest' plus ]y1, 3rd person perf. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one goes' [act. intr.].

(20.14)

     1. ch'4'i[7[d44ln1'a 'they ran out'. 3rd person perf. of ch'4-'i[-ni-...[ni- perf.]- [-ddee[ 'two run out' [act. intr.]. ch'4- 'out'; see note 20.6, 4.

     2. bich'88[9daaj7]t1ln1'a 'they spurred their horses after them'. bich'88- 'toward them', [9 'horses' plus the 3rd person distrib. perf. of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- taa[ 'to kick' [act. tr.; ni- ?].

     3. t'0'4d8 'nothing'. t'0- 'absolutely'; '4d8 'there is none' [3rd person imp. neut. intr.; '4- thematic].

(20.15)

     1. dihⁿd7go t'3y1go goch'88go, n1ha[gho[n1'a 'turning back toward them and making a noise'. Literally: "Making a noise / being backward / being toward them / they were turning around."

      n1ha[gho[ is the 3rd person prog. of n1-hi-...[si- perf.]-l-ghee 'to turn around' [act. intr.; n1- 'around'; hi- ?].

     2. ts4n1]daa]t'in7 'the big rock wall'. ts4 rock'; n1]daa]t'i, 3rd person distrib. perf. of n1]-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t4 to extend upward' [act. intr.; n1]- 'upward' ?; ni- completive]. Cf. ts4n1]t'i in note 19.27, 4.

     3. yan1'i[a[d44ln1'a 'they went in'. 3rd person perf. of ya-n1-'i[-...[hi- perf.]-l- dee[ 'two go in again' [act. intr.]. ya- in' [?]; n1- 'again'. See note 20.5, 4.

(20.16)

     'i[ch'88ba]daajit'9n1'a 'they discussed it among themselves'. 'i[ch'88 'toward one another' plus the 3a person distrib. of 0aa-n7-...-t'9 'to talk about, to discuss' [imp. neut. intr.]. The theme appears with only these prefixes.

(20.17)

     1. 'it4]dliigo 'you, praying'. 2nd person imp. of 'it4-di-...[hi- perf.]-d-dlii 'to pray' [act. intr.]. 'it4- ?; di- noise [?]. The theme, since this is a -d- form, may be lii but it occurs with no other prefixes.

     2. doonaahiidziidago 'if we had not bothered them'. lst person dual imp. of naa- |...[si- perf.] -- z7 'to do with, to meddle with' [act. tr.]. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.11, 1.

(20.18)

     1. d1'1j7l3n1'a 'they were many'. d1- 'very' plus the 3a person of '1-ni-...- l3 'to be many' [imp. neut. intr.]. Cf. j7l3go 'many of them' in the third line of this passage.

     2. doo'aaⁿdagodeey1dago 'not long afterwards'. doo-...-da negative; 'aaⁿda 'it is distant, far' [see note linguistic note to Chiricahua text.12, 1]; godeey1 'a place or time has started to move', perf. with place subject of di-...[si- perf.] -- y1 'one begins to move' [act. intr.].

     3. '4goosd88n1'a 'they died'. Literally: 'they were finished, they disappeared'. 3rd person perf. of '4-go-...[si- perf.] -- d88 to disappear' [act. intr.; '4- thematic; go- ?].

(20.19)

     n4bi['7l9n1'a 'they respected them'. This should read: ⁿd4 bi['7l9n1'a 'the People respected them'. bi[- with them' plus 3rd person of 'i-ni-...-[9 'to be valuable' [imp. neut. intr.]. Literally: 'they were valuable to the People'.

     2. dood1nah7k'eh nahch'88y1[tile'1t'4da 'they cannot speak to all of us'. doo-...-da negative; d1- 'just'; nah7k'eh 'all of us'. nahch'88 'to us'; y1[ti 'they speak'; -le opt. encl.; '1t'4 'it is so'.

     See the last line in this passage for a similar construction involving the verb b4gonj8 'we know about it'.

21. The Mountain Spirits and the Old Woman

(21.1)

     jis33n47 'old woman, she who is old'. Relative form of the 3a person of ni-...-s33n4 'to be old' [imp. neut.intr.]. Curiously enough, this relative is used only of old women.

     '!koosh3 'and it seems'. '!koo 'then, and' plus -sh3 denoting probability or doubt.

     3. kaanaadaajint['an1'a 'they did not like her'. kaa- 'to her' plus the 3a distrib. of naa-ni-...-t['a 'to be mean, bad, a nuisance' [imp. neut. intr.].

(21.2)

     1. s3] 'old woman'. s3 'old age' plus the relative -] Cf. note 21.1, 1.

     2. ghah1 'idaahii[t'e 'let us abandon her'. ghah1- away', ghah- 'over there' plus -y1 pp. 'i-daahii[t'e, 1st person distrib. imp. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-t'e 'to leave behind, to throw away' [act. tr.; 'i-| 'away'). The theme: 'to handle a long object. to handle a person'. Note the perf. of this verb in the last line of this passage. It has the si- perf. because of the distributive prefix.

(21.7)

     1. k1daagodees'37 the ceremony they had done for her'. Literally: 'that which they had promised her, that which they had planned for her'. See note 19.20, 2.

     2. bik4k'ehy1 'in their way'. Literally: 'in their trail'. k4k'eh 'trail, path', see note 1.14, 5.

22. A Visit to the Mountain Spirits

(22.1)

     1. 'it'4ek4 'girl' [also heard 'id4ek4; cheeshk4 boy' [also heard 'ijeeshk4]]. This narrative is from a member of the Warm Springs band of the Chiricahua. It may be, therefore, that these are dialectical variants.

     2. been1'iist['= 'in a cradle'. Literally: 'it had been wrapped around it'. A passive perf. of the theme - t['= 'to tie up, to wrap' with the prefixes ee- 'by means of'; n1- 'around' and 'i- indef. pronoun.

(22.2)

     yik'4j7]dz99s 'he tore it open'. 3rd person perf. of 0-k'4-ji-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- dz99s 'to tear open' [act. intr.]. k'4- 'off, open' ji- ?; ni- completive [?].

(22.3)

     1. Note, in the second line, that the object precedes the subject; i. e., ts'aa[ 'cradle', the object of y00t2 he took hold of it' precedes shash7 'the bear'. Cf. the line preceding.

     2. ts4yeehay00[haal 'he struck a rock with it'. ts4 'rock'. yee- 'with it' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-ghaa[ 'to strike' [act. tr.].

(22.4)

     t'0odagob7laa 'he had done nothing to them'. t'0oda 'nothing', a Warm Springs variant of dooda 'nothing' [?]. gob7laa, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person dual obj. of - l1 'to do to' [act. tr.].

(22.5)

     n0ok1 'come'.'Literally: 'let us go'. 1st person dual opt. of the theme -k1 'several move' with a prefix ni- ?.

(22.6)

     1. daan1d4]tan 'door, gate-way' [no analysis].

     2. k1g0t'4zh8 'to a place like this'. k1-ni-...- t'4 'to be that' [imp. neat. intr.] with a place subject. k1- is a demonstrative prefix.

(22.8)

      shik4sh9 'follow me'. shi- 'me'; -k4 'behind, after'; - sh9 'from'.

(22.10)

     sak4 'you stay' and sak4 'we stayed' are the 2nd person dual and 1st person dual respectively of -k4 'two persons sit' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

(22.12)

     1. ghah1'1t'4 'they were open'. ghah1 'over there' plus '1t'4 'it is so'.

     2. go[k22d7 'sugar' may be related to the theme -[-k22-d7 'to become sweet' [act. intr.] or to [i-ni-...-k2 'to be sweet' [imp, neut. intr.].

     3. gah4e 'coffee' > Spanish café.

(22.13)

     1. b4heest['= 'he had been tied up'. Perf. pass. of 04-hi-...[si- perf.] -- t['= 'to tie on' [act. tr.; 4- 'against, on'].

     2. b44shbee 'with chains'. b44sh 'flint, metal, iron, chains, knife'.

(22.14)

     daheest['= d1hind1zh8 'he has been tied up for life'. daheest['=, perf. pass. of dah-hi-...[si- perf.] -- t['= 'to tie up, to tie to' [act. tr.; dah- 'up, on']. d1- 'just'; hind1 'he lives, he is alive'; -zh8 'to'.

(22.16)

     1. dahahnd1, 'what do you want to do?'. da- interrog. procl. plus 2nd person dual imp. of the theme -nd1, 'to do' [act. intr.]. This theme, like -l1 'to do', is usually found with the prefix '1- 'thus, so' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 3.8, 5]. Here the interrog. procl. replaces '1-.

     2. doodagod0 'or' [part.]. dooda 'not' plus -go subord. and the enclitic -d0 'also'. [?].

(22.18)

     nahk4yaay1 'to your country'. k4yaa 'country, homeland', a compound of k4 'foot' and -aa 'under'.

(22.20)

     nahaaee nahaaee n1k1 'they will come back to you'. n1hi- 2nd person dual pronoun plus aa- 'to' and ee- 'at'. n1k1, 3rd person imp. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.]- k1 'several come back' [act. intr.]. Cf. '11'nahaan1k1 'they came back there to us' in the second line of passage 21 of the text.

23. The Mountain Spirits and the Cripples

(23.1)

     bich'3'n1daaz3 'they had been abandoned'. bich'3 'from them' plus distrib. perf. of 'i-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- z4 'there is a movement of people away' [act. intr.]. i- 'away'; n1-...- z4 'there is a movement of people'. The text form has the si- perf. because of the distrib. -daaz3 > -daaz3.

(23.3)

     1. Jaazh11da another word denoting the Mountain Spirits; synonymous with G3h4. No analysis.

     2. go[nih4]nda' 'it surrounded them'. Analysis uncertain. go[- 'with them' plus a 3rd person ni- perf. with prefix complex ni-hi-ni- and a stem -ⁿda'. This may be related to the theme nda [perf. stem -ⁿda'] 'to a stream [of water, sand]; to flare, blaze [of fire]' [act. intr.].

(23.4)

     'itan1j7t'11zhn1'a 'they returned to them'. 'ita 'among' plus 3a person perf. of n1- ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-'aash 'two go back, return' [act. intr.]

24. The Foolish People and the Missing Pack

(24.1)

     Ts8[kizh4ne ⁿd4 'Foolish People' [see Ethnological Notes to the English translation of this story, note 24:1]. There is no certain etymology for this word. It may be composed of ts8, 'tree, wood'; -[kizh > [ikizh 'it is spotted' [3rd person imp. neut. intr.]; - 4 relative and -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

(24.2)

     1. h44[ 'pack, burden'. Cf. the theme -ghee 'to carry a burden' [prog. stem -gh44[].

     2. da7gheen1'a 'they were carrying them'. 3rd person distrib. imp. with 3rd person obj. of ni- ...[ni- perf.]-ghee 'to carry a burden' [act. tr.; ni- completive]. da7- > daa- plus yi- plus ni-.

     3. d1bik1d4 'any place, any where'. d1- 'just'. -k1d4 may be related to -k1 'surface'.

(24.3)

     gosd11d4 'a slope'. Cf. gosda 'a cliff, bluff, sheer drop' in the second line of this passage. Neither form can be analyzed.

(24.4)

     1. nn1daaheez3y1 'to where the encampment had been made'. Distrib. perf. of ni-n1-hi- ...[si- perf.] -- z4 'a movement of people stops, comes to an end' [act. intr.]. ni- 'to a stop'. See linguistic note 23.1.

     2. bigh4le 'his pack'. - bigh4le poss. form of h44[ 'pack'.

     3. n1godee'3 'a slope'. No analysis.

     4. baa'isda'00m11zn1'a 'it had rolled away from him'. baa- 'from him' plus the 3rd person perf. of 'isda- 'i|...[hi- perf.] -- m11s 'to roll away' [act. intr.; 'isda- 'down, off'; 'i-| 'away']. It seems likely that -'00m11s was misheard for -'o0ma1s.

     5. nai[kaan1'a. 'he trailed it here and there'. 3rd person imp. with 3rd person object of naa- |...[si- perf.] -- [-kaa 'to go about trailing, to trail here and there' [act. tr.].

     6. isda'oo[t-n1'a. 'it had fallen'. 3rd person perf. of isda-'i-|...[hi- perf.]- [-t- 'to fall off' [act. intr.]. Cf. 4 above.

(24.5)

     jooⁿd47 'friends'. jooⁿd4 'friend' is the noun base for the verbs joo-ni-...-ⁿdee 'to be helpful, friendly' [imp. neut. intr.] and 0- joo-|...[si- perf.]- ⁿdee 'to help, assist' [act. intr.].

(24.6)

     baajiyeezhoozhn1'a 'they came to him in a body' . 3rd person perf. of Oaa-ji-yi-...[si- perf.] -zhoosh 'a group comes to someone' [act. intr.; aa- 'to'; ji-yi- ?].

(24.8)

     n4]gon1'a 'it seems to have gone'. Here the narrative enclitic gives a dubitative significance. n4]go cannot be analyzed.

     2. nn1dai[kaan1'a 'they trailed it back and forth'. 3rd person distrib. imp. with 3rd person obj. of ni-n1-...[ni- perf.?]-l- kaa 'to trail back and forth' [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop' n1- 'back'. Cf. note 24.4, 5.

     3. dooh1] g0]'1y1 dighaa[n1'a 'no one looked in the arroyo'. Note that doo- alone denotes the negative in this phrase. dighaa[, 3rd person imp. of di- ...[si- perf.] -- ghaa[ 'to look' [act. intr.].

(24.9)

     Mashgal4] > Mescalero.

(24.10)

     d1go[gay1 'in plain sight'. da- 'just' plus go[ga 'a plain, a clearing' which is probably [i-ni-...-ga 'to be white' [imp. neut. intr.] with the place subject. Literally: 'right in an open place'.

25. The Foolish People Imitate the Crow

(25.1)

     The first line of this passage is literally as follows: "Their camps, it is said / many, it is said / on the flat."

     {3n1'a, g0]teely1. 'flat, plain' is the ni- perf. neut. of the theme -teel 'to be flat' with place subject. Cf. ni-...-teel 'to be broad, flat' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. b1nant'1] 'their chief'. b1nant'1 'chief, he commands', 3rd person of naa-ni...t'a 'to command, direct' [imp. neut. intr.]. . b11- 'for them'.

     3. 'id88go baa'1ⁿdiidihⁿdiin1'a [this appears as 'id88go baa'1ⁿdiidihⁿdin1'a within the text -- MEC] 'they were very obedient'. 'id88 [also '7d88] 'very, exceedingly'. baa'1ⁿdiidihⁿdii 'they are obedient, they do what they are told' cannot be analyzed. Cf. shaa'1ⁿdiidihⁿdii 'I am obedient'.

(25.2)

     1. D1h2hgo [ee'4sil9n1'a 'they came together hurriedly'. da- 'just'; h2h 'quickly'. [ee'4 'together' plus the 3rd person perf. of ...[si- perf.]-laa 'to become' [act. intr.].

     2. hadaah1kago 'when you have intercourse'. 2nd person distrib. perf.of ha- hi-...[si- perf.] -- k1 'several go out' [act. intr.], a euphemistic expression for 'to copulate'. In the second person dual, the dual prefix a- combines with the si- perfective to form 1- .

     3. gaa'ye d1b7'da[ⁿd7 'make a noise like the crow'. gaa'ye 'crow' [also heard gaad4]. d1b7 'just him' plus the 2nd person dual imp. of 'i-di-...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿd7 'to make a noise' [act. intr.]. 'i- ?; di- noise[?].

(25.3)

     bizaa hagod00dl1n1'a. 'his voice was heard'. - zaa 'voice'. hagod00dl1, perf. of ha-fo-di- ...[hi- perf.]-dlaa 'a noise is heard' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'; go- ?; di- noise. The theme occurs only with this prefix complex.

26. The Foolish People and the Horse

(26.1)

     Ch'4d4goda '1dail1n1'a. 'they didn't know what to do with him'. Literally: 'they did so to him in vain'.

(26.2)

     1. t['oh y1'4d8sh9 'where there was no grass'. t['oh 'grass'. y1- 'absolutely' plus '4d8 'there is none' and the postposition -sh9 'from'.

     2. 'iy1ash8 yiy3sh8 'what does he eat?'. 'iy1a 'what'; - sh8, interrog. encl. yiy3, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of ...[hi- perf.]- y3 'to eat' [act. tr.].

     3. y1taa'00ⁿdiln1'a 'they had made gravy for him'. y1- 'for him' plus 3rd person perf. of taa-'i-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'to make gravy'. taa- incorporated form of t0 'water' [?]; 'i- indef. obj. [?]; -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects'. In the next line of the text is found the 2nd person dual imp. of this verb. Cf. also -taaⁿdile 'gravy'.

     4. bich'88nj7]k3n1'a/ 'they put it before him'. bich'88/ 'toward him' plus 3a person perf. of ni-ni- ...[ni- perf.]-kaa 'to put down something in a container' [act. tr.].

     5. 'ik'e'4][chozhn1'a. 'he began to eat'. Perf. of 'ik'ee-'i'ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-ch00sh 'to begin to eat a grass-like substance' [act. intr. ?]. The theme occurs only with this prefix complex.

(26.3)

     1. n1go [i'] hik'e'00'an1'a 'he untied him'. 3rd person perf. of k'e-'i- ...[hi- perf.]-'a 'to untie, to loosen' [act. intr. ?]. The pronoun before k'a- appears only in the 3rd person. The theme occurs only with this prefix complex.

     2. b7ch97 'his nose'. -ch9 'nose' requires a high toned prefix.

     3. 'in1'iist'in1'a 'he put a rope around it'. 3rd person perf. with indef. obj. of O-n1...[si- perf.]- t'4 'to put a rope around' [act. tr.]. n1- 'around'.

     4. hik'idahneesd1n1'a. 'he sat on him'. hik'i 'on him' plus the 3rd person perf. of dan-ni-...[si- perf.]- daa 'one sits down upon' [act. intr.; dah- 'upon'; ni- terminative].

     5. n11n1[i']go 'others also'. n11n1- 'again, also'; [i' 'one, the other'; -] relative; -go subordinating.

     6. dahn1dii[ghon1'a 'they got on him'. 3rd person iter, of dah-di- |...[ni- perf.]-l- ghee 'to go up, to get on' [act. intr.; dah-di- | 'upward'].

     7. naab00ⁿdiln1'a 'they were thrown off'. perf. of naa-0-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿd77[ 'several are thrown off' [pass.; naa- 'off, down']. Here the theme -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects' is used to refer to several people. Note, too, that though this is a passive verb there is no sign of the -d- classifier [see Grammatical Sketch, 7].

(26.4)

     1. The second and third lines of this passage are literally as follows: "Down [a hill] / away from each other / he whipping him / he ran with him. / From a distance / to here again".

     2. ha'daajiistsasgo 'he, whipping him'. This is apparently a 3a person si- perf. form with a prefix complex ha-'i-daa- and a stem -tsas. Cf. ni- ...[si- perf.] -- [-tsis 'to whip' [act. tr.].

(26.5)

     1. bitsilesh9 'on his anus'. -tsile 'anus'.

     2. d1h00jaab4deesjiizhn1'a/ 'evidently pitch has been rubbed on it'. d1h00-/ emphatic proclitic; jaa/ 'pitch' plus 04-di-...[si- perf.]-jish 'something is rubbed on one' [pass.; 4- 'against, on'; di- ?].

27. The Foolish People and the White Men

(27.1)

     daab00[t'on1'a 'they shot at them'. 3rd person imp. with distrib. 3rd person obj. of h0-...[? perf.] -- [- t'o 'to shoot at' [act. tr.]. Cf. ni- ...[ni- perf.] -- [-t'o 'to shoot at' [act. tr.].

(27.2)

     1. doodaadaa['88da 'don't bother them'. Negative 2nd person dual imp. with 3rd person distrib. obj. of daa-...[si- perf.] -- [-'88 'to bother, trouble, do something to' [act. tr.]. daa-| distrib. [?].

     2. d1n00gho'0oⁿd77[ 'it will be worse'. d1- 'just'; n00gho 'farther on, more' plus 3rd person grog. of '1-...[? perf.] -ⁿd1 'to do' [act. intr.].

(27.3)

     1. bita]j4n1'a 'they came among them'. 3rd person perf. of 0-ta-ni- ...[ni- perf.]-jaa 'several come among, several get to be among' [act. intr.; ta- 'among'; ni- completive]. The theme alone: 'several lie down'.

     2. bigh1daada'ishiishn1'a 'they sabred them'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of 0-gh1-da-'i-...[? perf.] -- [-zhiish 'to sabre, to slash with sabres' [act. intr.?]. gh1- 'through'; da-'i- ?. The theme alone: 'to thrust with a pointed object'.

     3. n1daay0t2n1'a 'they went between them'. 3rd person with distrib. 3rd person obj. of n1-h0-ni-...-t2 'to get between [e. g., two persons fighting]' [imp. neut. tr.]. Cf. h0-ni-...-t2 'to have hold of' [imp. neut. tr.].

     4. shigh00y4 'my uncle'. -gh00y4 [also -gh00y4] 'mother's sibling'.

(27.4)

     1. bee'n[tseen1'a 'they began to be killed'. perf. of 0ee-'i-ni- |...[ni- perf.] -- [-tsee 'several are beginning to be killed'. Cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 2.11, 1 and 2.8, 1. The theme alone: 'to kill several'.

     2. doogod00'ooda 'nothing can stop them'. Perf. of go-di-...[hi- perf.]-'ee 'to let up, stop' [act. intr.]. No analysis.

28. The Foolish People Acquire Coffee

(28.1)

     1. d1dat['izhgo 'still green'. d1- 'just' plus: 3rd person of da-ni-...-t['izh 'to be green, to be blue' [imp. newt. intr.].

     2. '7saa y00ⁿdiln1'a 'they put it in a pot'. '7saa 'pot'. y00ⁿdil should probably be bee 'iy00ⁿdil, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.]- ⁿd77[ 'to put several objects away' [act. tr.].

     3. hib44zhgo 'it, boiling'. 3rd person imo. of ...[si- perf.] -- b44zh 'to boil' [act. intr.]. In the line below is the 3rd person perf. of this verb and in passages 2 and 4 of this text may be found the causative: ...[si- perf.] -- [-b44zh 'to boil' [act. tr.].

(28.4)

     1. hita'iisⁿdin1'a 'he pounded it'. 3rd person perf. of ta-'i- ...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿdii 'to pound, to crush, to pulverize'. The pronoun before t'a- occurs only in the 3rd person. Cf. hi- |...[si- perf.]- [-ⁿdii 'to hit, strike' [act. tr.].

     2. 'i[ch'3yiis'3n1'a 'he took it off the fire'. I do not understand this form. It seems to me to be 'i[ch'3 'from each other' plus yiis'3 'he has caused a round object to move'.

     3. k1yaadayaaⁿd77[n1'a 'he poured it for them'. I cannot analyze the prefix complex. The stem looks like the imp. stem of -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects' [act. tr.].

29. The Foolish People Go to War

(29.1)

      daadeebaa 'let's go to war'. 1st person dual perf. of di-...[si- perf.] -- b1 'to start to go to war' [act. intr.; di- inceptive]. In the 2nd line of passage 2 will be found the 3rd person perf. of this verb.

(29.2)

     1. [9bee'i[4daast['=n1'a7 'which had apparently been used to hobble a horse'. [9 'horse'; bee- 'by means of it'; 'i[- reciprocal; 4- 'against'; daa- distrib.; and the si- perf. of -t['0 'to tie, bind'. Literally: 'that with which horses had been tied together, it is said'.

     2. hi[daah7b17 'those with whom he was going to war' hi[- 'with them' plus 3rd person distrib. imp, of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- b1 'to go to war' [act. intr.].

(29.3)

      dook1go'iisⁿd4da[ee 'one need not share with anyone'. . 01-'i-...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿd4 'to share with someone'. doo-...-da negative; -[ee. I cannot account for the prefix go- in the text form.

30. The Foolish People Run Away

(30.1)

     1. [9bich'88dahinⁿdiln1'a 'they came to them on horseback'. 3rd person perf. of [9-0ch'88-dah-di- |...[ni- perf.]- ⁿd77[ 'several come to someone on horses' [act. intr.]. [9 'horses'; ch'88 'toward' dah-di- | 'upward'. In the 3rd person of the ni- perf. di- becomes n-.

     2. han1daas'1n1'a 'there were hills here and there'. han1daas'1 'rolling country' probably ha- 'out'; n1- 'again and again'; daa- distrib.; and the si- perf.neut. of -'1 'a rigid object lies'.

     3. hanandaagoosteeln1'a 'between were flat places', hanan 'across' plus daa-go- ...-teel 'several places are broad, flat' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. daa- distrib.; go- place subject.

(30.2)

     1. bik4 'after them'; -zh8 'to' -nzh8 ?.

     2. [9bi[hahak44[n1'a 'they were running on horseback'. [9 'horse'; bi[- 'with them'; and the 3rd person prog. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-kee 'several run out' [act. intr.].

(30.3)

     doob4gonee'3day1 'ahead of them'. b4gonee'3 'he is gaining, he is catching up'. No analysis.

31. Stories of the Foolish People

(31.1)

     bigoⁿdide 'their story'. bigoⁿdide 'story, news'.

(31.2)

     1. b7t1y1 'to his forehead'. -t1 'forehead' requires a high tone on its prefixes.

     2. hanshchai 'grasshoppers'. Cf. the theme -ch1 'to hop' [act. intr.].

     3. dahneesj9n1'a 'he flew onto'. Literally 'he alighted, it is said'. See linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts 4.19, 3.

(31.5)

     'ik1'siik1go 'when we have intercourse'. Should probably read: 'ik1'siik4go; 'ik1'- bound form of -k1 'on top' with indef. pronoun; siik4 'we sit' [1st person dual 'si- perf. neut. intr.]. See linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 25.2, 2.

(31.7)

     '1ⁿdeey4gos88n1'a 'they learned it for the first time'. '1ⁿdee 'it is new, recent' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 1.18, 3] plus y4gos88 'they learned about it' [see note 19.8, 4].

32. The Apache and the Comanche

(32.1)

     t['44'go bei[kaan1'a 'they stopped for the night'. Literally: 'being night, day was coming with them, it is said'. t['44'go bei[kaa > bee- 'with them' and hi[kaa 'day is dawning' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 7.1].

(32.2)

     1. biⁿde'sh9 'on the other side of it'. ⁿde' 'back of, behind'.

     2. Gom1]ch77 > Comanche.

     3. bich'88daah7d==sn1'a 'they were crawling toward them'. bich'88 'toward them' plus 3rd person distrib. imp. of ni- ...[ni- perf.] -- d==s 'to crawl up to' [act. intr.; ni- completive].

(32.4)

      'oodlon1'a 'he laughed'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.]-d-dl= 'to laugh' [act. intr.]. Cf. ...[hi- perf.]-d-dl= 'to laugh'. 'i-| ?.

33. The False Shaman

(33.1)

     n4daaji[dzin1'a 'they were afraid'. 3a person distrib. imp. of n4- ...[si- perf.]-l-dzi 'to be afraid' [act. intr.]. n4- ?.

(33.2)

     1. bi[k4g0z8 h1l7] 'he who may have power'. bi[ 'with him'; k4g0z8 'there is knowledge about it'; h1l7] 'perhaps'.

     2. nah1naa[t[o 'he will perform a ceremony for us' [see Ethnological note to the English translation of Chiricahua text 33, note 1]. nah1- 'for us' plus the 3rd person imp. of naa- |...[si- perf.]-l- t[o 'to move one's arms about, to perform the ceremony for finding lost objects' [mediopas.].

     3. daagoot'47 'that which is'. daagoot'4 is probably the theme -t'4 'to be' with the distrib. prefix and the prefix goo- ?.

(33.3)

     d1'i[k4 '1gh1daago[jiⁿdin1'a 'they asked him again and again'. Literally: 'they spoke thus to him just one [time] after another'.

(33.4)

     1. 'i'00'1n7 biyaay1 [appears as 'i'00'3n7 biyaay1 in the text -- MEC] 'to the westward'. 'i'00'3 'a round object has moved away'. biyaa 'under it'.

     2. [9gh44[ 'saddle'. [7 'horse'; -gh44[, combining form of h44[ 'burden'.

     3. sis7 k'aa7 d1bi[nn1]t'igo 'a belt filled all around with cartridges'. sis 'belt'; k'aa 'cartridges'; d1- 'just'; bi[- 'with it'; nn1]t'i perf. of ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'to put a string-like object around, in a circle' [act. intr.; ni- 'to a stop'; n1- 'around'; ni- completive].

(33.5)

     t['44'naa'17 'moon'. Probably t['44' 'night' plus naa'1 'a round object moves about' and the relative -7. Cf. linguistic note to Chiricahua text 9.1, 1.

(33.6)

     1. ch'4jin4]gon1'a 'he ran outside'. ch'4- 'out' plus the 3a form of the verb noted in linguistic note to Chiricahua text 24.8, 1.

     2. k'izh8dashdii[ghon1'a 'he jumped on it'. k'izh8 'to on' plus dashdii[gho, 3a person perf. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'to move upward' [act. intr.].

     3. go[n1dii[ghon1'a 'he rode away'. Literally: '[the horse] ran with him [the man]'.

(33.8)

     gha'n1j7[ghon1'a 'he came back'. gha'- prefixed form of gha-, ghah- 'there' plus n1j7[gho 'he came back'.

34. The Woman Shaman

(34.2)

     1. 'i[ch'3n1jaa[ts'99[n1'a 'she was waving her arms about'. 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; n1- 'around, in a circle' plus the 3a prog. of -ch'8 'to move one's arms' [act. intr.].

     2. gogan7 'her arms'. -gan 'arms'.

     3. doohash9'iy1ada 'there is nothing anywhere'. doo-...da negative; hash9 'from anywhere'; 'iy1a 'something'.

(34.3)

     1. ndaaheesd==zn1'a 'they had crawled there' 3rd person distrib. perf. of ni-hi- ...[si- perf.] -- d==s 'to crawl there, to that point' [act. intr.] Cf. note 32.2, 3.

     2. dashdi[ⁿdin7 'the arms which she had been moving about'. 3a person imp. of dah-di- ...[si- perf.]-l-ⁿdi 'to move one's hands, arms about' [mediopas.].

     3. hitisg00dz99zn1'a 'they pulled her over it'. hitis 'over it' plus 3rd person perf. with 3a object of ...[hi- perf.] -- dz99s 'to pull' [act. tr.].

35.The Woman Who Had Horse Power

(35.1)

     yeegoⁿdii 'she had power by means of it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person imp. of go-...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿdii 'to hear of, to know, to have power' [act.intr.; go- ?].

(35.2)

     1. yish -- 'he was breaking them'. 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of ...[hi- perf.] -- [- zh -- 'to cause to be good' [act. tr.].

     2. biisloh 'a coil of rope caught him'. perf. pass. of hi-|...[si- perf.]-loh 'to rope, lasso' [act. tr.]. Note the text form has not the -d- classifier.

     3. '1goko 'as far as' [no analysis].

(35.3)

     gok'egotaa[ 'she sang for him'. gok'e- 'for him' [?] plus the 3rd person imp. of go-...[hi- perf.] -- taa[ 'to sing a ceremony' [act. intr.].

(35.6)

     yeen1goya[t44[ 'he turned him over with it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person prog. with 3a object of n1-hi- ...[si- perf.] -- [-tee 'to turn an animate being over' [act. tr.].

(35.7)

     goch'88n]y1 'he faced him'. Literally; 'he stopped moving before [or toward] him'.

(35.8)

     d7] 'isdz1]] bik'ehgo 'having been cured by this woman'. Literally: 'this woman, being by reason of her'.

36. A Girl is Lost

(36.1)

     1. ha'00t['is 'she was lost'. This is evidently a 3rd person hi- perf. pass. with prefix complex ha-'i- and stem -t['is. No further analysis is possible, however.

     2. t'0on1daashn[t9da 'they did not find her'. t'0o- ...da variant form of the negative affix plus the 3a distrib. perf. of n1-di- |...[ni- perf.] -- [-tee 'to pick up an animate being' [act. tr.].

(36.3)

     ⁿdii'i[k'1odla' 'the ground was cracked open'. ⁿdii 'ground'; 'i[k'1odla' 'it has been cracked' [no analysis].

(36.4)

     k1hik44'gotaa[ 'he made a ceremony for her'. Literally: 'he sang after it for her'. k1- 'for her'; hik44'- bound form of hik4- 'after it, behind it, following it'; gotaa[, 3rd person imp. of go- ...[hi- perf.] -- taa[ 'to sing a ceremony' [act. intr.].

37. The Girl and the Water Spirit

(37.1)

     1. h1'00y1n1'a 'she went after it'. h1- 'for, in order to [get, find]' plus the 3rd person perf. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.] -- y1 'one goes away' [act. intr.]. Though I have recorded this combination of 'i- | and the hi- perf. prefix rather consistently as '00-, suspect that it should read 'o0- .

     2. t0ee 'at the water-hole'. Literally: 'at the water'.

     3. t1b00t9n1'a 'it had pulled her into the water'. Perf. pass. of t1-0-...[hi- perf.]-d-tee 'to be pulled into the water'. t1- 'into the water' [?]; cf. t0 'water'. The theme: 'to handle an animate being'.

(37.2)

     bich'in4] 'her grandmother'. -ch'in4 'father's mother'.

(37.5)

     chiⁿd1h00gh3go should you be hungry'. chiⁿd1 'hunger' plus the 2nd person opt. of ...[hi- perf.] -- gh3 'to kill several' [act. tr.].

38. The Old Woman's Grandson

(38.1)

     1. The first line of this passage is literally as follows; "Long ago / the earth which has been made / near that time / an old woman, it is said / her daughter's child, it is said / a boy, it is said / just so / she was going about with him, it is said."

     2. k8sijaan1'a 'a town'. k8, 'houses'; sijaa 'a mass or clump lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]. Note, in the first line of passage 2, that kin7, the relative form of k8 is used alone to mean 'town'.

     3. 'it4jisiin4n1'a. 'they were very poor'. 3a person of 'it4- ...-[-ziin4 'to be poverty-stricken' [imp. neut. intr.]. No further analysis.

(38.2)

     1. y1t1'di['ee[n1'a 'she washed for them'. y1- 'for them' plus the 3rd person imp. with indefinite object of t1-di-...[hi- perf.] -- [-'ee[ 'to wash' [act. tr.]. t1- 'in the water' [?]; di- ?. The theme alone: 'to cause to float, to cause to become wet'.

     2. naakizh11l7 'twenty five cents'. A compound of naaki 'two' and zh11l7 > Spanish real plus the relative -i.

     3. hiyaa[b88[n1'a 'she earned it'. 3rd person prog. with 3rd person obj. of ho-| [or hi- |]...[si- perf.] -- [-b88 'to win [a wager]' [act. tr.].

(38.3)

     b1] 'bread' > Spanish pan.

(38.4)

     1. ch9'b1yah1 'to the store'. ch9' 'goods of all kinds' plus 'bi- 3rd person pronoun; - 1yah 'place for' and the postposition -y1.

     2. k4jaabiz33y47 'a little dog'. k4jaa 'dog', probably a compound of k4- 'toes' and the stem of the verb -jaa 'a mass or clump lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. biz33y47 'little' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text l.5, 7].

(38.5)

     baanaa'iⁿdii] 'storekeeper'. naa'iⁿdii 'it is bought, purchased', 3rd person imp. with prefixes naa-'i- . Cf. naahi-...[si- perf.]-ⁿdii 'to be bought, purchased' [act. intr.]. The text form is literally: 'he from whom things are bought'.

(38.9)

     1. k8'7zis7 'the big town'. k8 'house, town' plus '7zis 'big, superlative, chief'.

     2. 'iⁿdaazh77go] 'a rich white man'. 'iⁿdaa 'white man' plus zh77go > Spanish rico 'rich'.

(38.10)

     gostsah naada'si'37 'the ring that you are wearing'. gostsah 'ring'. naa- 'to you'; da'- 'on'; si'37 'a round object lies' [3rd person si- perf. neat. intr.]; -7 relative.

(38.14)

     d77k'eh1 'certainly'. 'all, every' plus the postposition - y1.

(38.19)

     ntsiigh1h1 'on your pillow'. -tsiigh1 'pillow', a compound of -tsii 'head' and -gh1 ?. Note that . ntsiigh1 plus - y1 becomes ntsiigh1h1 which indicates a final -h on -gh1. This -h however, appears only when the form is followed by - y1.

(38.20)

     1. biy1ch'ee' 'his daughter'. -y1ch'ee' 'daughter'. Also -ch'ee'.

     2. bi[sisjoolgo 'lying with her'. bi[- 'with her' plus the 1st person of -l- jool 'two persons lie' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

(38.21)

     zh77shgogo 'I, being rich', zh77shgo, 1st person of zh77-...-go 'to be rich' [imp. neut. intr.]. This is an interesting example of how a borrowed word may be adapted to the formal structure of the borrowing language. The Chiricahua apparently borrowed the Spanish rico 'rich' pronouncing it zh77go. But, since most Chiricahua adjectives are verbal in form [see Grammatical Sketch, part 13], zh77go was treated as the 3rd person of a verb with prefix zh77- and stem -go and therefore conjugable. The same thing has happened in the case of Spanish loco 'crazy' which has become Chiricahua l0-...- go 'to be crazy' [imp. neut. intr.].

(38.22)

     1. t0h7ga'7 'ocean'. t0 'water'; h7ga'-, bound form of h7ga 'there is a streak of whiteness' [ni- perf. neut. intr.; prefix hi-].

     2. ⁿdiibiz337 'island'. Literally: 'land that is little'.

(38.25)

     1. t'0on1n'3dago 'if you do not find it'. Literally: 'if you have not picked the round object up'.

     2. '1] ]tee 'you will be put in'. This phrase cannot be analyzed. It is probably a mishearing for '1hntee 'you will lie in', 2nd person imp. of '1h- |...[hi- perf.]-tee 'one being lies in' [act. intr.; '1h- 'in'].

     3. b4shts'aa7 'iron pot'. b4sh- bound form of b44sh 'iron, metal' plus ts'aa 'basket'.

(38.27)

     'i[ha'oo[ghon1'a 'they went together'. 'i[- 'together'; ha- 'out' 'i-| 'away'; plus the hi- perf. of -l- ghee 'to go' [act. intr.].

(38.28)

     1. hayi[t'oon1'a 'he was pumping it out'. 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of ha- |...[hi- perf.] -- [-t'oo 'to cause to be sucked out' [act. tr.; ha- 'out'].

     2. t0bii[h4 'he will drown'. Literally: 'he will be killed by water'.

(38.29)

     h1n11dahgaa[ 'search for it again'. 2nd person dual imp. of h1-n11- di...[si- perf.]-d-ghaa[ 'to look for again' [act. intr.]. Cf. di-...[si- perf.] -- ghaa[ 'to look' [act. intr.].

(38.31)

     1. t1b22y1 'on the shore'. t1- compounded form of t0 'water'; -b22, 'edge, border'.

     2. ch9'nsht[od4 'frog' [no analysis]. Also ch9'isht[od4, see passage 33 of the story.

(38.33)

     bi[hanannshk1 'I'll go across with them'. bi[- 'with them'; hanan 'across'; ni- completive and the 1st person imp. of -k1 'several move' [act. intr.]

(38.34)

     1. bin1jiist'in1'a 'they surrounded it'. 3a person perf. of 0-n1-...[si- perf.] -- t'4 'to stand in a line around' [act. intr.]. The theme: 'to stand in line, to be strung in a line'.

     2. l00'sts' -- s4 'mice'. Cf. l00'stso 'wood rats' and l00'stsontsai 'oppossum'. l00's- ?; ts' -- s4 is probably related to -1-ni-...-[-ts' -- s4 'to be slender' [imp. neut. intr.].

     3. bi[dahdeest['=n1'a 'she had locked it up'. 3rd person perf. of 0-[-dah-di-...[si- perf.] -- t['0 'to lock up, to tie up' [act. intr.]. The theme means 'to tie up, to bind' and it is usually transitive. I do not understand this form.

     4. gh1'ii'1]y1 'the keyhole'. gh1-, 'through' plus 'ii'1] 'hole'.

     5. ch'4dahigh1k1n1'a 'they tried in vain to go through'. ch'4da- 'in vain' plus 0-gh1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- k1 'several go through' [act. intr.].

(38.35)

      g0oshzhin4 'black ants'. Also heard g00'zhin4. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 15.1, 1.

(38.36)

     ts4'isk'eh 'bed, sleeping place'. Cf. t4esk'eh 'bed, sleeping place' [linguistic note to Chiricahua text 18.2, 4].

(38.37)

     ch77l7...h00k'37 'chili powder'. ch77l7 > chili. h00k'37 'that which has been ground', relative of the 3rd person perf. of ...[hi- perf.]-d- k'1 'to be ground' [pass.].

(38.38)

     1. y4ideeshiizhn1'a 'he thrust it into it'. y4- 'against it'; -i- > yi- 3rd person pronoun; dee- > di- ? plus si- perf., 3rd person; -shiizh > -[- zhiizh, perf. of -[-zh77sh 'to thrust a spear-like object' [act. tr.].

     2. y4isl1n1'a 'he put it against it'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of 04-...[si- perf.] -- l4 'to put a rope-like object against' [act. tr.].

     3. '4ton4 jiisl9n1'a 'she sneezed'. '4ton4 a particle denoting the sound of a sneeze; jiisl9, 3a person perf. of ...[si- perf.]- laa 'to become' [act. intr.].

     4. hahaatan1'a 'it flew out'. 3rd person perf. of ha-hi- ...[hi- perf.] -- t1 'to break out and scatter' [act. intr.]. This analysis is uncertain.

39. Old Apache Customs

(39.1)

     1. joogobago 'poorly'. joogoba 'it is poor, sad, in need of help'. Cf. joo- |...-ba 'to be kind' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. chidik11go > Chiricahua.

(39.2)

     1. b4goos'eely1 'that had been spread out'. pass. perf. of 04-go- ...[si- perf.] -- 'o[ 'to spread out' [act. with go- place object ?].

     2. 'iban '1daat'47 'things like deerskin'. -ban 'tanned skin'. Distrib. 3rd person of '1-ni-...-t'4 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.].

     3. nkeedanl9 'it flowed down'. nkee- 'down'; da- > daa- distrib.; nl9 '[water] flows' should read ]l9 [ni- perf. neut. intr.].

     4. zas naa[t8go 'when it snowed'. zas 'snow' plus naa[ti 'it rains' [imp, neut. intr. with prefix naa- 'down'].

     5. hago 'in the winter'. ha 'winter'.

(39.3)

     1. k'aast'3 'they were feathered'. k'aa 'arrow' plus the pass. perf. of ...[si- perf.] -- t'3 'to feather an arrow' [act. tr.].

     2. hiisk'aashgo 'sharpened'. Pass. perf. of hi-|...[si- perf.]-k'ash 'to sharpen' [act. tr.].

     3. k'1daas'3 'they were set in'. Distrib. pass. perf. of k'1- |...[hi- perf.]-'aa 'to set a round object in' [act. tr.]. k'1- ?. The text form has the si- perf. because of the distrib. prefix. Note that the text form lacks the -d- classifier.

(39.4)

     1. ts4beeshdi[t['9d4 'slingshot'. ts4 'stone'; bee- 'by means of it' [?]. No further analysis.

     2. '7l33hd4 'spear'.

     3. beedaaj00shiizhn1'a 'they fought with them'. bee- 'by means of them' plus the 3a person distrib. perf. of hi- |...[hi- perf.]- zhish 'to spear, stab with a spear' [act. tr.].

(39.5)

     1. bik'a'n1'a '[were] their weapons'. -k'a', poss. of k'aa 'arrows, weapons'.

     2. goost1]di[ta[7 'six- shooter'. goost1] 'six'. di[ta[, also heard dii[ta[, imp. of di-|...[si- perf.] -- ta[ 'to burst, pop, explode' [act. intr.; di-| noise].

     3. ⁿd4d1[eendasijaa7 'a whole camp of Indians ['a whole camp of People' -- MEC]. ⁿd4 'Indians' [This edition translates the term as 'People', see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 6.3, 2 -- MEC]; d1[een 'just one time'; dasijaa 'a mass or clump lies upon' [3rd person si- perf. neut. with prefix d1h- 'on'].

     4. beenaa['a'1[1d3 'you could make slaves of them by means of it at that time'. bee- 'by means of it'; naa['a 'slave, he is sent about', pass. imp. of naa-|...[si- perf.] -- [-'a 'to command, send for'; '1[1, 2nd person dual of '1-...[? perf.]- l1 'to do, make' [act, tr.]; -d3 'at that time'.

(39.6)

     Literally, the first line of this passage reads: "Being difficult [or dangerous] / Indians [this edition translated as 'The People' -- MEC] / it was, it is said."

     2. bee'itsee[ntsaa7 'big axes' and bee'itsee[biz33y47 'small axes'. bee'itsee[ 'axe'; bee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of ...[hi- perf.] -- tsee[ 'to chop' [act. tr.].

     3. d1ts4deeⁿd7n1 'only sharp stones'. d1-...-n1 'just, only'; ts4 'stones'; deeⁿd7 'it is sharp' [no analysis].

     4. daagob4zhen1'a 'their knives'. -b4zhe, poss. form of b44sh 'knife'.

(39.8)

     1. The second line of this passage is literally as follows: "Sticks / two / one / on the ground / it lying / the other / from on it / it standing / they customarily twirling it into it / they customarily took fire out by means of it, it is said."

     2. baa'n1daa'shdi[hisgo 'they customarily twirling it into it'. 3a person distrib. iter. with indef. obj. of 0aa-'i-di-...[hi- perf.]- [-gh44s 'to twirl in something' [act. tr.]. aa- 'to'; 'i- 'away, in'; di- ?.

     3. beek -- han1daaji'1n1'a 'they customarily took fire out by means. of it'. bee- 'by means of it'; k -- 'fire' plus 3a person distrib. iter. of ha- |...[hi- perf.]- 'aa 'to take out around solid object' [act. tr.].

     4. 'its88sb44zh7 'boiled meat'. -ts88 'meat' plus hiisb44zh7 'it has been boiled' [3rd person si- perf., act. intr.].

     5. n1b4'ijiya[tsin1'a 'they turned it over'. 3a person prog. of n1- 04-'i-|...[si- perf.] -- [-tsi 'to turn over' [act. intr.]. The theme: 'to cause a long pointed object to move'. n1- 'around'; 4- 'against'; 'i- | ?. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 17.1, 6.

     6. hadaa'jich'iish7 'that which they had hollowed out'. 3a person distrib. imp. with indef. obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-ch'iish 'to hollow out' [act. tr.; ha- | 'out'].

     7. gobee'n[ⁿd4d7n1'a 'their spoons were'. bee'n[4d7, an archaic relative of ee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj, of ni- ...[si- perf.] -- [-ⁿd4 'to eat soup or mush- like substances' [act. tr.].

     8. A literal translation of the sixth sentence of this passage follows: "Trees that are big / that stand erect / being from [their] sides / wood that is ball-shaped / that which juts out from them here and there / its insides / that which they hollow out / just that / their cups, it is said."

(39.9)

     1. bih00le7da 'even beans'. bih00le7 > Spanish frijole 'beans'.

     2. Only those of the names of the plants and animals mentioned in this passage which can be analyzed are discussed below.

     'ighe'4[tsoi 'acorns'. 'ighe'4 'seed' plus - [tso- bound form of [itso 'it is yellow' and -i a relative ?.

      ch7[ch8 'sumac berries'. ch7- ? plus the theme - [-ch8 'to give off an odor'.

      hoshjish0h4 'cactus' [sp.]'. hosh 'cactus, thorn' plus -jish0h4 ? [perhaps related to -[-zh0 'to sweep, brush'].

      ⁿd1azhin 'spurge'. ⁿd1a 'eye'; -zhin 'black' [related to [i-ni-...zh8 'to be black'?].

      t['ahtso 'dropseed'. t['ah- bound form of t['oh 'grass'; - tso compounded form of ni-...-tso 'to be big'.

      t['ohgah4e 'lip fern'. t['oh; 'grass'; gah4e > Spanish café 'coffee'.

      dzi[daisk1n4 'mountain plants'. dzi[ 'mountain'; daisk1n4 ?.

      gahbiⁿd1a 'wild potatoes [sp.]'. gah 'rabbit'; biⁿd1a 'his eyes'.

      mad11ya > Spanish pitahaya.

      [tsi[ⁿd11'[tsoi bito'7 Hoijer provides the following analysis of this contruction, but he does not provide a gloss for construction as a whole -- MEC] tsi[ⁿd11' 'bee'; -[tso > [itso 'it is yellow'. bito'7 'its juice', -to' poss. form of to' 'water'.

      di[ta[4 'juniper berries [sp.]', archaic relative of di[ta[ 'it bursts, explodes' [3rd person imp., act. intr.].

      di[ta[4tso 'juniper berries [sp.]'. -tso 'big'.

      n1a'ts7lidi[hi[7 'buffalo'. n1a'ts7li 'cattle' di[hi[7 'it is black'.

(39.10)

      bik'ehnaakan1'a 'they were obedient'. bik'eh 'in accordance with it, by reason of it' plus naaka 'several move about, live' [3rd person cont. imp. of -k1 'several move' with prefix naa-| 'about'].

(39.11)

     1. doh1] bich'88l0jigoda 'one behaves foolishly to no one'. do-...-da negative; -ch'88 'toward' plus 3a person of l0- ...-go 'to be crazy, foolish' [imp. neut. intr.]. This verb is derived from Spanish loco [see 38.21].

     2. Y00s] 'God'. y00s- > Spanish Diós; -] relative.

(39.12)

     1. jeek6y07, 'it['1y07 'the girls, the boys'. jeek6 'girl'; 'it['1- bound form of 'it['1]- 'boy'. -y0 plural suffix [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 20.4, 3].

     2. naadin 'anshdl11nsh9 ⁿd1s1 been1daa'nat'99[ 'they were twenty five and over'. naadin 'twenty' [cf. naaki 'two'; -din '-ty']; 'anshdl11- bound form of 'anshdl117 'five'; - n 'times'; -sh9 'from'; ⁿd1s1 'farther on'. been1daa'nat'99[, distrib. prog. of 0ee-n1-'i-ni- ...[si- perf]-t'3 'so many years have passed with one' [act. intr.]. ee- 'with'; n1-?i-?; ni- terminative. The theme alone: 'to grow'.

     3. gonii][t'4 'they overmastered them'. 3rd person of 0-nii-di-ni-...-[- t'4 'to get the best of, to overcome' [imp. neut. intr.]. nii- ?; di-ni- adj. [?].

     4. yeenaats4kees 'they thought by means of them'. yee- 'by means of them' plus the 3rd person imp. of naa-ts4- ...[si- perf.]-kees 'to think' [act. intr.].

40. Songs of the Girls' Puberty Ceremony

(40.1)

     1. The first line is literally: "Galena / tipi poles / they have made them so."

     2. j7gonaa'17 bit['0le 'the rays of the sun'. Literally: 'the sun, its ropes'.

     3. bik'ehg0zh0n7 'its power is good'. bik'eh 'its power' plus the relative form of g0zh= 'it is good'.

     4. ts'is'ahnaagh17 'long life'. ts'is'ah 'long time', cf. '00s'ah 'later', a while' and 'is'ah, synonymous with ts'is'ah. naagh1 'he goes about, he lives'.

(40.2)

     1. yeenidleesh' 'he will paint you with it'. yee- 'with it'; ni- 'you'; -dleesh 'to paint white' [imp., act. tr.].

     2. yeenich7 'he will paint you with it'. - ch7 'to paint red' [imp. act. tr.].

(40.3)

     yi[dahda[ⁿdi 'he his holding up his hand with it'. yi[- 'with it' plus the 3rd person prog. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ⁿd7 'to move one's hands up' [act. intr.].

(40.5)

      yenkee[t['ah 'by means of it she starts to run'. ye- > yee- 'by means of it'; nkee[t['ah. 'she starts to run' [no analysis].

(40.8)

      baago['aaⁿd7 'she is happy over it'. baa- 'about it, over it'; go[- 'with her'; 'aaⁿd7 'there is joy, happiness' [no analysis].

(40.9)

      yees3hidlaa 'by means of this, old age has come'. yee- 'by means of it'; s3 'old age'; hidlaa pass. perf. of -l1 'to do, make' [act. tr.].

(40.16)

     1. shi[han1yo[ 'it is breathing with me' [this word appears as shi[han1y0[ in the song -- MEC]. shi[- 'with me' plus the 3rd person of ha-n1-...-yo[ 'to breathe' [imp. neut. intr. ?].

     2. bee'1shdeeyaa 'she has been made by means of it'. bee- 'by means of it' plus the 3a person perf. of '1-di-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd1 'to be made' [pass.]. This analysis is uncertain.

     3. The last line of this verse is literally as follows: "All of these / the body / it being by means of one another / they have made her so for me."

41. Prayer When Building the Ceremonial Tipi

(41.1)

     1. t'22n1b33z4 'aspens'. t'22- 'leaf'; n1b33z 'it is round, it is full [as of the moon]'. n1- 'around, in a circle' [?]; - b33z 'to be round' [imp. neut. intr.].

     2. sh1'i[eeshndzigo, 'when they have been put together for me'. sh1- 'for me' plus the perf. of 'i[-ee-j-di-...[ni- perf.]-d-zii 'to be put together [as are the poles of a tipi at its apex] ' [pass.]. 'i[ieei 'by means of one another'; ji- di-.

     3. '11nsh1 'I shall go there'. '11- 'there' plus the 1st person imp. of ni- ...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one person moves completively' [act. intr.].

(41.3)

      ha'00'1n7 bich'88sh9 nkeen'17 'that which lies extended toward the east'. ha'00'1n7 'east'; bich'88sh9 'from toward it'; inkeen'1 'a rigid object lies extended' [ni- perf. neut. intr. with the prefix nkee- ?].

(41.4)

     1. koy1 '1'7tin 'a road leads here'. koy1 'here'; '1 'here'; '1'7tin 'road', cf. '1]7tin.

     2. s3gish 'old age staffs'. s3 'old age'; gish 'stick, cane'.

     3. tsiiba' 'gray hair'. tsii- 'head', -ba' 'gray', cf. [i-ni-...-b1 'to be gray' [imp. neut intr.].

     4. beekoogh2 'the tipi is made of'. bee- 'by means of it'; koogh2 'tipi, dwelling'. This construction occurs quite commonly in the songs and prayers.

(41.5)

     [a typo in the original labels this section '41.15' -- MEC.]

     1. ⁿdii7 d1nheest'07 '1zh8 'on the earth which has become old'. ⁿdii7 'earth'; '1zh8 'to there, on there'. d1- 'just' plus the perf. of ni-hi-... [si- perf.]-t'oo 'to wear out, to become old' [act. intr.].

     2. n1'godzii 'it remains, survives, is left over' [no analysis].

42. Songs of the Mountain Spirit Ceremony

(42.1)

     1. chee[k4nant'1] 'the leader of the Mountain Spirits'; chee[k4digh8] 'the holy Mountain Spirits'. chee[k4 'mountain spirits', synonymous with g3h4 but usually confined to ritual contexts. nant'1 'chief, leader' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 25.1, 2]; digh8 'he is holy' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 19.16, 1].

     2. k -- gh44sh 'mirage'. Cf. gonigh44sh 'mirage'. k -- - 'fire' [?]; -gh44sh ?.

     3. dat['izhe bee'i[n1gazi 'turquoise cross'. dat['izhe 'turquoise', cf. da-ni-...-t['izh 'to be blue' [imp. neut. intr.]. bee- 'with it'. 'i[n1gazi 'cross' probably 'i[- reciprocal; n1- 'across, around' [?]; and the prog. with place subject of -z7 '[an arrow or stick] moves through the air' [act. intr.]. Also heard 'i[n0ozi which is the 3rd person prog. of the same verb.

(42.2)

      shighine 'my songs'. -ghine, poss. of s8 'song'.

(42.3)

      y1l1takoogh2zh8 'in a home above the skies'. y1 'sky'; -l1ta 'tip, end, above'.

(42.6)

      g00k3 'spiritually hale' [no analysis].

(42.7)

     1. bik4leezh 'his foot-dust'. k4- 'foot'; -leezh 'dust'.

     2. beebideel1ta 'the tips of his horns are made of'. bide 'his horns'; -l1ta 'tips'.

     3. bee'i[ch'3yeet'9 'by means of them, one can see in all directions'. bee- 'by means of them'; 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; -yeet'9 ?. The stem of the last form seems to be the -d- form of -'9 'to see' but the prefix yee- does not fit the prog. neut. conjugation of that verb.

(42.10)

     1. yeets'aanaat'88 'he motions ritually by means of it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person imp. of ts'aa-naa-|...[si- perf.] -- t'88 'to make ritual motions' [act. intr.]. Cf. 0-[-ts'aa-naa-|...[si- perf.]- t'88 'to bless, to confer sacred benefits upon' [act. intr.; [- 'with, accompanying'].

     2. ng0zh7, shig0zh7 'they are calling you, they are calling me'. Imp. with place subject and 2nd and 1st persons object of h0-...[hi- perf.] -- zh7 'to call by name' [act. tr.].

43. Prayer Before Singing Mountain Spirit Songs

44. Prayers Recited While Preparing the G3h4

(44.1)

     1. y0ⁿdi 'inside'. Cf. yaag0ⁿdi 'inside'.

     2. nihiⁿd17 nahihⁿd1 'your life is shaking'. hiⁿd1 'life, there is life, he lives'. nahihⁿd1, 3rd person imp. of naa-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿd1 'to move, tremble, shake' [mediopas.]. Cf. di-yi-...[si- perf.]-d-ⁿd1 'to begin to shake' [mediopas.].

45. Prayers Recited After Singing G3h4 Songs

(45.1)

     god4nl9 'you have begun to live'. 2nd person perf. of go-di-...[si- perf.]-laa 'to begin to be' [act. intr.]. di- inceptive.

(45.2)

      d77 naagh17 g0zh=go bee]ⁿd1 'you live by means of the good of this life'. d77 'this'; naagh17 'life'; g0zh=go 'it being good'; bee- 'by means of it'; ]ⁿd1, 2nd person of ni-...- ⁿd1 'to live, to be alive' [imp. neut. intr.].

46. A Prayer Addressed to the Mountain Spirits

(46.1)

      '1deen1g0dl1 'make it like your own'. '1d- reflexive; ee- 'like, similar to' [?]; n1- 'again' plus the 2nd person imp. with 3a object of -l1 'to do, make [act. tr.].

(46.2)

     1. been1shdoodza' 'he wants to get up with it'. bee- 'with it' plus the 3a person opt. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- d1 'one gets up, arises' [act. intr.]. - d1, -d- form of -y1 'one moves' [act. intr.]; n1-di-| 'upward'. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.15, 2 for the stem irregularity.

     2. nn1'j7l4 'he is performing this ceremony'. 3a person imp. with indef. obj. of ni-n1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- l4 'to put down a rope-like object or a mass' [act. tr.]. ni- 'to a stop'; n1- ?; ni- completive. The. theme alone: 'to handle a rope-like object, two beings, or a mass'.

(46.3)

      dooha'y1kaadahgoos'3dago 'free from disease'. doo-...-da negative; ha'y1 'something'; kaa 'disease'; dah- 'on, upon'; goos'3 'a round object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr. with place subject]. Literally: 'that no kind of disease lie upon him'.

1. Coyote and Blue Bunting

(1.1)

     1. Ts4k'eeshch7h4 'Coyote'. This is one of the many names by which this mythical being is known. It is popularly translated 'he who has defecated on a rock', an etymology which is kept alive by the tale recorded in Chiricahua text 14: 'Coyote and the Rolling Rock'. This etymology, however, is not verifiable by my linguistic evidence. ts4- is undoubtedly to be identified with ts4 'rock' and -4 is very likely the archaic relative, but k'eeshch7h- cannot be explained as a form of the verb k'e-...[si- perf.] -- ch88 'to defecate on' [act. intr.], the third person perfective of which is yik'eesch22 'he has defecated on it'.

     2. ⁿd1s1 ch'4]y1 'he had gone farther on'. ⁿd1s1 'farther on' plus the 3rd person perf. of ch'4-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one person moves out' [act. intr.]. ch'4- 'out'; ni- completive; -y1 'one person moves'. The stem forms of this theme vary in Mesc. as they do in Chir. See the Linguistic Notes to Chiricahua text 1.15, 2.

     3. 'iⁿdaa'izh1sheedat['ij7 'Blue Bunting'. A compound of 'iⁿdaa'izh1shee 'bunting'; dat['ij 'it is blue'; and -7 relative. 'iⁿdaa'izh1shee is itself a compound of 'iⁿdaa 'white man' [see Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 6.3, 5] and 'izh1shee 'bird'. Later in the text [see passage 15], 'iⁿdaa'izh1shee is used alone to refer to the Blue Bunting.

     dat['ij is, as in Chir. [see the Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 28.1, 1], a third person form of da-ni-...-t['ij 'to be blue' [imp. neut. intr.]. Note, however, that the final consonant is -j as compared to Chir. -zh. One of the most striking phonetic distinctions between Mesc. and Chir. is found in their treatment of the Ath. voiced final spirants: Chir. -z, -zh regularly corresponding to Mesc. -dz, -j respectively. For a full account of the phonetic distinctions between these two languages, see H. Hoijer, "The Southern Athapaskan Languages" [American Anthropologist, Vol. 40, No. 1, Jan.-March 1938], pp. 75-87.

     4. yaach'7]t'in1'a 'he had gone to him, it is said'. 3rd person perf. of 0aa-ch'i-ni-...[ni- pf.]-t'4 'one person moves to someone' [act. intr.]. aa- 'to' [pp.]; ch'i- ?; ni- completive. The theme -t'4 'one person moves' is often used in Mesc. where the theme -1-ghee would be used in Chir. Cf. the following Mesc. verbs based on -t'4 with those Chir. verbs based on -l-ghee listed in the Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 13.7.

     0aa-ch'i-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'one person goes to someone' [act. intr.].

     dah-ch'i-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'one person jumps out, away; one person moves quickly' [act. intr.].

     ch'i-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'one person comes' [act. intr.].

     n1-ch'i-ni-...[ni- perf.]-d-t'4 'one person comes back, one person goes back' [act. intr.].

     yaa-n1-ch'i-|...[ni- perf.] -- t'4 'one person jumps' [act. intr.].

     Lexical differences such as this one, phonetic distinctions such as those referred to in 3 above, and the few grammatical distinctions that are described in the Grammatical Sketch constitute the main lines of diversion of Chir. and Mesc.

(1.2)

     h=ⁿd11[ 'you are going'. 2nd person prog. of -y1 'one person moves'. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 1.15, 2 for an explanation of the stem form. This is an example of one of the paradigmatic distinctions between Chir. and Mesc. For a summary of these, see 13-18 of the Grammatical Sketch.

(1.3)

     '0o 'yes, all right, well'. This interjection is generally used to denote assent. It is also heard 10. An emphatic ''0ow0 is also often heard. This is the only occurrence of the sound w in Mesc.

(1.4)

     1. dooy1ada ndah b4gonsin7 n1'0osh[1h1t'4da 'nothing but that of which I know would I do for you'. doo-...-da negative [note that this affix encircles the entire phrase]. y1a 'anything'; ndah 'but'; b4gonsin7, relative in -7 of b4gonsin8, the 1st person of 04-go-ni-...-[-z8 'to know about' [imp. neut.; see Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 1.1, 5]. n1- 'for you'; '0osh[1, 1st person opt. of '1-...[? perf.] -- l1 'to do so' [act. tr.]. '1- 'thus, so' plus the opt. prefix becomes '0o-. h1t'4 [should read '1t'4 ?] 'it is so'.

     2. sha]'88 'give it to me'. 2nd person imp. of 0aa-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- '88 'to give someone an unknown object' [act. tr.]. It is to be noted here, however, that the object [tobacco] is not unknown. It is characteristic of Mesc., as compared with Chir., that this theme is often used where in Chir. the theme -'aa 'to handle a round object' would be used. It is not quite accurate, therefore, to give the same meaning to -'88 in Mesc. as in Chir.

(1.5)

     Dooha'y1 n1t'oh si'88 dihnoosh'88h1t'4da 'there is no tobacco here [that] I can give you'. doo...-da negative; ha'y1 'any, some'; n1t'oh 'tobacco'; si'88 'an unknown object lies'; dihnoosh'88, a combination of dih- 'tobacco offering', naa- 'to you', the 1st person opt. prefix, and the opt. stem of the theme -'88 'to handle an unknown object' [act. tr.]. Note that h1t'4 is oftener used than '1t'4 [the characteristic Chir. usage] in constructions of this sort [see note 1.4, 1].

(1.6)

     1. s3] 'wife'. Literally, 'old woman.' s3 'old age' plus the relative enclitic -]. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 21.1, 1 and 2.

     2. ts8bik1y7 'bark'. ts8 'tree', bik1y7 'its skin, cover'.

(1.7)

     k11sik3 'here it is'. k11- 'here' [demonst. procl. ?]. sik3 'an object in a container lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

(1.10)

     1. n1injaa 'he picked it up'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- j11sh 'to pick up a mass' [act. intr.]. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 1.22, 1. Here, where Blue Bunting is taking a mass of bark from the container, the verb of handling changes [before, in the text, the verb referring to the handling of objects in a container was used]. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 2.7, 15.

     2. n7hid==zhiij 'he pulverized it'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of n7-di-...[hi- perf.]- zhiish 'to pound, to pulverize' [act. tr.]. The theme occurs only with these prefixes. Note the difference between the Mesc. and Chir. 3rd person hi- perf.; see Grammatical Sketch, 14.

     3. ghehy==jaaj 'he put a mass in'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of gheh-|...[hi- perf.] -- j11sh 'to put a mass in' [act. tr.; gheh-| 'in']. The perfective stem of the theme -j11sh 'to handle a mass' varies between -jaa [see 1 above] and -jaaj. In Chir., the perfective stem is regularly -jaa [the Linguistic Note to Chiricahua texts 2.17 1 and 2.7, 15.

     4. n1intsoodz 'he picked it up' has probably been misheard for n1in[tsoodz, the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ts00s 'to pick up a fabric-like object' [act. tr.]. Cf. note 1 above. Note that the perfective stem of this theme has the final consonant -j corresponding to Chir. -z [see note 1.1, 3].

     5. 'i[ch'88yiiⁿdi 'he pressed them together'. 'i[- reciprocal; -'ch'88 'to, toward'. yiiⁿdi, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[si- perf.] ⁿdi 'to press' [act. tr.].

     6. 'ida[chish9 'putting his hand in'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-di-...[hi- perf.]-l-'ch7 'to move one's hand away' [mediopass.]. 'i- 'away'; di- [to move] one's own' [?]. -sh9 functions here as a subordinating enclitic.

     7. naa[tsoos7 'paper'. Literally, 'that fabric-like object which is carried about'. naa[tsoos, passive cont. imp. of the theme -[-ts00s 'to handle a fabric-like object' with the prefix naa- 'about, here and there'.

     8. bid1ay1 'before him'. -d1 'before, in front of' plus the pp. ee- 'at' and -y1.

(1.13)

     1. n1t'oh7 yiidisgo 'rolling a cigarette'. n1t'oh 'tobacco followed by yiidis 'he rolls it' means 'cigarette'.

     2. k -- 7 baach'7]'88 'he gave him a light'. k -- - 'fire'. Note again that the theme -'88 is used of a known object [see note 1.4, 2]. In Chir., the theme -[-t'aa 'to handle fire' [act. tr.] would be used.

(1.16)

     'i[z4n1ch'iisⁿdiin1'a 'they embraced each other, it is said'. 3a person perf. of 0-z4-n1-...[si- perf.]-ⁿdi 'to embrace' [act. intr.]. The theme of this verb may be related to -l-ⁿdi 'to move one's hand' [mediopas.]. n1- 'around'; z4- 'neck' [?].

     Note that in the Mesc. texts the narrative enclitic n1'a is employed much less often than in most of the Chir. texts.

(1.19)

     Literally, this passage reads: "That / you will come to me / that which you said to me now / I sit here, / Coyote."

(1.20)

     'ik1sht'00j7, another word for 'bark' [see note 1.8, 2]. This word cannot be analyzed.

(1.21)

     1. 'idee 'dish, cup, container'. Literally 'someone's horn'; cf. bidee 'his [e. g., an animal's] horn'. For the etymology of this word, see Edward Sapir, "Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin of the Navaho" [American Anthropologist, Vol. 38, No. 2, April-June 1936], pp. 225-227.

     2. 'ik1sht'00j7 b4ghahgo '19laago 'having filled it with bark'. 'ik1sht'00j7 'bark' [see note 1.20]. b4ghah > bi- 3rd person pronoun plus the postposition -4ghah 'to the measure of'. '19laa, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of '1-...[? perf.] -- l1 'to make so, to do so' [act. tr.].

     3. bich'88yaay==k3n1'a 'she brought it in to him'. bich'88 'to him' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of yaa-|...[hi- perf.]-kaa 'to bring in an object in a container' [act. tr.]. yaa-| 'in, inside'.

     4. bighaast8] 'her husband'. Is -ghaast8 'husband' related to haast88 'old man; he is old'? The latter word is also used in the sense of 'husband'.

(1.22)

     1. n7idnzhishgo 'pounding it'. This is apparently the 3rd person imp. with 3rd person object of n7-di-...[hi- perf.]-zhish 'to pound, pulverize' [act. tr.]. See note 1.21, 4. n7i- > n7- plus the 3rd person object yi-. I cannot understand the prefix dn-, however.

     2. n7id==zhiijn1gon 'just as he had pounded it'. For n7id==zhiij, see note 1 above and note 1.24, 4. -n1 'just'; -go subord. encl.; -n past tense enclitic.

     3. doo'iy1abighe'1si'88dan1'ah1 'there was absolutely nothing in them, it is said'. 'doo-...-da negative; 'iy1a 'anything'; bighe' 'in them'; -1, a reduced form of the pp. -y1; si'88; 'an unknown object lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]; -n1'a narrative encl.; -h1 exclamatory enclitic.

(1.24)

     1. d1b7 [d1- 'just, only' plus the 3rd person independent pronoun] is here translated by the English 'himself'.

     2. kaan1ideeⁿdil 'he poured it out before him'. kaa- 'to him' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of n1-di-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿdi[ 'to pour out' [act. tr.] . n1-di- ?; the theme is clearly a continuative form of -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several objects'. Note that the text form, a 3rd person si- perfective, does not have the regular form of the si- perfective but lacks the prefix s-. Such irregular 3rd person si- perfectives are of quite common occurrence in Mesc.

     3. yeehaid44[b8n1'a 'he filled it with it'. yee- 'with it' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of ha-di-...[? perf.] -- [-b8 'to fill' [act. tr.]. The perfective of this verb is irregular: Sg. 1. had44[b8; Sg. 2. had4n[b8; Sg. 3. haid44[b8; Sg. 3a. hashd44[b8; Du. 1. had65[b8. This paradigm, however, varies with a regular si- perfective paradigm.

(1.25)

     1. Note that t'0on1'ch'==[t'ohdago 'without smoking' and t0o'i[z4n1ch'iisⁿdiidan1'ah1 'they had not even embraced each other' employ the variant negative affix t'0o-...-da. This form of the negative affix occurs oftener in Mesc. than in Chir.

     k4'il17 'his imitation of him'. A relative in -7 of k4'il1, the 3rd person imp. of 04-'i-...[? perf.] -- l1 'to imitate'. 4- 'like, similar to' [?]; 'i- indefinite object [?]; -l1 'to do, make' [act.tr.] [?].

2. Coyote and Owl

(2.1)

     1. k==h4go choo[hi[n1'a 'it was becoming a bit dark'. k==h4 "little, a bit' [part.]. choo[hi[, prog. of chaa- |...[hi- perf.] -- [-ghee[ 'to become dark' [act. intr.].

     2. yidoosts'3n1'a 'he had heard it'. 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of di-|...[si- perf.] -- ts'9 'to hear' [act. tr.]. The perfective paradigm is irregular: Sg. 1. dis7ts'3; Sg. 2. dis7nts'3; Sg. 3. yidoosts'3 or yidoots'3 [also, rarely, yidiists'3]; Sg. 3a. ch'idoosts'3 or ch'idoots'3 [and ch'idiits'3]; Du. 1. dis88ts'3. Since di-|, found in many verbs having to do with sound, generally takes the hi- perfective [e. g., '1d==ⁿdii 'he has said so'] it is possible that the above paradigm represents a stage in the shift from the hi- perfective to the si- perfective.

     3. d1'i[k1yeej8 'at intervals, one after another'. d1- 'just'; 'i[- reciprocal; -k1yee- ?; -j8 'to' [pp.; cf. Chir -zh8].

(2.2)

     1. hii[teen1'a 'he went'. 3rd person perf. of hi-|...[? perf.]-l-t4 'to go, walk, run' [act. intr.]. This verb seems to be of more frequent occurrence in Mesc. than in Chir.

     2. niishjaan17 'only Owl'. niishjaa 'Owl' [no analysis]; -n1 'just, only'; -7 relative.

(2.3)

     1. gok'4n1digaa[n1'a 'he looked down at him'. go- 'him'; k'4- 'at'; n1- 'back' plus the 3rd person imp. of di-...[si- perf.] -- ghaa[ 'to look' [act. intr.]. n1- 'back' causes the text form to have the -d- classifier [see Grammatical Sketch, 7].

     2. bizaa7 ntsaago 'in a gruff voice'. Literally, 'his voice being big'. When this text was told, the informant pronounced all the -a- vowels of this sentence with an -w- timbre to imitate the quality of Owl's voice. See Ethnological Note to the English Translation of this line.

(2.4)

     1. naa]ⁿd1 'come down'. 2nd person imp. of naa-di-...[hi- perf.] -- y1 'one person comes down' [act. intr.]. naa- 'down, off'; di- inceptive [?]. See passage 5, line 2 for the 3rd person perfective of this verb.

     2. shi[g=[ⁿdi 'tell me stories'. shi- 'me'; [- 'with, to' [pp.]. g=[ⁿd8, 2nd person imp. of go-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ⁿdi 'to tell, narrate' [act intr.].

(2.6)

     1. nzh0n0o 'closely' &ght; nzh0n4, a relative form of nzh= 'it is good, well' [3rd person imp. neut. intr. with adj. ni-] plus the subord. encl. -go.

     2. dood0koh44d0 'wonderful'. An unanalyzable intensifying particle.

     3. ghe'n4n['3n1'a 'you seem to be wearing,'. 2nd person of ghe'-ni-...-l-'3 'to wear [a headdress of any sort]' [si- perf. neut.]. ghe'- 'in, inside'; ni- terminative; -l-'3 'to have one's head in position'. Note that -n1'a, in this verb, gives a dubitative connotation. See the Ethnological Note linked to the English Translation of this line.

     4. beesh9s9 'show me the power of it'. 2nd person imp. with 1st person obj. of 0'ee-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-z9 'to show, give power by means of something' [act. tr.]. ee- 'by means of'.

(2.8)

     1. denshⁿd1sh7n4 'right'. denshⁿd1 'right [as opposed to left]' [no analysis]. -sh7n4 > -sh9 'from' plus the archaic'relative -4.

     2. goch'88y0o 'to face him' > go- 'him'; ch'88 'toward'; -y1 pp.; and -go subord. encl.

     3. k1dahyiijaa1'a 'he put it on for him'. k1- 'for him' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of dah-|...[si- perf.] -- j11sh 'to put a mass on' [act. tr.; dah- 'on']. Note that the text form, a 3rd person si perfective, lacks the s- prefix. See note 1.24, 2.

     4. k1ik'e'iizon1'a 'he marked it for him'. k1- 'for him'; -ik'e- > -yik'e- 'on it'. 'iizo, 3rd person perf. of 'i- |...[si- perf.]-zo 'to mark' [act. intr.]. 'i-| ?. In this form, the -s- of the 3rd person si- perfective merges with the initial stem consonant.

(2.9)

     ye'1gh1n11g==dlaan1'a 'he did so with it again'. yee- 'with it'; '1gh1- 'so, thus'; n11- 'again'; g==- > go- 'him' plus the 3rd person hi- perf. prefix; -dlaa, -d- form of the perfective stem of -l1 'to do to' [act. tr.]. The prefix n11- 'again' requires the -d- form. Cf. d1'1gh1g==laan1'a 'he did the same thing' in the fourth line of this passage. [this edition reproduces a discrepancy in Hoijer's edition between the word: d1'1gh1g==laan1'a as it is described here in the notes and it's appearance as d1'1gh1g00laan1'a in the text -- MEC].

(2.12)

     ni[nzh=n1li 'do you like it?'. ni- 'you'; [- 'with, to'; nzh= 'it is good'; -n1li interrog. encl. [?].

(2.13)

     1. ]n1h1bi[nzh=n1'a 'he liked it very much'. ]n1h1- 'very, a great deal' [procl.]; bi[nzh= 'he likes it; it is good with him'.

     2. doo'iy1a'isht'9da 'I have nothing'. doo- ...-da negative; 'iy1a 'anything, something'. 'isht'9 'I have' [?]; cf. '1-ni-...-t9 'to be so' and h1-...t9; 'to want, desire', both imp. neut. intr.

     3. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "'In spite of that, / anything / that you have told me / at every time / that I will do so it is so,' / he said to him."

(2.14)

     k'ad0o'88d33'4 'it is time that we eat'. k'ad0o > k'ad4 'now, right now' plus -go subord. '88-d33', a bound form of '88d3, 1st person dual imp. with indef. obj. of -y3 'to eat' [act. tr.]; -4 relative.

     Note that the verb 'to eat' suffers alternations of the stem initial similar to those of -y1 'one person moves'. See nⁿd3 'you will eat' [2nd person imp.] in this passage and k'ad4hish33'4 'that which I would eat now' [1st person imp.] in passage 15. It is characteristic of both Chir. and Mesc. that stems beginning with y- combine with the prefixed consonants immediately preceding. This is also true of other Athapaskan languages. See F.-K. Li, Mattole, An Athabaskan Language [Chicago, 1930], 11, pp. 14-16.

(2.15)

     'iy1n4[izhin7 'buffalo'. A compound of 'iy1n4 'cattle'; '[izh8 'it is black' [3rd person imp. neut. with prefixes [i-ni- adj.]; and the relative -7. 'iy1n4 > 'iy3 'he eats' [3rd person imp. with indef. obj.] plus the archaic relative -4.

     It is curious that the Mesc. word for 'buffalo' should have as a base the word for 'cattle' since it is very likely that the Mesc. knew the buffalo long before they encountered cattle. It is probable, however, that 'iy1n4 originally meant 'buffalo' and was made to include 'cattle' when these animals became important in.Mesc. culture. Then, when the necessity for distinguishing the two animals arose, this compound was devised to designate the buffalo, by then the less important animal to the culture.

(2.20)

     1. d1naach'7[k'eh 'both of them', also heard d1'naach'7[k'eh. I cannot explain naa-; the usual form is d1'ch'7[k'eh. Cf. also d1nah7[k'eh 'both of us, both of you'; d1g0[k'eh, d1'[k'eh, and d1'gob7[k'eh 'both of them'; and Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 1.1, 4.

     2. h00hgo nk'eh'ooshgha[ 'you have fed me well'. h00hgo 'good, fine, well' [part.]. n-, reduced form of ni- 'you'; -k'eh 'by reason of, because of [pp.]; 'ooshgha[, the 1st person perf. with indef. obj. of ...[hi- perf.] -- [-gha[ 'to eat meat-like substances' [act. tr.].

(2.21)

     shdeey1n1'a 'he had started to move'. shdeey1 'he had started to move' [3a person perf. with di- inceptive prefix] is contracted from ch'ideey1.

(2.22)

     d1s7nzh=go 'exactly'. d1s7- ', just, exactly': nzh= 'it is good'; -go subord encl.

(2.25)

     1. sh==d4 'wife'. This word means literally 'friend, partner' but is restricted in usage to the coyote stories. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 10.3, 1.

     2. g0b1'4g=[ti[ 'spread [a robe] for them'. g0b1- 'for them' > g0bi- 3rd person dual pronoun plus 1- 'for'. This special form for the 3rd person dual [object and poss.; see Grammatical Sketch, 6 and 11] is more often used in Mesc. than in Chir.

     '4g=[ti[, 2nd person imp. of 04-go-...[si- perf.] -- [-ti[ 'to spread out a fabric-like object' [act. intr.]. No further analysis is possible.

     3. ]godib88 'they will sit down'. 3rd person imp. of n7-di-...[si- perf. -b88- 'several sit down' [act. intr.]. n7- is probably ni- terminative, that prefix taking a high tone when it precedes a prefix beginning with -d-. di- inceptive. The deictic prefix go- functions here as a 3rd person dual [or plural] subject.

(2.26)

     ]ch'ideeb8n1'a 'they sat down'. 3a person perf. of the verb noted in 2:25, 3. Note that the -s- of the si- perf. is lacking. See note 1.24, 2.

(2.28)

     l0ngo 'you are crazy'. 2nd person of l0-|...-go 'to be crazy' [imp. neut. intr.]. This is a form derived by conjugation from l0ogo 'crazy, he is crazy' > Spanish loco 'crazy'. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 38.21.

(2.29)

     h1ahka 'you have come for'. 2nd person dual perf. of h1-...[hi- perf.] -- k1 'several come for' [act. intr.]. h1- 'for'. I am not certain of this analysis, nor can I explain the -h- before the stem of the text form.

(2.32)

     The first line of this passage is literally as follows: "Those / that you are so / being just so / those / people / you will make them so for me." See Ethnological note to the English translation of Mescalero text 2.5.

(2.33)

     1. nankeesh 'sit down'. 2nd person dual of ni-...[si- perf.]-keesh 'two persons sit down' [act. intr.; ni- terminative]. Cf. the stem forms of this theme, viz., -keesh, -k44j [alternating with -k4], -kish, -kish, -keesh, with the corresponding Chir. forms: -kee, -k4, -ke, -ke, -kee.

     2. Niishjaaⁿd4nl9ne 'those who were Owl people'. niishjaa 'Owl'; ⁿd4 'people'; nl9 'they are' [3rd person imp. neut. intr. with adj. prefix ni-]; -ne relative suffix denoting a group or class of people.

(2.34)

     1. naash4god0 'one side also'. naash4 'one side' [naa- ?; -sh4 'side']; -go subord. encl.; -d0 'also'.

     2. n1hakos7bit['1sh9d0n1'a 'also from the north'. n1hakos7 'north'; bit['1 'under it'; -sh9 'from'; -d0 'also'. The Mesc. and Chir. idiom corresponding to our 'in such and such a direction' is 'under such and such a direction'. In Chir, the postposition -yaa 'under' is usually employed, however [see e. g., Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 33.4, 1].

(2.35)

     t'1 'feather'. In Chir., this noun occurs only in the possessed form -t'1'.

(2.36)

     Niishjaanⁿd4] 'Owl man'. Note that, in Mesc. , the word for 'man, person, people, etc.' occurs both in the Chir. form ⁿd4 and in the form it has in this compound, nnd4.

(2.39)

     hak'adi > 'ha- interrog. pronoun plus k'adi 'now, then'.

(2.40)

     This passage is literally: "Owl man / yes / that he will say, / together / yes / no / they had said, it is said."

     d1'i[44'4 'together' is unanalyzable.

(2.42)

     'its8nt['idz7 n00[tsaa7 dood1daach'0'aa[h1t'4da7 'hard dry meat that could not be chewed'. -ts88 'meat'; nt['idz 'it is hard' [3rd person imp. neut. intr. with adj. prefix ni-]; n00[tsaa 'it is dry' [no analysis]; daach'0'aa[ 3a person distrib. opt. of ...[hi- perf.] -- 'aa[ 'to chew' [act. tr.].

3. Coyote and Beaver

(3.1)

     Sh==d4 gogh2 sid1ee d1bi[g=gh4n1'a 'Coyote was very tired of staying at home'. gogh2 'his home'; sid1 'he is sitting' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.]; -ee 'at'. d1- 'very'; bi- 'him'; [- 'to, with'; g=gh4 'there is weariness, tiredness; there is danger' [imp. neut. intr. with the place subject and the adj. prefix ni-].

(3.5)

     doonch'ahgoshch77'1t'4da 'I cannot tell you'. doo-...-da negative; nch'ahgoshch77 > nch'ahgoshch7 'I tell you' plus the relative -7; '1t'4 'it is so'. Literally: 'it is not so that I tell you'; that is, 'it is not possible that I tell you'. Cf. this with the similar constructions in notes 1.4, sect;1 and 1.5.

(3.7)

     1. t0[1n4sik3n1'a 'there was a big lake'. t0 'water'; [1n4, relative in -4 of [3 'much, many'; sik3 'something in a container lies' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. dzi[7bib22j8 ch'4]y1n1'a 'he had reached the edge of the mountains'. dzi[ 'mountains'; bib22 'their edge'; -j8 'to'; ch'4]y1, the 3rd person perf. of ch'4-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one person comes out' [act. intr.].

(3.8)

     1. 'it'ahnee[d3dan1'ago 'while it was still early morning'. 'it'ah 'still'; nee[d3 'early morning' [no analysis]; -da 'even'; -n1'a narr.encl.; -go subord. encl.

     2. dees'1 'a hill'. di- inceptive plus the si- perf. neut. of -'1 'a rigid object extends' [?].

     3. haay1n1'a 'he climbed'. 3rd person perf. of ha- |...[si- perf.] -- y1 'one person moves up' [act. intr.].

     4. dits8n1d1]kaan1'a 'there was a big grove of tress'. dits8 'trees'; -n1 'just, only' [?]; da- 'just' [?]; ]kaa 'a clump extends horizontally' [3rd person ni- perf. neut. intr.].

     5. 'i[1n1k1n1'a 'they were moving about'. 3rd person imp, of 'i[-1-n1-...[si- perf.] -- k1 'several move about' [act. intr.]. 'i[- reciprocal; 1- ?; n1- 'around, in a circle' [?].

     6. doobi[daag=t'4dago 'he was not afraid and'. doo-...-da negative; bi[- 'to him'; daag=t'4, distrib. place subj. plus ni- adj. prefix and the stem -t'4 'to be' [imp. neut. intr.]; -go subordinating enclitic.

     7. d1'i[ts'4goosdon4 'straight'. d1- 'just' plus the relative in -4 of 'i[ts'4goosd- 'it is straight' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. I cannot isolate the prefix 'i[ts'4- but see note 3.42, 1.

(3.9)

     1. t1b22ee 'at the edge of the water'. t1- is a compounded form of t0 'water'; -b22 'edge'; -ee 'at'. See t1ghe'y1 'in the water' in the text line below.

     2. 'i[1n1'i[k -- n1'a 'they were swimming around'. 3rd person imp. of 'i[-1-n1-'i-...[si- perf.] -- [-k -- 'several swim around' [act. intr.]. For 'i[-1-n1-, see note 3.8, 5. See also note 3:18, 2.

(3.10)

     1. d1b7sh4 'just among themselves'. d1- just'; b7- independent 3rd person pronoun; -sh4, 'side, party'.

     2. daa'7i[di[kin1'a 'they asked questions of one another'. daa- distrib. and 'i[- reciprocal plus the 3rd person imp. of h7-di-...[hi- - perf.] -- [-ki 'to ask, inquire of' [act. tr.]. h7- ?; di- referring to sound. I cannot explain why daa- + hi- + '7i[- becomes daa'7i[-.

(3.13)

     ntaa]'a 'where is your father?' ntaa 'your father'; -] relative; -'a interrog. encl. [?].

(3.14)

     1. t'iis'idaa'17 'those cottonwoods standing there'. t'iis 'cottonwoods'. 'idaa'1 'several stand erect' [3rd person distrib. si- perf. neut.]. 'i- indef: subj.; -'1 'a rigid object has extension'. Note the loss of the -s- perf. prefix.

     2. ]daagoidiya[ka[ 'they are felling them'. 3rd person distrib. prog. of n7-di-...[si- perf.] -- [-kaa 'to fell [trees]' [act. tr.]. -[-kaa, causative of -kaa 'a long rigid object falls' [act. intr.]. ni- terminative [n7- because it precedes di-, see note 2.25, 3]: di- ?.

(3.18)

     1. t11hy==sh07 'he had dragged into the water'. Relative in -7 of the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of t11h-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-zhoo 'to drag into the water' [act. tr.]. t11h-| 'into the water', a combination of t0 'water' and some unknown prefix.

     2. Three verbs based on the theme -[-k -- 'to swim' have so far been used. 'i[-1-n1-'i-...[si- perf.] -- [-k -- 'several swim about' [act. intr.; see note 3.9, 2]; 0-[-'i-di-...['si- perf.] -- [-k -- 'to begin to swim with something' [act. intr.; see line 2 of this passage]; and 0-[-ni-'i-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-k -- 'to swim to [a place] with something; to stop swimming with something' [act. intr.; see line 3 of this passage]. In all of them, it will be noted, occurs the prefix 'i- which cannot be defined.

     3. ts8'i[k'id3heesⁿdil7 'that pile of logs that had already been made'. ts8 'logs'; 'i[k'id3 'long ago'; heesⁿdil 'several lie' [si- perf. neut. intr. with prefix hi-].

(3.19)

     yi[naadaa'iziin]ne 'those with whom he had been working'. yi[- 'with them'; naadaa'izii, 3rd person distrib. imp. of naa-'i-...[si- perf.]-zii 'to work' [act. intr.; see Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text , 6.11, 1); -n past tense encl.; -] relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

(3.21)

     1. sh==d0 'friend'. A vocative of sh==d4 [?].

     2. n0shch'7sh9 'come here'. An unanalyzable exclamation.

(3.23)

     ha'sh9heen1 'where did you come from?' ha'- 'where'; -sh9 'from'; -hee interrog. encl.; -n1 emphatic encl.

(3.26)

     This passage is literally as follows: "Nothing / but / I am coming to you [pl.]. / you / I am coming to you [sg.]."

(3.28)

     1. d1nant'8' 'quietly' [no analysis].

     2. nkeen11daa'idiidziin1'a 'they began to work again'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of nkee-n1-'i-di-|...[ni- perf.]-d-z7 'to begin to work again' [act. intr.]. nkee- di| 'to begin to'; n11- 'again' [requires the -d- class]; 'i-, see Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 6.11, 1.

(3.29)

     ghe'd4n['eedzn1h4 'you are wearing.'. 2nd person of ghe-di-...-l-'eedz 'to wear shoes, moccasins' [si- perf. neut.]. ghe'- 'in'; di- ?. -l-'eedz 'to have one's feet in position' [?]. See note 2.6, 3. -n1h4 exclamatory enclitic.

(3.31)

     binⁿde'] 'his people'. -nⁿde', poss. form of nⁿd4 people'.

(3.32)

     The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "And / to the bottoms of his feet / the water / backward / he was doing in that way to it with them, it is said."

     yee- 'by means of them'; ha'y0o > ha'y1 'in some way' plus -go subord.; '1i['9, 3rd person imp. with 3rd person obj. of 1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-'9 'to do to' [act. tr.].

(3.36)

     1. k-'7d0 'a match also'. k- ', a variant of k -- 'fire' [cf. note 1.13, 2]; -7 relative; -d0 'also'.

     2. The sixth line of this passage is literally as follows: "The tobacco / holding them against each other / a cross / in the form of to the four directions / he raised his hand with it, it is said."

     3. 'i[4y00[t2go 'holding them against each other'. 'i[- reciprocal; 4- 'against'; y00[t2 [also heard y00t2], 3rd person of h0-ni-...-[-t2 'to hold, have hold of [imp. neut. tr.].

     4. ts8'i[n0ozid7 'cross'. ts8 'wood' [?]; 'i[n0ozid7, an archaic relative of 'i[n0ozi '[e. g., two sticks] move across each other' [3rd person prog.; see Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 42.1, 3]. Cf., also, n1t'oh7 k-'7yi[ 'i[n0ozigo 'the crossed cigarette and match' in line 4 of passage 38.

     5. goz0leee 'on his chest'. -z0le 'chest'; -ee 'on'.

     6. yee'i[d4]d1y1go 'a cross with it'. yee - 'with it'; 'i[d4]d1y1go 'cross-wise, in the form of a cross' [no analysis].

     7. goch'88dahin'88n1'a 'he held them up to him'. goch'88- 'to him' plus the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.]-'88 'to hold up an unknown object' [act. tr.]. Note that the 3rd person object pronoun is hi-; possibly dah- + yi- > dahi-.

(3.37)

     1. hiidis7 'cigarette'. Literally; 'that which has been rolled'. hiidis, pass. perf. of hi-|...[si- perf.]-dis 'to roll' [act. tr.].

     2. b1ch'88[tsoon1'a 'he took it from him'. b1- 'for him' plus the 3a person perf. of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- [-ts0 'to hold, seize' [act. tr.].

(3.39)

     1. shn[t[an1'a 'he ignited it'. 3a person perf. of di-|... [ni- perf.] -- [t[1 'to burn, to ignite' [act. tr.]. di-| 'fire' [?].

     2. hach'==[t'0n1'a 'he inhaled it'. 3a person perf. of ha-|...[hi- perf.] -- [-t'o 'to suck, to draw out by sucking' [act. tr.; ha-| 'out'].

     3. [id7[3go 'a great deal of smoke'. [id7, relative of [i 'smoke'; [3 'much'.

     4. beeshdeeyoln1'a 'he blew it'. 3a person perf. of 0ee-di-...[si- perf.] -- y00[ 'to blow' [act. intr.]. Is this, literally, 'to blow by means of something'?

(3.42)

     1. 'i[ts'4d4]['44s 'stretch out your legs'. 2nd person imp. of 'i[ts'4-di-ni-...-l-'44s 'to stretch out one's legs, to straighten one's legs' [mediopas.]. 'i[ts'4- ?; di-ni- ?; -l-'44s 'to move one's legs, feet'.

     2. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "His feet / from his ankles / downward / all / being yellow / pollen / he did so to them with it for him, it is said."

     -k4ts88, a variant form of -k4tsin 'ankles'. Cf. -k4ts7] 'ankles' [Linguistic Note to Chricahua text 14.5, 3].

(3.46)

     1. nkee7 beet1]['44s 'put your feet into the water'. nkee7 'your feet': bee- 'by means of them' plus the 2nd person imp. of t1-di-...[hi-- perf.]-l-'44s 'to step into the water, to move one's feet into the water', [mediopas.]. t1- 'in the water'. [?]; di- ?. Cf. note 3.42, 1.

     2. nshⁿd1sh7n4 'right' [see note 2.8, 1]. Cf. also n11n1nsht['1sh4d0 'the left one also' in line 2 of this passage. n11n1- 'again, also'; -d0 'also'. nsht['1 'left' [no analysis]; -sh4 'side'.

(3.47)

     bik4l1taj8 'to the tips of his toes'. -k4 'feet, toes'; -l1ta 'tips'; -j8 'to'.

(3.48)

     1. t0n1'i[ch'3'1ⁿd1y1 'with a splashing of water'. t0 'water'; -n1- emphatic encl.; 'i[ch'3'1ⁿd1, 3rd person imp. of 'i[-ch'3-1-...[? perf.] -- ⁿd1 'to open, to spread apart' [act. intr.]; -y1 postposition.

     2. 'i'n==ziin1'a 'he dived in'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-'i-ni-...[hi- perf.] -- z7 'to dive in' [act. intr.]. 'i- 'away, in'; 'i-ni- ?.

     3. d1'1koy1 di[ts'9n1'a 'he struck out wildly'. d1'1koy1 'just anywhere'. di[ts'9, 3rd person imp. of di-...[si- perf.] -- [-ts'9 'to begin to move one's arms, to begin to strike out aimlessly' [act. intr.; di- inceptive].

     4. diyata[n1'a 'he was kicking'. 3rd person prog. of di-...[si- perf.] -- taa[ 'to start to kick' [act. intr.].

     5. d1h2hn1o t07 bee'in[h9n1'a 'just as he was drowning'. d1- 'just'; h2h 'quickly'; -n1 emphatic encl.; -go subord. encl. t07 'the water'. bee'in[h9, perf. of 0ee-'i-ni-|...[ni- perf.]-l-gh4 'to be killed' [pass.]. The theme is the pass. of -[-gh4 'to kill' [act. tr.]. I cannot define the prefixes.

     6. The eighth line of this passage is literally as follows: "Very much / a shout / he had done it in vain, it is said."

     goⁿd47 'a shout' is a relative in -7 of the 3rd person imp. of go-...[si- perf.]- ⁿd4 'to shout' [act. intr.].

     7. bid1ashd4][teeln1'a 'it spread over him'. bid1a 'over him' [?] plus the 3rd person perf. of ch'i-di-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-tee[ '[water, sand] streams, slides' [act. intr.]. I am not certain of this analysis.

     [Hoijer translation of the last line of this passage departs from the literal construction of the Apache sentence, in which "Borrt" is the reported utterance of Coyote. A more literal translation of the sentence would read: "'Borrt...' was the only sound he made" -- MEC].

(3.49)

     1. goch'88t1goch'iyeezhoojn1'a 'they jumped into the water after him'. goch'88 'toward him' plus the 3rd person dual perf. of t1-ch'i-...[si- perf.]zh00sh 'several jump into the water' [act. intr.]. t1- 'into the water' [?]. The combination ch'i-...zh00sh 'several move en masse'.

     2. The fourth line of this passage is literally as follows: "From in the water / he holding his head out / they made him so, it is said."

     3. n1shdeeyoln1'a 'he began to breathe'. 3a person perf.of n1-di-...[si- perf.] -- yo[ 'to start to breathe' [act. intr.]. n1- ?; di- inceptive. -yo[ is the repetetive imp. of -yoo[ 'to blow'.

(3.50)

     1. '177 yee'1dzaa 'that is why it happened'. '177 'that'; yee- 'by means of it'; '1dzaa 'it did so' [3rd person perf. with prefix '1- 'so'].

      h1b4n11goodz88 'will you try it again?' h1- interrog. pronoun [?]. I cannot analyze the rest of the form.

(3.52)

     The second line of this passage is literally as follows: "'So / it is just so with you / let it go / it is just so,' / Coyote / he said to him, it is said."

(3.53)

     1. The fourth sentence within the long quotation is literally as follows: "Just to my mind / I cannot do it / that it is so."

     2. baanaash1 'I tried'. Literally: 'I went about to it'.

     3. b4n11godaadz88[ 'I will try again'. Apparently a 3rd person future form but otherwise unanalyzable. See note 3.50, 2.

(3.56)

     daay00t2go 'they holding him'. 3rd person distrib. of h0-ni-...-t2 'to hold, have hold of ' [imp. neut. tr.]. See note 3.36, 3.

4. Coyote and Turtle

(4.1)

     1. sh1d3nl1 'make food for me' . sh1- 'for me' ; d3-, incorporated form of d1] 'food' [?]; nl1, 2nd person imp. of -l1 'to do, make' [act. tr.]. See also d3]laago 'when you have made food', the 2nd person perf. of the same verb followed by go- subord. [in this passage], and b1d39laan1'a 'she had prepared food for him' [line 2 of passage 2].

     2. Ts'istee[ 'Turtle'. No analysis.

(4.2)

     b1yaanaagh1n1'a 'she went about preparing it for him'. b1- 'for him'; yaa- 'to it'; naagh1, 3rd person imp. of naa-|...[si- perf.] -- y1 'one person goes about' [act. intr.]. See note 3:53, 2.

(4.3)

     1. 'inaad33' or naad33' 'corn'. For the etymology of this word, see Edward Sapir, "Internal Linguistic Evidence Suggestive of the Northern Origin of the Navaho" [American Anthropologist, Vol. 38, No. 2, April-June 1936], pp. 228-231.

     2. 'il0odi 'roasted corn, kernels of corn' the hispanicized Nahua word helote 'green corn'.

     3. ]n1h1doobi[h2hdan1'a 'it was not fast enough for him'. ]n1h1- 'very' [procl.]; 'doo-...-da negative; bi[- 'with him'; h2h 'quickly, rapidly, fast'.

     4. d1biz44'sijaago 'it being still in his mouth'. d1- 'just, only'; biz44' 'his mouth'; sijaa- 'a mass lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]; -go subord. encl.

     5. yi[deeskosn1'a 'he coughed with it'. yi[- 'with it' plus the 3rd person perf. of di...[si- perf.] -- [-kos 'to cough' [act. intr.]. di- ?.

     6. bid1ghe'y1 'down his throat'. -d1ghe' 'throat' is 'a compound of -d1 'lip, chin' [used only in compounds] and -ghe' 'in, inside'.

     7. daadiyeestan1'a 'it flew'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of di-|...[si- perf.]-d-t1 'to move suddenly, to start, to jerk' [act. intr.]. di-| ?.

     8. d1g4 biz44'ee 'i[ch'3'1goot'4n1'a 'his mouth just hung open'. d1g4 'just, only' [part.] biz44' 'his mouth'; -ee ?. 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; '1goot'4 'it was so' [?]. I cannot analyze '1goot'4.

     9. nankaan1'a 'he swayed'. 3rd person imp of naa-ni-...[hi- perf.]-kaa 'to fall' [act. intr.]. -kaa 'a long, flat object falls'; naa- 'off, down'; ni- terminative.

     10. bich'88yaan1ch'88t'in1'a 'she rushed to him'; literally, 'she jumped toward him'.

     11. dahbi[t'een1'a 'she shook him'. 3rd person. imp. with 3rd person obj. of dah-|...[si- perf.] -- [-t'e 'to shake' [act. tr.]. dah-| 'up' [?]; the theme appears with no other prefixes.

     12. b7]ghahy1 yiist[on1'a, 'she slapped him on the back'. -]ghah 'back'. yiist[o, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of hi-|...[si- perf.] -- [-t[o 'to strike with the hand' [act. tr.].

     13. hadaaheestan1'a 'it flew out'. 3rd person distrib. perf. of ha-hi-...[si- perf.]-d-t1 'to move out suddenly' [act. intr.]. Cf. 7 above.

     [Belching appears in the Apache sentence as the quoted utterance of Coyote. See editor's note to passage 3.48 -- MEC]

     14. han==yoln1'a 'he breathed again'. 3rd person perf. of ha-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- yo[ 'to breathe' [act. intr.]. ha-n1- ?. Cf. note 3.49, 3.

(4.4)

     1. bi[g=t-go 'angrily'. -bi[- 'with him'; g=- > go- place subject plus ni- adj.; -t- 'to be bad, evil' [imp. neut. intr.]; -go subord. See ]t-'4 'you who are no good', a relative in -4 of the 2nd person of this verb [line 2 of this passage].

     2. d1n4 'food'. This is an older form of this word than d1] 'food' which is also used. See Sapir's article referred to in note 4.3, 1.

     3. nee'iⁿd1h1sht'9n 'I wanted sustenance from you'. nee- 'by means of you'; 'iⁿd1 'life, there is life'; h1sht'9, 1st person of h1-...-t'9 'to want, desire' [imp. neut. intr.]; -n past tense encl.

     4. doo'7[ts4sh9[h4da7 b7k1 nee'ny3da 'when one has started to eat you, you are not to kill him first'. doo-...-da negative; '7[ts4 'first'; sh9[h4, 2nd person imp. of si-...[si- perf.] -- [-gh4 'to kill' [act. tr.]; -7 relative. b7k1 'because of it'. nee'ny3, 3rd person perf. of 0ee-'i-ni- |...[ni- perf.] -- y3 'to begin to eat'; -da 'even, just'.

(4.5)

     yeetaach'ooⁿdi[n1'a 'he was throwing it about'. yee- 'with it' plus 3a person imp. of taa-hoo- ...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿdi[ 'to throw several objects about' [act. tr.]. taa-hoo- ?; -ⁿdi[ , rep. of -ⁿd77[ 'to handle several, objects'.

(4.7)

     The second line of this passage is 1iterally as follows: "There / to after him / they looked, it is said:"

(4.9)

     G0lijen[chin4 'beetle'. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 15.1, 1.

(4.11)

     dooshaa'isd1n1d1da 'you will not get away from me again'. The negative of the 2nd person imp. of 0aa-'isd1-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- d1 'one person gets away from, escapes from' [act. intr.]. See Linguistic Note to Chiricahua text 15.8, 2.

     [A literal translation of the Apache construction would read: "'Wait!' he [Beetle] said to him. Also [Coyote]: 'Wait!' he had said, 'You will not get away from me again!' -- MEC]

(4.12)

     goch'88dahdii[ghon1'a 'he pounced on him'. goch'88 'toward him' plus the 3rd person perf. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.]-l-ghee 'one person jumps, one person moves upward' [act. intr.]. dah-di-| 'upward'; - l-ghee 'one person moves'.

(4.13)

     1. t0[1n7]l9n1'a 'a big river'. t0 'water'; [1n7, relative in -7 of [3 'much'; ]l9 'it flows' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. t1b22y1 'on the bank'. t1-, combining form of t0 'water'; -b22 'edge'.

     [a literal translation of the first few lines of this passage would read: "Then he started off again. / Four days having passed, a big river running through the mountains, he was walking along its bank. / Further on, he came out to a big lake. / ..." -- MEC]

     3. t0sik3n1 'a big lake'. t0 'water'; sik3 'something in a container lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]; -n1 emphatic encl.

     4. bich'88nee['3sh9 'facing him'. bich'88 'toward him' plus the 3rd person of ni-...-l-'3 'to have one's head in position' [si- perf. ? neut.].

(4.17)

     d1ho'o[7 'that which is floating'. d1- 'just' plus the relative in -7 of the 3rd person prog. of -ee[ 'to float' [act. intr.].

(4.19)

     han1'7tin 'there is a road across'. Cf. bich'88'i'7tin 'there is a road to it' [passage 18]; '7]tiny1 'on the road' [passage 9]; da'tiny1 '[out of] the door, entrance way' [passage 6]. All of these seem to be composed of the theme -'7tin or '7]tin plus prefixes which vary the basic meaning 'road, passage'. Thus: han1- 'across'; bich'88 'toward it'; 'i- 'away'; d1- ? [in da'tin 'doorway'].

(4.22)

     1. yaan1hiit[een1'a 'he jumped'. 3rd person imp. of yaa-n1-hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- t[ee 'to jump [as a frog]' [act. intr.]. -t[ee 'to flop; to fall heavily, of one's own weight'. yaa-n1-hi-|; cf. yaa-n1-ch'i-| with the theme -t'4 which means 'to jump' [see note 1.1, 4].

     2. I do not understand the meaning or function of the form h77y4h4n1'a in line 5 of this passage. The literal meaning of the rest of the line is as follows: "Then / to in the water / a little / he being seen / he was swimming:"

(4.23)

     Note that the four verbs in this passage referring to the actions of Frog and Turtle -- viz., n1'ga[k==[n1'a 'they were swimming back'; goch'iini'g0][k=n1'a [ch'ii- here is probably a misprint. In the Apache text this word appears as goch'88ni'g0][k=n1'a -- MEC] 'they swam toward him'; hag=='11jn1'a 'they came out'; and goch'88ng0]'11jn1'a 'they stood before him' -- all employ the deictic prefix go- as a 3rd person dual subject pronoun. This usage is very frequent in the Mesc. texts whereas it occurs but seldom in the Chir. texts.

(4.25)

     The informant translated dah'1dzaan1'a 'he sat up'. It seems, however, to be a combination of the prefix dah- 'up' and the 3rd person perf. of '1-...[? perf.] -- ⁿd1 [perf. stem -dzaa] 'to do so' [act. intr.].

(4.26)

     shi[n0ot'as [This is most likely a misprint in the original, and should appear as shi[n0ot'ash -- MEC] 'he brought me back'. shi[- 'with me' plus the 3rd person prog. of the theme -'aash 'two persons move' [act. intr.] with the prefix n1- 'back' [requires the -d- class].

(4.27)

     h1ⁿd7 is apparently a combination of the interrog. pronoun h1- and ⁿd7, the 2nd person independent pronoun.

(4.29)

     n1shdiigijn1'a 'he arose'. 3a person perf.of n1-di-|...[ni- perf.]-d-g44sh 'to arise, to jump up' [act. intr.]. n1-di-| 'upward'; -d-g44sh 'to move'.

(4.32)

     y11[ⁿd7h7 'that you want'. I cannot analyze this form.

(4.34)

     Literally, the second line of this passage is as follows: "The Turtle people / those of all kinds / at no time / anything / they have done so to it in vain."

     'ig1a['1sh4ne is composed of 'ig1a['1 'kinds, varieties, species' [no analysis]; -sh4 'side, party'; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

(4.35)

     1. t0'i[ch'3'1dzaay1 '4daach'iisd88 'he disappeared in a splash of water'. t0 'water'; 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; '1dzaa 'they have been made so'; -y1 postposition [cf. note 3.48, 1]. 4daach'iisd88 is either the 3a distrib. perf. of 4-...[si- perf.] -- d88 'to disappear' [act. intr.]; or the 3a person perf. with 3rd person distrib. obj. of '4-...[si- perf.] -- [-d88 'to cause to disappear' [act. tr.]. If the first of these alternatives is correct, why should the distrib. 3a person be employed to designate Turtle; if the second, why should the subject [i. e., t0'i[ch'3'1dzaay1 have the postposition -y1?

     2. bi[ha'n1ch'in==zi 'he came up again with it'. bi[- 'with it' plus the 3a person perf. of ha-'i-n1-ni-...[hi- perf.] -- z7 'to come out of the water again' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'; n1- 'again' [why does this prefix not require a -d- class theme?]; 'i-ni- ? [cf. note 3.48, 2].

(4.39)

     The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "And / deer / its ribs / having been roasted / prairie dogs also / four / they lying on them / all / having been roasted / he brought them back out [of the water] to him."

(4.41)

     bilahde 'its remains, remnants; what is left over'.

(4.45)

     y1h1naaheest3n1'a 'they were sitting about inside'. y1h1 'inside' plus the 3rd person of naa-hi-...-t3 'several sit about' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. Is y1h1 related to the prefix ya- of the verb ya-'i-|...[hi- perf.]-ghee 'to carry a burden inside' [act. tr.], the 3rd person perf. [with indef. obj.] of which occurs in the next line of this passage?

(4.46)

     nzh= '1g0]s8 'keep the place clean'. nzh= 'it is good, well' plus the 2nd person with place object of '1-ni-...-[-z8 'to keep so' [imp. neut. tr.]. See also d17ts4nzh=go yiba'1gog=s8n1'a 'both of them kept it very clean for him'. d17ts4- 'very' [procl.?]; yiba'- 'for him'; '1gog=s8, the 3rd person dual with place object of the above mentioned verb.

(4.47)

     1. ch'4d1tiny1 'out of doors'; ch'4- 'out' [see note 4.19].

     2. g0lijen[chin7 'beetles' [see note 4.9].

     hanshcha'ye 'grasshoppers' [no analysis but cf. the theme -ch1 'to hop', cont. imp. and perf. stems -cha].

     hansht'1'ye 'butterflies' [no analysis but cf. the above and the theme -t'1 'to fly'].

     dahiigohe 'moths' [no analysis].

(4.49)

     d1bits4'4goosteel 'he spread out [a robe] for them'. d1- 'just'; bits4- 'for them' [?]; '4goosteel, see note 2.25, 2.

(4.55)

     '17 zis 'iy1a bench'7][t1n7 'that bag which Coyote had filled with things'. '17 'that'; zis 'bag'; 'iy1a 'something'; bench'7][t1n7, relative in -7 of bee- 'with it' plus the 3a person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- [-t88 'to put down a sack-like object or a bundle' [act. tr.].

(4.57)

     d1s7bid1ne7 'their favorite food'. d1s7 'exceedingly, very much'; bid1ne 'their food'.

5. Coyote and the Creation

(5.2)

     1. 'iy1ad0 b7k1hinⁿd1n1 'why are you going to tire yourself out?' 'iy1a interrog. pronoun; -d0 'also, again'; b7k1 'because of it'; hinⁿd1, 2nd person imp. of hi-|...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'to become tired' [act. intr.]. hi-| ?;-y1 'one person moves'.

     2. The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "To a little / in the house / on the ground / you are sitting down / just as you meet it / you are jumping up again."

     The verbs n==daa[go 'you are sitting down' and dahn11shdiy==t'i 'you are jumping out again', being in the progressive mode, give the connotation that this behavior is Coyote's customary behavior.

     d1bid1]ⁿd1y1 is composed of d1- 'just'; the 2nd person imp. of 0-d1-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- y1 'one person meets someone' [act. intr.], and the postposition -ya.

     3. k -- shk'ee 'an empty or abandoned camp' [no analysis].

     4. 'in1nah9ⁿdi[ 'you are continually leaving us'. 2nd person iter. with 1st person dual obj. of 'i- |...[hi- perf.] -- ⁿdi[ 'to throw several objects away; to abandon' [act. tr.].

     5. k'ad4ha'1da 'other places'. k'ad4- ?; ha'- indefinite pronoun: -1, reduced form of -y1 pp.; -da 'even' [?].

     6. '1kaada na[naan==ka 'take us with you over there'. '1kaa 'there'; -da 'even'. na[- 'with us' plus nan11- 'about, here and there' and the 2nd person prog, of -k1 'several move' [act. intr.].

(5.3)

     1. t07 dahda]l9 k'edaag=teel 'there are many broad rivers on [the road]'. t07 'the waters'. dah- 'up' [?]; da- from daa- distrib.; ]l9; 'they flow' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. k'e- 'on'; daa- distrib.; g=teel 'they are broad' [place subj.; imp. neut. intr. with ni- adj.].

     2. daago][ch'i[ 'there are dense forests'. daa- distrib.; go- place subj.; ][ch'i[ 'there is a heavy growth of vegetation' [ni- perf. neut. intr.]. Cf. Chir. ]ch'il, ][ch'il with the same meaning.

(5.4)

     doot0y4daag=sida 'they cannot swim'. doo-...-da negative; t0 'water'; y4daag=s8, 3rd person distrib. of 04-go-ni-...-[-z8 'to know about' [imp. neut.].

(5.5)

     1. n1daag0]'3 'places'. n1- ?; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; ]'3 'it lies' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].

     2. doo'1kaashk44'daahahk1da 'do not follow me over there'. doo-...-da negative; '1kaa 'there'; -shk44'-, bound form of shik4 'after me'; daahahk1, 2nd person distrib. imp. of -k1 'several move' [act. intr.].

     3. b7nii- 'let it go' plus d1seen 'by myself' [?].

(5.7)

     The third line of this passage is literally as follows: "Just / everything / water / wood / and / anything / I'll handle it."

(5.8)

     1. dooh1]been11'9dl1da 'do not imitate anyone again'. doo-...-da negative; h1] 'anyone' plus the 2nd person imp. with indef. obj. of Oee-n11-...[? perf.]-d-l1 'to imitate again' [act. tr.]. ee- 'by means of'; n11- 'again' [requires the -d- class]; -l1 'to do, make'.

     2. d1doosh7da7n1 'though I do not do it'. d1- 'just'; doo-...-da negative; sh7 independent first person pronoun; -7 relative; -n1 emphatic enclitic.

     3. ch'4da'3t'97 'your failures'. ch'4da- 'in vain'; '3t'9, 2nd person of '1-ni-...-t'9 'to be so' [imp. neut. intr.]; -7 relative.

(5.9)

     nahee[t'4ne 'our relatives'. nahee[t'4 'they are like us, similar to us', 3rd person of 0ee...-[-t'4 'to be like, similar to' [imp. neut. intr.]; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

(5.10)

     t'3y1 n1nee[ⁿdin1'a 'he looked back'. t'3y1 'backward' plus the 3rd person perf. of n1-ni-...[ni- perf.?]-l-ⁿdii 'to turn one's head back' [mediopas.]. Cf. note 5.16.

(5.14)

     d1'1kaⁿd1s==ⁿd11[ 'go right on in that direction!. d1- 'just'; '1kaa 'there'; ⁿd1s1 'on, further'; h=ⁿd11[ 'you are going' [2nd person prog.].

(5.16)

     d1hana[ⁿdin1'a 'he raised his head'. d1- 'just' plus the 3rd person perf. of ha-ni-...[hi- perf.]-1-ⁿdi 'to raise one's head' [mediopas.]. ha- 'up'; ni- ?; -1-ⁿdi 'to move one's head'. Cf. note 5.10.

(5.19)

     ts8bigod4 '=='17 bik4tsiny1 'at the foot of a stump standing there'. ts8 'tree'; bigod4 'its knee'. '=='17, relative in -7 of 'i-...-'1 'a rigid object extends' [hi- perf. neut. intr.]. bik4tsin 'its ankle' [see note 3.42, 2].

(5.23)

     The first line of this passage is literally as follows: "I / Rump people / those of us who are called."

     t['aay1]ne 'Rump people'. t['aa- 'buttocks, rump'; -y1 postposition [?]; -] relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'.

(5.25)

     1. naan1k'3 'a ridge' [no analysis].

     2. ts'4baanaan1]t'i7 'cliffs'. ts'4 'rock'; baa- 'from it'; naa-n1- 'around about, circling around' plus the ni- perf. of -t'4 'to be strung' and the relative enclitic -7.

(5.26)

     gol3 'there are many' [imp. neut. intr. with place subject]; -n 'times'; ih4he 'thank you'; -[aha emphatic enclitic.

(5.27)

     1. nandasit3 'a ridge'; a synonym of naan1k'3 [see note 5.25, 1]. nan- 'on one's side'; dah- 'on, upon'; sit3 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. See also nandahn11n1st3 'there was another ridge' later in this text passage. This is the above form with the added prefix n11n1- 'again'.

     2. [ahde '4deen11n1tan1'a 'sometimes he ran'. [ahde 'sometimes'. '4deen11n1ta, the 3rd person perf. of '4d-ee-n11n1-...[? perf.]-d-t1 'to run' [act. intr.]. '4d- reflexive; ee- 'by means of'; n11n1- 'again' [?]. -d-t1 'to move suddenly, [see note 4.3, 7 and 13].

(5.30)

     '7d07 'mountain lion'. Cf. Chir. ]d07 [See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 17.25, 1].

(5.33)

     d1'11d4j8 ⁿd1s4 'from that moment on'. d1- 'just, exactly'; -'11d4 ?; -j8 'to'. ⁿd1s4 'on, further'.

(5.35)

     d1goⁿd4h4 'a voice'. d1- 'just' plus a relative in -4 of goⁿd4, 3rd person imp. of go-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd4 'to shout' [act. intr.].

(5.39)

     t0'i[g=l97 'streams came together'. t0 'waters'; 'i[- 'together' [?]; g=l9; 'they were' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni- adj.]; -7 relative.

(5.40)

     1. d1'1ⁿd77d4 'truly, exactly, real, ordinary'. No analysis.

     2. d1kogoh7 'right at that moment, then'. No analysis.

     3. dooha'y0obich'88y1ch'i[tinzh=da 'he was unable to talk to him at all'. doo-...-da negative; ha'y1go 'in any way'; bich'88- 'to him'; y1ch'i[ti, 3a person imp. of y1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-ti 'to talk' [act. intr.] ; nzh= ' it is good' [?]. The last mentioned form is often used as an intensifier but its position at the end of the combination is un- usual.

(5.41)

     'iⁿd1'ig1a['aash4 'all living creatures'. 'iⁿd1 'life, there is life' [sometimes heard 'iiⁿd1]; 'ig1a['aa 'varieties, species' [cf. note 4.34]; -sh4 'side, party'.

(5.42)

     Following is an analysis of the plant names mentioned in this passage. Those terms not listed cannot be analyzed. For a more precise definition of the botanical terms given in this text, see the publication by Castetter and Opler cited in Ethnological Notes to Chiricahua Apache text 39.9, note 9.

     tee[ts'0dz7 'spike rush'. tee[ 'tule'; -ts'0dz, cf. hits'0dz 'it is tapered, pointed' [imp. neut. intr]; -7 relative.

     tee[dishk'37 'sedge'. dishk'3 'it is blackish, clump-like, clod-like'.

     tee['1[ts' -- s7 'slender tule'. '1[ts' -- s 'it is slender' [imp. neut. intr.; prefixes '1-ni-].

     t1ghe't['oh'iitoo7 'water cress'. t1- 'water'; -ghe' 'in'; t['oh 'grass, plant'; 'iitoo, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.] -- t0 'to become red' [act. intr.].

     t['oh'iigaa7 'white violet'. 'iigaa, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.] -- g1 'to become white' [act. intr.].

     t['oh'iitsoo7 'asphodel'. 'its'oo, perf. of 'i| ...[ni- perf.] -- ts0 'to become yellow,' [act. intr.].

     t['oh'iich77 'side oats grama [var.]'. 'iich7, perf. of 'i-|...[ni- perf.] -- ch7 'to become red' [act. intr.].

     t['ohdiit['ish7 'blue-eyed grass'. diit['ish7, cust. of di-|...[ni- perf.] -- t['77sh 'to become blue' [act. intr.].

(5.43)

     1. ⁿdiibik1t['oh'ig1a['aash4 'all the varieties of grass on the earth's surface'. ⁿdii - 'earth'; bik1 'its surface'; t['oh 'grass'.

     2. Following are the plant names in this passage that can be analyzed:

     t[ohk4stas7 'grama grass'. t['oh 'grass'. k4stas- ?; -7 relative.

     t['a[dei7 'false flax'. t['a-, compounded form of t['oh 'grass'; -[dei ?.

     t['o[ch7d7 'big blue-stem grass'. -[ch7d-, compounded form of the 3rd person of [i-ni-...ch7 'to be red' [imp. neut. intr.]. [ch is ambiguously drawn in the print copy, and could be interpretted as ts'; but it is clear from context that the form intended is ch -- MEC]

     t['o[t['idz7 [this appears as t['o[t['ij7 in the text -- MEC] 'wild violet'. -[t['idz may be related to ni-...-t['idz 'to be hard' or it may have been misheard for -[t['ij which is possibly related to da-ni-...-t['ij 'to be blue'.

     ⁿd4bit['oh7 'salt grass'. ⁿd4 'people, indians'; bit['oh 'their grass'.

     dzi[1t['ohk4stas7 'black grama grass'. dzi[ 'mountain'; -1 from -y1 'on'; t['ohk4stas7 'grama grass' [see above].

     t['ohbiⁿd1antsaa7 'red columbine'. biⁿd1a 'its eyes'; ntsaa 'they are big' [imp. neut. intr.]. biⁿd1a, literally 'its eyes', is understood to refer to the seeds of the plant.

     t['ohbiⁿd1ant['idz7 'wild barley'. nt['idz 'they are hard'.

     t['ohbiⁿd1a'1[ts' -- s7 [the text in the original contains an apparent misprint in which this word appears as t['ohbiⁿd1a'1[ch' -- s7 -- MEC] 'side oats grama [var.]'. '1[ts' -- s 'they are slender'.

     t['ohbiⁿd1a'i[aadaasijaa7 'rye grass'. 'i[- reciprocal; aa- 'to' plus daasijaa 'several masses lie' [si- perf. neut. intr. with the distrib.].

     t['ohbiⁿd1a'i[k4'dasijaa7 'candy grass'. Literally 'the grass on which masses of seeds lie on top of one another'. 'i[k4'- 'after one another'; dah- 'on, upon'.

     t['ohbiⁿd1a'i[k4']t'i7 'sideoats grama [var.]' Literally 'the grass on which the seeds are strung out after one another'. ]t'i 'they have been strung out' [3rd person ni- perf.].

     t['ohd1bil1tabinⁿd1adasijaa7 'big blue-stem grass'. Literally 'the grass the seeds of which lie massed just on its tip'. d1bil1ta 'just its tip'.

     t['ohbits'7l1d47deesdz17 'blue grass'. bits'7l1d47 'its tassels'; deesdz1 'it extends upward, it sticks out' [?].

(5.44)

     nanst1n4 'mesquite'. A relative in -4 of nan- 'on one's side' plus sit3 'a long slender object lies' [si- perf. neut. intr.]. A variant form of this word, naast1n4, is also heard. This is a relative in -4 of naa- 'here and there' plus sit3.

     The next two terms are unanalyzable. ts4sdis7 'screw bean' may be a compound of ts4 'rock' and -sdis-, a compounded form of hiisdis 'it has been twisted' [si- perf. pass.].

     g0]t'ish4 'all other varieties'. g0]t'i, the ni- perf. with place subj. of -t'4 'to be strung out'; -sh4 'side, kind'.

(5.45)

     hoshditsin7d0 'the thorny plants also'. hosh 'thorn, cactus'; ditsin7, relative of dits8 'tree'; -d0 'also'.

     The next two terms cannot be analyzed.

     hoshg=ts'iis7 [this form appears in the text as hoshg=ts'88s7 -- MEC] 'nipple cactus' is a compound of hosh 'cactus'; g=ts'iis- 'it is small [i. e., small-bodied]' [imp. neut. intr. with place subj. and ni adj.].

     hoshb47 'hedge-hog cactus'. -b47 ?.

     go[ch7d7 'prickly pear cactus'. Place subj. plus -[ch7d-, a bound form of [ich7 'it is red'.

     hoshbiz33y47[itso7 'strawberry cactus'. biz33y4 'little, small'; [itso 'it is yellow'.

(5.46)

     goshk'an 'yucca' [no analysis]. The three terms following are compounds of goshk'an and [iga7 'it is white', nⁿdeedz 'it is long, tall', and dijool 'it is ball-shaped', respectively.

(5.47)

     dits9]t'ish4 'all varieties of trees'. dits9 'trees' plus ]tish4 [see note 5.44, last paragraph].

     'ich7chiled0doon1'gong2d7 'live oak'. 'ich7chile 'oak'; d0- ?; doo- negative. n1'gong2d7 may bean some way related to n1-hi...-l-g2 'to be dried up, to be dead [of a tree or plant]' [si- perf. neut. intr.].

     'ighe'4[tsoi 'acorn oak'. 'ighe'4 'seed' [an archaic relative in -4 of 'ighe' 'in something' ?]; -[tsoi, a relative form of [itso, 'it is yellow'.

     t0g=l7n7 'willow'. t0 'water' plus the relative of g=l9 'it is'.

     The next three terms are compounds of t0g=l7n7 'willow', the ni- perfective of the prefix complex n1-daa-'i-| [n1- 'around'; daa- distrib.; 'i-| ?] and the perfective stems of -g1 'to become white', -t0 'to become red', -ch7 'to become red', and -ts0 'to become yellow', respectively.

     t0g=l7n7 'willow'; t'22- 'leaves'; 'i[d1'- 'above one another'; dasil1 'several lie upon' [si- perf. neut. intr. with dah- 'on, upon'].

     In the last term, [ib1 means 'it is gray' [imp. neat. intr.].

(5.49)

     1. The fourth line of this passage is literally as follows: "Beautiful hills / being green / with all sorts of plants / they were extending out / they came into existence, it is said."

     2. t['oh7'i['1n0o'1t'47bee 'with all sorts of plants'. t['oh7 'plants'; 'i['1n4 'different, varied'; -go subord.; '1t'4 'it is so'; -7 relative; -bee 'with them'.

     3. hadaayeest'9 'they were extending out' seems to be a distrib. 3rd person of ha-hi-...-t'9 'to be extending up, out' [si- perf. neut..intr.]. ha-hi- 'out'; -t'9 'to be'.

     4. dzi[7daah7k'3 'mountain ranges'. dzi[7 'mountains'; daah7k'3 'ridges, ranges' [cf. note 5.25, 1]. Cf. also biz33y0oh7k'3 'small ridges' in the next line of text. biz33y4 'small'; -go subord.; -h7k'3 'ridges'.

     5. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "Some / to a distance / there being ridges / some / to the vicinity / there being ridges, / only mountains / with them to out of sight / they could be seen all around, it is said."

     6. 'in1daayeest'9 'they could be seen all around' seems to be a -d- form of the theme -'9 'to see' with the prefixes 'i- 'off, away'; n1- 'around' [?]; daa- distrib. The prefix complex is in the si- perfective but I do not understand the combination yee- preceding the si- prefix.

(5.50)

     1. naadaagoosteel 'there were many plains everywhere'. naa- 'here and there'; daa- distrib.; go- place subject; and the si- perfective prefix. -teel 'to be broad, flat'. Cf. n1daag0]teel 'there were clearings'; n1- 'around' [?]; daa-go- distributive place subject; ]- 3rd person ni- perf.

     2. [igotsaago 'broad'. This is apparently a verb [i-ni-...-tsaa 'to be broad' with the place subject prefix. Cf. ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.

     3. d1goⁿd4h4 'just like' [no analysis].

(5.51)

     t07da hadaasl9 'there were many springs also'. t07 'the waters'; -da 'even'. hadaasl9, distributive si- perf. neut. of -l9 'to flow' with the prefix ha- 'out, up'.

(5.52)

     'idizh00sh4 'bullsnake' [no analysis].

     g0bitseegh1leg=l7n7 'rattlesnake'. g0 'snake'; bitsee 'his tail'; -y1le 'rattles'; g=l9 'there are'.

     g0naats'7steel7 'black water-snake'. -naats'7s- ?, cf. -ts'7s 'body'; -tee[, cf. ni-...-teel 'to be broad, flat'.

     g0bichohe7 'copperhead snake'. -bichohe-, cf. bicho 'his penis'.

     g0naat'a7 'whip snake'. naat'a 'he flys about' 3rd person cont. imp.; naa- 'about'.

     g0dij17 'blue racer'. dij1 'he runs fast' [imp. neut. intr.].

     g0ha'i[ts11s7 'the snake that is whipped'. ha'i[ts11s, an unanalyzable form of the verb -[-tsis 'to whip'.

     g0bit4lego[t07 'the red-bodied snake'. bit4le 'the front of his body'; go[t0 'it is red'.

(5.53)

     ma'ish=7 'lizard' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 5.4].

     ma'ish=7tsiitsa7 'big-headed lizard'. -tsii 'head'; -tsa, a compounded form of ni-...-tsaa 'to be big' [imp. neut. intr.].

     ma'ish=7[ikij7 'spotted lizard'. [ikij 'he is spotted, speckled, vari-colored'.

     ma'ish=7dich'ij7 'rough lizard'. dich'ij 'he is rough-surfaced'.

     ma'ish=7tsee'1[d -- d7 'lizard [var.]'. -tsee 'tail'; '1[d -- d7 'it is short' [?].

     ma'ish=7haask47 'fierce lizard'. haask4 'he is fierce, pugnacious' [si- perf. neut. with prefix ha-].

     ma'ish=7nant'in7 'hiding lizard'. nant'8, 3rd person imp. of naa-ni-...[si- perf.]-d-'8 'to hide' [mediopas.].

     ma'ish=7tsee'i[ch'3go[gij7 'forked-tail lizard'. tsee- 'tail'; 'i[ch'3 'from each other'; go[gij 'there is a gap'.

      ma'ish=7ts8yaadasit97 'lizard that lies on trees'. ts8 'trees'; yaa- 'to it'; dah- 'on, upon'; sit9 'he lies'.

(5.54)

     l0osts' -- s4 is, literally 'mouse'. Cf. Chir. l00'sts' -- s4 in linguistic notes to Chricahua texts, 38.34, 2.

     l0osts' -- s4bijanteel7 'big-eared mouse'. bijaa 'his ear'; nteel 'it is wide, broad'.

     l0osts' -- s4bit4lego[ga7 'harvest mouse'. bit4le 'the front of his body'; go[ga 'it is white'.

     l0osts' -- s4bitseenⁿdeedz7 'jumping mouse'. bitsee 'his tail'; nⁿdeedz 'it is long'.

     l0osts' -- s4doodees'9da7 'shrew'. doodees'9da 'he cannot see'.

     l0osts' -- s4[itso7 'white-footed mouse'. [itso 'it is yellow'.

     l0osts' -- s4[9ghe'naa'iⁿdil4k'eh1t'47 'short-tailed meadow mouse'.

     [9ghe'naa'iⁿdil4 'gopher' [see linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, 3.5, 2]; k'eh1t'4 'he is like, similar to'.

     l0ostso 'rat'. Cf. l0osts' -- s4 'mouse'. -tso 'big' [?] .

     l0osts' -- s4biⁿd1ahahita7 'big eyed rat'. biⁿd1a 'his eyes'; hahita, probably a form of the theme -t1 'to start, jerk, move quickly' with the prefixes ha-hi- 'out'. In this and the following term, l0osts' -- s4 has the meaning 'rat'.

     l0osts' -- s4biⁿdaah- ='17 'bulging-eyed rat'. h- ='1 'it extends out' [ha- 'out' plus the hi- perf. neut. intr. of -'1 'to extend [of a rigid object]'.

     l0osts' -- s4l0ostsok'eh1t'47 'long-tailed rat'. l0osts'o 'rat'; k'eh1t'4 'it is like, similar to'.

     l0osts' -- s4dit['ooy4 'hairy field mouse'. dit['ooy4 'it is fuzzy, hairy' [?].

     dl=='ye7d0 'prairie dog'. Literally 'the prairie dog also'. The three terms following also have the enclitic -d0 'also'.

     dl=7ntsoye7d0 'big prairie dog'. dl=7, another form of the word dl=='ye 'prairie dog'. ntso 'it is big'; -ye ?; -7 relative.

     l00's1n4 'squirrel' [no analysis].

(5.55)

     tseenaagaa7 'white-tailed deer'. tsee- 'tail'; naagaa 'whiteness moves about'.

     tseedat['ij7 'Virginia deer'. Literally 'the blue-tailed one'.

     b8ntsa7 'elk'. b88 'deer'; ntsaa 'it is big'.

     dzi[dib4h4 'mountain sheep'. dzi[ 'mountain'; dib4h4 'sheep'. [this note in the print original contains a misprint, beginning this word with 'j' rather than 'dz'. -- MEC]

(5.56)

     di[hi[ee7 'black bear'. di[hi[ 'it is black'.

     yaatsoi7 'brown bear' [no analysis].

     shash[igai 'white bear'. [igai 'it is white'.

     shashntsa7 'California bear', ntsaa- 'it is big'.

     shashk11'gooshch77l7 'silver tip bear' [no analysis]

(5.57)

     '7d07 'mountain lion'.

     '7d07tsee'1[d -- ye 'short-tailed mountain lion'. tsee- 'tail'; '1[d -- ye 'it is short' [cf. note 5.3, paragraph 5].

     '7d07bitseenⁿdeedz7 'long-tailed mountain lion'. nⁿdeedz 'it is. long'.

     n1shgoj4 'wild cat' [no analysis].

     '7d07[kij7 'jaguar'. [ikij7 'it is spotted'.

(5.58)

     naag0shch'idee 'badger' [no analysis].

     naag0shch'ideebighaa'1[d -- d7 'coarse-haired badger'. bighaa 'his hair'; '1[d -- d7 'it is short' [see note 5.57].

     k'eel77sh4 'skunk'. Cf. Chir. g0lizh4 [linguistic note to Chircahua texts, note 15.1, 1].

(5.59)

     1. bit'a'g=l9g0]t'ish4 'all the varieties of those with feathers'. bit'a' 'their feathers'; g=l9 'there are'; g0]t'ish4 'varieties'.

     2. 'igh37 'its1]t'ish4 'the varieties of hawk that kill'. 'igh3, 3rd person imp. with indef. object of ...[hi- perf.] -- gh3 'to kill several' [act. tr.]. 'its1 'hawk, eagle'; ]t'ish4 'varieties'.

     'its1tso7 'eagle'. 'its1 'eagle'; -tso 'big'.

     'i[ch'3[gai7 'bald eagle'. 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; [iga 'it is white'.

     'itsee[kijee7 'female golden eagle'. -tsee 'tail'; [ikij 'it is spotted'.

     '4[chin4yii[cha'7 'black hawk. The informant translated this 'he who cries like a baby'. '4[chin4 'baby, child'. yii[cha'- cannot be identified as a form of -cha 'to cry'.

     'itsee[tsoli7 'red-tailed hawk'. Literally 'the yellow-tailed one'.

     go[gay1'itsee[kijee7 'Winston's hawk'. Literally 'the spotted-tailed one of the prairies'. go[ga 'plain, prairie, clearing'.

     g0]teelnaazhaa7 'marsh hawk'. Literally 'he who hunts about the flats'. naazhaa 'he goes about hunting'.

     The last two terms cannot be analyzed.

(5.60)

     'izh1sheenant'17tee[go[ga7 waxwing'. 'izh1shee 'bird'; nant'17 'chief'; tee[ 'tule'; go[ga 'plain'. Literally 'the chief bird of the plains' [?].

     'izh1sheenant'17[ib1y4 'titmouse'. [ib1 'it is gray'.

     ch'44nⁿd7y4[tsoy4 'goldfinch'. Literally 'yellow pine siskin'.

     'izh1sheetsiit'1[it07 'red-crowned kinglet'. tsiit'1 'top of the head'; [it0 'it is red'.

     The next two terms are not analyzable.

     'izh1shee[ib1y4tsiiyaahanda'naahi[j887 'whitebreasted creeper'. tsii- 'head'; yaa- 'under'; handa' 'rising sheer'; naahi[j88, 'blackness moves about'. Literally 'the bird which is gray under the head [and] black from there up'.

     j4ji[gal7 'white-breasted nuthatch'. j4ji- 'breast'; [iga 'it is white'.

     ts88[kaa[7 'woodpecker'. ts8 'wood'; yi[kaa[ 'he pecks it'.

     ts88[kaa[7'4nt'97 'Lewis woodpecker'. '4nt'9 'he is a witch'.

     ts88[kaa[7ntsa7 'California woodpecker'. ntsaa 'it is big'.

     The next term cannot be analyzed.

     t'1[t0d7 'flicker'. t'1- 'wing, feather'; -[-t0d- , a bound form [it0 'it is red'.

(5.61)

     1. The literal translation of the first line of this passage is as follows: "Those who eat bad things / all varieties of them / those who are of those that fly about / ravens / all kinds of them / first / that which he has come to. "

     2. nt-7yiy3sh4 'carrion-eaters'. nt- ' it is bad, evil'; yiy3 'they eat it'; -sh4 'those of such and such a group'.

     3. gaa'ye'its22shchoshyiy1n4 [this form appears in the text as gaa'ye'ich22shchoshyiy1n4 -- MEC] 'the ravens'. gaa'ye 'raven'; 'its22shchosh- 'carrion' [?]; yiy3 'they eat it'.

     4. gaa'yentsaa7 'raven'. ntsaa 'it is big'.

     go[gay1gaa'ye 'white-necked raven'. Literally 'plains raven'.

     gaa'yez33y47 'crow'. -z33y4 'little'.

     tseesh=='ye 'buzzard'. tsee- 'tail' -sh=='- ye ?.

(5.62)

     1. bikee'i[ch'3go[gijee 'those who have cloven hoofs'. bikee 'their feet'; 'i[ch'3 'from one another'; go[gij 'there is a gap'.

     bikee'i[aadaasijaa7 'those whose feet are bunched'. 'i[- reciprocal; aa- 'to'; daa- distributive; sijaa 'a mass lies'.

     2. shijaagheh d==ka 'you will tell me'. shijaa 'my ear'; -gheh 'in'; d==ka ?.

     3. doobents4'ikeesda7 'which have not stopped by means of him'. doo-...-da negative; bee- 'by means of him' plus nts4'ikees 'thoughts are to stop' [?]. I cannot analyze this form; cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 39.12, 4.

     4. dzi[1g0ochi7 'mountain pig'. dzi[ 'mountain'; -1, reduced form of -y1 pp.; g0ochi7, from the Spanish cochi 'pig'.

     ghooniitse7 'peccary'. The informant translated this 'the big-toothed one'. ghoo- is probably 'tooth' but niitse- is not identifiable with ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.

     ⁿd77'goot['idz7 'common pig'. 'The hard-nosed one' [?].ⁿd77'-, cf. -ⁿd7 'nose, nostril'; goot['idz-, cf. ni-...-t['idz 'to be hard'.

     ma'cho7 'the wolves'. ma'-, cf. mai, ma'ye 'coyote'; -cho 'big'.

     k4'i[d4n1goghe'dees'ees] 'those with their feet turned inside out'. k4- 'foot'; 'i[d4n1go 'past one another, between one another' [cf. linguistic notes to Chiricahua texts, note 2.13, 6]; ghe'- 'inside'; 'dees'ees, the 3rd person perf. of the verb -'44s 'to move one's feet' with the prefix di- ?.

     ch00n4 'dogs'; ]t'i7 'all varieties'.

(5.63)

     naagoshⁿd4go hishtsi[go 'I shall howl and bark'. naagoshⁿd4, 1st person imp. of naa-go-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd4 'to shout around, to go about shouting' [act. intr.]. hishtsi[ seems also to be a 1st person imp. but I have no further information about it.

(5.66)

     1. daa'idiihⁿd7 'there was a roar of thunder'. 3rd person distrib. imp. of 'i-di-|...[hi- perf.]-d-ⁿd7 'a noise is made' [act. intr.].

     2. 'its1[t['00l7 'rainbow'. 'its1[- ?; -t['00l, poss. form of t['00l 'rope'.

     3. bi'1l00l7 g=l9] 'he was its power'. -'1l00l 'spiritual power'.

(5.67)

     da'njooln1'a 'it moved upward'. Should read dah'njool, the 3rd person perf. of dah-di-|...[ni- perf.] -- joo[ 'a ball-like mass moves upward' [act. intr.] with indefinite subject [?].

(5.68)

     dood0danⁿd4nt==y4bi[ch'iⁿdile'1t'4da] 'he of whom one could certainly not say that he was an evil man'. doo-...-da negative; d0da- 'certainly' [?]; nⁿd4 'man'; nt==y4 'he is bad, evil'; bi[ch'iⁿdi 'one said to him'; -le optative encl.; '1t'4 'it is so'.

(5.69)

     ni'iits47 'your troubles'. -'iits4 'troubles, misfortunes' [no analysis].

(5.73)

     k'aats'os7'1t'47 'arrows'. k'aa 'arrows'; ts'os 'feathers'; '1t'4 'it is so'. Perhaps 'feathered arrows' would have been a better translation.

     d1g0b7'iban'1t'47 'tanned skins'. Literally, 'those which are indeed their tanned skins'.

(5.74)

     1. The literal translation of the first line is as follows: "Human beings / people like me / being in my trail."

     2. k'ehg=zh0n4beenaash17 'I am one who lives by what is beautiful'. k'eh- 'by reason of'; g=zh0n4 'that which is beautiful'; bee- 'by means of it'; naash1 'I go about, I live'.

     3. doosh4'edeegodi[ⁿd7dago 'they are not to speak evil of me even to themselves'. This form is not clear: doo-...-da negative; sh4- 'of me, about me'; '4dee- 'by means of oneself'. godi[ⁿd7 seems to be a form of the verb 'to say' but that theme has the zero rather than the -[- classifier. Where, too, does the connotation 'to speak evil' come from?

(5.76)

     1. t['ohnaaneesdidz7da 'vines'. t['oh 'plant'; naaneesdidz, 3rd person perf. of naa-ni-...[si- - perf.]-dis 'to twist about here and there' [act. intr.].

     ⁿdiibik11'naaneesdidz7da 'trailing vines' is the above word preceded by ⁿdii 'ground, earth' and bik11' 'on its surface'.

     2. b4]ch'iy4 'pines'. Probably an archaic relative in -4 of b4- 'against it' plus ]ch'i 'wind blows' [ni- perf. neut. intr.].

(5.82)

     nⁿdii7 gotahndaago 'since disease will be among them'. nⁿdii 'disease, sickness', the 3rd person of ni-...-ⁿdii 'to be hurt, sick; to have a pain' [imp. neut. intr.]. gotah 'among them' plus the 3rd person imp. of ni-...[si- perf.]-daa 'one person sits down' [act. intr.].

(5.83)

     1. d77k'eh7 bich'8nzh=go 'all of which will cure [diseases]'. d77k'eh7 'all, every one'. bich'88 'to it'; nzh= 'they are good'. Literally "all [the herbs] being good to [or, for] it [disease]".

     2. '4yaan1daa'shdi[k'3go 'some they will customarily burn for their smoke'. 3a person distrib. iter. of '4-yaa-'i-di-hi-...[si- perf.] -- [-k'22 'to bathe oneself in smoke, to purify oneself in smoke'. '4- reflexive [?]; yaa- 'below, under [?]; 'i- ?; di-hi- 'fire' [?]. The theme alone means 'to burn'.

     3. The last line of this passage is literally as follows: "These / medicines / these / herbs / these / medicines which are holy / they will be called."

(5.84)

     1. t['osh4'izee] 'herb medicine'. t['oh 'herb, plant'; sh4- ?; 'izee 'medicine'. Note that the terms designating medicines all have the relative -] which is generally used only with nouns denoting persons.

     2. nigoozhishdeeda 'if they breathe you'. 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of hi-|... [si- perf.]-zhish 'to sip' [act. tr.]. -deeda 'if, whether' [encl.].

     3. ⁿd4n1godadlee[ 'they will be cured'. 3rd person dual fut. of the -d- form of -laa 'to become' [act. intr.] with the prefixes ⁿd4-n1-. ⁿd4 is possibly the word for 'man, human being' and n1- the prefix 'again'. Literally 'they will become men again' [?].

(5.86)

     1. izeen1'ii[ⁿd1] 'medicine that moves for you'. 'izee 'medicine'; n1- 'for you' [?]; 'ii[ⁿd1, a causative 3rd person imp. of -d-ⁿd1 to move' [?].

     2. benk11'naagodazo 'they will mark you with it'. bee- 'by means of it'; nk11'- 'your surface'; the 3rd person dual fut. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-zo 'to make marks here and there' [act. intr.].

     3. ⁿd4n1'y==[chii[daa[ 'you will cure them'. This is obviously a 2nd person prog. with prefixes ⁿd4-n1-'i- [cf. note 5.84, 3]. I cannot, however, identify the theme of which -[-chii[ is the progressive stem. -daa[ future tense enclitic.

(5.87)

     'izeehootso] 'yellow medicine'. hootso 'it is yellow' [?].

(5.88)

     1. 'izei[g0]l9] 'you who are with medicine'. 'izee 'medicine'; -i[- from yi[- 'with it'; g0]l9-, 2nd person of go-ni-...-l9; 'to be'.

     2. '7l0ha[7 'hail club'. '7l0 'hail'; ha[ 'club'. See the ethnological note 17 to the English Translation of this passage [listed as '5.17' among the Ethnological Notes] [a misprint in the original incorrectly directs the reader to note 5.18 here -- -MEC]

     3. yengotsidaa[ 'they will pound you with it'. yee- 'by means of it' plus the 3rd person dual imp. with 2nd person obj. of ... [hi- perf.]-tsi 'to pound, strike' [act. tr.]. This is the rep. of -ts4 'to chop, strike'.

     4. d1h17bich'8]zh=daa[ 'you will cure anything'. d1- 'just'; h17, relative of h1- 'any'; bich'88 'to it'; ]zh=, 2nd person of ni-...-zh= 'to be good' [imp. neut.intr.].

     5. 'izeedoon1nee['3da] 'medicine without end'. n1nee['3 seems to be a combination of n1- ? and the unanalyzable form nee['3 'there are a certain number'.

     6. t['ohbiⁿd1a] 'red columbine'. t['oh 'plant, herb, grass'; biⁿd1a 'its eyes, seeds'.

(5.90)

     'izeehooto] 'red medicine'. hooto 'it is red' [?] . Cf. note 5.87.

(5.93)

     'izei[han1gach7] 'that redness which customarily emerges with medicine'. han1gach7, iter. of ha-go-...[hi- perf.] -- ch7 'redness emerges, comes out' [act. intr.]. ha- 'out'; go- place subject [?]. I do not know why go- becomes ga- in the text form; perhaps by vocalic infection from the preceding prefixes?

(5.94)

     1. 'idisht['ish, a synonym for dat['ijee 'turquoise'. No analysis.

     2. doonaag0][t'4dago 'if you do not cause trouble'. naag0][t'4, 2nd person of naa-g0-di-...-[-t'4 'to be evil, bad' [imp. neut. intr.].

     3. ts4gh1n1s4go 'a group moving through rock'. ts4 'rock'; gh1- 'through'; n1-...-[-z4 'a group moves' [act. intr.]. n- ?.

(5.97)

     ts4b44shdi[hi[7 'iron'. 'stone'; b44sh 'metal'; di[hi[ 'it is black'.

     k'eeshch77 'galena' [no analysis].

     [eetso7 'yellow ochre'. [ee- 'dust'; -tso, compounded form of [i-ni-...-tso 'to be yellow'.

     gooshch77 'ashes' [no analysis].

(5.99)

     1. It will be noted that d1] 'food' has three possessive forms; -d33', -d1ne, and -d1].

     2. 'it'22]k'oj7] 'lamb's quarters'. 'it'22 'leaves'; ]k'oj-, related to ]k'==j 'it is sour'?

(5.101)

     The last line in this passage is literally as follows: "Just mankind / just curing / for that reason / medicines / I have made you so."

     'ia[ch77n1 'just curing' cannot be analyzed. See note 5.86, 3.

(5.102)

     izeehoⁿd11[ 'living medicine'. hoⁿd11[, 3rd person prog. of -y1 'one person moves' [?].

     ha'ich'iid4 'osha' An archaic relative in -4 of the 3rd person imp. with indef. obj. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-ch'ii 'to dig out, up' [act. tr.].

     chogosht['7nee 'dock' [no analysis].

     ts8bi[n1daa'ch'i[t'oh7 'sumac'. ts8 'wood'; bi[- 'with it'; plus the 3a distrib. imp. with indef. obj. of n1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-t'oh 'to smoke' [act. tr.]. Literally 'that wood with which they smoke'. Sumac is mixed with tobacco and smoked.

     s17'izee7 'sage'. s17 'sand'.

     ts8yan1go[chin7 'solanium tripolium'. ts8 'wood' [?]; yan1- ?; go[chin7, relative of go[ch8 'it smells, has an odor' [?].

     ts4gh1nees1hee 'primrose' [no analysis but cf. note 5.94, 3].

     'izeeb4d -- s7 'bitterroot'. -b4d -- s7 ?.

     'izeek4ghash[izhin7 'eriogonium'. k4ghash 'root'; [izh8 'it is black'.

     [9bizee7 'eriogonium jamesii'. [9 'horse'.

     'izeedi[t227 'cinquefoil'. di[t22- ?.

     'iy1n4bid33'7 'Mormon tea'. Literally 'cattle food'.

     t['ohbichaheg=l7n7 'coneflower'. t['oh 'plant'; bichahe 'its hat'; g=l9 'there is'.

     'izeebit'22da[ghadz7 'perezianana'. bit'22 'its leaves'; da[ghadz 'they are jagged'.

     ts4zh7 'sage' [no analysis].

     ts4zh7tso7 'cudwood'. -tso 'big'.

     ch'7ⁿdeezee 'wormwood'. No analysis.

     ch'4go[ch8 'wild pumpkin'. ch'4- ?; go[ch8 'it smells, has an odor'.

     dz4tso7 'wild plum'. dz4 'chokecherry'; -tso 'big'.

     ts8[tsoi7 'algerita'. Literally 'yellow wood '.

(5.108)

     1. 'i[eenahdiishⁿd77[ 'I shall put you all together'. 'i[ee- 'by means of one another' [?]; nah- dual object; diishⁿd77[, no analysis.

     2. nahaagodin7'3 'I have given you a chance'. 1st person perf. with place obj. of 0aa-di-ni-...[ni- perf.]-'aa 'to give someone a round object' [act. tr.].

(5.109)

     nahtah1dishx1 'I shall be with you'. nah- dual pronoun; -tah 'among'; h1dishx1, no analysis.

(5.110)

     '1sh9s9]ne 'you who are related to me'. 2nd person with 1st person obj. of '1-...-[-z9; 'to be related to' [imp. neut. tr.]. -] relative; -ne 'people of such and such a group'. I am not certain of this analysis; see note 2.6, 4.

6. Coyote and Quail

(6.2)

     1. naa[dloosh47 [this form appears in the text as naa[dloosh47 -- MEC] 'Coyote'. Another of the many nicknames for Coyote. [cf. note 1.1, 1]. naa[dloosh4 is a relative in -4 of, the 3rd person imp. of naa-|...[si- perf.]-dloosh 'to trot about here and there' [act. intr.].

     2. The literal translation of the second line of this passage is as follows: " 'In what way / your children / being so well / being strung along after one another / after you / they going about here and there / you keep it so,' / Coyote / he said to her, it is said."

(6.3)

     The literal translation of the first line of this passage is as follows: "'This / rope / that which is strung between them / it being well by means of it / after me / they are going about here and there,' / Quail / she said to him, it is said."

(6.5)

     1. gh1daa'iistsigo 'pushing it through them'. gh1- 'through'; daa-'i- distrib. indef. obj.; plus the 3rd person perf. of -ts4. 'to do with a long pointed object' [act. tr.]. The distrib. daa- causes the si- perf. If gh1- alone is combined with this theme, the ni- completive prefix appears in the imp. and the perf. is of the ni- conjugation.

     2. 'itah]t'igo '19laan1'a 'he strung it between them'. 'itah 'among them, between them' [in- definite object]; ]t'i, 3rd person ni- perf. of -t'4 'to be strung'. '19laa, 3rd person perf. with 3rd person obj. of -l1 'to do to' [act. tr.].

     3. 'i[k4idaas'44jn1'a 'he strung them one after another'. 'i[- reciprocal; -k4 [also -k44'] 'after, following'; daa- distrib. obj.; plus the 3rd person si- perf. of -'eesh 'to string [e. g., beads]' [act. tr.].

     4. neesⁿd1go 'dead. 3rd person perf. of ni-...[si- perf.] -- ⁿd4 'several die' [act. intr.].

7. Coyote Marries His Own Daughter

(7.1)

     d1ma'ye 'there were just animals'. d1- just' ma'ye 'animals'. This word is ordinarily applied to Coyote but, in this instance as well as in numerous compounds, it has the wider meaning.

(7.2)

     doo'ee'19laadan1'a 'he did wrong'. The negative of the 3rd person perf. with 3rd person object of 11-...[? perf.] -- l1 'to do so to' [act. tr.] preceded by the prefix ee-. I cannot give an exacter definition for 'ee-.

(7.3)

     1. d1'7[ts4 nahd1]y1] 'the first person that you meet'. Literally 'the first one that meets you [pl.]'.

     2. 'it'4deheetsaaye 'the oldest girl'. 'it'4de 'girl'; -heetsaaye 'oldest', cf. ni-...-tsaa 'to be big'.

(7.6)

     doo'1dash9go 'in a roundabout way'. doo-...-da negative; '1- 'there'; -sh9; 'from'; -go subordinating enclitic.

(7.9)

     yaan1dz1 'he married her'. Literally 'he had gone back to her'.

(7.10)

     bi[naach'i'aash] 'his wife'. Literally 'she with whom he went about'.

(7.15)

     1. bee'itsee[ 'axe'. Literally 'one chops by means of it' .

     2. bich'88bi['4deeshneestan1'a 'she ran toward him with it'. bich'88 'toward him'; bi[- 'with it'; plus the 3a person perf. of '4d-ee-ni-...['si- perf.]-d-t1 'to run' [act. intr.]. '4d- reflexive; ee- 'by means of'; ni- terminative; -d-t1 'to start, jerk, move quickly'. See note 5.27, 2.

8. The Killing of the Monsters

(8.1)

     doonⁿd4]g0laadan1'a 'people were not permitted to live'. nⁿd4 'people'; ]g0laa 'they were permitted to live' [?]. See the linguistic note to Chirichua text 1.5, 4.

(8.2)

     daheest-n1'a 'it moved down'. 3rd person perf. of dah-hi-...[si- perf.] -- [- t- 'to move down' [act. intr.]. dah-hi- 'upon'; -[- t- 'to fall, drop'.

(8.3)

     gh77'y7 'Giant'. Cf. Chir. gh44'ye 'Giant' ( linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 1.5, 1.

(8.14)

     bich'88godish[4 'I am going after them'. bich'88 'toward them'; godish[4 'I am going' [?], no analysis.

(8.15)

     ngh4 nd47 '1i[ⁿd7 'people say that they are dangerous'. ngh4, 3rd person of ni-...-gh4 'to be dangerous, fearsome' [imp. neut. intr.]. '1i[ⁿd7 'they say of them' [?]. Ordinarily this would be translated 'they say to them' [see linguistic note to Chiricahua text 1.15, 3]. Perhaps the phrase should be translated 'they [the monsters] tell people [that] they are dangerous.'

(8.16)

      sh7d0 ngh4go '1dishⁿd7 'I say that I am dangerous also'. Note that ngh4go is the 3rd person [see note 8.15] rather than the 1st person the translation would seem to require. Perhaps a better translation would be 'I too say that they [the monsters] are dangerous.'

(8.24)

     1. y7]yoln1'a 'he blew at it'. 3rd person, perf. with 3rd person object of ni-...[ni- perf.] -- yoo[ 'to blow at' [act. tr.]. Cf. baan11ch'7]yoln1'a 'he blew at it again' [passage 26]. Here the 3a person perf. of the above verb is preceded by baa- 'to it, at it' and the prefix n11- 'again'. Finally, in passage 28, is found n11y7]yoln1'a 'he blew at it again'.

     2. naa'iⁿdiin1'a 'it was shattered'. 3rd person imp. of naa-'i-...[si- perf.]- ⁿdii 'several fly about' [act. intr.]. I am not certain of this analysis.

(8.25)

     bighanaach'==[teeln1'a 'it slid off of him'. See linguistic note to Chiricahua text 2.29, 3.

(8.34)

     sh7d0 ngh4 'I too am dangerous'. Here, again, the verb seems to have the wrong person for the translation given. See note 8.16.

(8.37)

     'iy1ab2ncha 'why are you weeping?' 'iy1ab22 'for what reason' plus the 2nd person imp. of -cha 'to weep' [act. intr.].

(8.41)

     shaadaasdl7 'they are cold'. shaa- ? plus the 3rd person distrib. of -d-dl7 'to be cold' [si- perf. neut.]. Does shaa- mean 'because of me' and the whole phrase 'they are cold because of me' or, more freely, 'I have let them become cold'?

(8.44)

     The second line is literally as follows: "His heart / right in the open / it moving / he had made it so for him, it is said / Gopher."

     d1ch'it'igo 'it moving'. d1- 'just' plus the 3rd person cont. imp. of ch'i-...[? perf.] -- t'4 'to move' [?]. See linguistic notes to Mescalero text 1.1, 4.

(8.45)

     keenah4]gha[go 'as he had reached him with them'. I cannot analyze this verb.

(8.50)

     1. ts4t'1go[ch7y1 'on a red mountain peak'. ts4 'rock'; - t'1 'top'; go[ch7 'place is red'.

     2. gojishn1'a 'he seized him'. No analysis.

(8.52)

     '4keen11'ch'at'aan1'a 'he took them off'. '4- reflexive; kee- 'off' [?]; n11- 'again'; 'ich'at'aa, no analysis.

(8.68)

     ts4dasit3y1 'in a high rock'. ts4 'rock'; dah- 'on, upon'; sit3 ' a long slender object lies'.

(8.70)

     biz44d7 'his life' [?].

(8.73)

     yaak4h88'17 'ladder' [no analysis]. Cf. yaak4dah88'17 'ladder' in line 1 of passage 74.

(8.75)

     y1t'1sh9go 'from the sky'. y1 'sky'; -t'1 'top, above'; -sh9 'from'.

(8.76)

     'ik'a[1n47 'a large slice of fatty meat'. 'ik'a 'fat, fatty meat'. [1n4, -4 relative of [3 'much'. The connotation 'slice of fatty meat' is given by the following verb which refers to the handling of fabric-like objects.

(8.77)

     yeebitaich'iistsasn1'a 'he whipped it'; literally ' he whipped them with it'. yee- 'with it' plus the 3a person perf. of 0-taa-ch'i-...[si- perf.] -- [-tsis 'to whip' [act. intr.]. For this prefix complex, see linguistic notes to Chiricahua text 4.9, 3.

     Note also beebitaich'iidzo 'he beat them with it', the 3a person perf. of 0ee-0-taa-ch'i- ...[si- perf.] -- dz0 'to beat' [act. intr.].

(8.81)

     k'aa7[iit'eeshn1'a, 'one black arrow'; k'aa7 'arrow'; [i- 'one'; hit'eesh 'it is black' 3rd person imp. neut. intr.,

(8.82)

     1. han==s3n1'a 'it arose'. 3rd person perf. of ha-n1-...[hi- perf.] -- [-z4 'a mass goes up, a group move upward' [act. intr.].

     2. '-=taadzn1'a 'he ran over there'. 3rd person perf. of 'i-|...[hi- perf.] -- t11s 'to run away' [act. intr.]. 'i-| 'away'.

(8.84)

     doodeey1dago, n1na[t88[n1'a 'he was not running, he was loping [wearily]'. doodeey1dago, the negative of deey1 'he has started to move' [?]. I cannot analyze the second word.

(8.85)

     The third line is literally as follows: "Very much / far / his tongue / it extending out / he went to him."

     deech'ago 'far' [no analysis].

9. The Mescaleros' Prophecy

(9.1)

     1. nah7]jaaj 'he put us down'. This was probably misheard for nnah7]jaaj, the 3rd person perf. of ni-ni-...[ni- perf.] -- j11sh 'to put down a mass' [act. tr.].

     2. dzi[gais'1n7 'White Mountain'. dzi[ 'mountain'; [igai 'that which is white'; si'1n7 'that which lies'.

     3. biⁿd1d4 'its vicinity, neighborhood'.

(9.2)

     1. ⁿdiibeedahgoos'3n1'a 'they were scattered over the country'. ⁿdii 'land country'; bee- 'with it'; dah- 'on, upon'; goos'3 'a place lies'. Literally 'the country lay with them upon it'.

     2. s -- sbinibit['1h1d0 'the north also'. s -- sbini or s -- sb8 'Big Dipper'; bit['1h1, bit['1h 'under it' plus -y1 pp.; -d0 'also'.

     3. biⁿdiiden7 'that which was then their country'. -ⁿdiide, poss. form of ⁿdii 'country'; -n past tense enclitic.

     4. The fourth line is literally as follows: "Now / Mescalero people / that which is their land / being just to its measure / Mescalero people / there remains."

     5. d1beehadeesb8 'they have filled it up'. d1- emphatic; bee- 'with it'; plus the 3rd person perf. of ha-di-...[si- perf.] -- b8 'to become full' [act. intr.]. Literally 'it has become absolutely full with [or, of] them.'

(9.4)

     1. h11l7nⁿd4n1'idzii7 'when there are only a few Indians left'. h11l7 'only a few' [?]; ⁿd4 'Indians'; n1'idzii 'there remains' [no analysis]; -7 relative.

     2. ⁿdii'4n1god87 '1h11n4daa[ 'the end of the world will be at hand'. ⁿdii 'world, earth'; '4n1god8 'it is destroyed' [place subj. of '4-n1-...-d8 'to be gone, destroyed'. '4- thematic; n1- ?]. '1h11n4 'it is near'; -daa[ fut. encl.

(9.5)

     1. '17n7 'those of the past'. '17 'those'; -n past tense enclitic; -7 relative.

     2. doo[i'haodz7da 'they did not speak incorrectly'. Negative of the 3rd person perf. of ha-|...[hi- perf.]-dzii 'to speak' [act. intr.]. [i'- 'incorrectly' [?].

(9.6)

     1. bitsii ch'==sh4 'they have cut their hair'. bitsii 'their heads'. ch'==sh4, 3a person perf. of ...[hi- perf.] -- [-zh4 'to cut, shear, mow' [act. tr.].

     2. 'ighe'sij4 'they wear'. 'ighe' 'inside it'; sij4 'they lie' [3rd person si- perf. neut. intr.].

     3. The last line is literally as follows: "Now / those who were Indians / it is not known of them / those who are just white men."

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