On Thursday being the first of March The Confederation of the United States was finally established in Congress To be perpetual, being first Considered and acceeded to by the Ligislatures of all the States. By a Signal given at the State House The Completion of this grand Union & Confederation was anounced by Fireing thirteen Cannon on the Hill And the same number on board Captn. Paul Jones Frigate in the Harbour. At Two OClock the members of Congress, The members of the General Assembly of Pensylvania, the President and Council of that State, the officers of the Army in Town, the officers of State and a great number of Gentlemen waited on the President of Congress To Congratulate him on this occasion; And partook of a Collation prepaired at his House for that purpose. In the evening there was a grand exhibition of fireworks at the State House, & also on board Paul Jones Frigate in the Harbour-And all the Vessels in the Harbour were Decorated and illuminated on this Occasion and great joy appeared in every Countenance but those of the Disaffected.

   I wrote a few Lines this morning.(2) Only just sett down Now to Tell you that the Grand Confederation of the States was this day Completed. At Ten oClock we had a Colation at the President of Congress's and at five I Dined at Mr. McKeans with the President & Vice President of this State and a number of Members of Congress & other Gentlemen And this evening we had a grand exhibition of fire works at the State House, and another on board of Paul Jones Ship-And indeed all the Day has been Spent in rejoicing.(3)

   Expect to go out to board Tomorrow and in a few days after according to his Custom-Shall probably be waited on by the Minister of France-so that you See a Member of Congress is now no Small Man & yet I feel no Change in My Self, and all these flattering enjoyments would be Too weak to keep me here if the Love of My Country did not Coincide with them.

   Thomas Rodney

   
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   I have the Pleasure to inform you that Congress have been pleased to elect you to the important Office of Secretary of Marine for the United States.(1)

   A Copy of your Appointment is herewith enclosed.

   I have the Honor to be, with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient Servant,

   S.H.

   By the Act of Congress herewith enclosed your Excellency will be informed that the Articles of Confederation & perpetual Union between the thirteen United States are formally & finally ratified by all the States.(1)

   We are happy to congratulate our Constituents on this important Event, desired by our Friends but dreaded by our Enemies.

   I have the Honor to be &c, &c,

   S.H.

   Your Excellency's Letter of the 26th Instant came to hand last Evening. (1)

   Baron Steuben's Letter, which you mention as referred to in Governor Jefferson's Letter, by some Mistake of the Governors Secretary, was not enclosed in his Despatches to me and has never come to Hand. This I ought to have noted on the Copy of the Governor's Letter transmitted to your Excellency.(2)

   The Detachment under the Marquis passed down the river by this City yesterday.(3)

   By a Letter from Baron Steuben to the Board of War we are told, that Arnold has sent to New York for a reinforcement.(4) No farther Intelligence from the Southward.

   I have the Honor to be, with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   The States of Newhamshire and Rhode Island having each but one Member in Congress, they became unrepresented by the Confirmation of the Confederation-By which not more than Seven nor less than two Members is allowed to represent any State (1)-Whereupon General Sulivan, Deligate from Newhamshire moved (2)-That Congress would appoint a Committee of the States, and Adjourn till those States Could Send forward a Sufficient number of Deligates to represent them-Or that they would allow their Deligates now in Congress To give the Vote of the States 'Tiil one More from each of those States was Sent to Congress to Make

   But all their Arguments were ablely confuted by Mr. Burke of N.C. and others, and the absurdidty of the motion fully pointed out, So that the question passed off without a Division-But it was the general Opinion of Congress that those members might Continue to Sit in Congress, and Debate & Serve on Committees tho they Could not give the Vote of their States.

   Mr. Pryor intending to set of in the Morning have set down to Mention some News that Came to hand to day. The Minister of France informed Congress this afternoon That the America a 64 Gun Brittish Ship which having been blown of in the late Storm being returned To her Station in Guardners bay, & by that Means the Brittish having a Superiority to the French Fleet at Rhode Island it had been thought necessary to Order the Squadron back from Virginia-which he informed had Taken Six prizes one the Romulus of 44 Guns & 500 Men and Two Strong Privateers from New York.(1) By Advices also recd. today it appears that Cornwallace had passed the Roanoke River-That Col. Lee Had Made an attack on a party of his Cavalry and killed 13, & Taken 30 prisoners and Totaly defeated the Party-That Genl. Greene was Joined by 1300 Malitia

   Yesterday the Confederation was finally rattified and Confirmed. At Two OClock we had a Colation at the President of Congress's. At five I dined at Mr. McKeans with the President & Vice President and Sundry members of assembly of this State and Sundry Members of Congress & others. Thus you hear this Situation is not without the flattering inducements of Good Company & Good Living. But as have not yet had it in my power to git lodgings to My Mind, have not yet been waited on by the Minister of France Whose Custom it is to wait on every member of Congress as soon as he Takes lodgings.

   As I may often Communicate to you many things which ought not to be publick I shall only request that you will always attend to such things as your own Judgment points out to be of that nature which may save me the Trouble of particularising them. I am Vizt.

   Thomas Rodney

   N.B. I am much pleased to find that all your old acquaintances in Congress still profess the warmest Esteem for you. My love to Sally and all friends below.

   Did I, my Dr. general, consult forms in those attachments which my Judgment is proud in having adopted; this letter would contain little but appology in not having earlier acknowledged the oblidging favours with wich you have honoured me-My constitution is of a different mould. I could only therefore look forward to a character with veneration, which I could not pleasantly address: and amidst those publick and domestick troubles, which united to assail the virtuous mind; a hearty Sympathy was not the Smallest, among poor ornaments of my mind.

   It is with uncommon satisfaction I See you rise Superior to the Throws of hazard, not overclouded by Strokes, which must have strong affected the parent & heretofore successful general. It gives a pre-eminence to that Station in which you was placed, When Congress bestowed with So much Justice, its highest honours and marks of Esteem on the victorious General at Saratoga.

   Were we, in this contest for a republican Interest to preserve our apathy for the monarch under which we formerly lived; merely for the purpose of grasping honor of a similar and baser nature, how vain and mean would be the pursuit-but when Sentiments are founded on a conviction, that Despotism ought not to enter into Human Society or constitute any part of the government of civil rights-the Same generous ardor, which is engaged to extirpate it; will ever preserve a Jealousy to prevent it. This Jealousy must be considered, to Speak en militaire, the vide of Republican Safety.

   Rumours from various parts are arrived-Count d'Estaing having captured Six british men of War, part of Commodore Hoods Squadron, and a very considerable number of transports off the western Islands, This may be true-Several other accounts from the Southwd. These you know, being not of a latter date, than when I heard from you.

   The Marquis delaFayette, and a detachment of light infantry, from the whole of the N____ Army, passed by here two days Since; the object, Arnolds post; but the departure of the French Ship of War and frigates from Chesapeak for Rhode Island, will possibly convert it into a reinforcement to Genl Greene. The French Ships carried into Rhode Island ten prizes: of which two or three were Stout privateers, also the Romulus of 44 Guns & 500 British-this is certain.

   The Confederation was finally ratified on Thursday last. Major Deveaux who intends shortly for Berkely county, will furnish me an opportunity of Writing more at large and commencing that regular correspondence from which I will draw much Satisfaction and use.

   I am pleased with the Expectation of Seeing you in Philadelphia the beginning of April, by that time important Events will await our Southern operation.

   Please to introduce my Respectful Complemts. to Mrs. Gates, and Believe me Dr. General, with much respect & attachment, yr. faithful & Obed. Serv, Richd Howly

   In the begining of January last, before I left head Quarters, I advised the Commander in chief, to Send Brigadier General Knox of the Artillery to the four New-England States to allarm them on the defection of the Pennsylvania line, as well as to draw their attention by that event to the important military Concerns of the United States. The Brigadier is a man of Sense and observation, so that his Judgment may be relied on; and as he is a native of N.E. and well acquainted with the people of that Country and with the means of geting information, no question remains in my mind of the truth of the Communication he has made to me, of the result of His mission. To his report I can with great truth add that I am persuaded on the best evidence, that every man in the State of New York who were in earnest & risqued every thing in opposing the British Tyranny in the first Stage of the Contest, are now Zealously attached to the independency of America, and the Alliance. For your Excellency Satisfaction I have taken the Liberty to [su]bjoin to this an Extract of His Letter to me on the Subject.(1) I have the Honor to be with great respect, Your Excellency's most obt and most Humble Servant

   Saturday. Not being in Congress I did not hear the debates of this day but the only question of importance was "that those Members who had served three years were now by the Confederation inellegeable(1) but the question was lost by passing off without a

   Your Excellency will be informed by the enclosed Act of the third Instant of the Measures Congress have adopted for the Removal of the Convention Troops into the State of Pennsylvania.(1) The like Information is transmitted to Governor Lee, & the President of Pennsylvania.

   I have also informed Governor Lee, that should your Excellency find it necessary to order the Prisoners taken at the Cowpens to move Northward through Virginia, as intimated in your late Advice to me, He (Governor Lee) must consider them as included with the other Prisoners and give Orders accordingly.

   It is necessary that the Executive of Maryland, or the Commanding Officer have seasonable Notice that they may be prepared to receive the Prisoners when they arrive on the Borders of Maryland.

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Respect, your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam Huntington President

   By the enclosed Act of Congress of the 3d Instant (1) your Excellency will be informed that all the Convention Troops both in Virginia & Maryland are to be removed to Yorktown & Lancaster, or such other Places in the State of Pennsylvania as the Executive of that State shall assign for their reception: and the State of Maryland is requested to superintend the removal, Safe keeping & Supply of the German Corps, from Nolands Ferry on Potowmack, and the British now at Frederick town, through Maryland to the Borders of Pennsylvania, and to continue the Guards until the British Prisoners arrive at Yorktown & the Germans at Lancaster, or such other Places as the Executive of Pennsylvania shall appoint for their reception. The Supplies both for the Prisoners & Escort are to be furnished by Pennsylvania after they arrive within the Borders of that State.

   If the Prisoners taken by Genl Morgan in the Action at the Cowpens should be removed to the Northward through Virginia, it is necessary to include them also.

   I need not point out to your Excellency the Necessity & Importance of supplying a sufficient Guard, & especially a Commanding Officer equal to the Task, to prevent Desertion or any other Impediment to the Execution of these Orders.

   I suppose the Prisoners in Virginia are now on their Way to Nolands Ferry, as Governor Jefferson hath already advised me that the Situation of Affairs in that State compelled him to put them in Motion; and I have desired him to give your Excellency the earliest Notice of their Movement, that a Guard might be ready prepared to receive them at the Borders of Maryland.

   It will also be necessary that President Reed have previous seasonable Notice of the Time when the Prisoners will enter the State of Pennsylvania.(2)

   I have the Honor to be, with very great respect, your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   I have herewith enclosed the Copies of two Acts of Congress of the

   I have the Pleasure to inform you that Captain Tilly after he left the Bay on his return to Newport captured the Romulus, mounting 44 Guns & pierced for 50 and carried her into Newport.

   I have the Honor to be, with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient Servant,

   Sam Huntington President(2)

   We have been for some days past in the most impatient expectation of hearing that the Virtue and ardor of our Countrymen had put a stop to the Progress of Cornwallis, and a period to his handfull of men with which that adventurous Knight Errand had dared to traverse the Southern States, and (as if bidding defiance to our Patriotism and Courage) has with three thousand troops thrown down the Gauntlet to forty thousand at least, who are nearer to him than he is to any support. Good God! Shall it be said that this man has dared to Venture near three Hundred miles from the Sea Coast and above two Hundred from any of his Posts and shall be permitted again to return! I cannot believe it. It is said we want Arms-Has not every Peasant in Virginia & North Carolina a Gun? with what weapons were the Battles of Bunkers Hill, Bennington and Kings mountain fought. But I will not dwell on a Subject which affords so much Chagrin. I will suppose that the Spirit of America has again roused and that Saratoga is revived at the Saura Town.(1) I have been unwearied in my applications for a Maritime force from Rhode Island and should in my last have informed you that I had at last obtained it through the French Ministery-but was afraid to trust it to paper as it was so profound a secret that no one in Philadelphia except him & myself knew it was saild untill we had reason to expect it had arrived. Altho it had not all the desired effect

   The Confederation was Signed and completely ratified on Thursday last, and was accompanied with every demonstration of Joy by all ranks of People in this Place. I thought I had acknowledged the Rect. of yrs. enclosing Col. Masons Sentiments.(3) I have little doubt of the Grants being accepted by Congress on the terms mentiond in the act of Cession which I see nearly corresponds with those in that Paper. I believe the Covert manoeuvres of the land Jobbing Companies are so well known, and so fully discoverd, that few of their abettors will be hardy enough to oppose it in its fullest latitude. Congress seems at this time more Unanimous, and less torn by factions than (from the best Information I can obtain from the oldest Members) it has ever been since its first meeting. I am clearly of opinion if the Intelligence you give of the hostility of the British against the Danish Ships be true; that the next Spring must unfold the designs of the Armd neutrality [to] their fullest extent and that Britain's Sun of Glory will set in the ocean never to rise again. We have a report-which comes from the Havannah-Martinique, & Hispaniola to Boston in short Passages that D'Estaing has taken six of Admiral Hoods Squadron of the line & three frigates & forty five of his Convoy for the West Indies. This is all the news at pr[esent] Current. You will be pleased to offer my respects to your Brother Arthur, from whom I have in vain expected a letter for some time past. I am happy to hear he is well. We are informd that the assembly has voted three Pounds Virginia Currency per day for the delegates. If so, I can assure you it will bring such as have families, and live in any manner suitable to their station, with the Utmost oeconomy, above one Hundred Pounds per Annum in debt, exclusive of traveling home once a year which is a recess from business. I think not unreasonable. I hope by the next Post to have my acct. of expenditures made out, ready to be laid before the assembly. Adieu & believe me to be Dr. Sr., Yr. most obet. Set.

   Theok Bland

   I do myself the Honor herewith to enclose for your Excellency's Amusement, a Plan proposed by an ingenious Gentleman to be adopted for sinking the Continental Bills of the old Emissions.(1) If the Inhabitants of any State are disposed to bring in & exchange their Quota of those Emissions at the rate of seventy five for one, the Plan appears plausible & ingenious at least in Theory.

   I have also enclosed the Copy of a Letter just come to hand from the Governor of Virginia,(2) which contains Intelligence more favorable from the Southward than we had of late received. Indeed the Situation of Affairs in that Quarter have been for some Time & yet are critical. Very important Events must soon take Place.

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   I do myself the Honor to forward the enclosed Despatches from General Greene, also the enclosed Copy of a Letter from Governor Jefferson which contains the latest Intelligence received from the Southward.(1)

   Perhaps the enclosed Letter addressed to your Excellency, (supposed to be) from Governor Jefferson, may contain similar Intelligence.(2)

   By the enclosed Copy of an Act of Congress of the first Instant your Excellency will be informed that the Confederation is finally ratified by all the States.

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest respect, your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   P.S. Your Excellency's Favour of the 27th Ulto was this Day received.(3)

   Doctor Winship went for Boston this morning in a Carriage and was so kind as to take two small Packages which I made up of Articles for Mrs. Adams, Mr. Wibert, Col. Peabody, Yourself and my Daughter.(1) In a Letter-Form he has yr. Loan Office Certificate with the Interest in Bills of Exchange, yr. Rufffles and the Edging, which he is to deliver into yr. Hands or to Mrs. S A Otis. Mrs. Lovell, in opening a small Bag will find a Bundle in brick colored Paper for you. I put up yr. damaged Cambrick and your undamaged silk Handkerchief with yr. injured muslin dos. I could not impose anything more on the Doctors Goodness than what I have done or I would have added something belonging to you with a few Articles for Mr. Cranch. I will omit no good Opportunity of sending the whole.

   We have nothing of Decision from the southward that can be depended on; for, tho' Govr. Jefferson writes on the 26th that Cornwallis was retreating as rapidly as he had advanced, yet he mixes some Circumstances that we know are not true. Genl. Green wrote on the 15 that he himself had crossed the Dan without any Loss of Men or Baggage, but that he was not in condition to oppose the Enemy at all the Fords which would that Evening be passable and therefore he should not attempt to do it at any-that the militia were not coming to reinforce him and some were even leaving him-that his own Troops were in fine Spirits though they might be tracked by their bloody Feet. Govr. Jefferson says Cornwallis was retreating towards Hilsborough, and that Genl. Caswell was in his Rear with 4000. I think this probable from knowing Caswell's Influence; but it is a vi[le] toryish Country from Hilsborough to Cape Fear so that the 4000 will not grow. The Enemy are 3,250, but, if actually on the Retreat, the Hessian Brigade will as usual lose mach of its Strength by Desertions.

   Mulenberg was within 4 miles of Newport with 4,000 and his advance within 1/4 mile he had two mortars and had picked off several Centinels and taken some Waggons. He thinks he shall be able to give a good account of Arnold. Baron Steuben had left that Quarter, and gone with 500 Continentals and some Rifle Men to strengthen Genl. Green.

   Perhaps a more regular acct. will be in the Print Tomorrow.

   I am not very well, and have other Letters to scratch.

   Doctr. Jones is just in from a Kick up (2) and tells me Col. Bird's Wife of Virginia (Mr. T Willen's Sister) is goaled as a Traiteress in League & Correspondence with Arnold.

   Yr. affectly, J L

   When we came to do business this Morning it was proposed by the President that Congress Should determine What number of States in Congress assemblad are Competent to do business. This brought on a long and Learned debate. It was Argued by Mr. Duane of N.Y., Mr. of Connecticut,(1) Mr. Madison of Virginia, Mr. Lovel, of Masachusets, Mr. Root (2) & Mr. Witherspoon of Jersey and Mr. McKean of Delaware-That, as the Confederation had enumerated Sundry things Which Should Not be done but by the Assent of nine States-And that no other question (except for Adjourning from day to day) Should be determined unless by the Votes of a Majority of the United States in Congress Assembled.(3) It was evident that the

   I had Yesterday the Pleasure of receiving your Letter of 21 Feby by the Post. The Attention you have given to my recommendation of Major Clarkson (1) is very obliging. Besides his Merit as an officer, I confess, a Desire that all Strangers of Reputation should meet with Hospitality in Boston, has moved me to make that gentleman as well as others known to my Friends there. Some Persons who have not been acquainted with that City have imbibd an Opinion of the Inhabitants as being illiberal, severe & inhospitable. I cannot imagine what could give Rise to this opinion, for I have always thought they deservd a different Character, and it has gratified me much to hear it said by Gentlemen who have made a Tour that Way that the People are remarkeably civil & polite. It may be a Peice of good Breeding in my Friends to speak as handsomely as they can, to me of my native Town. They indeed often tell me that I discover a Partiality in nothing so much as in regard to the Citizens of that Place. I own there may be some Grounds for their thinking so, for I am sensible of the strongest Attachment & the warmest Affection, & those Feelings a Man cannot easily hide. I hope there will always be found in Boston, at least as much Urbanity as in any other City, in the Judgment of Men of true Taste, but I wish the Time may never come when his Manners shall be such as to recommend them to the unprincipled & profligate.

   I thank you for your kind Intention of sending me a Quintal of fish. It would have been Luxury to our Southern Friends, but as I design very soon to return to Boston, I shall not have the pleasure of partaking of it with them.

   I really think you have been hardly dealt with, in the Instance you mention in your Letter. It is difficult always to account for the opinions of Men even in Matters which nearly affect the Interest of Individuals. I am affraid mistaken Principles have been adopted to your Prejudice which may hereafter appear when it may be impracticable to do you Justice.

   Inclosd is the Newspaper of the Day. The Letter from Richmond of the 26 Feb. is from Govr Jefferson of Virginia. We have just recd one from Genl Green dated the 15th mentioning his crossing the Roanoak which divides Virga & N Carolina, & that Ld. Cornwallis was on the other Side waiting for an opportunity to ford.(2) The Distance from Richmond is about 120 Miles & a good Road. The Govrs Letter is dated 11 days later than the Generals, in which Space, Circumstances m[igh]t have taken place as is therein alledgd. The Govr is a Gentn of great Prudence & not apt to be deceivd. A Detchmt [ofl 1500 Troops commanded by the Marquiss de la

   Be so kind as to acquaint Mrs A that I have recd her Letter of 21st Ulto & that I am in good Health.

   We have nothing further of D'Estaigns success. It is probable the sudden departure of the French Ships from our Bay will disconcert the operations agt Arnold-abt 1500 Men, (21 Compys. from so many Regts of the main army) pass'd by this place last Thursday in their way to Virginia. The Marquis de la Fayette who has the Command of them is I hope by this time with you.

   The French ships which were in our Bay arivd at New Port the 24th Ulo-they took ten prizes, two of them of considerable force, on their return the Romulus of 44 Guns peirc'd for 50 fell into their hands-they took in all 500 prisoners. The America a British 64 Gunship, which was Oblig'd by the Storm to put to Sea, from Gardiners bay is returnd to that port.

   As I know how uncertain Your intelligence from Virga is, I send you the enclosd (1)

   I am with great esteem Yr. Excellencys Mo Obt Ser,

   Danl. Carroll

   I recevd my dearest polly, your affectionate Letter by this days post. The Circumstances of our publick Affairs have demanded the Attention of every man in publick Trust, in an eminent degree, especially of those whose long experience in business has acquired them Confidence and the Means of being useful. It must be obvious to you that we must be ruined unless a Successful period is put to the

   You know the Integrity of my Heart and the Candor of my Mind; and you may rest assured that it is impossible you can wish more ardently for my return than I do to embrace my dearest polly and our beloved Children. I am pleased with our Son's proficiency. I have in a late Letter told you how much I lament the Loss of his preceptor. What you mention of our little darling pleases me. Why did you not say something of our Sally? But I am happy to know she is well. I much approve of your retaining the Nurse. And I entreat you not, by any means, to dismiss her. We shall find means to make it her Interest to continue her Charge when I return home. You are Anxious to know when that will be and I will satisfy you as well as I can. Brother Robert and his Lady will set out in the Course of five or six weeks and I mean to accompany them-and shall by degrees withdraw myself from Business to be prepared for that Event. Harry

   Our Southern affairs wear a promising Aspect. Lord Cornwallis is retreating after a rapid march in pursuit of the Prisoners taken from his Army by General Morgan to no purpose. There is the greatest probability that he will share the Fate of Burgoine. Arnold who is Entrenched at Portsmouth in Virginia appears to be in greater danger: but we must wait the Events of War in anxious Sollitude.

   Cornwallis followed General Green's small Army which has been assembling since Gates's defeat upwards of 330 or 340 miles, from Cambden in South Carolina to the Borders of Virginia. The Retreat of Greene gave the Militia an Opportunity of Collecting, And they were becoming formidable. Cornwallis now saw his danger and retreated back as fast as possible and General Greene with his Army and the militia are in pursuite of him, and he has besides a large body of militia in his front who will interrupt his progress. So soon has the Scene changed and such is the Fortune of War!

   Our daughter is in good health. She Joins me in wishing sincerely to be with you and in affectionate Respects to all our Friends. Kiss and bless for us our dear Children; And believe that no Absence or distance will abate the unalterable Affection and Fidelity of my dearest Polly, your Affect. Husband,

   Jas. Duane (1)

   I have received your Letters of the 10th & 1 5th Ulto and forwarded your Despatches to Genl Washington.(1) I am happy to receive the earliest Intelligence from the Southward, but, in your present Situation, ever readily excuse your not multiplying Duplicates of the Intelligence.

   You will receive enclosed a Copy of an Act of Congress of the 1st Instant, by which you will be informed the Articles of Confederation are finally ratified by all the States.

   It will be proper to announce this important & happy Event to the Army when Circumstances will admit.

   I have also the Pleasure to inform you that Moylands Corps & the Pennsylvania Line, except such as are on the western Frontiers, are ordered to join the Army under your Command;(2) and heartily wish this Measure had been sooner adopted.

   I have the Honor to be, with very high respect, sir, your most obedient servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   I have been honored with your several Favors of the 8th, 17th, & 26th Ulto,(1) And have it now in my Power to inform you, that Monsr. Tilly with the small Squadron under his Command has left the Bay & arrived at New-Port the 24. Ulto, on his passage having captured the Romulus, a 44 Gun Ship but pierced for 50 & carried her into Newport.

   And you may daily expect a Reinforcement in the Bay both of Troops & Ships, Wind and Weather permitting; but this Should remain a Secret until they arrive.

   The Delegates from Virginia it is presumed, will give your Excellency more particular Intelligence of this Reinforcement.

   I have the Honor to be with great respect, Sir, your Excellency's most obedient Servant, S. Huntington

   Miss Livingston (1) informed me a few days ago, that in a letter she received from you, you mention you had received no answer from

   Our preperations for a final ratification of the Confederation, have suspended for a time our plan of finance. Our constitution being so materially changed, that we have felt a little awkward in our new gears; however we have got pretty well used to them now, & have again entered on business.

   I hope our new constitution will prove the means of introducing a more clear & perfect understanding between Congress & the States. And whilst the first continue to confine themselves within the strict limits of their authority, the latter will conceive themselves bound by the most sacred ties implicitly to support them. The want, hitherto, of a proper line to be drawn between Congress, & the states, has been the cause of numberless embarrassments: for whilst the States were left ad libitum, some would do a great deal, some a little, & others scarcely anything. The evil consequences resulting from this conduct are apparent. My expectations are highly flattered by this important event, & anticipate in my own mind the most happy consequences resulting from it.

   The return of the French fleet to Rhode Island I suppose you are acquainted with. This must of course frustrate the Marquis's expedition.

   We have not heard from the southward since the 10th ulto. but we are in hourly expectation of an express from thence. We have just received dispatches from the So. ward which inform us, that Cornwallis is retreating, that Genl. Caswell had collected 4000 North Carolina Militia in his front, & 6000 Virginians were in his rear. This looks well, & probably some important stroke may be made at him before he gets back. Genls. Mughlenburgh & Nelson was laying close siege to Arnold at Portsmouth with 4500 men. They had advanced to within a mile of his works with two mortars.

   Their advanced posts were within a qr. of a mile of each other-but the dog can get away by means of his shipping, unless the French fleet can prevent him. I am Dr. sir, with the most perfect Esteem Regard, yr. most Obedt. Servt. Jno. Mathews

   I received your favor of the 26th Ulto. the 1st inst.(1) In answer thereto, I beg leave to observe, That all the gentlemen now prisoners at St. Augustine, were either acting as officers in the militia; or as private soldiers, at the time they were made prisoners. And I cannot conceive they can be looked upon, in any other light, than that in which they acted at the time of their captivity. Indeed by the capitulation of Charles Town, this is a point clearly decided. I conceive when the people of a country, lay aside the characters of citizens, and assume that of soldiers, through the whole course of the accidents of war, they are to be considered according to their military rank only, that of the citizen being absorbed in that of the soldier.

   For instance, all the British officers taken in America, who have been members of their parliament, or House of Lords, have not been considered as such, at the time of exchange, but simply in the ranks they have held in their army. Genl. Burgoyne was a Governor, he was never considered in all the Cartels that have been propos'd in any other light than as a Genl. officer. Several other officers, I believe, have held civil commissions, independent of their seats in parliament.

   From these considerations, I cannot think Sr. Henry Clinton, can have an Idea of holding those gentlemen at St. Augustine, by any other characters than those they respectively held in the military line at the time of their capture. Should your Excellency find this objection started by Sr. H. Clinton, in the course of your negotiations, I think Congress should be immediately acquainted with it, that they might be enabled to take their measures accordingly.

   If they can bring any criminal charge against those gentlemen, let them exhibit them. And if the charge is proved, they must suffer, if not, it is high time, that justice should be done them. Congress cannot with honor, longer delay it. A speedy exchange, has hitherto been the only cause of it's being suspended.

   I am, Dear sir, with the highest respect & every sentiment of the most sincere Esteem & regard, yr. Excys. most Obedt. servt.

   Jno. Mathews

   This Morning the Subject So Much debated Yesterday Came on the Carpet again (1)-but all the Members being Tired out With the debate and Concluding it Would be unsafe To Make any final determination on a Matter which So Materially affects the freedom and Sovereignty of the respective States Generally Agreed that the Rule of their Conduct Should be Not to go upon any business but When Nine States at least are represented in Congress-And Not to pass any Vote but with the assent of Seven States at least Untill otherwise Determined, When all the States are represented-and upon this Rule we proceeded to business.

   The Deligates of N.Y. Moved that the memorial from there State Should be Taken up Which requested that Congress Would recommend it to the respective States To repeal all Laws Making paper Money Legal Tender, or that they Would permit that State to pay of the Certificates Which had been given for Supplies With the New Money-or that they Would furnish Money to pay of those Certificates &c. or that they Might be ordered to Exchange the New Money for the Old &c.(2) Doctr. Weatherspoon opposed this Motion and Said that it Tended to increas the paper Money in Circulation if they were permitted to pay of the Certificates in that way-And a member from Connecticut (3) Observed that they had Called in all the Old Money in that State by Tax-and it Would be hard Now that it Was in great part Collected that they Should be Obliged on Account of New Yorks Application To give the New Money out for the Old, which would be Taking to Much from the Treasury-And oblige them to be at the Expence and delay of Collecting another Tax as the old Money Must be distroyed and wou'd Serve to pay the army or purchase Supplies-postponed Till Tomorrow.

   General Vernon of Rhode Island, Then Moved that Congress Should appoint a Committee to Draw up a Code of Laws giving Congress full power to punnish All their Own officers And that it Should be recommended to The United States to Confirm the same. This Motion was at first opposed but the Committee was afterwards agreed to & the Debate reserved Till they Report (4)-another Grasp.

   Mr. Barney Father to Nathan Barney of your regiment has been with me for a Certificate respecting his Son who he Says is Detained after his Time of Enlistment is Expired on Account of his having Deserted. I am not able to remember the Tenor of the Pardons published by me while in Command at Rhode Island. If it was General & without any Conditions or Exceptions Expressed, he ought not in my opinion to be held, as it would be a breach of Faith. But if he returned & agreed to Comply with any Conditions rather than risque the punishment Due to the Offence he ought to be held to the agreement. But if he was Suffered to return & Enter on Duty without being brought to Comply with the Conditions or at Least brought to Tryal he ought not in my opinion To be held.

   This I Say upon a General view of the matter; not being able to recollect particulars & I doubt not your wish will be to Comply with the Intentions which we then had in view. I will Take the Liberty to add that if he returned before the Pardon & was permitted to go on Duty that no punishment can regularly be Inflicted or advantage taken of his Desertion.

   I am most respectfully, Dear Sir your most obedt. Servt,

   Jno Sullivan (1)

   I am honored with your favor of the 19th Ultimo. As you and I seem to be agreed respecting a medium & as I have no reason to Dispute your opinion respecting my abilities as a Financier unless I should Depart from my usual method & Strive to obtain a Judgment against myself I shall not Trouble you with any Comments on that part of your letter.

   The War Department you Seem to avoid giving an opinion upon. I can Guess your Sentiments only from your placing the refusal in the Last Stage of your Letter. I have generally observed that Luzernne will State a matter in Every point of view always reserving for the Last that point in which they wish the Question to be taken. If I am right in this Your Sentiments & mine Coincide & I Shall not be Liable to abuse for Serving my Country, or part with the Sweets of Domestic Life for an office which Depends on the will, the Caprice or the Fancy of Individuals. The Choice of this officer is however postponed.(2) The news of the City is that Lord Cornwallis pursued General Green to Dan River which Green Crossed, that the militia Gathered round on all Sides which oblidged his Lordship to retreat & Green is in pursuit of him. This Comes by a Letter from the Governor of Virginia & is Confirmed by a number of others all Dated the 26th of Feby.(3) They all agree that his retreat began the Twenty first of Feby and I have no reason to Doubt but I have Some Apprehensions that this is a Maneuvre to bring General Green to an Action. Your Assembly has been pretty well worked up by Mr Olcutt to Act Just as New York would wish them & have given me Instructions Accordingly (4) but I must obey & they must Look to the Event. I beg you will make my Compliments agreable to Mrs Langdon & believe me to be with great Truth & Sincerity, Dear Sir Your most obedt. Servt. Jno. Sullivan

   I was Duly honored with your Excellencys favor of the 4th of Feby (1) & omitted writing since upon a Supposition that you had gone to Rhode Island. I am happy to find your Excellency Entertains the Same Sentiments of the virtues and abilities of Colo Hamilton, as I have Ever Done myself.(2) After I wrote your Excellency I found The Eyes of Congress Turned on Robert Morris of this City as Financier. I did not therefore nominate Colo Hamilton as I foresaw that it would be but a vain attempt. I Shall this Day nominate him as Secretary of Foreign Affairs on which I Think I Shall meet the Approbation of most of the States.(3) The Choice of a Minister of war is postponed to the first of October. This was a Maneuvre of Saml Adams & others from the North, fearing that as I was in nomination, the Choice would fall on me who having apostatized from the True New England Faith by Sometimes voting with the Southern States am not Eligible. They were not however acquainted with all the Circumstances. I was nominated against my will & if Chosen Should not have Accepted.(4)

   General Mc Dougle is appointed minister of marine.(5) The plan of Finance & all other matters go on So Slowly that I Tremble at the Consequence. I am mortified at the useless harangues which Consume our Time to no purpose. I am now Endeavoring to obtain an Adjournment of Congress & for Leaving a Committee to Transact the Business as the only way of having the Publick Business Done with propriety and Dispatch.(6) I fully agree with your Excellency That Congress ought to have more power but I also think that the old members Should be in Heaven or at Home before this Takes place.

   The Traffic carried on with the Enemy is alarming as it not only Serves to furnish them with necessaries but Tends to reconcile our Citizens to the Idea of renewing their Connection with Great Britain and of Course Disaffects them to our Government.

   Since General Greens Letter of the 15th February we have received advices from Governor Jefferson & Divers others that Cornwallis is retreating that General Green Crossed the River in pursuit of him the 21st & that the Militia had Collected all round him: I hope it is not a Maneuvre to bring General Green to an Action.

   I have been Settleing my Accounts with the Treasury Board & find I Stand Charged with Money received at Cambridge to pay the Bounty to the New Hampshire recruits in 1776. All my papers were Lost at New York & I can remember Little of the matter. This I am Sure of That I never received any publick money but what I immediately applied to the use Intended.

   Perhaps Colo Harrison has Some papers which will Settle the matter. I also am Charged with the money paid for the Troops Engaged at Trenton in December 1776. I remember the whole of this was Settled at Morristown about two months after & I received a receipt in full which is in New Hampshire. Perhaps your papers may Save me the Trouble of Sending for it.

   I have the Honor to be with the High[est] Esteem Dear General yr most obedt Ser[vt], Jno. Sullivan

   As I mentioned to you in Former Letters my Suspicions respecting Colo Olcutts (1) being Either a Friend to New York or at best a mistaken one on the part of New Hampshire I now take the Liberty of inclosing you Copy of his Petition to Congress Delivered in Feby. 1780 Signed by him and Bezal. Woodward; by which it will appear that he was one of the first if not the very first mover for Taking away a great part of New Hampshire and annexing it to New York.(2) This together with his Joining with New York in having their favorite Question determined would alone have been Sufficient to place him in a Suspicious point of Light: but I had other Reasons. This will Easily Account for his not being able to Collect any real Sentiment respecting Vermont & for my Conversing with him in a manner which appeared most Likely to Draw forth his real Sentiments. I am no Less mortified Than Surprised that this Should be Looked upon by the assembly as a breach of Trust or a Deviation from my Instrictions (which I have Learned by Private Letters from New Hampshire). The Events which have already taken place by pursuing his Plan & the Reasoning in my Late Letters will Either Serve to Justify or Condemn the measures which I have Adopted. The Least attention to the Resolves of Congress will prove at Least how much it would be against the Interest of New Hampshire to have the Question respecting the Independency of Vermont first Determined, for Congress Long Since Resolved That The Inhabitants of that Territory Should Submit to the Jurisdiction they were under before the Commencement of the War. Now the Decree of the King and Council having given New York the Jurisdiction in 1764 & New Hampshire not assuming a Jurisdiction over them afterward it is inevitable that that resolution if Complied with would have placed those people under the Jurisdiction of New York. And if this Question So warmly argued by New York is first Determined a Decision making it Independent will Destroy the Claims both of New York & New Hampshire. But if the Determination Should be That it is not & Shall not be an Independent State will not the Decree of the King and Council & the former Resolution of Congress operate to fix them to New York untill New Hampshire by wading through a Tedious Dispute can Convince Congress or at Least a Committee of it That the Decree of 1764 was Erroneous. This will Throw the Onus upon New Hampshire and perhaps a Final Decision will be Delayed untill the Art of New York in the Exercise of their power reconciles the minds of the People to their Government-& renders an Acquisition of this Territory to New Hampshire more Difficult.

   These are my Sentiments respecting the views of New York (3) & the

   I do not mention These things to [hold] up the Idea of Deviating in the Least [degree] from my Late Instructions but as a Justification of my Conduct prior to the receipt of my Late Instructions.(4)

   I have the honor to be, with respect your most obedient Servant,

   Jno. Sullivan

   The Minister of France having imparted to Mr. Jones as Chairman of a Committee appointed to confer with him (1) on Some Secret matters the intentions of Ct. Rochambeau and Mr. Destouches explained in the inclosed note,(2) we thought it of such consequence that your Excellency should be certainly apprized of them, that notwithstanding the probability of the communication being made through some other channel we determined to guard against all risk of failure by despatching one of the established Expresses. As the success of the Enterprize may depend much on secrecy of preparation, and celerity of execution, We beg leave to intimate to your Excellency, that it is the wish of the Minister that no persons should be admitted to a knowledge of it, from whom it can be justifiably concealed, and that such military Stores, particularly heavy cannon & mortars, as are in the hands of the state and will be wanted for a siege may be in readiness to go forward at a moment's call. The Minister also wishes that some supplies of provision, of beef especially, for the French troops may be included in your general preparations. We are with great respect, Yr. Excelys. obed. hum Servts. Jos. Jones

   Jas. Madison Junr.

   By the Act of Congress herewith enclosed your Excellency will be informed that Samuel Patterson & John Thompson Esquires are appointed Commissioners on the Part of the United States, to endorse the Bills that shall be emitted by the State of Delaware pursuant to the Act of Congress of the 1 8th of March last.(1) I have the Honor to be, with very great Respect, Sir, your most obedient Servant, Sam. Huntington. Presidt.

   The motion Made Yesterday by the Delegates of N.Y.(1) Came on the Carpet again to day. Upon enquiry into the Journals of Congress it appear'd that the States Were at Liberty to exchange the new Money for the Old at any exchange not less than 40 Old Dollars for One new one So that the Motion Was reduced to this-"Will Congress give the State of N. York permission to pay of[f] the Certificates in that State with the new Money?" (2) Mr. Burk & Mr. McKean Urged that to permit this Would be Subverting the Intention of the Resolution of the 18th of March Unless the Old Money Was first drawn in. Mr. Weatherspoon & Mr. Bland Spoke to the Same purpose. Mr. Duane Said that it was out of the Power of N. York to call in the Old Money by exchange or Taxes because it Was Not in the State-That the inhabitants had let the Army have all their produce, for Which they only recd. Certificates-So that now they had neither Money nor produce to git it with, That these

   He was Seconded by Genl Sullivan & Mr. Root of Jersey (3) Who insisted on permission for useing the new Money to pay of those Certificates &c.

   But Mr. Burk replied and urged the keeping of the publick faith as held forth in the Resolution of the 18th of March-So that When the question Was put it passed in the negative.

   A long debate also arose to day on a report of the Treasury board-Whether Congress Should pay Sundry Iron Masters for Shot and Shells on Bills on France at 4/6 Specie for 4/6 Sterling. Genl. Sullivan and several others Urged this to be done upon the Principle of establishing the Credit of the States. Mr. Burk & Mr. McKean represented this as ruinous to the Publick to give Sterling for Currency. The debate was long & Tedious but afforded Nothing very instructing-it passed in the negative.(4)

   According to the Order of the day Congress Resolved itself into a Committee of the Whole upon the Subject of finance-Attending first to generl. Pickerings Letter informing Congress that the Tender Laws put it out of his power To pay his Specie Contracts according to their real value in Current Money.(1)

   The Whole Congress at once agreed that We ought to pay all our debts Honestly and that the Tender laws obliging people To Take paper Money at a rate above its Current Value was pernishous. Yet

   "Whereas the United States in Congress Assembled, being Convinced that Honesty is the best police in publick, as well as private, affairs are determined to conform faithfully To the Golden rule of Equity & Justice-Therefore

   Resolved that all the debts and Contracts now due, or which May hereafter become due from the United States, to any person or persons whatsoever (being first liquidated according to the real value of the Money Lent or Contracted for, at the Time of Lending or Contracting) Shall be paid in Specie or an equivalent in paper Money, Computed at its current not legal Value When paid: Any thing heretofore done to the Contrary notwithstanding.

   All persons Acting under the Authority of the United States are required To Take notice of this resolution & Govern themselves accordingly. And that the officers of the United States, may not be prevented from discharging their Several duties under the above resolution, or Offend against Any Law or Laws of the respective States Making paper Money legal Tender-Resolved that it be recommended To the respective States to revise and repeal all those Laws-As in the opinion of Congress they are greatly prejudicial to the Interest of the United States and Tend rather to depreciate than Support the Credits of their Money-which Cannot be done effectually but by providing Sufficient funds of Specie by Taxs or Otherwise, for the purpose of redeeming & Sinking it".

   Caractors of Some of the Members of Congress.

   His Excellency Samuel Huntington President is a Man of a Mild, Steady & firm Conduct and of Sound & Methodical Judgment tho

   General Sulivan, of Newhamshire has been in the Army from the beginning of the War, has a good Idea of Publick affairs-is of Honest Political Sentiments, desirous of Supporting the credit of the States, and doing Justice to their Servants-he is generally cool & firm with an appearance of diffidence in debate, generally keeps to the point in question, but does not possess any great poli[ti]cally abilities; Such as are necessary To Take into view Such an Extensive Systematical arrangement of things as is Necessary in So extensive a government.

   Samuel Adams of Massachusetts has been in Congress from their first Meeting has a pretty general knowledge of their affairs and is particularly attentive to every thing that affects his own State or friends; he is neither elloquent nor Talkative; but having the full command of his passions, and possessing a great deal of caution and Court cunning he is fitted for a politician in every Case Where great and good abilities are not requisite.

   General Varnum of Rhode Island is a Man about Thirty, of florid habits-he has read Some little in books, is fond of Speaking & Spouting out every thing that his reading has furnished him With Whether apt or not to the purpose-his Temper & Councils are very precipate and but little calculated to be useful in Such an Assembly, he is very desirous of inlarging its powers.

   Mr.       (2) Of Connecticut appears To be a man of Integrity, is very candid in debate & open to Conviction and does not want abilities; but does not appear to be possessed of Much political knowledge.

   Mr. Duane of New York has been in Congress from the first-Is of good & even Temper, Attentive To business, of a low soft Voice, not Elloquent, nor designing, but upon the Whole a good republican, desirous of promoting the general Weal and particularly attached to the Interests of his Own State.

   Doctr. Weather Spoon of New Jersy is A man in years perhaps 70 of the New light Presbeterian Order-Is possessed of a good Share of knowledge in books and the Languages; Speaks With a low and broken Voice in the Scotch Accent; And has all the design and arch Cuning that is necessary or practiced in an assembly of the kirk of Scotland-But does not seem To possess Much of that Candid integrity, Honesty & Wisdom Which is necessary in the Governing an Honest Confederacy.

   Mr. Root-of Jersy (3) is a Man that Seems to be Without passions and therefore has a Capacity to Conceal the Most artful designs under the Most Specious Shew of Candor, and plausible Arguments yet his language is So Weak & innervate that he Seldom Succeeds in

   Doctr. Montgomery of Pensylvania is a Man possessed of a good Share of reading and knowledge & is an Agreeable companion in private-has an apt Memory and a fertile imagination-Yet is Vain, fond of power & governed in publick Council by capricious Whims.

   Mr. McKean of Dalaware, now Chief Justice of Pensylvania-has been in Congress from the first-is a Man of Talants-of great Vanity, extremely fond of power & entirely governed by passions, ever pursuing the Object present With Warm enthusiastic Zeal Without Much reflection or forecast.

   There is none from Maryland that may be particularly distinguished at present.(4) Therefore I Take notice of a Mr. Madison of Virginia, Who with some little reading in the Law is Just from the College, and possesses all the Self conceit that is Common To youth and inexperience in like cases-but it is unattended with that gracefulness & ease which Sometimes Makes even the impertinence of youth and inexperience agreeable or at least not offensive.

   Col. Blann (5) of Virginia is a Man of Moderate Talents, of firmness & Candor and Much Attached To the Constitution of the States-Tho not very Systematical nor always of the best Judgment and is rather rustic in debate.

   Doctr. Burk, of N. Carolina, tho not equal To Many Who have been in Congress, May Justly be Stiled the ablest And Most useful Member there at present. He has been in Congress five Years, is very Attentive and well Acquainted with business-is Nervous tho Not Eloquent in his language, he is Correct and pointed in his debates, possesses the Honest integrity of a republican and is for preserving inviolable the rights of the people Without being lured away by power-Yet he is Some times not fully guarded from Dictatorial language and does not Attend Sufficiently To System, order and Arrangement, in a general view but Confines himself Too Much To particular Objects.

   Governor Bee of South Carolina, is a Man of Some Talents, of a cruid restive Temper, not Eloquent but of a harsh & disagreeable dilivery; consiquensial in his deportment and Conceited in his notions-very desirous of Order in the House, but Most abt to transgress it himself.

   Mr. Mathews Chief Justice of S. Carolina, is a Man of Tallants and More Agreable in his Address as well as language-but has an interuptive Maner of Speaking not Well adapted to Command attention-is undesigning and possesses a goodeal of Candor, Which leaves him open To Conviction-and upon the Whole is a good republican.

   Governor Howley of Georgia is a Man of great reading and knowledge Which he generally displays without System or design Staying far from the object in question, so that he often leaves it in doubt What side of the question he is on. He is loud but not very eloquent, therefore rather excels in Declamation than Argument-and of course is not Closely attended to-but when he entertains the House With Strokes of Wit or Spouts of knowledge. He would Shine more in a Democratic assembly.

   The rest of the House May be Thrown into one Group of inferior Talants, Mostly young, inexperienced, & unconnected in any regular political Views.

   The Judicious Will See by this exhibition of Caractors-That the affairs of the United States in Congress are not Conducted by the ablest Talants and Men of the first Abilities, therefore Will Not be found agreable to the rules of unexceptionable Wisdom. Neither are they Conducted by the Most True, disinterested & amiable Spirit of Patriotism. Yet Congress Considered Collectively possesses a firm & Independant Spirit-With a determined & Unalterable resolution To Support the liberties of America. And the selfish Conceit and Opinions Which Most of the Members possess has in Some Measure the effect of the Most disinterested Patriotism, because it occasions them To disagree in every thing but those measures Which is notoriously for the good of all. Yet this disjointed manner of proceeding throws government into that disorder'd Tract of adopting one expedient after another perpetually by Which Means the States have lost their Credit, and Congress that Confidence which the People ought to have in their Wisdom.

   Therefore it is To be wished That Congress Would ad System, order and arrangement Well Organized, To the Honesty and integrity of their Measures-And I trust now that the respective powers of Congress and the States are prescribed & Marked out, these improvements will soon begin to Take place.

   Indeed it is not much to be Wondered at that this has not Taken place before. Such a Variety of interests as their Must be among a people forming thirteen Independant States extended over a vast Tract of Country, and only connected by political Ties, requires Much Time & experience To reduce them To Systematical order, and so To Organize and arrange them as to be Sutable and agreable To a people So jealous of their Liberties as the Americans are-And So as to give no reason of complaint to one part of the Community against another.

   But I am pursuaded a Noble, Honest And generous love for Mankind, United With a firm and unalterable attachment for our Country, Together With a Virtuous Mind, relying in the favour and blessings of Providence Will lead us To this at last-And by its

   At a Time when Congress have affairs of great Public importance before them, some apology is necessary for taking up a moment of their Time with the concerns of an individual, and I hope my particular situation will plead my excuse especially as I shall put this application on such a footing as to preclude all debate.

   Near three years ago I was, without my knowledge appointed an assistant Deputy Quarter Master General on the Communication to Fort Pitt, & the appointment was made in such a manner that I thought myself obliged to accept of it altho' it interferred with my private business, & would not have been my choice if it had not. Last spring a Company of Artillery were added to Fort Pitt, with a Quantity of Military and other Stores under their Care. There was an urgent request from the Board of War to the Quarter Masters on the Line to forward them to the utmost of their Power, tho there was great difficulty in complying with this request, as we not only had no Money; but were greatly in Debt, and not having paid according to our Contract no Person would give us credit on the Public acount-the consequence of which was that not only that Company & those Stores; but also the Stores that were sent up the Pennsylvania Road & were detained all winter by the deep Snow; would have remained where they were, altho the army under Col. Broadhead were in the utmost distress for the want of them, had I not borrowed Money & given my personal security, to forward them, as well as to defray the expences of the Detachment that was sent down to guard the Stores detained on the Pennsylvania Road all winter-as the forwarding these Stores had been so warmly urged by the Board of War & as I knew the absolute necessity there was that this Should be done without delay, I hesitated not a moment. But I will candidly confess that had I believed I should have been put to such difficulty in being

   "That on the application of Charles Pettit A.Q.M.G. on Account of Major Genl Greene late Q.M.G. a Warrant issue in his favour for thirty thousand Dollars to repay a like sum borrowed by Col. Thos. Smith ADQMG to enable him to forward the Stores & Artillery under the direction of Capt. Craig to Fort Pitt & for which the said Major Genl. Greene late QMG is to be accountable." The Warrant issued but I have not yet obtained the Money nor do I know when I shall-the consequence was that being determined to comply faithfully with my Contracts I sold a Tract of Land & paid the whole I had borrowed: of other Debts due to me, I should blush even to give a hint that I wished any preference, while I have the honour of a seat in Congress; and as for Wages as it was not for the sake of any that I undertook the business, my demand on that account shall be one of the last made for similar services. I think it an honour that I have impaired my private Estate while in public service even tho' I had a very beneficial Practice, at a Time when others who had no Estates have created large ones-under these circumstances, I submit to the consideration of Congress the propriety of ordering a Warrant to Issue in my favour on Thomas Smith Commissioner &c for 750 Dollars of the new Emissions as an Equivalent for the said Warrant being 1 for 40, which will be far from being of equal value to me as the service mentioned in the first warrant would have been had I obtained it when I ought; nor will it be of one third part of the value of the Land I parted with by reason of my not obtaining it. The justice of this request will be acknowledged by all-but if it should be thought not consistent with Policy as well as founded in justice & equity, I wish not to have it complyed with. My feelings would be more hurt by having any preference, than by having my request rejected-for this reason I have not spoke to any of the honourable Members to say a word on the subject-and I now request your Excellency, that if it causes a minutes Debate you will on my behalf withdraw this application.(1)

   I have the honour to be, your Excellency's most obedient and very humble servant,

   Thomas Smith

   Your Excellencys Letter of the 20th of December, was refered to a Committee of which I have the Honor to be one.(1) We yesterday gave in a Report which being read appeared Satisfactory to Congress as no objection was made to it. I moved That previous to its being Considered it might be refered to your Excellency for your opinion upon which it was recommitted; and The Committee Instructed to Consult your Excellency upon it. I Therefore take the Liberty of Inclosing your Excellency a Copy of the Report and of requesting (in behalf of the Committee) your opinion upon it.

   The first Paragraph is agreeable to the Line of promotion which your Excellency was pleased to point out: But as it could not be Extended to Hazens Regiment & others in Similar Circumstances the 2d Resolution became Necessary.

   The Third & fourth respecting the Artillery and Cavalry are Liable to Some objections but much Less so than any other which Suggested themselves to the Committee.

   The Promotion of Brigadiers & Major Generals comes nearer to that of rising in the Line of the Army than any which has yet been Adopted or Suggested, and any other would be attended with Insuperable Difficulties-That of Suffering the States to have officers according to the number of Troops furnished would prove injurious to officers of the Smaller States & Even if they were to Stand Intituled to promotions when they became the Senior officers In the Line of the Army. Their promotion would be uncertain as they would Constantly have to Combat with the Interest of States & the Caprice of Individuals to obtain it.

   The Committee will Thank your Excellency for your Sentiments upon Every Paragraph of the Report (2) and beg you to give the Date of Colo Tilghman & Doctor McHenrys Entering the Service.(3)

   In behalf of the Committee, I have the honor to be with the Most Lively Sentiments of affection and Esteem Dr Genl. your Excellencys most obedt Servant. Jno Sullivan, Chairman

   P.S. The Clause respecting volunteers will prevent the Army from being Commanded by illiterate Serjeants which must inevitably be the Case in a few years if Some Such mode is not adopted. J.S.

   I forward Gazettes, Journals & some particular Resolves, by Way of Amsterdam. (1)

   The Arrival of the Ariel has given us Dispatches from you, long expected-of June 1st, Aug 9, Decr. 2d & 3d.(2)

   Congress had, before the Receipt of your Letters Feb. 19th, written to Mr. Adams Jany. 10,(3) and signified their Concurrence in Opinion with Ct. de Vergennes as to the Time & Circumstances of announceing his (Mr. A's) Powers to Gr. Britain. They had also on Decr. 12th (4) expressed their Sentiments upon his Letter of June 26th inclosing to them his Correspondence relative to the Act of the 18 of March for calling in the old Paper Money. I send you Extracts from the Journals for your fuller Information on those Points. And I shall forward, yet for a Time, all Acts of Congress intended for your Guidance whenever they are finished. But I most earnestly look for the Appointment of a Secretary for foreign Affairs, agreably to their Determinations of Janry. 10. Such an Officer may authoritatively communicate his Opinions, and in many Ways make your Station more easy & reputable to you than it can have been under great Want of Information of our Circumstances.

   Your most humb Servant, James Lovell

   You will herewith receive Gazettes and Journals; also a Resolve respecting the compleat Ratification of the Articles binding these 13 States as a confederated Body.(1) The Delay of that Business appears now like all the other Circumstances of our Rise & Growth: For, the present is really the best of all Times for that particular Event. Our Enemies have been ripening themselves for this capital Mentitis.

   We have no Letters from you or Mr. Carmichael later than those mentioned in my last a Copy of which attends this.(2)

   I am, Sir, Your Friend and humble Servant,

   James Lovell

   I was honored with your Excellencys favor of the 2d Instant, covering an act of Congress of the 27th Ultimo, by which I am elected Secretary of the Marine.(1) Permit me, Sir, through you, to express my Gratitude to Congress, for this additional honor and mark of their Confidence. If any new incentive was necessary to bind me to America, or to increase my Zeal, for her Safety and Glory, this would be a powerful one. It is however a great Satisfaction to a Freeman; especially a Servant of a Republic; to have the approbation of its Representatives.

   I am fully impressed with a due Sense of the importance of the Office. My Silence therefore till now, is owing to a mature Consideration of the duties of it, and my relation to the army, in the present State of our public Affairs, which I hope will plead my apology.

   Upon full Reflection on the duties of the Secretary of the Marine, and the probable extent of them, during the War; I am persuaded, I can discharge them without interfering with my Command, in the field, in the active part of a Campaign. I cannot therefore in the

   I wish to explain to Congress, the Subject of this Address more fully, than can be done in the Compass of a Letter.

   I have the honor to be with great Respect, Your Excellencys most obedient & most humble Servant. Alex M Dougall

   Having Experienced so much Ingratitude myself I cannot help feeling for those in Similar Circumstances. I Therefore take the Liberty of mentioning to your Excellency Colo Derrick who I think has Sacrificed much in our Cause and has Experienced only Ingratitude in return.(1) He first Entered in the Pensylvania Line as Captain, was afterward Transfered to the Artillery & perswaded by General Mifflin to Enter the Quarter Masters Department as a place which would be most Serviceable to the Interest of these States. He afterward received a Lieut Colonels Brevett & was then Sent to Holland to promote our Interest in that Quarter & after having used Every Effort in his power & Spent Large Sums of money to answer the End in view he now Experiences the Loss of Rank, the

   As your Excellency has the appointment of Officers in Hazens & Some other Corps, and as by the Report herewith Transmitted your Excellency has the power of Calling reduced officers to Act in the Inspectors Department perhaps you may find it in your power to do him that Justice which Congress have neglected to do. His zealous Endeavors to serve the Common Cause in the Expedition against Rhode Island in 1778 when he Acted as a volunteer & Served on his own Expence induces me to wish that Something might be Done for him.

   I have the Honor to be, with much respect yr Excellencys most obedt Servt, Jno Sullivan

   By the enclosed Copy of an Act of Congress of the 5th Instant you will be informed that your resignation is accepted, and you will be entitled to a similar Allowance for past Services with other Officers in the like Station & Department.(1)

   And that at present it is recommended to the State of Massachusetts, to advance you two hundred & two Dollars in Bills of the new Emission, of which I have informed his Excellency Governor Hancock.(2)

   I am Sir &c &c &c, S.H.

   By the enclosed Copies of the 3d & 5th Instant you will be informed that Doctor J. Craick is appointed Chief Physician & Surgeon to the Army & Doctor W. Burnet Chief Physician & Surgeon of the Hospital. (1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c. S.H.

   You are directed to publish in general Orders the enclosed Act of Congress of the 9th Instant, in Testimony of their Approbation & Esteem, merited by the Fortitude & good Conduct of Brigadier General Morgan and the brave Officers & Men under his Command displayed in the Action at the Cowpens in North Carolina the 17th of January last. (1)

   I have the Honor to be, with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   I was honord with Yr. Excellency's favor last night (1) and have as far as my time wd. admit complied with your desire-But not being personally acquainted with Majr. McPherson,(2) and not knowing where he was to be found-I have enclosed the letters(3) to Yr. Excellency, and must request the favor of you to forward them to him. I have no doubt but that the Gentn. to whom I have

   Theok. Bland

   The representation which your Excellency transmitted to Congress on behalf of our State after a deliberate commitment and report has for several days engaged the attention of Congress;(1) the second proposition which you state for our relief (to wit) to issue the new bills in satisfaction of Commissary and Quarter Master's certificates was recommended by the Committee as the most eligible; but they did not propose it as a partial but a general indulgence extending to all the States.

   On making an estimate of the probable amount of those certificates in the different States it was supposed that if they should be discharged on that principle, the Act of the 18th of March would be effectually frustrated. The Report was therefore almost unanimously rejected,(2) as a very capital dependance for carrying on the approaching campain is placed on the four tenths to arise to the public from the new emission.

   The first proposition to advance money to our State in discharge of the Commissary and Quarter Master's certificates-however just and reasonable is put out of question, the exhausted State of our Finances rendering it totally impracticable.

   The last expedient is attended with all the difficulties and inconveniences suggested by your Excellency, and cannot be embraced without operating greatly to the detriment of public credit and deeply injuring the new money. Other States, as North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut were not restrained by the prohibition of Congress from adopting this project. It has given them temporary relief, and this seems to be all they consulted. For nothing is more certain than that if they issue only as much State

   Congress however are fully convinced of the distresses and sufferings of the State of New York, as well as of their Spirited and expensive exertions in the common cause. And since they cannot afford us relief, they will not be displeased at any measures which the Legislature may think fit to adopt to extricate themselves from their present deplorable circumstances.

   And if the emission of paper State money appears to the Legislature to be the only or best remedy for those pressing evils, it ought not to be rejected.

   There can be no doubt but the requisitions made on our State must undergo a revision; Congress see the necessity of it. Indeed when the quotas were fixed, we apprized the Committee (of Estimates and Ways and Means) of our inability to contribute so largely under our present misfortunes. But finding it would lay a foundation for much altercation, as other States might claim a reduction of their quotas, it was thought most advisable to wait for the representation of the Legislature, as a ground for reasonable abatements. Nothing can now be exported from our State but what the Legislature shall judge compatible with their distresses: but care ought to be taken to point out what you cannot supply, that it may be required from the other States.

   We ought not to omit mentioning that your Excellency's representation was communicated to the Assembly of Pennsylvania by the Committee to whom it was referred, with the approbation of Congress.(3) It was expected that this Assembly from motives of justice might have been prevailed on to advance money out of their Treasury to pay for flour which they and not we ought to have supplied. But it is reported to be out of their power, and a great waste of time is the only effect which has been produced.

   A repeal of all Tender Laws is under consideration.⁴ The Quarter Master complains that they have effectually closed all the avenues to credit and confidence. The citizens will not part with their property while they are compellable to take paper in payment, which is not worth its nominal value.

   It is probable that another measure will soon be adopted. A late law of Pennsylvania will not permit the old Continental money to be taken in, under Seventy five dollars of the old, for one of the new emission. The Act of New Jersey directs that the old money shall be paid in at its current value compared with specie.

   An Act of Maryland in effect nullifies the bills of the old emission, after the period by which they ought to have been called in by taxes. These measures introduce such inequality and confusion, and open

   If our State should think proper to pass a law similar to that of Pennsylvania or New Jersey, and Congress should take decisive order to bring in the old emission, it may be taken for granted, that when Pennsylvania shall have issued their proportion of the new money, the people of that State will be glad to exchange at your Treasury, on the same terms as others had in their own, rather than suffer the old emission to sink in their hands. This event would furnish our State with the means of issuing the new bills under vast advantages, as 75 dollars of the old would enable us to put in circulation near four of the new, and the debt of 200,000,000 dollars would be cancelled almost insensibly.

   We have executed the trust reposed in us by the Legislature respecting the Western Territory within our State.(5) From the manner in which this business was conducted it was left to us make the cession without a formal treaty with Congress. We therefore availed ourselves of the discretionary clause of our instructions, and have limited the State by a western boundary which, if there is any correctness in the maps must include the whole of Lake Ontario, and more considerably than twenty miles west of Niagara, and our Northern boundary we have limited by the forty fifth degree of N. Latitude. But lest it might possibly happen that this Western Boundary should fall short of the ultimatum assigned by the Legislature, we have made their ultimatum itself an alternative in that case in the words in which it is expressed in the instruction.

   Virginia demanded in consideration of the cession she made, which consists of her claim to the Northwest of the Ohio, an explicit guarantee by the United States of her remaining jurisdiction. If we had in express terms made the same condition, it might have been liable to a construction that we were seeking a benefit, instead of conferring a favor; and yet it would have been imprudent to bind our State in a special guarantee of the jurisdiction of Virginia, when our own was not secured in the same manner. We therefore thought it necessary to connect our cession with an Act which subjects it to the ratification or disallowance of the Legislature, unless our State received the same guarantee from the confederated States as any other of its members which have or shall make cessions of territory for the common benefit.

   We flatter ourselves that this precaution, though not directed by the Legislature, will meet with your Excellency's and their approbation. The authentic copies of the declaration and instrument of cession are herewith transmitted.

   The government of New Hampshire has lately pressed Congress

   Our Southern operations wear the most promising aspect. General Cornwallis is retreating, the country armed on all sides of him, and General Greene in pursuit; in several Skirmishes we have had the advantage. Arnold is not in a better Situation, as the Virginians, supported by Some Continental Troops will speedily be reinforced by the Marquis de la Fayette at the head of 1200 light infantry.

   We hope soon to send you agreeable intelligence from those armies, which will have a decisive influence on our affairs. The collection of papers which are enclosed will communicate the particulars of our Southern operations and all the news.

   We have omitted two important objects of your Excellency's representation, the defence of our frontiers, and a provision for the Oneidas. Your Excellency knows that the Commander in Chief has unlimited authority to direct the operations of the war, and to dispose of the troops at his pleasure.(8) And we are confident his sensibility and his particular regard for our State will induce him to take every measure for our protection which your Excellency may recommend as necessary. The Oneidas, we hope, are by this time in Some measure relieved, as the Commander in Chief acquaints the Board of War, that the clothing he had to spare would, he hoped, be sufficient for the present to make them comfortable.(9)

   We are most unfortunate in the importation of our clothing: Colo. Lawrence and Colo. Palfry who are lately gone to France (10) on publick business have this necessary Article in Charge And we hope they will be able to send it forward. There is nothing gives Congress so much pain as the delays & too probably the sinister designs & frauds which have exposed our Army to nakedness & distress: At a time when a considerable Quantity of Clothing was actually purchased We can't entertain a doubt but if these Supplies arrive our Oneida freinds will have a Share. At present while it is impossible to Cover our own Army they cannot expect to be provided for as their sufferings & their merit require.

   We have the Honour to be, with the utmost Regard & Respect, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servants,

   Jas. Duane

   Will. Floyd

   Alexander McDougall

   [I have] receiv'd by Post both your favors of the 9th. One inclosed a sum of money as underneath, which falls short 200 Dollars of what is mentiond-Pray be so Kind as to particularize the denominations of the several Bills you may herafter send.

   I shall forward the articles I have, or shall procure for you by Col Forrests man, who will return with Capt Stoddard as soon as he can finish his business at this place. The Large Bearskin Portmantau which I have to send down will carry them safe from bad weather.

   Forrest left me in Lodge Alley where I still remain. I am determind to leave it as soon as I can & to make a tryal of House keeping for some time. I have been told it wou'd be cheaper. I am sure it will be more agreable & what is of no small consequence, my time will be more at my command. The Sale of the wine began this day, the first quality is reserv'd until Thursday. Before I receivd

   Present me to yr Lady. My sincere wishes for the happiness of you & yrs [...] you. I am Dear Sir with great esteem, Yr. Mo affectionate hble Ser. Daniel Carroll

   P.S. The man comes in [...] two pr of Silk Stockings.

   
12-60-720
7-80-560
3-70-210
1-65-65
1-60-60
1-50-50
1-40-40
9-20-180
    1885 Dollars rcd

   I am yet without the satisfaction of knowing that any Copy of the Letter of July 11, 1780 from the Committee of Foreign affairs has reached you,(1) I therefore now send a fifth by the good opportunity of Mr Harrison to whom also I have delivered Some Volumes of the journals of Congress for your acceptance, I shall take care to Send those parts which will compleat the Sett.

   Mr Harrison will be able to give you the general State of our affairs; as he ha's lately been to New England and is now on his return to the Southern Theatre of the War. I will therefore not enlarge at this time, but close with assurances of very respectful prejudice towards you, founded on the testimony of all those, who

   For the Committee

   I Intended to have written to you very fully by this Conveyance, but being indisposed for some days, I must defer it till another opportunity offers. I have not attended Congress since the first instant, when the Confederation was compleated.(1)

   Colonel Floyd from his Circumstances, will be obliged to leave this when the Roads are settled; and as the Confederation requires two Delegates at least to represent a State, ours will be unrepresented, unless some of the Delegates come on about that time.

   The Question of the New Hampshire Grants will now soon be settled, as the State of that Name, urge its Delegate to press for a Decision, and there is great reason to expect it will be a just & Honorable one for our State.(2)

   The Session made by Virginia to the United States, has removed the Cause of opposition, which Maryland gave, to have our dispute setled; and the other small States not near us, will cease their opposition, as the Cause of it is removed. Pensylvania will urge a determination of their dispute with Connecticut, as soon as the business of their legislature is over. This I had from their President in a confidential conversation with him, on the Subject of the New England encroachments. The influence of the Officers of the New England Lines is considerable in their States, and the habits of thinking which they have acquired in the army are more conformable to the Genius of our Constitution than the Yeomanry of those States, who will unavoidably come into ours; and it is necessary the levelling principles of the Latter, should be tempered by those of the former.

   It will be a good Stroke of Policy to grant those Gentlemen Land in our State, and it might be expedient to extend it to those of New Jersey; Vacant Lands in the grants might make a part of it. If this should be judged prudent, the Grant should extend to the Officers of those Lines who have resigned with good Reputations and to all the Soldiers who have served three years, and to all who shall serve during the war. Certain I am we shall derive great utility from such a measure, if it is soon done, and in my opinion no time is to be lost in doing it. I understand a Bill of this Nature was prepared in the

   The present State of it and their probable Funds will not take up the time of a qualified person in that Office, more than Six or eight Months of the Year, when the proper arrangements are made for its Government & future increase.

   I am Dear Sir with great Respect, your humble Servant,

   Alexr. McDougall

   "As we have a Constitution which is admired for its genuine Principles, I have been sollicitous to know whether our Countrymen at large partook of the Spirit of those who formd it. I have conceivd strong hopes, that in organizing the Government and electing Persons to fill the important Places of Trust, no Consideration would have been sufficient to govern their Suffrages in favor of any Candidate unless he was possessd of those Qualities which are

   "I was sorry to hear that the Number of Votes returnd the last time, did not amount to more than a Quarter of the Number of qualified Electors. The Choice of Legislators, Magistrates & Governors is surely a Business of the greatest Moment, & claims the Attention of every virtuous Citizen. The Framers of our happy Constitution while they gave due Attention to political, were not forgetful of Civil Liberty-that personal Freedom & those Rights of Property, which the meanest Citizen is intitled to, & the Security of which is the great End of political Society. It was not indeed their Province to make particular Laws for these Purposes. To do this, & to provide for the equal & impartial Execution of such Laws, agreable to the Constitution, is the Duty of the Legislature. Hence every Citizen will see, and I hope will be deeply impressd with a Sense of it, how exceedingly important it is to himself, & how intimately the Welfare of his Children is connected with it, that those who have a Share in making, as well as in judging & executing the Laws should be Men of singular Wisdom & Integrity. Such as are conscious that they are deficient in either of these Qualities, shoud even tremble at being named as Candidates! I hope the great Business of Elections will never be left by the Many to be done by the Few; for that few, before we are aware of it, may be the Engine of Corruption, the Tool of a Junto. Heaven forbid! that our Country

   I beg the favor of you to communicate to the General Assembly my wish to return home as early as may be; and to request that I may be relieved by one of my colleagues, or in such manner as shall be thought most proper.(2)

   I flatter myself I shall be excused in making this request, from a consideration of the length of time since I last left Massachusetts,

   I am, with every sentiment of duty and respect to the Assembly, sir, your most obedient and very humble servant,

   Samuel Adams.

   We are under the necessity of requesting the favour of Your Excellency and Honors, to transmit us, each, three months allowance as Delegates in Congress, as soon as the state of the Treasury, will enable you to do it.(1) We beg leave to premise, that the Maryland state money does not pass here.

   We have the honor to be with the highest esteem and regard, Your Excellency (2) and honors most hble Servants,

   John Hanson

   Daniel Carroll

   Rodney reports that on his way to Wilmington from Philadelphia the 11th he met "a gentleman from Richmond (Virginia) who informed me that an express had arrived there just before he set off informing that Cornwallace, had made a Shew of prepairing Timber and boats as if he intended to pass the

   Mr. Bagnal, the Bearer of this Letter, this Moment informs me, that he sets off in half an hour for Boston. I am sorry he did not give me more timely Notice, because I chuse to write to my Confidential Friends by private Hands rather than the Post. I have in a Letter forwarded yesterday, given Notice to the General Assembly, of my Wish to return home as early as may be and requested to be releivd by one of my Colleagues or otherwise as may be thought proper. I expect to have General Wards Servant to attend me on my Journey. He is afterwards to return here.

   I am much concerned at the Dissention in the New South Society,(1) who have generally been remarkeable for Peace & Harmony. They should strive for a conciliatory Spirit as far as is consistent with good Conscience, condescend to each other in smaller Matters, and bear with each others Tempers.

   I have not been unmindful of my Sons Situation, (2) as mentiond in his Letter to me some time ago. He will see by the Journals of Congress (Sept 30 1780) (3) that the officers in the Medical Department, are intitled annually to draw Cloathing from the Stores of the Cloathier General in the same Manner & under the same Regulations as are established for officers of the Line by a Resolution Novr 25. 1779-such Cloathing to be delivered by the Cloathier General

   Pray let Mrs Fogs know that Mr. Lovel & I have done all we could for the Relase of her Son who was made a Sea Prisoner & carried to New York. Our officers have some of them been sent to England, but not any of the Seamen, so that it is hoped he is still there. Many of them have died. They have lately been better treated than they were some time ago. The british Sea officers are retaind in close Confinement here till we hear what is to become of ours. We are in hopes there will soon be an Exchange of the whole.

   Remember me to Friends. Adieu SA

   I inclose you an account (1) delivered me by Mr. Dunlap for the hire of three waggons to transport the Printing Materials to Virginia and the amount of 7 dozen Parchment for the use of the Legislature. Mr. Dunlap assures me he engaged the waggons upon the best terms he could. They are to deliver their loads at Richmond and return to Fredericksburg with any loads the State may furnish. From thence they are to come to my House to transport some necessaries for my Family to this place but if the State can furnish them a back load to Philadelphia this part of the engagement may be void. If they are to return by my House the Country should be credited for such proportion of the waggonage as may be reasonable from Fredericksburg to Philadelphia and charged to me. I have desired Mr. Hays to receive the money for the waggon hire and parchment and after

   Joseph Jones

   I am endeavoring to save myself from Ruin and to serve another as effectually as if I went on in the old Course of neglecting my Family. I mean to pay into your Hand for M-D's (1) use 140 Spanish milled Dollrs. or the equivalent and not merely 700 Livres Tournois. Take therefore from me whatever is the Exchange. My Friends pd. from 75 to 78, but perhaps it may have been raised a little by a Run of Paper from this Quarter or it may have fallen by "The Arrival of a french Frigate at Boston with four Million Dollars." (2) I would have you do full Justice to M-D and I know you will also act the friendly part to me. If Bills are there, as I hear they are, you make an advantageous Purchase of them to the amount of what you shall think proper to demand of me in Exch. of the 140 Ds. which I mean to pay. But, if you think it more essential to M.D.'s. Interests you may purchase the Coin, and remit it to buy a Bill here; where 4/6 Pensylvania will purchase 4/4 1/2 sterling. That is, provided the minister shd. continue drawing. M-D preferred having it done there, that the Proceeds might also remain under your Discretion. It was a Loss to me of 1300 Dollrs. that the 49 State were sent instead of 25 hard which they would have purchased. I am told also that I lose the Interest on every Sum recd. from the State. However, as I mentioned to you confidentially before, I am determined not to be the martyr of that and other such like Circumstances to which I have long been exposed.(3)

   I send you now only 6360 Dollars, not knowing M D's Wishes till this Evening, and the Bearer being to set off in the Morning; and he being also in doubt whether he shall be able to take the Size of a Letter from me. But you must not omit to do the needful on that Score because I know of a good Opportunity to transmit you more in a few days that you can have occasion for; and the Surplus of

   I wish I could give you better accounts from the southard than are circulating now. I must own I do not think Cornwallis is in any Danger of being ruined. He may be harrassed Somewhat. But he will reach a Port of Embarkation. I think this is much more than probable.

   An Express came with two Duplicate Letters of Doctr. Franklin,(4) and many old Newspapers. It is the second Exertion of Zeal in that Way. The french Minister indeed had many Letters as well as Papers but the fr. Consul should have seen to the Portrage of them. The Expence, is great. The other Time alluded to, a Horse was lost in Hudson's River, whereby the Public were brought to extra Cost for their old News Papers sent from Boston to York Town.

   The Marqs. de la Fayette got safely with his Troops to Maryland But the Enemy were after him at the Dawn of next morning with 18 & 28 Guns.

   Your Silk Stockgs. & Gloves are recovered so as scarcely to discover what they have been exposed to. The ribbed Hose are much spotted; perhaps are not rotted and may take Dye well.

   We have decided today recommend all Tender Laws so far as they respect Ratio of Exchange. A large Tax is also recommended and the new Bills to be taken as Silver tho we promise to pay all Debts in Silver or real current Exchange so that if the People still chuse to do it they may go on biting their own Noses loading themselves with new Taxes to make good the Deficiencies which are caused by their specuting Principles & Practice.(5)

   I must quit I have hurt myself of late by Watchings.

   Yr. Friend, JL

   [P.S.] Nancy Shippen is married to H. B. Livingston Brother of the Chancelor.

   Mr Brown arrived here day before yesterday (1) & we were honoured with your Two letters with their enclosures, the act of assembly vesting Congress with the power of laying duties on Imports for so limited a period as three years after the end of the war, I fear will in a great measure defeat the Important end proposed.(2)

   Our debt is very Considerable now and will be annually increased while the war lasts-can it be Supposed that those duties with the other aid the States will be able to give will be Sufficient to discharge the national debt within that period.

   Besides Congress have no resources for Supplies or funds on which to obtain a Credit, but from the States-and Can the States furnish us with either in So easy & equitable a way as by duties & Imposts-it would be easy to borrow money at home or abroad were we possessed of funds Commensurate to the loans or even to the Interest of the Sums we need-at present we are obliged to draw bills of Exchange on our Minister at the Court of France at a great risque & Sell them at a great loss.

   Congress in a Committe of the whole have agreed to report that an Estimate of the Sums wanted for the Current year, beyond those all ready Called for, be transmitted to the States, & that they be Called upon for 6,000,000 of dollars to be paid in Specie or the new Continental bills in quarterly payments. I think that the old Continental bills Should be Called in or exchanged at their Current value & that the new bills Should Issue equal to Specie, in this Case neither the public or Individuals Can Suffer & there is nothing in the resolves of Congress that Contradict this, the Committee of the whole have likewise agreed to report to recommend to the States to Amend their laws making paper bills or tender other ways than ad valorem.(3)

   I inclose Some extracts from Govr Jeffersons letter (4) which Contains the Substance of the intelligence from the Southward.

   I must leave Congress by the Middle of April. Genl Woolcot designs to leave it Sooner & Mr Huntington is determined to go home about the last of April. Some Gentlemen must Come on or the State will be without a representation in Congress.

   March 17th. The Resolutions mentioned to have been agreed in Committee are now passed in Congress & will be forwarded by Brown.

   Mr Robt Morriss is elected Superintendant of Finance, Genl McDougal Secretary of marine-both have given their answer but

   With Sentiments of the highest respect, your most obedt humble Servt, Jesse Root

   After considering the Subject you were pleased to mention To me this morning; with all the Coolness which a matter of such Importance requires; I am of opinion That Either Mr. Burk or myself must Stand in the Light of an aggressor by the Correspondence between us; without any relation to the Confidential State of Facts which I took the Liberty of Laying before you; and that this cannot alter the nature of the Dispute.(1) I am Therefore inclined to think, that there would be a manifest Impropriety in making it the Basis of a Decision; for though I am convinced of the Justice of the Relation; yet as it mentions two other Persons, either of whom I had much greater Reason to Suspect than Mr Burk, it will have an appearance of shifting a Supposed Charge from one to another to avoid Consequences; And as Mr Burk took up the Matter and applied it to himself without proper Evidence and made that the Foundation for a Letter so full of Asperity: I cannot Suppose that My Explanatory Letter (intended only to Satisfy you that I was not the aggressor) Should be Considered as having any weight in the Determination: for when Considered as Intended for your Information, it is proper and necessary. But if Considered as a Communication from me to Mr Burk through you; it will amount to an Explanation of my Letter to Congress which Mr Burk has already Demanded and I have refused; & which I think from the Correspondence Mr Burk is by no means Intitled to. I am far from wishing to Sport with my own Life,

   I have the Honor to be very respectfully Dear Sir your most obedt Servt, Jno Sullivan

   P.S. If Mr Burk had in his first Letter requested an Explanation of That part of mine to Congress which he Erroneously Supposed was intended for him (personally) & had Informed me of the part he had taken in Congress & had Even in Decent Terms hinted his opinion respecting my Conduct & Capacity as an officer I Should have given him the Explanation Contained in my Confidential Letter to you & Endeavored to remove his ill grounded prejudice against me. But when he undertook by Letter to Inform against himself & in Justification to accuse me of the want of Every Talent requisite for an officer & this without the proper Evidence, & I am Sure I need not tell You That the whole Army from the Commander in Chief to the Lowest Soldier (with only one or two Exceptions) would Join in refuting the assertions: I say to a Letter of this Complextion for me to have given him the Explanation he Demanded would have Argued a want of Spirit and Even a meaness which in any Event Mr. Burk shall find me Incapable of, & I must Submit to Your Judgment whether Admitting my Confidential Letter to Serve as a Basis for reconciliation will not be Tantamount to what he has heretofore very improperly Demanded & I have peremptorily refused.

   Yrs, &ca. JS

   Our latest Accounts from General Greene are in his Dispatches of the 28th Ultimo.(1) He was then at Guilford Court House, North Carolina; Lord Cornwallis had crossed a little River called the Haw; The two Armies were with in Ten Miles of each other. Greene expected a Body of six or Eight hundred mounted Riflemen under Colo. Wm. Campbell soon to join him from over the Mountains, when he hoped to harrass the Enemies Rear. He was but illy assisted by the Militia and remained the Inferior Army. The People were much disaffected, having many of them joined Cornwallis. Our Genl. had been successful at all Times in the Pettit Guerre. In one Instance the Enemy having killed & hung in Quarters a Trumpeter of Lt. Col. Lee's Corps, our Cavalry made an immediate Charge, and sacrificed sixteen of the Enemy's Troopers. In a late Attempt to surprize Tarlton, Genl. Marian of the Militia, and Lt. Colo. Lee, came across upwards of Hamilton's Corp's and N. Carolina Tories, most of whom were cut up, on the Spot; This occasioned Tarlton's Escape, who was alarmed by some of the Militia's firing. The Enemy have ordered two Regiments of Negroes to be embodied in So. Carolina and are drafting many of the effective Whites to serve during the "Rebellion." Indeed Sir, we must reduce New York, or put on foot a very expensive Campaign, against the Enemy in the Southern States; Otherwise their Numbers there will encrease in a Geometrical Proportion. I send your Excellency all the Journals of Congress that have come officially; I wish, for the Honor of my Country, they contained some of those Master Strokes Of Policy that would adorn the History of Mankind But great Bodies move slow, and the Tediousness of their Deliberations forms a Sacrifice to be offered up at the Shrine of Freedom.

   Congress have nearly finished their Estimates for the present Year, & the Demand to be made upon the States, in Addition to those already required. I hope they will soon be transmitted.(2) A Plan is also maturing for the States to enable Congress to oblige the Delinquent States to do their Duty; This, as it will be additional to the Articles, must be first proposed to the States for their Ratification. It is finished in a Committee; and I hope will be approved by Congress. Should it, and the States acquisce, the willing States will be greatly relieved.(3)

   I have the Honor of being Sir, with perfect Esteem, your Excellency's most obedient, & very humble Servt.

   J.M. Varnum

   I write this from the Presidents, who is this moment Sending of an express, with intelligence from Genl. Washington of the sailing of the French fleet from Newport on the Evening of the 8th Instant, & of the sailing of the British from Gardiners Bay on the morning of the 10th. Underneath is a list of the two fleets as I have been informd. We are anxiously expecting intelligence from the Southward. I am, Dear Sir, with great respect, Yr. Excellencys Yr. Most Obt. Ser. Daniel Carroll

   

State of the French Fleet	Guns	British	Guns
Le Duc de Buorgoyne	80	London	90
Le Neptune	74	Royal Oak	74
Le Conquerant	74	Bedford	74 Note A
Le Eveille	64	America	64 ____ B
Le Jason	64	Europa	64
Le Ardent	64	Prudent	64
Le Province	64	Adamant	50
Le Fantasque	64 C		480
	548	difference	68 Guns
			548
Frigates	Guns	Frigates
Romulus	44	Guadalupe	28
La Survellante	32	diffrence	112 & 14
La Gentille	32		140 -- 14
L' Hermione	32
	140
La Guisse Cutter	14

   Note A. The Bedford supposd to be refitted.

        B. The America had returnd to Gardiners Bay before the British Saild.

        C. Did not sail, being an old Hospital Ship.(2)

   I do myself the Honour to Transmit you the enclosed intelligence from his Excellency Genl Washington, as it may be of Importance if you Should not have obtaind the Information from the fleet before this comes to hand.(1)

   I have the Honour to be with the highest Respect your Humble Servt, Sam. Huntington

   P.S. I have been Honourd with your favour of the 14th instant.(2)

   I did myself the honor of writing to your Excellency a few lines by express, the 18th Instant,(1) & enclosd a List of the force of the two fleets which lately Saild from New Port & Gardiners Bay-One of the French Ships mentiond calld the Fantasque did not Sail, being an old Vessel made a hospital Ship of-please therefore to correct the list.

   The Board of war referd to Congress two Letters from your

   I am Dear Sir, with great esteem, your Excellencys Mo Obt Servt. Daniel Carroll

   I have written by this Conveyance to our Governour (1) giving him Notice of my Intention to return home as soon as the Roads permit, and requesting that some of the other Gentlemen may be sent to keep up our Representation in Congress. Whether the Legislature complies with my request or not I shall, I flatter myself, be with you before the first of May as I most impatiently long to be with you. I am considering a mode of Conveyance as my daughter tho' pressed to pass the Summer with Mrs. Peters will accompany me.

   A few days will decide the fate of Arnold, as it is more than probable that by this time the French and British fleets have had an Engagement. Their force is equal and the French went to the Southward with an Intention to fight and an opinion that they woud be victorious.

   We are greatly superior to Arnold's detachment by Land and he can only hope to escape; not to retain possession of Portsmouth, and much less to make any progress in Virginia. We hear nothing by the last post from General Greene who is in pursuite of the British, under Lord Cornwallis. Our Expectations are high and our Anxiety

   [P.S.] I omitted to mention that the British have declared War against the Dutch and taken St. Eustatia, Curocoa & 160 Vessels in the Texel.(2) This Event will give us another Ally. Kiss and bless for me our dear Children. Adieu! God bless you.

   On Account of Some disagreeable Information which I have rec'd from my family; as well as on some other Accounts, I am under a Necessity of Returning home, and Shall Sett off in a few days;(1) I considered it my duty to Inform your Excellency of this, that Some person may Come on, to Represent the State.

   By the Inclosed paper of this days Date, (2) you will See the Manifesto of the King of Britain; which amounts to a Declaration of War against the Dutch. This appears to be a Rash measure, and looks like the Effect of Desparation-what will be the Consequences among the Neutral powers of Europe is not Certain, But we have Reason to Expect that the Armed Neutrality will in General Disapprove of the Conduct of Britain.

   Arnold's Situation is very Critical and Dangerous, and We have the Greatest Reason to Expect that he will be Secured in a very few Days if it is not already done.

   By our last accounts from Cornwallace, he has Retreated near fifty miles, General Green was Reinforced so as to pursue him, and had got within ten miles of his Rear, and was growing stronger Every hour-under those Circumstances we have Reason to hope for a Successful Battle against him which will Restore the two Southern States again to the Union.

   From Sir Your Most Obedt. and humble Servt.

   Wm. Floyd

   Having received no letters by the two last posts, I suspect the course of it beyond James River must by some means be interrupted; this will therefore go under cover to Mr. Neilson at Petersburgh. Before this reaches you, great events must have taken place in our country. God grant they may be favorable to our wishes. The paper which I have desired Mr. Neilson to forward to you with this letter contains all the news: whether good or bad for America, can only be known by the event. The immediate loss of property to the merchants of America in 'Statia and other Dutch ports, will for some time have a very sensible effect on our commerce. Pray make all the interest in your power with your friends in the Assembly to have me relieved as speedily as possible-both my health and finances require it. Present my love to my sisters, Nelly and the children: I long much to see them. Remember me to all our friends, particularly Mr. Barker. And believe me ever, Your affectionate and obedient servant, Sam Johnston.

   Yours of the 1st reached me yesterday by Post and I have also to express my Obligation for one of the same date written to us jointly about a Regulation wch. is not now essential so far as one Voice was intended to serve in the Delegation, But I wish not to be going on without having our Suppression of the Norr. Order Sanctified. We have written for the Purpose.(1)

   You will, eer this reaches you, have learnt the Fate of your little Property which arrived in the Ariel. Your Chance must have been very singular, as I am told by some Merchants that they never in the whole Course of their Business saw such an Effect as the Sea has had on yr. blue Cloth. The Roads are so extremely bad that I shall have no opportunity of sending any Thing of the Box kind till I have your clear Opinion and Directions.

   I see by the Boston News papers that Interest is not to be demanded on the New Bills. It has twice been taken of me on my Draughts.

   Those Friends you mention think much of you, one of them perhaps ever instead of "never."

   I have written to you by a Gentleman of the Name of Randall who left this City 3 days ago.(2) As he went in a Sualky he will not perhaps reach you so soon as this Sheat. I wish you to accomplish the Business for your Friend D____ (3) which I have mentioned to you. I only wait for another private Hand by which to put you fully in the Way of executing the Business to the Extent I named. And if you chuse to go something beyond, it will be more agreable to the Wish of D who is now fully capable of enabling you to do it, was it decided that you would pursue the first of my measures and not the second. But I have heard since I wrote, that you will find more Difficulty in the first than the 2d. I wish I had been 3 weeks sooner. Upon the whole I confide altogether in yr. Judgement to do the best for D & me. I inclose you some Proceedings of a few Days old which will be forwarded to the Government together with a Proclamation for a Fast the 1st Thursday in May. I hope we shall have great occasion to rejoice also. Much may be done by the Allied Force in Cheseapeak and I hope the Dutch will instantly combine with France & Spain. George 3d is downright Bobadil (4) at this Period. If you do not get the News before this reaches your Hand you will have it by the Gazette inclosed to all the Extent we have.

   Give my affectionate Comp[liments] to Doctr. Holten. I intended [to] write to him in answer to his fa[vor] by Browne, but I am forced to scratch this at a Window and am too tired to scratch more than that. I am, sincerely, Yours, J.L.

   Since our last nothing new has happend except the Sailing of the French fleet Consisting of (as near as we can obtain intelligence) the Ships and Guns as per list inclosed (1) together with about twelve Hundred of their Chosen troops which we f[l]atter our selves are by this time actively and Successfully employd in our Bay; And the

   James Madison Junr.

   Theok Bland

   PS. Mr. Hays Set off a few days ago with his printing implements.(2) We sent by him 50 Copies of the last French memorial (3) to be distributed as your Excellency thinks best. He has also a number of Skins, of parchment for the Assembly.

   I have Wrote you one or two Letters since I recd. any from you,(1) but however I will not insist upon a critical Ballance of Accounts at present. I have recd. a Letter from Oliver of the 10t instant of which you will please to inform him, and thot I shall Acknowlege it in a particular Manner. No News from the Southward. We hear nothing particular of the French and English Fleets since they sailed from the Eastward. Events interesting both in Virginia and N Carolina may be soon expected. The inclosed Papers will inform you of an Event of an important Nature(2) if you shall not have recd. an earlier Acco. of it. I shall make no Observations upon this Affair. Accept this hasty Line from Sir, your Most Obedt. servt.

   Oliver Wolcott

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed a Resolve of Congress of the 19th Instant, recommending to the Supreme Executive Council of this State, to forward the March of their Line in Detachments with all possible Expedition to join the Southern Army.(1)

   I have the Honor to be with very great respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington Presidt.(2)

   Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed, a Proclamation of the 20th Instant, earnestly recommending that Thursday the third Day of May next may be observed as a Day of Humiliation, Fasting & Prayer by all the United States.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c, &c. S.H.

   I little expect this will reach you in any short time as your last informed me you were about moving to Bizarre (1)-unless having deposited Fanny and the Children in a Place of safety-you have

   I must request that you will contrive to remit me if Possible the Amount of that Small Ballance in Tobo.-in a Bill on this City for hard Money it being a Commodity I stand much in need of for some Certain Purposes-shd. you not be able to get a Bill for Hard money-I must intreat you to send it in Specie by some safe hand. Can I request another favor viz that you will apply to the Proper office for my depreciation of Pay due to me which I am told the state has Issued to its officers-mine is to be reckond to the 10th day of Jany.1780 at which time my resignation was accepted-shd. you be so fortunate as to obtain it-please to remit it in the most convenient manner you can. I am much distressed for Cash-insomuch that I am unable to pay even for Fanny's Picture or your locks. I am Dr. Tucker Yr. Friend & Bro. Theok Bland

   [P.S.] Inclosed I have sent you an oratorio which was performed by Some Gentn. & Ladies the other night at the Minister of France's Hotel before a numerous Audience at which Mrs. Bland and myself were present.(4)

   Captn. Stoddart carrys with him several matters for you as underneath. He will deliver them to some trusty person in Baltimore to be forwarded to you. It has not been in my power to get the Brown thread Stockings suitable or a hat; I have been with the hatter frequently, & have received repeated promises, but have been disapointed. I shall continue to press him. I do not expect to get one of the best much under two thousand dollars. The green waistcoat I mentiond was taken by the Spanish Agent (1) before I receivd yours & I thought it best Notwithstanding what you said to take the white one with flours-which was cheaper, & I think hansommer.

   The wine sold from 34/ to 38/ State money per Gallon. I believe it is not more than four years old-& I have managed it with Mr. Biddle so that you may have a quarter Cask, hogshead or pipe as you shall direct-but this must be done by the first opportunity.

   In paying a way some of yr. money I found several Convention Bills which I return as mentiond underneath-likewise an 80 Dollar Bill which woud not pass. Present my Comps. to Mrs. Lee & be assur'd, I am Dr. sr. with great regard, Yr. Most Obt Serv.

   Danl. Carroll

    sent by post

	Dollars
Amt of Coll[ungers?] Bill.	3940
Do. of L Blank 4 p Stockgs	2600
Paid for a Silk waistcoat	1500
Do. for Buttons	750
Do for 10 yds of fine Jean or dimoty	2250 1st Parcel recd	Dolls 16109
	11,040 2 Do	1885
19-8 Ds Convention Bills	152	17994
18-6 Ds	108
1. 80 Dollar Bill will not pass	80
	11,380

   Your favour to me which was accompanied by a Memorial to Congress I had the pleasure to receive. The Memorial was immediately referred to the board of War and I have informed them that it's your wish that no Report shoud be made till you have had an opportunity of stating your Claims in person.(1) I have no doubt but so reasonable a Request will be complied with. To this day we have no news from the Southward but what you may find in the prints: our Expectations are high, and our Anxiety great in proportion. Much depends on the Maneuvres of the French fleet & probably on the issue of a naval Engagement. Arnold unless reliev'd by Sea must in all human probability fall with all his detachment into our Hands. Our prospects with respect to General Green's Success continue favorable. I need not tell you the great Effects which are to be expected from a Successful Issue. The Dutch with all their deliberation are hurried into a War, and considerably injured in the unlookd for Seizure of St. Eustatia, Curacoa and 160 of their Ships in the Texel. If they have any national Honor or Pride left they will rouse to Vigorous Exertions. They are poor in Revenue: but as a People the richest perhaps in Europe; and they want nothing but Virtue-and that may be supplied by Resentment-to throw a decisive Weight into the scale of the Allies.

   I am with great Esteem, Sir, Your most obedt Servant,

   Jas Duane

   The Subject of the Dutch War engrosses the Conversation here. The Capture of St. Eustatius has interfered very deeply with the Property of several Merchants in the City, and some of the best Ships belonging to the Port have been lost in the Fracas. I cannot think, either from the whole Circumstances of the Case, or from the Tenour of the Manifesto, that Great-Britain is persuaded The United Provinces will engage in a War, but rather that it is expected they will descend, as, I am sorry to say, they have sometimes

   At writing we have no authentick Intelligence from the Cheeseapeak, but expect it hourly. I think it unnecessary to trouble your Excellency with vague Reports, as you have enough of them at Trenton, and as I am to do myself the Honour of transmitting whatever may come certain or official by the first Hand after it arrives.

   23 March-in the Morning. It should seem, by the last New-York Paper brought to Town, and by some Reports from below, that either the French or British Fleet have got into the Cheeseapeak, but it is doubtful which it may be. I am, with much regard, your Excy's obedt Servant. WC Houston

   You will please to communicate to the Honorable Legislature of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania the enclosed report of Committee & Act of Congress relative to the Law passed in Connecticut to vest in Congress a Power to levy certain Duties.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S. H.

   The Committee to whom the letter from the Minister Plenipotentiary from these United States at the Court of Versailles, relative to a proposition for furnishing Provisions to the amount of four hundred thousand dollars specie to the forces of our Ally, was committed, have received your letter of the 9th instant,(1) in which you inform them that you "are not acquainted with the present wants of his Majesty's fleet and Army in America, and have reason to believe they are amply supplied." The object of the Committee's enquiry was, not their present wants, but, a specification of such provisions as future or contingent wants may require, together with the places of delivery. Precise information on these particulars is necessary to be had before Congress can determine whether the resources of these States will enable them to furnish the supplies.

   The Committee, therefore, request you to furnish them with a particular estimate of such provisions as his Most Christian Majesty's forces, or the Officers appointed to supply them, shall require from the United States, on a Supposition that the aforesaid proposition shall be ratified by Congress. And to Specify the kinds, qualities and quantities and the places of delivery. Should it not be in your line to give them this information the Committee will be obliged by your pointing out to them the proper Officer to whom application ought to be made.

   I am Sir with repsect, your very Obedt Servt. (on behalf of the Committee) Thos Burke

   By the New-York Paper of 17 March inst. printed by Rivington(1) we are informed that the following officers were advanced to the Rank of Rear-Admirals by the late Promotions in the Navy of Great Britain

   Those marked with + are now in Admiral Arbuthnot's Fleet.

   By the above you will perceive that Capt. Archibald Kennedy is promoted to a Rear-Admiral; your Excellency will determine from Circumstances whether it is the same Capt Kennedy who is under Parole to the State of New Jersey.(2) It is probable you have seen the Paper, but not being certain of that, I have extracted the above.

   I am your Excellency's obedt Servant. WC Houston

   Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed, two Acts of Congress of the 16th & 23rd Instant, directing that all Debts liquidated in or contracted for Specie Value shall be paid in Specie or other Money equivalent, according to the current Exchange compared with Specie.(1)

   Also recommending to the several States to amend their Laws making the Bills of Credit emitted under the Authority of Congress a legal Tender, so that such Bills shall not be a legal Tender in any other Manner than at their current Value compared with Gold & Silver.

   But, what will more particularly claim the Attention of your Legislature as of great Importance, is, the requisition for six Millions of Dollars, that is one Million & an half of Dollars to be paid quarterly; the first quarterly Payment to be made on the first Day of June next, the Quota of each State being apportioned in the enclosed Act; and Payment to be made on this requisition as also the several others therein referred to, in Gold or Silver, or Bills emitted by any of the States whatever in Pursuance of the resolutions of the 18th of March 1780.

   This Assessment is not to be considered as the Proportion of any State, but, being paid, is to be adjusted & settled with Interest in Future upon equitable Principles in the Manner expressed in the Act.

   It is with reluctance that Congress are compelled to make this requisition, but the absolute Necessity of the Case will appear so obvious that we presume the respective States will yield a ready & cheerful Compliance therewith to the utmost of their Power.

   I have the Honor to be, &c &c, S.H.

   I send you an Extract from the Journals of Congress which may tend to convey Information to the Genl. Assembly of Massachusetts by being lodged with you Officially.(1)

   Your Friend & humble Servant, James Lovell

   I am to acknowledge your kind attentions of Feb. 10 and March 1st. I hoped to be able to give you a better account of Cornwallis than you have of Arnold: But we must wait some Days longer before we can judge whether he will fail in his Retreat. As to Arnold He is yet too safe. I shall have opportunity of writing again next Thursday and will forward any Intelligence that may happen to arrive before that Time. I wish you had been a little more diffuse as to the Calculation of Interest at yr. Treasury Office. I do not well comprehend your Hint in your Postscript. I will give you on the next page the Result of that Appointment of a Comtee of which you was one April 10.(1) It is only giving Good Words to some of the Staff.

   You will find that we got very happily through a Resolve respecting Allen's Department at the Eastward. The Resolve has been transmitted.(2)

   Yr. Friend and affectionate humb. Servt.

    James Lovell

   The Resolve was reconsidered and recommitted. I therefore tear it off.

   We have just received an Account from the Captain of a Vessel who belongs to Newport & is arrivd in this river. That the French & Brittish fleets which lately left Newport & Gardners Bay fell in with each other a little to the Southward of Cape Henry on the 16th instant when an action commenced between the van of the two fleets & lasted forty five minits.(1)

   The Captain says He saw one of the Brittish drove out of the line after which the firing ceased, & both fleets were maneuvring, the French being to windward when the Informant left them, & Sailed for this place, this report leaves us Still in anxious Suspence.

   During the action he lay at about three miles distant from the fleets, having Sailed from Newport under convoy of the French.

   We have no Intelligence from the Southern Army later than you will find in the public papers.

   The Brittish Manifesto against the Dutch with the Sudden & violent proceedings against their Shipping & property must have reached you before this comes to hand.

   This Event must produce Some Important Change in the affairs of Europe, time will discover its Effect.

   I am Sir with Esteem & Respect your Humble Servt,

   Saml Huntington

   I have been honored with your Excellency's two Letters of the 8th Instant with the several Papers to which they refer.(1) The Limitation of the Act impowering Congress to levy a Duty &c to three Years

   The Proceedings of Congress relative to this Subject, as also the several other Despatches contained in your Excellency's Letters will be forwarded immediately after they are completed.(2)

   We have just received an Account by the Captain of a Merchant Vessel arrived in this river, that the French & Brittish Fleets that lately left Newport & Gardners Bay fell in with each other a little to the Southward of Cape Henry on the 16th Instant, when an Action commenced between the Van of the two Fleets which lasted forty five Minutes. The Captain reports that he saw one of the Brittish drove out of the Line, after which the Firing, ceased and both Fleets were maneuvering, the French being to windward when he left them, so that we are left in anxious Doubt as to the final Event of their Meeting.

   We have no Intelligence from General Greene or the southern Army later than the 2d Instant. The Delay of Intelligence from him is construed rather favorable, though it must be supposed Affairs in that Quarter are in a critical Situation, Arnold & his Party lie still at Portsmouth, should the french Fleet so far succeed as to be able to enter the Chesapeake & maintain their intended Station at that Place, it must give a very favorable Turn to the ensuing Campaign.

   Before this comes to Hand your Excellency will probably have heard of the British Manifesto & their violent Attack upon the Dutch, their Shipping & Property; which must produce some important Change of Affairs in Europe. I am once more earnestly to request that a Delegate may be sent to relieve me as soon as possible. Genl Woolcot & Col. Root both expect to leave Congress in the Course of a few Weeks, when the State will be unrepresented & I cannot think of enduring the Burden & Confinement of my present Situation another Summer.

   I have the Honor to be, with every Sentiment of Esteem & respect, your Excellency's most obedient Servant, Sam. Huntington

   I have been honored with your Excellency's Letter of the 26th of February through Genl Washington. The Letter, by an accidental Mistake of your Secretary, being in the Superscription addressed to the General & by him on discovering the Mistake forwarded to me.(1)

   By the enclosed Act of Congress of the 16th Instant your Excellency will be informed that Congress are of Opinion that the Invalids belonging to the Line of Connecticut cannot be stationed in that State agreeable to the request contained in your Letter, consistent with the general Benefit of the United States.(2)

   The whole of the Invalid Corps amount to but a Small Number, how many are of the Connecticut Line I am unable to say; they are, at present, to the Eastward, I believe in Massachusetts.

   I have the Honor to be, with great respect & Esteem, your Excellency's most obedient Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   Congress have Called for 6,000,000 of Dollars to be paid quarterly to defray the Charges of the Current year. They have recommended to the States to amend their laws which make paper bills a legal tender other ways than at their Current value-have appointed the annual Fast to be on the 1st Thursday of May. We have no news,

   P. S. A vessel arrived here today the Capt. Says he Sailed with the French fleet from Newport-that on the 12 they were parted in a fog. The adml. Came too off Cape Charles on the 1 6th the rest of the fleet joined him in about 2 hours after the british hove in Sight, the french to windward. An action insued for 45 minutes. One of the british was drove out of the line & both fleets Stood to Sea the French having the wind.(1)

   I have taken the liberty to Trouble you with the Charge of Some packages by Brown to be forwarded. The large one Contains Some garden peas & Seeds-you may if you please open it and take Some of the low bush pea which is the largest parcel as I fancy they are not to be got in our Country & are more than I shall want & be kind enough to Seal them up again.

   England has made war with the Dutch. Adl. Rodney has Captured St. Eustatia & all the Dutch & American vessels in the harbour, a heavy blow upon Some of the merchants here. The unfortunat Capture of Mr Laurences papers I hope will in the End be productive of beneficial Consequences to America.

   We have had no late news from the Southward or the French Fleet; are in hourly expectation of Some interesting intelligence from that quarter.

   Congress have Called for 6,000,000 of dollars to be paid quarterly as necessary to defray the Charges of the Current year. They have recommended to the States to amend their laws which make paper bill[s] a tender otherways than according to their Current value, & have appointed a fast on the 1st Thursday in May.

   I enclose a newspaper. With Sentiments of esteem & respect I am your most obedt humble Sert.

   P.S. A vessel Just arrived. The Capt. Says he sailed from N Port with the Fleet, that on the 12th they were parted in a fog. The admiral

   England has declared war with the States of Holland have Seised upon St Eustatia and all the Dutch & American vessels in the harbour, Said to be upwards of forty of the latter-a heavy blow upon the merchants in this city. The Dutch admiral it is Said was killed; Curasoa, report Say, is likewise taken-the English it Seems like men of desperate fortune are endeavoring to retreive their Circumstances by robery & plunder-which Must draw on them the Enmity of the whole world.

   Thus the unfortunate Capture of Mr. Laurences papers will probably be productive of the most fortunate event to America-this is Marvelous to Consider.

   We have had no account lately from the Southward or from the French Fleet and are in hourly Expectation of Some very interesting intelligence from that quarter. The resolution of Congress Calling for Six million of dollars to be paid quarterly-and recommending to the States to amend their laws which make paper money a tender otherways than ad valorum-and appointing the 1st Thursday in May for a fast-will be transmitted to your Excellency by the President. The old Continental bills Continue to depreciate nor do I think it at all probable that any of the States will get their quota out of Circulation by the time prescribed. I need not repeat to your Excellency the necessity I am under to return home by the Middle of next month & that the State will be without a representative unless I am releived. I have enclosed the December Journals & Some news papers and am with the highest esteem & respect your Excellencys most obedt, humble, Servt.

   Jesse Root

   P.S. The Minister of France as Informed that the 2nd division will arrive early this Spring & wishes us to be ready to Cooperate with them. This day a Vessel arrived in the river, the Captn. Says that he Sailed with the French fleet from N port, that on the 12th the fleet was parted in a fog, that the Admiral with 4 Ships Came too off Cape Charles, on the 16th the rest of the fleet Joined him, that in about 2 hours after the british fleet hove in Sight, the wind at NE, the

   I have been honoured with your Excellencys Letter of the 7th instant, with the Constitution or Articles of Government of Connecticut in 1636. The renewed Charter of Charles the 2d has also been recd. Before these came to Hand it became Necessary to print the Constitution of our State according to the Act of Congress. As I had a general Knowledge that the Charter of Charles the 2d was no more than a Confirmation of the Government established by our Ancestors with Some Additions and Improvments-And that the original Form of Government would not exhibit a full Idea of our present Constitution-And the Charter of Charles the 2d would be improper to be published-And that the Principles of our Government were in a great Measure founded upon certain fundamental Laws. I had no apprehension that the real Constitution of the State could be otherwise given to the Publick, than by an Account of the leading and main Princeples upon which the Goverment Operated, And having found an Account of the Constitution of our State printed in 1779 with tolerable Judgment and Accuracy, I have upon the Advice of the President of Congress, agreed to publish this Account with some Alterations (1)-which I think will give a good general Veiw of the Princeples of our Goverment as now existing, without entering into a Detail of it's Origin or Derivation which would be rather perhaps a Matter of Amusement than useful Information or productive of real Benefit. I shall be happy if what I have done Shall Meet with the Approbation of your Excellency and the State.

   Your Excellency will recive from the President a Recommendation of Congress to the State to revise and amend their late Law

   Your Excellency will likewise receive a Recommendation, that the States collect in Quaterly Payments Six Millions of Dollars in Specie or the New Emission beginning the first of June. I shall make no other observation upon this Measure than that it will be obvious that the Portion Assigned to Connecticut is too high compared with Massachusetts and some other States. In this Congress have governed themselves by former Precedents, except by lessening the Quotas of N York and N Carolina and placing the Deficiency proportionably on the other States. In this Place I will Observe to your Excellency that We have but the least Reason to expect Money from Abroad. This has been So clearly communicated that We must depend upon it.

   The Commissary Genl. of Purchases Complains that by Reason of the Scanty Supplys of fresh Provisions the Army are fed with that which is Salted, in great Measure. This Circumstance will be severely felt the next Summer unless rectified as We are officially Acquainted that a Cooperation against The Enemy is designed. The Commissary also says that there is a most unreasonable Deficiency between the

   The Rate of Exchange here is 130 Dollars old Money for one in specie. This Occasions Vast Quantitys to be sent on to the Eastward. And indeed the People from thence are here buying the old Money, as the Exchange is So much lower there than here. I mention this Circumstance as I suppose that a Depretiation at the Eastward may be expected soon to take Place. This old Money is continually undulating from one Part of the Continent to the Other, And productive of all the Mischief which can Attend a fluctuating Medium, But I will make no Observations but State Facts, upon which your Excellency is the best Able to judge with Regard to what Measures May be the most proper to be adopted.

   We have no News from N Carolina but what your Excellency will See in the Papers. There is an Acco. which is probably true that the Two Fleets from the Eastward had an Ingagment On the 16t off the Capes of Virginia. The Capt of the Brig who brings this Intelligence left the Fleets in the Action-he says that the French were at the Windward, that but one of the English Ships supposed to be the Admirals had engaged, that as he was Attacked by three or four French Ships She was drove out of the Line. We must Wait to hear the Result of this affair.

   I Wrote to Mr Ellsworth some time ago that it was Necessary for me to Return home early in April.(3) He has given me no Reason to believe that either he or Mr Law would be here by that Time. I hope that the Assembly have Appointed New Members in the Room of the late Mr. Hosmore and Col Adams resigned. Mr Huntington and Mr Root I suppose will tarry here till the latter End of next month Altho Mr Root talks as if he Should Return a little earlier yet I think he will tarry till that Time.

   I am with the highest Esteem and Regard, your Excellency's Most Obedient Servant, Oliver Wolcott

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, an Act of Congress of the 24th Instant, requesting the Supreme Executive of Virginia to appoint suitable Persons to settle the Accounts of Colonel Wood respecting his Command in superintending the Convention Prisoners. (1)

   Your several Letters of the 8th, 19th & 21st with the Papers to which they refer have been received & laid before Congress.(2)

   I have the Honor to be, with very high regard, your Excellency's most obedt humble Servant, Sam. Huntington President

   Congress have been pleased to refer to your Excellency the enclosed Letter of the 21st Instant from Colonel Wood, soliciting in Behalf of Lt Colonel Hill the Liberty of being indulged his Parole to go to England, as also the Letter of the 20th Instant from Lt Col. Dubuyson, desiring that a similar Favor for himself may be made the Condition on which Lt. Col. Hill's Request should be granted; if obtained. (1)

   The Circumstances of Lt Colonel Dubuyson, from the Wounds he received at the Battle of Camden, seem to entitle him to an equal Indulgence with the other Officer.

   I have been honored with two of your Letters of the first Instant & one of the 21st, with the several Papers to which they refer;(2) am

   It is probable the Letters which accompany this will give your Excellency the latest Intelligence I have received from the southern Army, & the British Fleet now in the Chesapeake, yet as the Intelligence is important, have thought proper to transmit the enclosed Extracts of Letters from Governor Jefferson & Mr Barron.(3)

   The Minister of France will give you the Particulars of the Action between the two Fleets on the 16th Instant with more Exactness than I have been able to collect. No Vessel captured on either Side-the french Fleet I suppose are gone to Newport.

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest Regard, your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington Presidt.

   Before this can reach you, our Countrymen will have finishd the important Business of electing their Legislators, Magistrates and Governor. I hope they have made a wise Choice.(2) At least, from the Opinion I entertain of their Virtue; I am purswaded they have acted with all that Deliberation & Caution which the Solemnity of the Transaction required. They may then reflect, each one on his own Conduct, and appeal to the Monitor in his Breast, that he has not trifled with the sacred Trust reposed in him by GOD & his Country-that he has not prostituted his Honor and Conscience to

   But our Countrymen will not imagine, that having filled the several Departments of Government, they have no further Concern about it. Their Duty and Interest, I humbly conceive, should lead them to attend to the Manner in which it is administerd, by those whom they have entrusted. How often has the finishing Stroke been given to publick Liberty, by those who have possessd or seemd to possess many amiable Virtues! Gustavus Vasa was viewed by the Swedes as the Deliverer of their Country from the Danish yoke.(3) The most implicit Obedience, says the Historian, was considered by them as a Debt of Gratitude and a Virtue. He had many excellent Qualities. His Manners were conciliating-his Courage & Abilities, great. The People by an entire Confidence in him, sufferd him to lay a Foundation for an absolute Monarchy. They were charmd with his Moderation and Wisdom, Qualities which he really possessd; but they did not consider his Ambition nor had they a Thought of his Views. They found Peace restord, Order establishd, Justice administerd, Commerce protected & the Arts and Sciences encouragd, & they looked no further. They did not imagine that he who had been instrumental in recovering the Independence of their Country, was the very Man who was to effect the Ruin of their Liberties. By the Constitution of Sweden their Kings were elective, & the Powers of their Sovereign were exceedingly limitted. The unsuspecting People even voluntarily gave up their Right of Election, & sufferd Gustavus to increase the Powers of the Crown & entail it in his own Family! This is the Account which the History of Sweden gives us; and it affords an Instance among a thousand others, of the Folly & Danger of trusting even good Men with Power, without regarding the Use they make of it. Power is in its Nature incroaching; and such is the human Make, that Men who are vested with a Share of it, are generally inclind to take more than it was intended they shoud have. The Love of Power, like the Love of Money, increases with the Possession of it; and we know, in what Ruin these Baneful Passions have involvd human Societies, in all Ages, when they have been let loose, & sufferd to rage uncontrould. There is no Restraint like the pervading Eye of the virtuous Citizens. I hope therefore, our Country

   It is a long time since I have been favourd with a Line from you. It is more than probable that our Communications on both sides miscarry, Indeed I have had so little, which coud afford pleasure, to transmit, and I think it the worst of All Employments to vex my Friends who are happy enough to retire from this anxious Theatre with Incidents which may depress their Spirits without being of publick Advantage. All our Evills may be resolved into the Want of money which seems to pervade every State, at least none of them have made Exertions to remove the Complaint. To keep the general Treasury exhausted while the Country abounds with plenty and there is a high market for every sort of produce, and many of the States enjoy uninterrupted Tranquillity: cannot be accounted for on any principle which does Honour to our Patriotism or publick Spirit. Where this backwardness is avoidable it ought to be reprobated; for there seems no doubt but with a very moderate Share of Vigour the Enemies of this Country will be expelled in a single Campaign.

   Every thing practicable here has been done for maintaining the Southern States in a spirited opposition against Cornwallis & Arnold. I am convinced that if the Pensylvania Line instead of revolting for want a little money had marched to Join Greene the British Powers in the Carolinas & Georgia must have been totally

   Arnold has a Reprieve. The French and british fleets have met near the Capes of Virginia and a Hardy Engagement ensued. Night separated them. De Estouches expected and prepared to renew the Combat next morning; Arburthnot was contented with his Share of the battle, and in the night time steered his Course for Portsmouth leaving his Antagonist master of the Sea. Can a british Admiral Justify thus retiring from an inferior Squadron of the French who they pretend[....]He will plume himself on relieving Arnold; But it coud not have hurt his Reputation to beat the French in the bargain. To hide from them seems inglorious.

   I have now passed nearly another year in Congress, and am sufficiently tired & homesick. You will I presume be requested to take my place. Your Services will be exceedingly necessary. I set out as soon as the Roads admit. Col. Floyd has heard disagreeable Accounts of his Ladys health which hurries him away this day.(1)

   You will have the pleasure of seeing your new Sister soon, as the Col. thinks of setting out to morrow.

   I am with great Respect & affectionate Complements to your Lady, mamma & every branch of the family.

   Dear Sir, your most Obedt & very hume Servt.

   Jas. Duane

   In my last I acquainted your Excellency there had been an Engagement between the french & British Fleets a little to the Southward of Cape Henry on the 16th Instant, since which the British have got into the Chesapeake, no Vessels were captured on either Side, you will likely hear the french Fleet are returned to Newport before this is received.

   Genl Greene has had an Action with Lord Cornwallis, the enclosed Extracts will give the most authentic Intelligence respecting it which hath yet been received.(1)

   I have the Honor to be with the highest respect, Your Excellency's most obedt & humble Servant, Sam. Huntington

   I yesterday received your Favors of the 5th & 12th.

   I have already written to you fully in regard to what was brought for you by Capt. Jones.(1) I will pursue all modes of forwarding the Articles which I may think convenient. Brown had left Philada. before I recd. your hint about his purchasing a Carriage. I believe the Badness of the Roads prevented him.

   I thank you for your Direction about the Chintz. I must omit to follow it till some time when you shall have been more in Luck than now.

   Baron Arandt would be very glad to be a Pensioner upon us in the military Line or to be sent as our Agent to Prussia.(2) He had been home on furlough for his Health, being burstan,(3) he outstaid his Time, is not established, but having determined to come over again, The Chamber of Commerce in Prussia or Somebody of that Kind instructed him to inform them of the nature of American Commerce, which is no more than what our commercial Comtee. ought

   I have acknowledged your Letter by Genl. Knox and have sent you the Bill of Exchange by Doctr. Winship who I suspect will stick deep in the mud a long time with his Waggon. I will send you the Comments by the first private Hand.

   I dare not show your Vermont Anecdote to Jemmy D. -- -a pious McDougal almost swore.

   For Conscience Sake weigh well our Request of the 5 pr Cent Impost. I have sent to Mr. Avery a Resolve upon the Connecticutt Act: (4) see it for your Information. He will make one of his Clerk's copy it upon yr. Request, if you are not at Boston.

   We shall this afternoon put an End to all favorable Exemptions which the Bermudians have had in the Admiralty Courts, and also to the Priviledges heretofore granted to persons coming to settle.(5)

   We have been very unlucky in a Naval Engagement of the Fleets. Privateers have had success. Our Allies behaved, all for the best, under the Government of Necessity. They have been very gallant; But a Fog at first, and the Bad sailing of 5 Ships afterwards, made it impossible for them to gain Cheseapeak before the British.

   Arnold is safe at present; and the Neighbourhood of the Waters of Cheseapeak must suffer for a Time. I think the british Fleet will not long remain at such a Distance from the french.

   One of my Sons writes that some southern Speculators upon hard Money have been driven from Boston.

   I wrote to you by Mr. Randall & again by Mr. Brown upon Business for your Friend D_ (6) act immediately or wait awhile as you shall judge best for D & me.

   I am, affly yrs. JL

   [P.S.] Doctr. Shield wonders much that he does not get a Line of answer to several Letters.

   Genl. Roberdeau is here and often asks me if I have no Letters from you for him.

   Mrs. Clymar still breathes but is limited by her Doctors to 3 daies. Compliments from the Heads of this Family.

   I yesterday received your Favor of the 15th, as I did also some Letters from Mr. Carmichael through Mr. Gerry's Care;(1) But still I have none from Mr. Jay, which is very mysterious.

   I am rejoiced to find the Spirit of our State so high in the common Cause notwithstandg. all its particular Burthens.

   You will know the Conduct of the french Fleet off the Capes of Virginia before this reaches you; but you are now also to hear that Green has lost a Battle. The french were under an absolute necessity of fighting, they would otherwise have sacrificed a little Glory to the main purpose of their sailing from Newport. They behaved most gallantly. We have only to lament their and our Disappointment by a Fog first and afterwards by a Want of Swiftness in 5 of their Ships which obliged the 3 fast Sailers to tarry for them and risque the Battle. You will have your wish as to Bermuda. All saving Clauses of former Resolves respecting that Island, and respecting Settlers and the Importers of Arms &c. will be repealed unless so far as that the Repeal shd. not condemn Vessels now in port or Bermudians with Salt only arriving before the 1st of May.(2) You will not publish my Communications unless I send the Acts of Congress. I hope you will see that the unparallelled Distress of Congress in Money Matters leaves no Remedy but calling upon such States as are able to furnish enough for our Necessities without affecting the true Quota which individual States ought to pay upon the confederal Principles.

   I wish you Happiness being sincerely and with Esteem, Your friend and humb. Servt. J.L.

   As we have Allready requested of your Excellency and the Honble Council, A Supply of Cash,(1) we have only to add, that the new Bills Issued under the Act of Congress of the 18th March, will Answer our purposes, And that we hope shall be Supplied Soon with a thousand dollars each of that Emission for Which We Will Account at the Current Exchange.

   We are honored With your Excellencys favour of the 23d.(2) We have the honor to be With the highest esteem, Gentlemen, your most hble servts, John Hanson

   Daniel Carroll

   I have been honored with your very agreable Letter of ; but have it not about me. Should you pursue your Intention of going to the Southward, I shall be peculiarly happy in seeing you on the Way. We have not Accounts of late from General Greene, but a Letter received Yesterday from Governor Jefferson of Virginia, gives us the following Intelligence.(1) "That on the fifteenth of this Month a General Action was fought between the two Armies, wch. continued incessant for an hour and a Quarter; That General Greene then retired in good Order, unpursued, one Mile and an half, with the Loss of four Pieces of Canon and between two & three hundred killed and wounded. The Enemies Loss between five and six hundred: That General Greene intended a second Attack the day following, but was prevented by Rain; That every Circumstance indicated a new Engagement." This Acct. the Governor received from a Capt. of Artillery who was in Action. I now know what the Sensations of your Breast will be upon reading so far; But lest your Cheeks should become too crimson, I shall not mention them; For you are sensible I can never command my own Countenance When that of a Lady is agitated. However, This, to me, & most People who think cooly, is very good Intelligence. For Considering the small Number of our Continental Troops, and the irregular Nature of the Southern Militia, we might have expected a total Defeat, instead of a Conflict so equally maintained. To convince the Militia that they can fight is half making them Veterans; And We may safely pronounce General Greene's Strength after the Battle, a Quarter greater than before. So true it is that all the Benefits of a long Experience may be gained in an Hour. I have not felt so firm a Persuasion of Success from the Beginning as at present. Perhaps you may think me too anxious on the Side of Friendship, and too much interested in your Felicity to indulge different Reflections; But I give you the Account exactly as we have received it; & shall repeat my Information as soon as more authentic Intelligence shall be obtained. I love Sincerity for its own sake as well as for the Relation it bears to social Connection, And I declare upon my Honor, America ought, and doubtless will

   On the receipt of your favor of the 22d of February inclosing the Memorial of Mr. Stodder and Kerr with the protests and affidavits annexed, we communicated the matter to Congress, and have obtained an instruction to the Hon'ble Mr. Adams to represent the same to the States General of the United Provinces, and to claim such redress for the Memorialists as justice and the law of Nations require.(1) We have also received your Excellency's favor of the 15th instant relating to Mr. Nathan with the several papers under the same cover and shall carry your Excellency's wishes into execution in the best manner we can.(2)

   Capt. de la touche is arrived here from the French fleet,(3) with the stores belonging to Virginia,(4) which were delivered to him at Providence...Capt de La Touche confirms the intelligence of an action between the two fleets on the 16th It does not appear to have been by any means a decisive, though a pretty severe one. The French claim the advantage, and say that the English appeared very willing to decline a renewal of the combat.

   We have the honor to be with the most perfect respect and esteem y'r Excellency's Obt. and humble Servants

   James Madison Junr.

   Theo'k Bland

   I have wrote you two Letters by way of Boston since you left us,(1) but not hearing of the Sailing of this Vessel untill this Moment, I have scarcely time more than to inclose you the late papers which will give you all the material Intelligence since my last, The failure of the French Fleet in not getting into Chesapeak, is very unlucky as Arnold must certainly have fallen had they arrived, however we are in daily expectation of the 2d Division appearing who I hope will enable us to retrive our Southern Affairs-you will see by the Papers a short Account of an Action between Genl. Green & Lord Cornwallis on the 15th Instant, but as yet we have no particulars except that it was expected the Attack would be renewed in a day or two, we are anxious to hear the Event. Sumpter, Marian, & Pickens had a considerable Body of Militia in Motion between Camden & the Enemy, & about 1000 North Carolina Militia were in the neighbourhood of Wilmington, where the British had not more than 300 Men intrenching themselves by Accounts from So. Carolina dated last Month, we find our Friends at St. Augustine were in good Spirits & determined to hold out to the last, but many of those left behind had been reduced to the necessity of making a temporary submission rather than see their families starve, which they must otherwise have done. Capt. Vanderhorst who had been in a Flagg to fetch away his Family was arrived at Newburn, & writes me, that he could give me interesting Accounts of our Friends in that quarter, but he did not venture to commit it to paper, if we can give them any Effectual Aid, many of them will be ready to cooperate with us, but others have lost themselves for ever-for instance, Old Colo. Pinckney has accepted the office of Superindant of the Police in the room of Jas. Simpson who has gone to New York, but our Ladies to their eternal Honour have uniformly supported their Characters of staunch Whiggs-they steadily refuse any Association with the British Officers, will go to none of their Public Amusements, & it may be depended on as a Fact, that many who were reduced to the necessity of selling their Buckles now wear Black & White Roses in their Shoes in Honour of the alliance, which is now a distinguishing

   Tho Bee

   P.S. Please present my Complmts [to] Major Jackson, & inform him I sent a draft for the amount of his whole debt to Boston, which money Mr McCall will receive for him.(3)

   This Morning I had the Honour of your Excellency's Letter dated the 24 inst. I should have written you by Post Yesterday, but knowing of a Conveyance today or tomorrow Morning, I postpond it hoping to possess myself more fully of the News from the French Fleet as well as from General Greene.

   The Substance of both you have probably heard; I will set down as shortly and correctly as I can the Details I have collected.

   On the 15 inst the Engagement between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis was fought. The Intelligence of it comes verbally to Richmond in Virginia by a Captain Singleton of the Artillery who left General Greene's Head-quarters next Day. Governour Jefferson writes it from thence to Congress. It is said both Armies were prepared and desirous of Action; that the Contest was pretty general and severe, and lasted near two Hours; that it happened about a mile and a Half from Guilford Court-house in North Carolina; that Lord Cornwallis was about 2500 strong and General Greene near 4000, mostly Militia, but this according to General Greene's Letter to Congress dated a few Days before the Action, must be a Mistake, as he could not from Probabilities have more in the whole than about 26 or 2700; that the Militia and Regulars of our Army suffered nearly equal Numbers; that General Greene retreated about a Mile and a Half from the Ground leaving it to the Enemy, who did not think fit to pursue; that our Loss was about 300 killed, wounded and Prisoners and 4 Pieces of Artillery; among the killed Major Anderson of the Maryland Regulars and Capt Barret of Washington's Cavalry; among the wounded General Stevens of the Virginia Militia and Capt Fontleroy of the above mentioned Cavalry, the latter left on the Field; the Informant says that from what he saw he was of Opinion General Greene meant to renew the Action next Morning but was prevented by a heavy Rain; that there appeared no Want of Spirits in his Army, but being mostly Militia or raw Recruits they fought at great Disadvantage against Cornwallis' Veterans; that when he left General Greene it seemed to be his Intention to fight the Enemy again as soon as the Weather permitted. I cannot

   The Action between the Fleets is important only in its Consequences, our Disappointment and the British Fleet getting into Hampton-road. Both Fleets arrived off the Capes of Virginia nearly at the same Time, the French rather before, but not long enough to get fairly into the Bay and prepare for debarking the Men. They were under the Necessity of fighting, though neither Side appears to have been very desirous of beginning or earnest in continuing the Action. Nothing decisive has taken Place on either Side; both had some Ships a little disabled. In the French Fleet the Conquerant was shot in the Rudder and the Ardent in her Masts and Yards so far to be in an unfavourable Situation for fighting. Some other Ships suffered a little in their Rigging. The French have returned to Rhode-Island to refit. One of their Frigates is unfortunately left in Cheeseapeak; the Hermion, Capt de la Touche, is arrived at Chester with Dispatches for the Minister. This sadly deranges our Plans, but however we will hope for our Day.

   No late News from Europe. As I expect to be at Trenton in a Day or two, shall beg your further attention to what I mentioned respecting the Dutch. Your Ideas are certainly right.

   I have the Honour to be, Your Excellency's obedt Servant. W C Houston

   The Committee recollect your Excellency's Communication that his most Christian Majesty's Minister of Finance had obtained or Acquired from the Minister Plenipotentiary of these States a letter of Credit on Congress for Provisions to the amount of four hundred thousand Dollars.(1) They request your Excellency to inform them whether his Majesty's Ministers rely on the letter of Credit alluded to, as a Contract absolutely concluded and which Congress are in all Events bound to ratify and perform? (It they Consider it in this light The Committee have no doubt that Congress will employ every means in their

   I presume in this you have received the Paper Intelligence; but as that is not authentic nor so particular as the Account from the Southard by Governor Jefferson's Letter to Congress Received on Wednesday last, I do my self the Honor to favor you therewith.(1)

   The Governor Writes that on the 15th Inst. about a Mile and a Half from Guilford Court House Green & Cornwallis had a Battle, which lasted one Hour & a Quarter, that Green retreated a Mile & a Half in good Order, having lost two Peices of Cannon and about 300 killed and wounded, Cornwallis lost between 500 & 700 killed and wounded, that General Green determined to renew the Attaque the Next Morning, but the Weather prevented. The Enemy were 2500, & our Troops including Militia or Mostly so 4000, our Men &c behaved well, were in high Spirits & anxious for another Engagement, this Account the Governor had from an Officer who was in the Action.

   This I call a very good Account, for if Green is so strong as to Attac the Enemy, he only has to keep up the Ball awhile and he must

   All the Accounts we have of an Action between the Fleets have been published which I dare say you have seen, and I think it may be said, (all things Considered) that the French Arms have gained Reputation.

   I would just Mention to you that Monday come a Week Mr. McKean has to attend a Court in this City and Tuesday Week our Supreme Court begins, so that Delaware will be unrepresented in Congress. Newhampshire, Newyork & Rhode Island are now in the same situation. I shall be detained about 10 Days and I wish you if possible to order Matters so as to be here on Sunday come a Week, for you know that your Attendance (although you alone cannot give the Vote of the State) is Necessary & may be very useful. Mr. McKean [h]as attended every Day since I came up & seems in good Health.

   Please present my Complimts. to Mrs. Rodney, and believe me to be, yr. Most obdt. Nichs. Van Dyke

   This will be handed to my dearest Polly by Col. H.B. Livingston. How they will get on I know not as the roads even here are unfit for a Carriage.

   I have orderd a Phaeton to be made for Brother Walter which is to be finished in a fortnight. In this our Daughter will have a Seat and probably Sister Robert C. as we all propose coming together. I include Brother Harry. I hope by the latter End of April or the beginning of May your Roads will be tolerable. I wish to hear when you favour me with a Line. For my own part as I prefer a Horse it is of no Consequence; but the Carriage must be attended to.

   We have nothing from the Southward since I wrote to you last; except that Cornwallis lost 800 killed besides the wounded in his late battle with our Army under General Greene & that the next morning he proceded to Court house leaving all his dead unburied altho' General Ohara was among the number. We have yet no further particulars except that our Regulars as well as militia behaved with uncommon Spirit and that Cols. Washington & Lee of the Cavalry have acquired great Glory. The opinion is as strong as ever that Lord Cornwallis and his Army must fall into our hands.

   I enclose you the late news papers. Present my dutiful & affectionate Regards to our honord Father & Mamma & my respectful Compliments to every branch of the family. Kiss and bless for me our dear Children and believe me to be with unalterable Affection, my dearest Polly, Your ever faithful Husband,

   Jas. Duane (1)

   Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed, an Ordinance relative to the Capture & Condemnation of Prizes, and repealing all former Acts & Resolutions of Congress contrary to the true Intent & Meaning of this Ordinance.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c S.H.(2)

   I left a Line for you at my Lodgings before I came out of Town,(1) to which I make no Doubt you will give Attention, as the Subject of it is so nearly connected with the Justice and Honour of Congress.

   I will frankly confess to you that my Mind labours under a Load of Anxiety respecting the Settlement of the Powers of the Superintendent of Finance,(2) and indeed the whole Business of that Department. It appears to me that there is no Alternative. Those Powers, or similar ones, must be vested in some one Person, in Order to extricate our Affairs from the Confusion in which they are at present involved. The Board of Treasury only make bad, worse. To go on in the present Train is absolutely impossible. A total Stagnation must soon take Place, and Ruin cannot be far off. Were our Affairs in a State of Beginning, Powers so extensive would not be necessary; but perplexed,

   I was in Congress but a very few Days, but during those few Days near 100,000 Dollars were voted to a Member or two of Congress, the Deputy Secretary and a Clerk in the Treasury.(3) Would not this have relieved many poor People who are almost starving for their Interest of Money in the Funds, or almost ruined through the Failure, on our Part, of fulfilling Contracts? Who can justify these Things? and can Congress suppose they will be borne with? And yet this will ever be the Case while the Expenditure of the publick Money is managed as at present.

   As to the Gentleman who is elected Superintendent of Finance, I have no great Acquaintance with him, nor more Predilection for him than any other capable and upright Man. He is acknowledged a Man of Abilities and Character, and I believe if he has Time given him will yet retrieve our Affairs, Almost hopeless as they are in that Line. But it is the Trust I speak of and not Men. What he has to do cannot be done without efficient Powers, and Congress may at length see the Necessity of giving those Powers, when a less capable Man must have them.

   I foresee Clamours, Memorials and Resignations, but if Congress refuse a Measure on that Account, no Reformation will ever take Place. However Diana of the Ephesians (4) is not so great as she was in the Year 1778 and 9 when Men were paid a large percentage for contriving the Means of Squandering the publick Money. See what a Man says of Congress in the Papers because he was disappointed of an Office.

   If however cannot think of conferring the Powers without Limitation, restrict them to the Duration of the present War, or to a Year, or so many Years for Experiment. Desperate Diseases require peculiar remedies. The Power of Suspension you are convinced will not do. Trusting much to your Friendship and great good Sense I have written freely, but I hope not impertinently. I am sincerely yours, W C. Houston

   I send you a few Prints and the last monthly Journals yet from the Press. The Enemy will give you one of the most candid accounts of the naval Engagement on the 16th (1) that I have at any time seen in Rivington's royal Gazette. Our Allies have conducted most gallantly: a Fog which seperated their Ships a few days before the Engagement deprived them of the Opportunity of giving an immense Turn to our southern affairs. However, their proved Zeal & Activity have so impressed the Enemy that the british Fleet has not ventured to remain in Chesapeak to push the Advantages which had fallen to them by the Chance of War. We have some pretty possitive Information of a severe Cannonade of three hours at Sea on the morning of the 24th after the british had gone down the Bay of Cheseapeak at present I suspect that both the Severity & Continuance are heightned by Imagination from some single Engagement between two Frigates. It cannot be the Rhode Island Squadron.

   I have not heard from your Lady of late. I shall have Opportunity in a few days, I think, to send what Jones brought for her.

   We impatiently wait for your Comments upon the british Conduct at St. Eustatia and the manner in which Their H Ms. of the U Provinces (2) receive it.

   I am affectionately yours, James Lovell.

   I send you a few News papers and the last monthly Journals which have come from the Press. The Enemy will tell their own Story of the naval Engagement on the 16th. They have ventured nearer to Truth in Rivingtons royal Gazette than almost at any one time before, since the very Commencement of Hostilities. Our Allies conducted most gallantly: And the Enemy are so convinced of the Activity of the french Commander that they have not ventured to remain in Cheseapeak Bay to do all the Damage which the Event of the Battle had put into their Power. I send you Genl. Greene's Acct. Of an affair between him & Cornwallis.(1) I will endeavor to have it struck at the Press. You shall have it at least with our Secretary's Attestation which is in the best Credit even with the Enemy. The Opportunity of sending is too precarious to allow of my enlarging. Your most humble Servt, James Lovell

   Mr Govr Morris now covering some Papers which I furnished, and which I send to France & Holland, I only add that we had another Letter from Mr. Carmichael (of Oct 15) without any from you. We received it on the 26th.(1)

    Your most humble Servant, James Lovell (2)

   ENCLOSURE

   Memdum. inclosed Feb. 20th.

   

Dated 1780	Mr.Jay Recd.
Feb. 20, 29 Mar 3, 3	May 18
May 26, 27, 28	Aug. 14
July 10	Oct. 16
Sepr. 16	Decr. 4

Dated 1780	Mr. Carmichael Recd.
Feb. 19	May 11
May 28
July 17	Oct 16
2 plic Aug 22 P.S. Sepr. 6 2 plic Sep 9	Decr 4
3 plic Aug 22 Sept 6,25	Decr 9
3 plic Sep 9 Orig Sep 25	Decr 11
2 plic Sep 25	Feb. 12
Novr. 28 Dec 19*	Feb. 12
Sepr. 25 Oct 15	March 26

   *omitted in my former List

   I yesterday was favoured with your Letter but know not when or from whence wrote as it was without date.

   The Night before last we recd an Official Acct. of Genl Greens engagement with Cornwallis on the 15th March; it differs but little from the Accts before recd. The Victory was on the Side of Cornwallis as Genl. Green retired from the field with near 300 killed & wounded, & 4 field pieces lost, and near 900 Militia & some Continentals mising who mostly run away in the beginning of the Action-his order of battle was three lines-the North Carolina Militia composed the first in front with the field pieces, most of those run away without firing a gun throwing away their Arms, some few of them fired once some twice but none more; of those about 550 are missing. The Virginia Militia principally composed the Second line, they made some short stand, of these about 260 are missing but not Supposed to be taken. The third line was Continentals, the engagement was very severe and Obstinate and the Victory dearly purchased owing wholly to Superiour Dicipline. One or two more such Victories would ruin his Lordship as he must be greatly encumbered with his wounded, ours were brought of. Cornwallis was 160 Miles from Cambden & near that distance from Wilmington the nearer Seaport-my greatest fears are that the detachments from New York are gone to his relief, and may join him before Genl. Green may be in Condition to renew the fight, tho' in Case Cornwallis attempts to move he will meet probably with a constant Anoyance from our Troops, who, it is said are in high Spirits and wish for another engagemt.

   You must have heard before this a full Acct. of the Naval engagemt. on the 16th between the French & British fleets, of the formers bending their Course for Rhode Island, and the latters going into the Chesapeeke and which by a Letter from the Marquis had put to sea again on the 24th.(1) One part of the Marquis's Letter Occasions various Conjectures he informs that soon after the British fleet had got out of the bay he heard a very severe Canonade for three hours without interruption as he had not heard of the french fleets returning for Rhode Island he makes no doubt that the engagemt. was between them & the British and appear extreemly Anxious to hear how it issued. It is Certain the french fleet was on their way to Rhode Island on the l9th when the Hermoine left them & came into this river, with whom then this engagemt. could be is only Conjecture; if any such really happened it must be, either the fleet bound to Rhode Island meeting with one or more french ships had returned; or the second division bound to Rhode Island from France, which is the most general opinion but how that fleet should happen to be [at] the mouth of the Chesapeeke is a question not easily answered, & besides it seems rather too early in the year for their Arrival. I think it might be our frigates the Confederacy & Saratoga bound here from the Cape at whom they might fire three hours on a Chase at long shot, this however is my fear but I am alone m it.

   As to Politicks, I never mention any in a Letter unless I am Certain of a safe Conveyance. The Letter you mention to have sent me some time since I recd. and to the best of my Recollection Answered.(2)

   I am, Dr Sir, Your Humble Servt. Abra. Clark.

   In this letter to his sister,(1) Bland discusses family business and the education of his children. "All the news we have here at present comes from yr. Quarter-who wd. have thought it-except that on the 16th of March last-the whole French fleet which was steering for our Bay but prevented from entering by Contrary winds was met at sea by the whole British fleet, which last was rather Superior in number of line of Battleships and frigates, an Engagement ensued-the conclusion was a drawn Battle-the British rather worsted but the latter takeing the advantage of the night and being better acquainted with the coast besides having better Pilots (the Goodriches &c.(2)) got into

   Mr Carroll and I wrote to your Excellency and the Honorable Council by last post,(1) requesting a Supply of one thousand Dollars each of the new Emission, but at the present Exchange, I find that Sum Will be insufficient to answer my Immediate purposes. The Exchange between gold and silver, and the Emissions of the 18th March, Issued by the State of Maryland, is as 40 to 140, so that one silver Dollar is equal to three and a half. I must therefore request that my Sum may be increased to fifteen hundred Dollars for Which I Will be Accountable at the Exchange that may be Settled by the state.(2)

   The Marquis Delafyette Writes from Williamsburgh of the 26th Ult.(3) That the Whole British fleet put out to Sea on the Morning of the 24th and return'd again With a number of Transports (Supposed to be from New York) on the 25th-it is said these Transports had 2000 Troops on Board. These Joined with the Army under Arnold it is feared Will do great Mischief. I have inclosed you a hand Bill Containing an Account of the Action of the 15th and of the Killed, Wounded And Missing of the Continentals-by the return from the DA General We also lost of the Militia 97 Killed and Wounded officers included and missing 846 privates Supposed to be gone home. The Riffle regiments Commanded by Campbell and Lynch had 224 Killed and Wounded, officers included.

   I have the honor to be with great Esteem & Regard, Your Excellencys & Honors most humble Sert, John Hanson

   I have just had the pleasure of receiving your letters of the 11th and 17th, and one from Mr. Smith, and another from my brother. I wrote to them both last week.(1) You will, before this reaches you, have received an account of the action between the two fleets off the Capes of Virginia. I have seen the New York account, which is rather more in favor of the French than their own. Upon the whole the French gained more honor than profit in that conflict, as they miscarried in their principal object, that of destroying the party at Portsmouth, who have since been reinforced, and I fear will be very troublesome. We have reason to expect essential reinforcement from our ally; I am not at liberty to be more particular.(2) There are many things I would wish to say as well regarding the public as my private affairs, but the fear of my letters miscarrying withholds me. I therefore submit every thing to your discretion. We have very speedy intelligence here of every interesting motion of the armies to the westward. I. Buchanan sent me the New York papers as late as the 29th ult.; they contain nothing interesting, nor have we any late advices from Europe. My brother writes me of his indisposition, which gives me very great concern. I hope to be in as good health as ever in a few weeks of warm weather. Remember me affectionately to my sister, and the children, and in general to all our friends; and believe me ever, with the most sincere friendship and esteem, Dear sir, Your affectionate brother, Sam. Johnston.

   Reports that he will prod the Board of War into acting on Laurance's request for additional "provission for the Deputies in your line.''(1) Explains that Congress has rejected his conditions for acceptance of the post of Secretary of Marine: "Major McDougall inclosed to you a Copy of my Letter to Congress on the new appointment. The Committee appointed to confer with me made a full and ample report to my Satisfaction. But Congress instead of taking up the report, have passed an independant act of which I send you a Copy.(2) It is flattering, but the motives of it I shall inform you of, when I have the pleasure of Seeing you, which I hope will be three weeks hence."

   It is a long Time since I have been honored with any Commands from your Excellency, which makes me impatient to know the Result of my last Application. Inclosed is an official Account of a late Action between General Greene and Lord Cornwallis. Had the North Carolina Militia behaved well, General Greene's Success must have been brilliant. We lost four Pieces of Artillery, the whole that were in the Field.

   The British Fleet, on the Twenty sixth of March past, were in the Chesepeak, having been joined with a Number of Transports, supposed from New York, as General Phillip's Command, consisting of about two Thousand, had, some Time since, em[b]arked. Every Circumstance indicates a vigorous Campaign in the Southern States. We are not in the best Situation to oppose the British Efforts. The great Departments are very deficient in Supplies of every kind, & public Credit will not answer as a Substitute for Money. There are two Obsticles to that Energy and Vigor wch. are absolutely necessary in the United States. In the first Place, the United States have not vested Congress, or any other Body, with the Power of calling out effectually the Resources of each State. The Articles of Confediration give only the Power of apportioning. Compliance in the respective States is generally slow, and in many Instances does not take Place. The Consequence is Disappointment, & may be fatal. In the second Place, an extreme, tho' perhaps well meant Jealousey, in many Members of Congress, especially those of a long standing, seems to frustrate every Attempt to introduce a more efficacious System. Prudent Caution against the Abuse of Power, is very requisite for supporting the Principles of republican Governments; but when that Caution is carried too far, the Event may, and probably will prove alarming. We have Experienced a recent Instance of political Diffidance. Mr. Robert Morris of this City has been chosen Financeer. Previous to his final Acceptance, he insisted upon the Power of removing from Office, all Persons entrusted with the expenditure of public Money, for Abuse, Fraud &c. without being answerable, except to the Party injured in the Courts of Law. Without this Authority, he despaired of introducing ceconomy, so esentially important at this critical Situation. A Majority decided against the Proposition.(1) The Consequence is, we are replunged into our old Situation, so agreable to some Gentlemen, and I fear, shall

   By all Accounts, the French Squadron had greatly the Advantage in the late Action off Chesepeak, altho' the British were one hundred & thirty eight Guns superior in Number.

   I have the Honor of being, with great Respect, your Excellency's most obedt. humble Servt. J M Varnum

   The Underwritten Delegates from the State of Virginia (1) have been informed that there are among the refugees taken by Capt. Tilly commanding his M. C. Majesty's Ship IEveille on his return to New Port from Chesapeak Bay, a considerable number who were formerly inhabitants of Virginia.(2) As some of these persons according to the laws of that State fall under the description of Traiterous Citizens and consequently are not proper subjects of exchange, and others, although they do not fall under that description may if exchanged or released be very prejudicial to the State during the operations against it by giving information & counsel to the Enemy and by their seductions among the people, the Delegates abovementioned wish that no steps may be taken for exchanging or releasing them untill the fact shall have been communicated to his Excellency the Governor of Virginia. With this view they ask the favor of you, Sir, to intimate this circumstance to the Commander of his M. C. Majesty's Squadron at New Port, and to obtain from him a list of the names of such of his Captives as were formerly inhabitants of Virginia.(3)

   The paper inclosed (4) herewith will inform you of the pretensions of three persons, Citizens of the State of Virginia, founded on their having been on board the Eveille in the character of Pilots during her expedition into Chesapeak bay, in which a number of prizes were taken. We leave it with you Sir to determine on the justice of them, and to direct the mode in which they ought to be pursued. We wish to be enabled to give the claimants a proper & satisfactory answer, as future operations may render their services again necessary to us, and the facility of commanding them may depend on the temper in which they are now dismissed.

   I have just receivd your favor of the 17th Ulto by Mr. Dugan. The Request he proposes to make to Congress cannot be complied with, consistently with the inclosd Ordinance, which strictly forbids all Intercourse between the Citizens of the United States and the Subjects of Great Britain. There have been so many undue Advantages taken from Indulgences of this kind, as to render the Continuance of them unsafe to us, and disgusting to our Ally.(2) I shall always pay a due Regard to your Recommendations, and should have been particularly desirous of rendering Service to your Friend Mr Dugan whom I personally know and of whose Integrity I have no Reason to doubt.

   Your Letter of the 23d Feby never came to hand, and I the more regret it because you tell me, you then wrote fully of the State of Affairs in Boston, which I should have been glad to have receivd. Let me observe to you as a private Friend, the Delegates from Massachusetts are by no means duly informd of what is done in their own State; and when they receive any kind of Information it is not in a Manner adapted to give them Weight. I do not mention this on my own Account; for I intend very soon to take Leave of Congress & get my self excusd from any future Attendance. You mention a certain Juncture when you wish me to return. I think I can discover your Motive and your old Partiality for me. I do assure you, I am not at all sollicitous about any thing of the kind which your Letter seems to intimate. I have always endeavord to confine my Desires in this Life within moderate Bounds, and it is Time for me to reduce them to a narrower Compass. You speak of "Neglect," "Ingratitude" &c. But let us entertain just Sentiments. A Citizen owes every thing to the Commonwealth, and after he has made his utmost Exertions, has he done more than his Duty? When Time enfeebles his Powers & renders him unfit for futher Service, his Country, to preserve its own Vigour, will wisely call upon others; and if he decently retreats to make Room for them he will show that he has not yet totally lost his Understanding. Besides, there is a Period in Life when a Man should covet the exalted Pleasure of Reflection in Retirement.

   I thank you, my dear Sir, for the Information you gave Mrs A of

   Your affectionate, S a

   Congress see in the Treatment of the honourable Mr Laurens formerly their President, and now one of their publick Ministers, a fresh proof of the sanguinary disposition of the Court of Great Brittain, and of how little Avail in their Estimation are the Laws of Nations, sacred throughout all the rest of the civilized world, when opposed to the Intemperance which marks their publick Councils. It is now well known that Mr Laurens in his passage to Europe was intercepted and conducted to England by a british Frigate: that on a warrant signed by three british Secretaries of State he was committed to the Tower of London; and that a Suspicion of Treason is assigned as the only Cause for his Imprisonment:(2) In short that the whole of this extraordinary procedure is calculated to fix upon this respectable Patriot the Odium and the Consequences of high Criminality.

   The Causes of our happy Revolution have so often been illustrated in the publick Appeals of Congress that it is unnecessary to discuss them minutely. It is our greatest Glory that they have produced general Conviction of our Grievances, our Rights & our moderation! A Conviction founded on the Basis of artless Truth, & not to be shaken by the Suggestions of Malice. Is it not from these Sentiments that the profuse offers of our Enemies for Succours, to every power of Europe, upon whom they hoped to make an Empression, have, with very few Exceptions, been disdainfully rejected? Is it not from these Sentiments that we have been supported by the Arms of France and Spain and honourd by the Approbation and good wishes of every Friend to mankind! Indeed the Policy of the british Councils immediately after the Close of the last War-a War rendered succesful by our vigorous Cooperation-

   Let us consider the Nature, and the Rights, of a Civil War, according to the Law of Nations; and apply its Maxims to the Condition of the united States: Hence we shall more clearly perceive how destitute of foundation is the Attempt of the british Court to impute to Mr Laurens the Crime of suspicion of Treason, against that Government.

   "If there be War between part of the Citizens on one side with the Sovereign and those who continue in obedience to him on the other it is sufficient that the malcontents have some Reason for taking Arms to give this disturbance the name of civil War and not that of Rebellion. This last Term is only applied to such Insurrection as is void of all Appearance of Justice. The Sovereign never fails to term Rebells All subjects openly resisting him: but where these become of Strength to oppose him so that he finds himself Compelled to make war regularly on them he must be contented with the Term of Civil War." "Things being thus situated it is very evident that the common Laws of War founded on maxims of Humanity, moderation & probity are in civil Wars to be observed on both sides. The same Reasons on which the Obligation between State and State is founded render them even more necessary when two incensed parties are destroying their common Country. Shoud the Sovereign conceive he has a Right to hang up his Prisoners or to burn and destroy, the opposite party will follow the Example and the War become cruel and horrid." Thus we are taught by the Law of Nations, and how applicable are these maxims to the Events of the present war! Have not the Efforts of the Enemy been serious, powerful and persevering? Have they not wasted the Lives of mighty Armies and expended countless millions to reduce us to Slavery? Have we not in the face of their fleets and Armies and in the high Tide of (3)

   I have received your favor of the 23d of March.(1) The publication of which you wish to have a copy for your private use is not yet finished;(2) as soon as it is I shall take care to provide one for you. I have repeatedly reminded Dr. Smith of his promise with respect to the map,(3) but have never obtained any thing more than a repetition of the promise. He is at present an inhabitant of Maryland. Just before he left this City he assured me that he should soon send me what you wanted. I have not since heard from him and have very little hope that I ever shall on that subject. It is not improbable that he calculates the value of the Chart on its being the single one remaining, and thinks the issuing of copies would depreciate it. The genius of the man and the manner of his behaviour in the course of my applications to him justify such a surmize.

   Notwithstanding the personal advantages which you have a right to expect from an emancipation from your present labours and the

   The letter from the Delegation by the last post informed you of the arrival of the Stores here which were to have been delivered in Virginia by one of the French Ships.(5) The infinite importance of them to the State, especially since the arrival of a reinforcement to Arnold of which we are just apprized by the Marquis has determined the Delegates to forward them by land without loss of time. This will be attempted in the first instance in the channel of the Q. Master's Department and if it cannot be effected in that mode without delay we propose to engage private waggons for the purpose on the credit of the State. Should the latter alternative be embraced, I find it will be necessary to stipulate instantaneous payment from the Treasury on the arrival of the waggons at Richmond in Specie or the old Continental Currency to the real amount thereof. I mention this circumstance that you may be prepared for it. The expence of the transportation will be between five & six hundred pounds Virginia Money. The exchange between specie & the old paper here at present is about 135 for 1.

   The Delegates having understood that the Refugees taken by Capt: Tilly on his return to New Port from Chesapeak consisted chiefly of persons who formerly lived in Virginia, some of whom were traitors who deserved exemplary punishment, and others vindictive enemies to the State thought proper to make the inclosed application to the French Minister.(6) By conversation I have since had with him on the subject, I doubt whether it will be deemed consistent with their general rules of conduct to give up to be punished as malefactors any of the captives made by their fleet which does not serve like their land army as an auxiliary to the forces of the United [States]. If these persons had been taken by their land forces which serve as auxiliaries under the Commander in chief it seems there would have been no difficulty in the case. However the application will certainly prevent the exchange or release to which it refers, if the Executive think it expedient to do so. On the least intimation I am persuaded the Apostates would be even sent over to France and secured in the most effectual manner during the war. Perhaps this would not be amiss as being not our Prisoners no use can be made of them in redeeming our Citizens from captivity.

   About one thousand of the Pennsylvania line will march in a day or two from York Town for the Southern service. When the remainder will follow them is altogether uncertain. The detachment under the Marquis is still at Annapolis. The orders of General

   The Ordinance published in the Newspaper [of this] day will be an answer to your request by Col. Harr[ison of the] sense of Congress on .one of the subjects to which it rela[tes.(8) The] flagrant abuses which were covered by those indulg[ences] and the offensive light in which they were justly viewed by our Ally called loudly for their abolition.

   I am Dr Sir, yr. sincere friend & servant,

    James Madison Junr.(9)

   The enclosed paper Contains all the news we have here also a Resolution of Congress respecting Prises & Captures.

   Virginia we are Informed have emitted ten million of dollars.

   This State are about to Issue three hundred thousand pounds.

   A difficulty has arisen upon the Treasurers Computing the Int. on the new bills in favour of the States, and there is a report now lying

   P.S. I inclose a bill for a law in this State which the assembly are very unanimous in & is to pass today.(2)

   We have been favord with Your Excellencys enclosing a State of the affair between Mr. Nathan and the Commonwealth of Virginia which we are endeavoring to put in train for a decision on the Principles you have been pleased to direct, the event of which yr. Excellency shall be informd of as soon as tis decided.(1) The Unfortunate consequences which have attended the Naval engagement of Chesapeake on the 16th Ultimo, we feel with unspeakeable regret, as they have snatchd from us the pleasing prospects we had cherished for some time past, of frustrating the Sanguine project of the Enemy (of subjugating most of the Southern States this Campaign) and thrown our Country into a Situation which must require her utmost exertions, with all the aid that can be sent her to extricate her from. This we shall leave no means unessayed to effect, on our parts.

   The Same unhappy event, has deprived us of the immediate Use of the Arms and Stores, which were to have gone from Rhode Island (the Cargoe of the Comite) on board a french frigate, but we have the Satisfaction to Inform yr. Excellency that they are safe arrived at

   Theok. Bland.

   Your Favour of the Ult. inclosing some Act of our Ligeslature &c have been recd. I have Nothing in Return to inform you of but what you will find in the inclosed Papers, except that after the British Fleet had left the Cheasepeak as Mentioned in the publick Prints, they Met a Fleet with Transports from N York having or it is

   The old Money here is continually sinking. Exchange is 135 for one. Vast Quantitys of this Money has been and is going on to the Eastward where the Exchange is not so great. But that will probably Not long be the Case. This Money Exerts the approbrium of America-and I always thot We ought to get rid of this Dishonour by cancelling the Bills as soon as possible. This I have long been convinced will not be effected by Taxation. Some other equitable Mode ought therefore to be adopted to put an End to that Speculation & Injustice which is not only practiced by Individuals but by one State to Another. The Act of the 18t of March in its great Principle in my Apprehension was just and Necessary to be adopted. I wish that it had been farther extended. But the Ignorance and the insidious and unworthy Veiws of too Many Individuals perhaps rendered a more extensive Plan inexpedient. But Justice and publick Necessity will before long compel the States to adopt Measures more definitive with respect to their Money.

   This State has passed a Bill Vesting Congress with the Powers to Collect the Impost precisely According to their Requisition, this Day it is said that it will be passed into a Law of the State without scarcely any Opposition. I was much Surprized that Connecticut has adopted this Measure in so partial a manner not only as I am fully convinced that it is the only Mode by which a Tax of this kind can be equitably laid. But as our State consumes much more than they Import they have a particular Interest in adopting the Measure. Certainly they cannot Wish to pay large Dutys in N York and Boston for the particular emoluments of those States which will be the Case unless the Dutys are applied for National Purposes. This Plan will not collect a large Sum (it might perhaps have been farther and more beneficially extended), But as the Dutys are defenite there can be no Danger that Trade will be improperly Burthened, and as the Revenieu tho' not large would be certain and increasing, it might have done something considerable towards putting publick Credit upon a better Footing-tho farr Itself from being Adequate.

   My domestick Affairs are such as that I shall judge it my Duty to leave Congress soon. I expect to be at Home about the 20th of this Month. I am Sir with respect, your Most Obedt. Servt,

   Oliver Wolcott

   NB. The Legislature of this State are I am informed about to Emit 300,000 pounds on their particular Credit. The Bills Will be well funded on Property. They do not collect in the old Money Very fast. I cannot Say what the precise Sum of the New Money is which has been Emitted-it passes about five for one compared with Specie.

   Altho the Tender act still continues-and which this Assembly do not think proper to Repeal. My best Compliments to Mr Ellsworth. I write in hast. Excuse Errors. The eastern Mail expected in here this Week I hear is taken and Carryed in to N York.(1)

   In Consequence of your Excellency's Letter of the l9th Ulto(1) Congress have passed the Act of the 2d Instant Copy of which is enclosed, for securing the Pay & Subsistance of two Regiments of Militia & two Regiments of Infantry mentioned in the Act at the Expence of the United States while in Service.(2)

   Your Excellency will readily observe the Saving that will be made by appointing half pay Officers, as far as may be, to command these Corps, beside the Advantage of their Experience if in other respects meritorious. This Preference of experienced Officers will readily coincide with your Excellency's Sentiments; yet from the Nature of the Case, your Wisdom & Discretion must be exercised in directing the Appointment in such Manner as shall appear most eligible & beneficial.

   Your Favour of the 23d Instant, covering the Exemplification of an Act of the State authorizing Congress to lay a Duty on foreign Merchandize imported into the State is this Day received.(3) The Legislature of Pennsylvania have published a similar Act for Consideration which will, it is said, be enacted into a Law in a Day or two.

   I have the Honor to be with very high respect & Esteem, Your Excellency's most obedient Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed an Act of Congress of the 2d Instant, wherein they have engaged for the Pay & Subsistence of two Regiments of Militia & two Regiments of Infantry proposed to be raised by the State of New York, over & above their Quota of Continental Troops, during the Time they shall be in actual Service. The two Regiments of Infantry to be raised for three Years by the Proposals contained in Govr Clintons Letter referred to, are to be placed under the Direction of the Commander in Chief, yet so as not to be removed out of the State of New York without the Governors Consent.(1)

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest regard, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   Je vous remercais tres humblement; pour le bonte que vous aviez eu, de corriger La Lettre, que Je en avais fait Le honneur de vous ecrire; Je suis beaucop encorage en Trouvant, qu'il n'ya pas plus de fauts comme Je l'avais ecrit par memoire seulement. Je vous en assure monsieur, que Je n'ai pas vu un Dictionaire francoise depuis que Je suis arriva a Philadelphie & Je suis persuade que J'apprendrai beaucoup Sous Les yeux d'un si habile instructeur.

   C'est tres malheraux Monsieur que nous avons perdu le troisieme malle au Post celle de La derniere Semaine Etoit prit, au Clove, dans La nuit au Samedi [passe]. Ilaya Continoit plusieurs Lettres a mon addresse: les toute Sont perdues et Seront publies par Monsieur Rivington. C'est bien malheuruse d'avoir les Lettres de Confiance tomber entre les mains de L'ennimie & Je ne suis pas sans Craintes que L'or de Bretagne a ete employe a accomplir cette evenemente. Le President du Congres avait Donne L'ordre a Monsr. Hazard & Monsr. Beache dienvoyer le Post par La route en derriere des montagnes de Nouvel Jersey, a Nouvel Windsor pour y passer la riviere a Fishkill; & pour continuer sa route par Litchfield a Hartford, mais ils ont continue de l'envoyer par Le Clove a Peaks

   J'ai oui dire aujourdhui que Monsieur Arnold est a present a Cette cota de La Baie de Chesseapeak volant du farine et autres Chases des habitants; on m'a dit qu'il y a avec Lui deux Mille d'Hommes; mais Je ne Le crois pas, Nous n'avons point d'autres nouvelles.

   J'ai L'honneure detre avec les respects Le plus Sincere Monsieur, votre tres humble & tres obeissante Serviteur.

   Jno. Sullivan

   I wish to thank you very humbly for your goodness in correcting the letter which I have had the honor to write to you.(1) I am greatly encouraged in finding there are no more errors, as I have written only from memory. I assure you, Sir, that I have not seen a French dictionary since I arrived in Philadelphia, and I am persuaded that I shall learn much under the eyes of so capable an instructor.

   It is very unfortunate, Sir, that we have lost the third mail-coach, that of the last week. It was taken at The Clove during the night of Saturday last. It contained many letters addressed to me: all are lost and will be published by Mr. Rivington.(2) It is very unfortunate that confidential letters should fall into the hands of the enemy, and I am afraid that British gold has been used to accomplish this result. The President of Congress has ordered Mr. Hazard and Mr. Bache to send the post by the route behind the mountains of New Jersey to New Windsor, to cross the river at Fishkill, and to continue the route by Litchfield to Hartford, but they have continued to send them by The Clove to Peekskill, to cross the river there, and from thence to follow the river to Fishkill. You may see, Sir, that on this route it is easy to capture the post. I cannot conceive the purpose of these gentlemen in sending the post by this route where it is always easy to attack in broad daylight.

   I have been informed today that Mr. Arnold is at present on this side of Chesapeake Bay taking flour and other things from the inhabitants. It is said he has 2000 men with him, but I do not believe it. We have no other news.

   I have the honor to be with the most sincere respect sir, your very humble and obedient servant, Jno. Sullivan

   I have the Honor of transmitting your Excellency the enclosed resolve of the 3d Instant, directing the recall of Lieut. General Burgoine and all other Officers Prisoners of War now absent on their Paroles from America to return immediately.(1)

   It is proper to inform your Excellency, that this resolution is adopted in Consequence of Information, that the late President Laurens is confined in the Tower of London as a State Criminal, under Pretext of his being guilty of treasonable Practices.

   Should this Resolution embarrass or impede any Measures your Excellency may have adopted relative, or preparatory, to a general Exchange of Prisoners, it is taken for granted you will please to represent the same to Congress previous to any Proceedings for carrying the resolve into Execution.(2)

   Before this comes to Hand your Excellency must have received Information that the Post on his Way from New Windsor to Morristown on the last Saturday was taken, and the Mail, as I am informed, is carried to New York. 'Tis also said that Letters from your Excellency were parcel of the Mail.

   The enclosed Copy of a Letter from General Greene Seems to evince that the Field was dearly bought by Lord Cornwallis on the 15th Ulto, the Particulars of which Action it is presumed you have received.(3)

   I have been favored with your Letters of the 24th & 31st Ulto, with the Despatches to which they refer.(4)

   I have the Honor to be with the highest respect & Esteem, Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President (5)

   I was on the Evening of the 3d honored with your Excellencys favor of the 31 Ulto.(1) and have the pleasure of Inclosing to your Excellency Copy of an Act of congress of yesterday respecting the Conduct of our allies.(2) I am Convinced that the Bravery of Monsr Des Touch & the officers and men under his Command has convinced the British that with Equal numbers the French are at Least Equal to them. I Lament our having failed in the object yet the Action will have some agreable consequences; and the manner in which it was conducted by Monsr Des Touch deserves Every Eulogium.

   I am also honored with your Excellencys favor of the 24th ulto. & Shall be happy in receiving your Excellencys Sentiments upon the whole report which I had the honor to inclose you (3) & I perswade myself that Congress will agree with your wishes upon the Subject.

   I have the honor to be with the Most perfect Esteem Dear General Your Excellencys most obedient Servant, Jno Sullivan

   Last Night late one Dr Newil who lives in Shrewsbury came here with a Letter to me from Mr John Imlay recommending him as a Person firmly attached to the American Cause and one very fit to obtain Intelligence telling me at the same Time that he then had some Intelligence from New York worthy of the Attention of Congress. The Intelligence he brought was that another Expedition was preparing at N. York not yet quite ready but that it was Supposed Genl Clinton was to go upon the Head of it himself, that

   The same Person says the Mail was taken in the Clove by Moody & one other Man & carried to New York on Saturday where they received 40 Guineas each before it was opened. Nothing had transpired as to the Contents of the Mail.

   By the last Accounts from the Southward the English Fleet which left Lynhaven Bay on the 24 of last Month & went out at the Capes returned again next Day with several Transports supposed to be with Troops from N. York.

   I expect to be at Princeton Saturday Night or Sabbath Morning before Sermon. I am Your Excellencys most obedt, humble Servant,

   Jno Witherspoon

   The Delegates from Connecticut (1) beg leave to Represent to Congress That the Schooner Spy Capt Niles Master was dispatched to France by his Excellency the Governor of Connecticutt at the request of the Committee for foreign affairs pursuant to order of Congress to carry the Ratification of the Treaty between the United States & France.

   That Said Schooner arrived with Said Ratification & duly deliverd the Same & on her return laden with Articles for the united States by order of the Honbl. B. Franklin Esqr. was Capturd & Carried to Great Brittain.

   That the Said Delegates have long Since recvd the accounts of the said Schooner & the Expense of her voyage, with a letter from the Govr of Connecticutt Requesting the Same may be adjusted & paid; which hath not yet been done.

   Whereupon they request that Said Accounts may be Settled; & if the State of the Treasury will not Admit of Immediate payment, that the accounts may be liquidated in Specie value & placed to the Credit of the State of Connecticutt to bear an Interest at the rate of Six per Cent per Annum from the time the Same became due until paid.(2)

   I have the Pleasure of transmitting you the enclosed Resolve, expressing the Sentiments of the United States in Congress assembled respecting the Zeal & Vigilance which the Commanders of the Army & Fleet sent by his most Christian Majesty for the Succour of his Allies have manifested on all Occasions to fulfil the Generous Intentions of their Soverign and the Expectations of these States.

   I am particularly directed to present the Thanks of Congress to you Sir, and the Officers & Men under your Command for the Bravery, Firmness and good Conduct displayed in the late Enterprize against the Enemy at Portsmouth and the arduous Contest so gallantly & advantageously maintained in the Engagement on the 16th of March last off the Capes of Virginia against a superior British Fleet.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S.H.

   On Saturday the last of March the eastern Mail was taken in the Clove & carried into New York. We know not of what Importance the Despatches might be, but have pretty direct Information that two Men which took the Mail received eighty Guineas for their reward on delivering it in New York.

   The enclosed Paper will give your Excellency the latest Intelligence we have received from General Greene.(1)

   It is now reported that another Embarkation is taking Place at New York, and given out that their Destination is Delaware Bay to take post at New Castle.(2)

   Genl Woolcot expects to leave Congress this Week & Colo Root the next. I hope that a representation of Delegates are on their Way from Connecticut as I expect in a few Weeks to leave Congress myself, and should be very desirous to set out with Colo Root if possible.

   I have the Honor to be with very great Respect & Esteem, sir, Your most obedt & most hbble Servt, Sam. Huntington

   I have the Honor to enclose Copies of Letters from Governor Livingston & General Foreman received this Morning, which from their Importance it is judged necessary to communicate to you with all possible Expedition.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S.H.

   I have received your very obliging letter of the 18th ulto. and am the more thankful, as I know you can afford but little time to correspond with individuals. The sufferings, distresses and losses of your army pains me to the heart, and be assured that for some time past there is nothing in our power unattempted for your relief, altho our embarassments are infinite. And give me leave also, my dear Sir

   We have just now received intelligence from New Jersey, copies of which is inclosed.(1) I can scarcely believe it is Sir Henrys object to come into the Delaware, but it is not altogether improbable, in order to divert the Pennsylvania line from going to the southward. That line is now ready to march a detachment of 1000 men if they were paid 37,000 dollars new emissions which will soon be ready for them.

   Ere this reaches you, you will have heard of the operations of the French & British fleets on this coast-the former, altho disapointed, deserve great praise.

   Not a word of the arrival of the second division of French nor of the cloathing & Stores for the Army. Inclosed I send you a copy of an enquiry and report of the board of Admirality on that and other subjects,(2) to show that the blame does not lie on Congress nor Docr. Franklin. Of this the Army and the Legislature ought to be acquainted.

   The copy would have been certified by the secretary of Congress, but you will observe that it is not their act, only an enquiry & report for their information. It is nevertheless a true copy which I have procured for your particular information.

   We have not heard the effects, in Europe, of England's declaring war against the united provinces-their Navy must be greatly weakened by the captor of so many seamen as England must take before they can look about them.

   I am in great haste the express waiting.

   Be so obliging as to make my best compliments to the Officers under your command.

   With the highest sentiments of esteem and respect I have the honor to be, Dear Sir Your most Obt. Humble Servt.

   Wm. Sharpe

   I fear from our disappointment of succor from the fleet of our ally under the command of the Chevalier D'Estouches, that the enemy will be able to establish a strong post at Portsmouth, and maintain it

   Never was a poor fly more completely entangled in a cobweb than Congress in their paper currency. It is the daily subject of conversation in that body; but our situation is so very intricate and delicate that I have as yet heard no proposal that is not subject to numberless objections. Dr. Burke, who is to be the bearer of this, has just called to tell me he is not to leave this for some days.(1)

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed an act of Congress of the 8th Instant recommending to the Executives of the States of Delaware, Maryland & Virginia respectively to take immediate measures for the removal of all public stores, and also all provisions & forage public & private which will not be necessary for the consumption of the Inhabitants on the Peninsula between the Chesapeak and Delaware Bays, to prevent such articles falling into the enemy's hands. I should suppose it equally expedient to include valuable horses tho' they are not mentioned in the Act.(1)

   This recommendation is in consequence of intelligence received

   As future events must determine with certainty the designs of the enemy, so future intelligence may influence the measures now recommended, yet it is to be hoped such precautions may be taken as will prevent any valuable supplies of any kind falling into the enemy's hands should they attempt to execute their designs as reported.

   I have the honor to be, with great Respect, your Excellency's most obedt. Servt. Sam. Huntington Presidt.

   I am directed to request your Attendance in Congress as soon as possible. There are but eight States at this Time represented in Congress, a Circumstance by no Means proper in the present Situation of Affairs.(1)

   As Chief Justice McKean sets out this Day on the Circuit to be absent some Time, it is necessary that two Delegates from the Delaware State give their Attendance immediately.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c. S.H.

   I receivd yours of the 6th with the money enclosd-& Shall loose no time in forwarding the wine. Col. Harrison has been in Town

   I am Dear Sr. with great regard & esteem, Yr hu Obt Sert,

   Danl Carroll

   [P.S.] Please to let Mr. Richard Lloyd & Mr. Carroll have the perusal of the New York papers I send-they are for Parson Gates from Mr Meade.

   I sent to Mr Carroll by the Express a paper contg Genl Greens last Letter & cannot [Jind] one to send you by this opportunity.

   I received yours yesterday by the post. Am glad to be informed of your safe Arrival At Annapolis where I hope you will stay as long as Janey finds Any advantage from being there. Change of Air And Exercise Sometimes have Surprising Effects And would fain flatter my Self that it will in the present instance. Janey and Tammys State of health and the distressed and perplexed Situation Mrs. Hanson is in left alone a prey to Melancholly and despair destroys my peace of mind and renders me truly Misserable. Should have left this place last week but since the ratification of the Confederation 9 States are required to make a Congress. 4 are unrepresented And my withdrawing would leave a number insufficient to transact Business which at this Critical Conjuncture would perhaps be thought unpardonalbe however I hope to get Away by Thursday next. Some absent Members are sent for (1) And one from Jersey is expected in today or tomorrow when that State will be represented.

   I hope you put yourself to no inconvenience in sending the money you inclosed. I could have done without it tho I have not received one farthing from the state since I have been here. What you have directed Shall be purchased. By the last of this month the second Division of the french may be Expd. I wish they were Arrived, it might be a means of withdrawing the British fleet And

   Yrs. most affectionately, J.H.

   By several untimely meetings of Congress within a few days I have been deprived of Leisure to write to you confidentially by an Express who went from hence this morning. I have much to say which cannot be trusted to Post Conveyance.

   I have directed a Person to whom I wrote by that Express (1) to make application to you for assistance in a Business which I desire to have done for me either immediately or at your own Time according to Convenience and the Promotion of my Views as explained to you in a former Letter by Mr. Brown and also in one by Doctr. Winship.(2)

   I do not find that Rivington has yet published any Thing from the last captured Mail but a Letter from the Genl. to Mr. Lund Washington. This does the Genl. great Credit as a private man of Justice, but there is a Design in Jemmy to make a Coolness between our Commander & the french, because Genl. W says Arnold would have been ruined if his Advice had been taken to send the whole Fleet instead of that Part which took the Romulus.(3)

   Congress have determined that the superior Judges in each State with the Judge of Admirality (or such one of the Judges of Admiralty where there are several as the Executive shall chuse to commissionate) shall be Judges for trying Piracies on the high Seas; any two or more to be a Quorum. The Tryals were to be under all the Forms of prosecuting such Crimes on Land by grand & petit Juries.

   You must see that we are now without our 9/10 of that money which were to have been completely put into our hands before the 1st of April. The Consequence of which Disappointment is beyond your Conception. Those States which longest neglected to take Steps upon the Plan of March 18 are now wanting the new Bills out before the old are called in. Notwithstanding the Necessities which press us (and they are great from an apprehended Expedition of the Enemy to Delaware to take Post at Newcastle) we have, as yet, refused. I have gone farther than I intended, by Post.

   Yrs. affectionately, J L

   [P.S.] Is Peabody alive? I have never been able to hear even of him since he left the Jersies. I will do my best with his and your Packages now under my Care.

   There are in this City about 4000 Rampart pieces belonging to the public-they weigh from 16 to 20 lbs each-it is thought the lightest might be useful in the hands of the Militia, and the others on board of Vessels. If you think it proper we shou'd apply for any of them, on account of the State, we think it is probable a thousand or 1500 might be obtaind, with some old cartouch boxes belonging to them. There are likewise some Brass Field pieces mounted, three or four of which might possibly be obtained on yr. request.(1)

   We are, Sir, with great respect, Yr. Mo. Obt Servts.

   John Hanson

   Daniel Carroll

   Dr. Sir, Col. Forrest left directions with Mr. Gaddiss & Mr. Wilkinson about the paper, & a memorandum about the types for the small money with me-but the directions were not particular enough as to the latter, & all the paper was not to be engagd until further orders.(2) Please to let me Know what is to be done, & no time shall be lost.

   I am Yr Excellencys Mo Ob Serv, Danl Carroll

   I wrote you a few lines the 22nd of last month, (2) which I hope will reach you in due time.

   I have been uneasy for some time past, at not receiving a line from you, the last I got was dated so far back as the 15th Decr.-and have been greatly at a loss to know where to find you, after the Retreat of Genl. Greene's Army. I have since been informed of your being indisposed and had come off with the Hospital. I sincerely hope you have long since recovered and will in future enjoy a great share of health & evry other happiness this World can afford you.

   I send this Letter, as I did two others, to the care of Colo. Dart and requested of him to forward them to you with all convenient speed. I wish you may meet, as he can inform you of many circumstances & of the situation of most of our acquaintances in Carolina-he has seen several Persons from thence. I have not had a Letter from Polly since the middle of November, but have had the satisfaction to hear since, that she and the rest of our dear Relations & Friends were well, the latter end of January. I am very unhappy on their account and more so, as I see no speedy prospect of extricating them out of their difficulties-tho' I cannot help mentioning to you, in Confi-dence, that there is great reason to expect the second division of the French Fleet will be here soon, in which case, I flatter myself our Affairs to the Southward will be in a good way-the exertion of the Southern Delegates in Congress will not be wanting in effecting evrything that will contribute to the expulsion of the Enemy from our native Country. The situation of Lord

   The failure of Monsr. des Touches not getting into Chesapeake Bay, has rather damped our Spirits and does, for the present, secure the Traitor Arnold in his strong hold at Portsmouth and 'tis reported, that a strong embarkation is preparing at New York to re-inforce him, others say, that [it has sail]ed for Delaware Bay & that Genl. [Sir Henry?] Clinton is to command in Person. [He will try?] to take Post at New Castle. [...] the intelligence I do not bel[ieve and I do?] not think they are strong e[nough at] York to allow of a sufficient detachment for [...]. I fear 'twill sail for Carolina.

   The News Papers herewith sent, will give you all the Public News and to wsh. I beg leave to refer you, And I am, with many good wishes for your wellfare, My Dear Sir, Yours very Affectionately,

   Isaac Motte.

   P.S. I have been told, that Maurice & Keating Simons, have both lost their wives.

   I was in hopes to have had some European intelligence before I closed this letter; but Doctor Burke is to go in the morning, (1) and there is nothing authentic from that quarter. A report prevails that the Dutch have declared war with Great Britain, which is not improbable. We have assurances that the aid to be furnished by our ally this campaign, will not be less than 12,000 land forces, and the same number of seamen, including those already in America. Should they arrive seasonably, I hope, with proper exertions on our part, the enemy may be driven from every part of the United States

   Your own discretion will direct you not to make my sentiments on this subject public; should you mention them to any of our particular confidential friends, I hope they will be cautious to keep it secret, as I would not wish that any thing which drops from me should occasion any degree of despondence. I am very sorry my sister finds so much difficulty in writing to me. She knows how much I love her, and how acceptable any thing that comes from her would be to me. I should have wrote to her, but consider my letters to you as if wrote to her. Present my love to her and my sister Blair and her children, &c., &c.

   Your affectionate brother and obedient servant,

   Sam. Johnston.

   A Letter from Genl. Washington being read (2) Sitting forth that there was the greatest Necessaty for the detachment of 1200 Men Under the Marquis now at the head of Elk, and the Pensylvania line To go to the Southward, and that he was fearful they Could not go &c with pay &c.

   In this Case it appeared that the detachment under the Marquis, as well as the Pensylvan'a expected pay to be advanced them beside paying up arrears-And it did not appear that there Was Money in the Treasury Sufficient for this & other purposes Without Calling for the 6/10 of the new Money Subject to the Order of Congress; And that a Sufficient quantaty of the old Money had not yet been recd. To enable them to Call for this portion of the New Money agreable to the Resolution of the 18th of March. However a Motion was Made that Congress Should Call for the Whole 6/10 of the new Money immediately-and it was argued by the Movers That it was absolutely necessary that the Troops Should March immediately to the Southward, that they Would not March Without the pay & arrears

   It is to be lamented that Congress is So deficient in the abilities of Financing that No Member is capable of offering a System that is Worthy the Establishment of Congress None Whose Idea's are at the Same Time both Simple & Systimatical enough for this purpose. Both the plans now offered are deficient in this respect. They are both Too Complex and incoherent To be admited-therefore will probably Occasion Much debate and no Effect. While our affairs related to Simple Constitutional questions only the Americans appeared great indeed because every Man Was naturaly raised up a midst the Most pure & Clear principles of Liberty that ever has been practiced or enjoyed by Society, But having paid very little or no Attention to the Study of useful knowlidge farther than was Necessary To Conduct their Own Occupations, Now Their Matters has grown Complex and extensive they appear unable to Conduct

   J'ai lu hier au Soir, la Lettre qui a ete publiee par Mr. Rivington, Sous le nom du General Washington, je ne crois pas qutelle a ete ecrit par Son Excellence, mais Si elle L' a ete il n'y a rien qui puisse donner la moindre inquietude aux les Commandans de l'arme et d'Escadre du Roi: il y a dit qu'il etoit tres malheureux que toute l'Escadre francoise ne soit pas Sorti d'abord; avec les troupes de terre, au Lieu d'un vaissau de Ligne et deux fregattes (comme il L'Avoit propose) parceque si cela etoit fait dans ce tems la qu'il falloit que Mr Arnold avec son Arme ait ete prise mais que cette petite flotte ne pouvoit rien faire sans les troupes de terre. II arrive journellement Monsieur que les plus grands Militaire pensent bien differement Sur le Meme objet et La reussite n'est pas toujour la miellure preuve de la Sagesse de leur mesures neamenoins le

   Je crois que Le General a mentionne cette affaire mais non pas avec les meme expressions que Sont publiee dans la Gazette Royal. Je Suis Surpris que Mr Rivington n'y ait pas adjoute davantage il a publiee dans une Autre Gazette une Lettre du General au Congres dans laquelle il lui demande la permission de Sa retirer du Service, des etats unis. II a publie aussi la reponse du Congres a Cette Lettre dont ni L'une ni l'autres n'ont jamais existe. Si Mr Rivington pouroit forger une Lettre et one reponse tout entier il ne devoit point trouver beaucoup des difficultes d adjouter a Cette du General Washington, tout ce quil Lui etoit agreables.

   J'ai L'honneure detre avec La plus parfaite Estime votre tres humble & tres obeissante Serviteur, J S

   I read yesterday evening the letter which was published by Mr. Rivington under the name of General Washington.(1) I do not think that it was written by His Excellency, but if it were there is nothing that can give the least uneasiness to the Commanders of the army and Fleet of the King. He said that it was very unfortunate that the entire French Fleet did not go out at first with the land troops instead of one ship of the line and two frigates (as he had proposed) because if that had been done at the required time Mr. Arnold with his Army would have been captured; but this little fleet could do nothing without the land troops. It happens every day, sir, that the greatest Soldiers think very differently on the same subject, and success is not always the best proof of the Wisdom of their measures, nevertheless the world in general forms its Judgment according to Results.

   I think the General mentioned this affair, but not with the same expressions that are published in the Royal Gazette. I am Surprised that Mr. Rivington did not add more; he published in another Gazette a Letter from the General to Congress, in which he asked the permission to withdraw from the Service of the United States. He published also the answer of Congress to this letter; neither of which ever existed. If Mr. Rivington could completely forge a Letter and its answer, he ought not to find much difficulty in adding to General Washington's letter, anything that he liked.

   I have the honor to be with the most perfect Esteem your very humble & obedient Servant, J S

   Great part of the Time of Congress being Taken up by the Consideration of Various Officers & others particularly for Money it Was now, in Substance resolved that Such applications hereafter Shall be Made In the first Instance To the Auditors, Treasury &c. &c. To be Adjusted and allowed by them agreable To general principles Directed by Congress from Time to Time.

   A resolution was Moved by Genl. Varnum Introduced by Words like the Man himself Arora borialis fine indeed but not well adapted To the Occasion for Confering on John Paul Jones What he Well deserved-The thanks of Congress and a Gold Meddal, for his truly brave & Splendid Action as a Naval Officer.

   These favours were opposed in Some Measure as untimely by that Cautious Senator S. Adams-Who only urged that Such favours being the highest in the power of the States (and Next to those of Heaven) ought to be granted With cautious delibration. But it was Alledged that those Services for Which these favours Were urged had been known to Congress & the World that no further diliberation was necessary. However as the resolution wanted amendment it was Committed.(1)

   Money in its use is only a Medium or Standard by Which the Value of all the articles of Trade & Commerce are Compaired-And assertains the price as scales & Weights does the Weight Upon this principle gold and Silver has been found the Most usefull and Convenient for that purpose, and therefore has been universally adobted by all Trading & Commercial people from the earliest knowledge of its use.

   Previous To the revolution, there not being enough gold & Silver Money in America To Serve as a circulating Medium The deficiency was Made up by paper Money, Which being issued in Such quantities only as was found absolutely necessary for that purpose and redeemable by Certain funds, it always passed at the Value Stamped thereon in all the provinces Where these essentials Were adhered To. But in New England Where they Issued Too Much on Account of the last War the Money depreciated To 1/20 part of its Nominal Value.

   Upon the Commencement of Hostilities between great Brittain and America, The Congress finding that the greatest part of the Specie had been Sent out of the Country, and that this Together with the Total Stoppage of Trade put it out of their power To lay Taxes, began To Issue paper Money upon No better fund than their pledging the faith of the States that it Should be redeem'd with Specie agreable to the Value Stamped on the Bills. The Virtue of

   The depreciation Still proceeded rapidly So that the Taxes Collected for publick use Would not answer the demands and the Congress pressed by Necessaty adopted the System of the 18th of March 1780. This being Materially defective in Several things and particularly in having the execution of it Committed to the respective States, they proceeded upon it in different Modes So that the good effects that Might have flowed from it were in a great Measure lost by this means. And now that the States are in the utmost distress for want of Money they feel little or No releaf from that System-because they Cannot Command the use of the new Money for want of the old having Timely exchanged-and What they have being depreciated in the very issuing by Tying it to the old Money at a Certain exchange which differs in Most of the States &c. &c. &c. it does not answer the wished for purpose. When we Consider the use of Money-and what it is that Makes it useful it is no Wonder that our Revolution paper Money has all failed-There not being any essential fund To Support it.

   We are therefore now greatly in debt, and have not Money To pay them; and most that has been paid Since the Money depreciated, have been Cheated by this Means out of What was their Just dues. And the rest have no Certain Security for What is due them only a late resolution of Congress that they Shall be paid the real Value of their debts.

   Suppose then that all the debts now due from the United States to Individuals Should be duly liquidated at their Value in Specie and the Creditors receive Publick bills or Loan office Certificates Promissing payment in a few years With interest annually-And the united States provide a fund immediatley by an impost on Goods or

   Your Excellency will recieve enclosed, a resolve of Congress of the 13th Instant, relative to the Mode adopted to pay the new Levies, recommending it to the several States to make Payment.(1)

   And also directing the future Application of Claimants for Settlement of Accounts, for Payment of liquidated Accounts, for Rank, Discharges, Losses &c, or for resignation.

   The former Part of this resolve respecting the new Levies, I presume is intended for those only who served the last Campaign, and if any of them have received partial Payments from their regimental Paymasters, which is probable as I am informed by the Paymaster General, Care should be taken to transmit the same to the respective States.

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest respect, Your Excellency's most obedient Servant, Sam. Huntington President

   Your Excellency's Letters of the 24th & 31st Ulto the 3d & 4th Instant, with the Despatches to which they refer have been received. (1)

   You will observe by the enclosed Resolve it is the Pleasure of Congress that you employ an additional confidential Secretary, and as many Writers as you shall judge proper to arrange & register the

   Sam. Huntington President

   The Complement to Captn. J. P. Jones was reported, in More decent language and the thanks of Congress Agreed to-but the question on the Medal postponed.(1) Mr S. Adams urged on this Occasion that the American Sea men in Europe ought to receive their prize Money that Capn. Jones was Concerned in this (2)-that inquiry ought to be had &c. Mr. Sharp one of the Admiralty Members Said that the papers produced by Captn. Jones cleared him from fault in this and all the political disputes of our Agents &c. &c. in Europe-that it appeard by those papers a Man lately high in Office in Eu____ was concerned in advising Captn. Landa To run from there with the Alliance which Occasioned the delay of the Cloathing for the Army-that the Same Gentleman was concerned in the Mutiny that happen'd on board of the Allyance. Mr. Mathews delivered in a scheme for funding the Continental debts-and for Mortgaging 5,000,000 Acres of the backlands as a fund To borrow Money on the Interest of all to be paid by an impost on goods &c. Committed to the Commitee of finance.(3)

   There is Nothing new at this Time either from Europe or from the Southward, except what is contained in the Gazette extraordinary of the 10 inst from New York, (1) which I doubt not, you have seen. What is said respecting the Portuguese war, and the Assistance which Russia has agreed to give to Great-Britain, may be true because it is not naturally impossible, but it is not supported either by Fact or Probability which has come to my Knowledge.

   I beg Leave to urge to Your Excellency the immediate and evident Necessity of altering the Exchange of the Continental Currency. I do not think we ought to wait for Pennsylvania, especially when they appear to be pursuing a line of Conduct so generally disapproved, and, as far as I can judge, I must beg Leave to add, not easily reconcileable to Fairness and Honesty, and the Intentions of those who vested the Power. The Stationary Condition of the legal Exchange, while the popular or mercantile is moving foward, must inevitably ruin the State-or lawful Money, because it will be utterly impossible to bring it back again to the value from which it depreciates. Whatever Reasons induced the fixing it at 75 in November last now certainly require it should be fixed above 100. If suffering it to stand will hurt the new Money, and altering it will probably, I think it will absolutely, help it, what Justification can be given for not altering it? That it will take Money out of the State is a Mistake. Everyone knows that though the legal Exchange here is 75 no Man deals at less than 140. I am with great Respect, your Excellency's obedt Servant. W C Houston

   Your several Letters of the 28th February, 10th, 16th & 23d of March with the Papers to which they severally refer have been received; also your Letter of the 14th of January was received the 22d of March by Doctor Brownson.(1)

   I have the Honor of transmitting you the enclosed Act of Congress of the 22d of March, containing aditional regulations for conducting the medical Department & military Hospitals.(2)

   Claypoole's Paper which is enclosed, contains the most authentic

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S.H.

   I do myself the Honor of transmitting for your Information, the enclosed resolve of Congress, relative to furnishing Supplies to the Amount of four hundred thousand Dollars, for which our Minister at the Court of Versailles has entered into Engagements.(1)

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest respect, Sir, Your most obedient & humble Servant,

   Sam Huntington Presidt.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, a resolve of Congress of the 13th Instant, directing the Commander in Chief to transmit to the Executives of the several States, Lists of the Names of all the new

   Levies belonging to each State respectively, authenticated in the Manner specified in the Resolve; and recommending it to the said

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c S.H.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed the report of a Committee & consequent Resolve of Congress of the 22d Ulto relative to the Act of Connecticut vesting in Congress for a limited Time a Power to levy & collect Duties &c; earnestly recommending to the Legislature of the State of Connecticut to revise the above mentioned Law and to alter & amend it agreeable to the requisition in the Act of Congress of the 3d of February last.(1)

   I have also herewith enclosed, Copies of the Acts passed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and State of New York fully comformable to the Request of Congress.(2)

   It must be observed that from the Tenor of the Act of Congress of the 3d of February, all the States who are in Circumstances to meet in Assembly must enact Laws conformable to the requisition, otherwise the whole will prove abortive, as none of their Acts will be obligatory until all have passed similar Acts.

   The Delegates in Congress, who are frequently retiring not to return again can have no separate Interest from their Constituents to prejudice their Minds in Favour of the Act requested, they may have formed different Sentiments from the continual View of a pressing and absolute Necessity of a national Fund to suppport the national Credit and enable them to prosecute the War with any Degree of Vigour.

   I do myself the Honor to enclose for your Excellency's Information an Extract of a Letter from Genl Greene which contains the latest Intelligence received from that Quarter. It is to be lamented that General Greene could not have obtained a little more Assistance from the Militia of the adjacent Country. Cornwallis in his last retreat shews such evident Marks of Distress that it seems very little Opposition from the People in Aid of General Greene must have made the Enemy all Prisoners.

   I have the Honor to be, with perfect Respect, Your Excellency's Most obedient servant, Sam. Huntington President

   The inclosed paper is a copy of a report from a Committee now Iying on the table of Congress for Consideration. The delicacy and importance of the subject makes me wish for your judgment on it before it undergoes the final decision of Congress.(1)

   The necessity of arming Congress with coercive powers arises from the shameful deficiency of some of the States which are most capable of yielding their apportioned supplies, and the military exactions to which others already exhausted by the enemy and our own troops are in consequence exposed. Without such powers too in the general government, the whole confederacy may be insulted and the most salutary measures frustrated by the most inconsiderable State in the Union. At a time when all the other States were submitting to the loss and inconveniency of an embargo on their exports, Delaware absolutely declined coming into the measure, and not only defeated the general object of it, but enriched herself at the expence of those who did their duty.

   The expediency however of making the proposed application to the States will depend on the probability of their complying with it. If they should refuse, Congress will be in a worse situation than at present: for as the confederation now stands, and according to the nature even of alliances much less intimate, there is an implied right of coercion against the delinquent party, and the exercise of it by Congress whenever a palpable necessity occurs will probably be acquiesced in.

   It may be asked perhaps by what means Congress could exercise such a power if the States were to invest them with it? As long as there is a regular army on foot, a small detachment from it, acting under Civil authority, would at any time render a voluntary contribution of supplies due from a State, an eligible alternative. But there is a still more easy and efficacious mode. The situation of most of the States is such, that two or three vessels of force employed against their trade will make it their interest to yield prompt obidience to all just requisitions on them. With respect to those States that have little or no foreign trade of their own, it is provided that all inland trade with such states as supply them with foreign merchandize, may be interdicted and the concurrence of the latter may be enforced in

   There is a collateral reason which interests the States who are feeble in maritime resources in such a plan. If a naval armament was considered as the proper instrument of general Government, it would be both preserved in a respectable State in time of peace, and it would be an object to mann it with Citizens taken in due proportion from every State. A Navy so formed and under the orders of the general Council of the States, would not only be a guard against aggressions & insults from abroad; but without it what is to protect the Southern States for many years to come against the insults & aggressions of their N. Brethren. I am Dear [Sir] Yr. Sincere friend & obt. servt.

   J. Madison Junr.

   I mentioned in my last,(1) that by the first good opportunity, I would communicate to yr. Excy. some thoughts respecting the present political state of affairs-such as they appear to me-perhaps my opinions may differ, from the generallity of your correspondents, as I know many are but too apt to keep their eyes contantly fixed on the pleasing side of the picture, & feel an aversion to take a View of the reverse, or if they do, endeavour by the most specious colourings to extenuate it's deformities, & if possible cast a veil over the whole. The lines I now address to your Excy. will convince you, I am not one of those botchers, I represent things as they really are. Your station sir, entitles you to the most unreserved communications. The friendship you have done me the honor sir, to entertain for me, demands it of me. Yet it is with reluctance I enter on the task, well knowing your Patriotic bosom is already, sufficiently torn with the embarrassments you daily encounter, and pants for some friendly hand to pour balsam into the wound, but still is incapable of shrinking from increased pain. Accept this apology most worthy sir for the unpleasant theme, which justice to your conspicuous station bids me discuss in the most p[l]ain and unequivocal (manner) language.

   I have for some time past contemplated the state of our affairs with extreme anxiety, which was not a little increased by the contents of your last letter to Congress:(2) the information it contained; astonished me, as we had been repeatedly told, that the battalions eastward of Hudsons river were nearly compleated. What must the friends of America think of their cause when they see so small a body as twelve hundred men(3) collected for a particular purpose, & the United states cannot command as much money, as will enable them to march?-another body of men ordered to march (4) & such a disposition manifested by them, that there was not time to wait your orders, but the interposition of a collateral power became immediately necessary to stop them, to prevent further evils? When our creditors are daily clamouring around us, for their just dues, & those excuses so long held out to them for with-holding payment, can no longer be made use of with the least degree of propriety? Our army-God knows how long-in arrear for their pay, & I must fear will, in a very little time, be in want of bread?-as this state informed us, they could purchase no flour, unless we would lend them the money. The army not only in want of pay, but almost every necessary? the southern army, literally in want of every necessary? no manner of preperations going forward for military stores for the ensuing campaign which is coming fast upon us, nay, which may be said to be arrived-Although we daily expect the arrival of a large reinforcement from our Ally, which we solemnly engaged to be in respectable condition to Co-operate with, on their arrival? Were I to enter into minutia, I should tire your patience in pursuing the black catalogue. Enough has been said. This sir is the true picture of our affairs, and I do boldly assert that Congress have not a single means in their power, to remedy either the one or the other of these accummulated evils, and what is above all, worse, their does not appear to me a disposition to endeavour at it. Whenever the subject is brought forward, men seem to shrink from it as if the case was desperate.

   It is true, Congress have called on the States for 6,000,000 of dollars-they calculate upon 4,000,000 out of the new money-as well as upon 5,000,000 from the Court of France. These sums, together with the specific supplies, are the funds on which we depend for the support of the present campaign. Now let us examine for a moment what prospect there is of their productiveness. As to the first, little or no relyance is to be placed on it, because, they are now in arrear 6,400,000 dollars specie & I know of no measures that have been taken to procure it. To the second: 1,000,000 is already spent, the three southern states can emit no part of theirs, New York can do very little, & this State has damn'd the plan, & adopted one of their own, for emitting literally state money, which will not begin to operate before the first of June. So

   When will all this end? In an unsuccessful campaign, I have no manner of doubt. But will this be the least evil to be apprehended? I fear not. Indeed my Dearest sir, I begin almost to despond. Were I to consider my private interest, or that of my state only, I should altogether despair. And clear I am, in my opinion, that unless some effectual, vigorous, & decisive measures are speedily taken, to extricate us, from the labryinth of difficulty, & distress, into which we are at present plunged, all the generous blood that has been spilt in this glorious contest, will have been spilt in vain, & the spirits of those who have so nobly fallen, will stalk terrific through our land, seeking vengeance on those who have so infamously suffered their children to become slaves.

   As a citizen of America, as one who has more at stake than any man in it, as one who from our mistaken policy, is debared an intimate knowledge of our affairs, but who, from his station, ought to be acquainted with every thing. By these considerations I say sir, I have been led to make you these free communications. I know they must give pain to your generous nature, yet I supposed, you would rather wish to be made acquainted with them, than not. Whatever changes take place either for the better, or worse, with yr. Excys. permission, I will inform you of.

   Please to make my respectful complements to Mrs Washington, and believe me to be, My Dr. sir, with every sentiment of the sincerest friendship, & highest respect, Yr. Excys. most Obedt. servt. Jno. Mathews

   A Letter from Captn. Clark informing that Certain Stores Ordered to be laid up at fort Pitt for an expedition against the indians was not fully furnished and a request that Congress Would make up the deficiency by Sendg. forward Certain articles Mentioned Was read.(1) Genl. Varnum opposed the Motion & inquired Whether the expedition Was at the Instance or Under the direction of the United States or Virginia &c. Genl. Sulivan Said that this was an expedition of Virginia, that they were going on Some Wild goose Chase against the Indians or Detroit as he Supposed, when they ought to have Turned all their force against the Enemy now distroying the Most Cultivated part of their Country-and wanted Congress to Support them in it when All their fource & Supplies Was necessary against the Enemy Who were invading Sundry parts of the Country; that Virginia had been upon the Same Scheme for Several years past And allured the publick With An expedition against Detroit While all their views had a different effect. That they nor no other State had a right to form any Such expeditions Without the approbation of Congress &c. &c. &c.

   Governor Howly Said he was Now in favour of the Measure Since the Matter had gone So far that it wanted only a little assistance to Complete the Matter but that he lamented the Cause. That Virginia had wontonly Settled part of the back Country and now it was necessary to protect it-but that the occasion aught Not to have been Made &c. &c.

   Mr. Mathews informed Congress that this expedition had been Communicated to, & approved by the board of warr & Commander in Chief but that Virginia alone was to pay the Expence &c. for it. passed.

   In the report of Rules for the Conduct of Congress It was a question That no Motion Should be received unless Made or Seconded by a State. Genl. Sulivan, Governor Howley, Col. Bland & Mr. Clark Spoke against it. Mr. Mathews, Bee, Madison &c. &c. were for it-not past-rejected.

   I return you many thanks for yr favor of the 13th Instant & feel for the distresses of those whose Situation puts them so much in the power of a savage Enemy. God grant something soon to relieve them. I expect the Enemy will make a Stroke at most of the warehouses soon; Surely every thing liable to be destroyd or taken will be removd from the Shores. A temporary inconvenience cannot be put in competition with the evills which must otherwise result. My Compts. To Col. Brice. I receivd his letter for Mr Peale last night, & my Servt shall carry it immediately to him.

   Mr A Buchanan is just from N York. He says there is the appearance of a very considerable embarkation there. They give out that Genl Clinton is to sail with 4000 Men for Chesapeake. Genl Washington in a Letter to Congress of the 12th (1) says he had not receivd any information on the Subject more than what he had from Congress-& is inclind to think Clinton wod not embark a force so considerable as to induce him to take the Command without risking the loss of N York.

   The president has a letter from Genl Green the 30th Ulo. from Ramsays Mill abt halfway between Guilford & Cross Creeks.(2) He had left his Baggage & made a precipitate march to strike Cornwallis, who retreated in so great a hurry that he left his dead of their wounds & fatigue unburried; he is retreating to Cross Creek & Wilmington. The war is therefore over in those parts for some little time. If the Supplies sent by the Board of war abt 20 days past reach our Men they will receive some Comfort. I will next post send a list of what were forwarded. I do not Know whether there is more danger of their falling into the Enemies hands, or of our friends who have applied Some that were sent before to the use of the Militia.

   My Compts. to Mr. Harwood, I request the favor of him to send me by the next post the Amount of the Cont money receivd under our law, & the 4/10ths in treasury belonging to Congress. It is of importance I shoud be informd on this Subject.

   I am much obligd to you for your attention abt a Supply of money for me. I am realy at present in a very disagreable Situation. I cannot touch a farthing from the Conl Treasury here. If I am not supplied very shortly I shall be under the disagreable necessity of returning, & even for that must try my own Credit.

   I observe what you say abt the Wine. A quarter cask went of[f] a few days past in a waggon of Col Harrisons to be left at Mr Archy Buchanans-it was put in a Case.

   Present my Compts to all friends, & am, Dear Sr., Yrs. Sincerely & Affectionately Danl Carroll

   [P.S.] I am alone. The distresses of Mr Hansons family has obligd him to return home.

   I have this day recd. your Favor of March 29th and am as barren of news as you were at that date. The Post is become useless for Politicians to a very great Degree but I cannot refrain from giving you a Return made to Genl Washington on the 1st of April and by him forwarded to Congress.

   

Recruits, April 1, 1781.

	joined	unfit	retained
N. H.			none
Mass.	59	5	54
R. I.	125	-	125
C.	270	35	235
	454	40	414
		after the Return.
N. Yk.	67		67

   Cornwallis has retreated quite out of Green's Reach. The Time of the Virga. militia being expired our army is weak. There were the greatest marks of Distress left by the British. Their Dead were buried by our People. You were in Congress at an easy happy Period of Business tho' you did not know it, nor did I then guess it.

    Yours affectionately J.L.(1)

   A Letter recd. To day from Genl. Green dated 30th March-relating in Substance that he had left his Baggage and Made a forced March To Overtake Cornwallace-but that before he arrived Cornwallace had decamped leaving his dead unburied & Taken his rout to Cross Creek And thence Toward Wilmington N.C.-That as the Virginia Malitia Would leave him in a few days, & his Army had Suffered greatly with fateague & Want of Provisions, and he left With an inferior force he Could not pursue any further-That the Whings & Tories in that Country were killing one another so fast that it Seem'd likely to Depopulate that Country-he also Sent a Copy of a Proclamation Issued by Cornwallace, Giving general Pardon and Protection To all (Murderers excepted) Who Would return to their homes & Take the Military oath before the 20th of Aprill. It was Moved by Govr. Bee that Genl. Greens Letter Should be Published, past in the negative. Govr. Bee applied and got leave to take the letter out of Congress.(1)

   A Long Letter Was read from a Mr. Baily, Phisition & Surgen in the Hospital department, by Genl. Varnum and the cause of the said Mr. Baily Was espoused by all the N.E. members. It was alledged by them that this man had been very III-Treated by the Medical Commte. particularly Mr. Clark. It was opposed by all the rest of the House and Mr. Houston alledged that he had done no duty Since 1779-but had been in Philada. postponed.(2)

   Mr. Bland Moved that as the Minister of France had offer'd us 400,000 Dollars in Specie and Bills if we Could Supply provisions To that amount, we ought to Accept the offer-and at the Same Time Offered a Scheme for doing this. Committed to a Special Committee. Mr. Moyland appointed Clothier Genll.(3)

   The inclosed resolution of Congress answers your Excellency's letter of the 26th ulto., relating to the appointment of Col. Davies to the War Office of Virginia.(1) You will observe that it determines his rank in the Army alone, to be the bar to his acceptance of a civil office. Should Col. Davies be willing to give up that, and his place be supplied by one of the supernumerary Colonels, So that no additional expence would accrue to the United States, Congress we beleive would not hesitate to let him retire, without forfeiting any of the emoluments to which he is at present entitled. General McDougal was lately appointed by Congress to a civil Office under the like circumstances with Col. Davies, and as he did not chuse to part with his rank in the Army, the appointment was annulled.

   We have been favored with your Excellency's two letters of the 6th & 7th instant.(2) The steps already taken by us & of which you will have been informed, will, we flatter ourselves accomplish your wishes with regard to the Refugees taken on board the Romulus.(3)

   Your Excellency will also have seen, by our late letters, that we have not been unmindful of the distressed state of Virga., for want of the stores lately brought hither by the French Frigate. We wish however, that our efforts to foward them had been more successful. Our first plan for the purpose, was the one suggested by your letter. The probable emptiness of your Treasury, and the impossibility of our making our requisite advance to the Waggoners here, led us to substitute the other plan of placing the Stores in the Quarter Masters Channel, and procuring from Congress a warrant for the money necessary for the purpose. He at the same time engaged the attention of Colo. Febiger to the business, who has been very alert in expediting the supplies for the Southern Service. Notwithstanding these precautions we have the mortification to find, that the stores are not yet on their way. Since the receipt of your letter, we have determined to recur to our first plan.

   The Q. Master & Colo. Febiger assure us that every exertion shall be used to execute it. They say however, it will be several days, before the waggons can possibly be on the road. According to an estimate of the Q. Master, we shall be obliged to draw on your Excellency for near £500 specie or, as much paper as will be equal to it, at the current exchange, to be paid on the arrival of the waggons.(4) The only paper they will receive is the old Continental bills. The Exchange here is 150 for 1; and the depreciation progressive. Your Excellency's other requests relating to the debts left by Col. Finnie in his department, and the accommodation of Mr. Ross with funds in this place, shall have all the attention we can give them.(5)

   The Extract of a letter from Genl. Washington, herewith enclosed,(6) contains all the Authentic information received since our last, on the subject of another embarkation from N. York. For some days of late the report has died away into a general disbelief. Some persons just come out of N. York have revived it, with this variation, that it has a Southern object.

   We are extremely concerned to inform your Excellency, that the detachment of the Pennsylvania Line, on which our expectations have been so long fixed, are still detained by the want of money. Every expedient within our invention has been tried, without avail, to remove the obstacles to their march; and we have no encouragement that the resources of the State will put them in motion, in less than 8 or 10 days, at the nearest. The detachment under the Marquis de la Fayette, is, we understand, again moving Southward. but we have great reason to apprehend, that the general cause of our embarrassment will at least retard their progress. The Extract above referred to, will give an idea, how far the Commander in Chief is likely to be in a condition to spare other detachments from the Troops immediately under him. By a return lately transmitted to Congress, it appears that he had not rec'd five hundred effective recruits from all the States whose levies were assigned to the Northern Department.

   It is pretty certain we believe that the British fleet under Arbuthnot is arrived at N. York from Chesapeak. That of our Ally has certainly returned into N. Port.

   On receipt of yr: Excellency's letter of the 8th ult.(7) respecting a plan to be concerted with the States of Maryland & Delaware, for the transportation of supplies to the Southward, we communicated the matter to the Delegates from those States, but they have never been furnished with any power or instructions relative to it.

   The Acts of this State, taking off the embargo, are under the same cover with this.(8)

   We have the honor to be, with sentiments of the highest respect,

   Yr: Excellency's obt and hble Servants

   [James Madison Junr.]

   [Theok: Bland]

   [M. Smith]

   Your Excellency will be informed by the Act of Congress enclosed that it is incompatible with the Rules established by the United States in Congress assembled for Colonel Davies to exercise a civil Appointment while he retains his Rank in the Army.(2)

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Respect, Your Excellency's most obedient, humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington Presidt.

   P.S. I have been honored with your several Despatches of the 26, 28, & 31, of March, & 7th Instant.(3)

   A report of Committee brought in Stating all our debts, and the expences or estimates of the Current year-Ordered to be Coppied & Sent to the States.(1)

   Mr. Maddison Moved that Genl. Washington Send effectual force to the Southward-And that he be impowerd to draw out as Many Malitia from the ea[s]tward of the North river as May be Necessary to the Eastward &c.(2) Mr. Smith of Virginia Said that Virginia had done her part in the War that they had afforded great Succour lately to the Southern States at her own expence that She Was So Much exhosted that now She Was invaded She Wanted assistance-that there Were Many disaffected in that State & When opertunity offered Would Assist the Enemy-That for Two or three years past it had been an opinion that prevailed that if that State was invaded it was to be given up by the other States That if they Were neglected & Were forced to give up to the enemy this consideration Would Make them very inveterate against those States and Willingly help To Conquer them &c.

   Mr. S. Adams Said that he Was Willing all the Army Should go to the Southward & the Malitia only be left to defend the Eastern States provided they had notice, & it was not Contrary to the plans of the Genl. &c.

   Committed to three.(3)

   Unfortunately my Engagement in private business; as well as in Congress prevented my Continuing this account during the year 1781. It being an Important year.

   I was long on the Committee of finance and always on the Committee of the States. Prevailed on having the New business of Congress assigned to Ministers & Officers.

   Was at the appointment of Commissioners for Making piece & Controled that appointmt. so far as to git five in Stead of three and so to Include Doctr. Franklin & Mr. Laurance (with A., J (4) & Jefferson).(5)

   But I did not mind any Small business, only applied My attention to What was of Great Consiquence as I observed great deficiency in the knowledge of governmt among the Members-tho Many of them possessed great abilities.

   I have the Pleasure to transmit you the enclosed Resolve(1) of Congress of the 14th Instant, whereby you will be informed, that they having taken into Consideration the Report of the Board of Admiralty respecting your Conduct as Captain in the Navy, have been pleased to direct that the Thanks of the Untied States in Congress assembled be presented to you, and to the Officers & Men who have faithfully served under you from Time to Time, for the Zeal, Prudence & Intrepidity with which you have supported the Honor of the American Flag; for your bold & successful Enterprizes, and in general for the good Conduct & eminent Services which have added Lustre to your Character and to the american Arms.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S. H.

   Your Excellency will receive herewith enclosed, an Ordinance(1) for establishing Courts for the Trial of Piracies and Felonies committed upon the high Seas, passed in Conformity to Articles of Confederation.

   I have the Honor to be &c, &c, S.H.

   I am directed (1) to acquaint your Excellency that the State of Maryland is unrepresented in Congress having but one Delegate present for some Time past, and it is earnestly requested that a Representation may be kept in Congress at present. Matters very important & interesting require a full Representation from all the States. It is to be hoped and expected that one or more Delegates from Maryland may immediately come forward if not already on the Way.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c, S.H.

   I am directed to transmit your Excellency the enclosed Report of a Committee & resolve of Congress thereon of the l9th Instant.(1) The Subject Matter to which it relates is so fully stated & discussed in the Report, it is needless for me to add any further Observations to urge a Compliance with the Sentiments of Congress therein expressed.

   Enclosed you will also receive the Copies of Acts of New York & Pennsylvania authorizing Congress to levy a Duty agreeable to their requisition.(2)

   I have the Honor to be with the highest, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington, President

   I am directed to transmit your Excellency the enclosed Copies of Letters, viz, one from his Excellency President Reed to me, the other from Mr Fowler to President Reed, with the consequent Resolve of Congress of the l9th Instant, directing that effectual Measures be taken to make Enquiry into & correct the Abuses therein mentioned and for bringing the Offenders to condign Punishment.(1)

   This Mr Fowler is an Auditor appointed by Congress to settle public Accounts in that Quarter.

   It may not be amiss to mention to your Excellency, that it hath been suggested by Gentlemen of Character, that Colonel Broadhead for some Reasons is disposed to obstruct, rather than to aid Colonel Clarke in his present Expedition to the westward, & prevent his Proceeding. How far the latter Suggestion, or those Facts mentioned in Mr Fowlers Letter are well founded I cannot pretend to say. A proper Enquiry is necessary to ascertain those Matters; and I am firmly perswaded your Excellency's Prudence will direct to such Measures as that the Public may not suffer by flagrant Abuses, and at the same Time no faithful Officers may be injured by ill founded Misrepresentations if any such there be.

   I have the Honor to be, with the highest Respect, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   P.S. I have been Honourd with your Excellency Letters of the 12th & 14th instant.(2)

   The distresses of the Army for want of pay give pain to every patriot but in a more eminent degree to those who by being placed at the head of Government are considered in some measure, as responsible. If their office shielded them from common Calamities, or afforded Support to their Families. If they had of themselves the means of filling the publick Treasury or If the States had complied with their Requisitions the Charge of Severity towards the reformed officers in not paying their Arrears to the time of their reduction woud have given me less pain. As an Individual I can compare my Sufferings, the dangers of the Field excepted, with any Gentleman of the Army. As a publick man I have had my full Share of Anxiety and Care. Conscious of my own Integrity & of my respect and affection for those brave men who have fought the battles of my Country, I feel that I deserve no Reproach. Believe me,.Sir, that to oblige and serve yourself in particular woud have given me pleasure. Nor as far as my little abilities extended have you wanted a faithful Friend whenever your Interest coud be promoted. The Reduction was a general Measure in which you in common with many other worthy & gallant officers participated.(1) I never heard it objected to. The Rule of Seniority was preferred from the difficulty of Selecting as Congress first recommended. It was preferred on military Ideas & Advice. The officers reduced were not paid: the whole Army were unpaid. The Reason is that there was no money in the Common Treasury. And the States tho' earnestly called upon to advance their Quotas of the Arrears have not complied. What coud Congress have done more? What more can they now do?

   With respect to the two additional Regiments to be raised in our State I sincerely believe it did not originate from any Scheme to injure you or to prefer favorites. I have understood that an offer was made the State to raise those Regiments on Land Bounties and that it was expected that the men woud be recruited in New England. To this moment I never heard but from yourself who were appointed Officers. Congress in approving this plan paid Attention to the reduced officers it being their wish that they shoud be preferred as far as this Service permitted. Your own Government I am perswaded highly esteem you, and cannot wish to do you Injustice or to

   Jas. Duane

   P.S. I have been here a whole year with the Intermission of a short visit to Mrs Duane in her Indisposition. I return home in a few days. I have communicated your Letter to General McDougall who promises me to write to you. Excuse haste!

   The United States in Congress assembled, deeming it proper & necessary to communicate to their Constituents in the several States, as fully as can be done, a proper Representation of their national Affairs, the Amount of the public Debts due from the United States, together with the Estimates for the current Year; having examined & agreed to the Report of their Committee on that Subject of the 18th Instant, I do myself the Honor to transmit your Excellency a Copy thereof.(1) And am with the highest Respect, Your most obedient, humble Servant, S.H.

   I can only say thus on the Report, which is transmitted to Lovell, Sharpe & Clymar and herewith delivered to you.(1)

   Mr. Parsons had a Right to think from Mr. Bingham's Powers and the Influence which the Advice of the Marqs. de Bouillee had always with Mr. Bingham, that He who succeeded Mr. Bingham in a Manner in Commission ought also to be influenced by that same

   Yr. most humble Servt, James Lovell

   I have received your Excellency's Letter, notifying me that no Delegate will come from the State 'till after the Election.

   General Cornell, who is absent by Leave of Congress, for visiting the military Magazines, Laboratories &c, and causing some necessary Reforms,(1) will be able to give every necessary Information respecting our Situation. As my Time for representing the State will soon expire, I apprehend my Return home will be consequent thereupon.(2) Previous to which, A Supply of Money will be essential. Should the Necessity of this Request be doubted, it need only be

   I have the Honor of being with great Respect, your Excellency's most obdt. Servt. J M Varnum

   I did not receive your favor of the 3d Instt till yesterday; a week later than Letters of the same Date from some others of my Boston friends were brought to me by the Post. As the Subject is delicate, I do not chuse to continue it in this Letter, which is to go thro' a Channel provd from repeated Experience to be uncertain & unsafe. It was for this Reason that I committed to the Care of a private friend, my Letter to Mrs A of the 1st of Feby which she communicated to you. I am glad she did it in a Manner so acceptable-Indeed I never found Reason to doubt her Discretion. What you have written is very obliging & satisfactory to me. I hope to have the Pleasure of seeing you next Month. We will then, after our usual Manner, disclose each others Hearts.(1)

   Your Letter of the 31st Decr was not long ago deliverd to me by the Count Charlus.(2) He appears to be an amiable & fine-spirited young Nobleman. After a short stay here, he proceded with the Marqs de la Fayette to the Southward.

   You will recollect a Design which I mentiond to you respecting our Friend Mr L ,(3) & the Omission which, we were informd the Evening before I left Boston, had happened thro' Mistake. I early wrote to you & requested your Influence to have it rectified. I have heard Nothing of it since. In my opinion the most essential Interest of the Town of Boston will be servd by it, & therefore I cannot look

   You & I, among others, have had the Honor of being abusd by Rivingtons Press; A labord Performance has lately crept out, called the Times. I have had a cursory reading of it. It appears to me so much like the Productions of certain Geniuses who figurd in Mr Popes Time, that had the Author been cotemporary with them, a Page might have been added to the Dunciad,(4) to immortalize his Works. I will endeavor to get some Parts of it transcribd & carry them to Boston. I am sure the reading it would serve to divert rather than give you the least Pain. My due Regards to Friends, your affectionate, SA

   I have been honored with your Excellency's Letters of the 16th & 18th Instant.(2) You will observe by the enclosed Resolve of this Day, that it is the Sense of Congress, on receiving the Information contained in your Letter of the 16th, of the Proposals you have made respecting the Exchange of General Burgoine, that you be authorized to proceed in perfecting the Exchange, if you shall think fit, the Resolution of the third Instant notwithstanding.(3)

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Respect & Esteem, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   Not receiving any Line from you by this day's post, I recur to your favor of April 3d already answered in part.(2) I wrote to Col. Hughes (3) to endeavor to forward the two Packages left by Doctr. Winship, if he could find where they were deposited. I hope he will have found them and had them cased in Boards.

   Capt. J. P. Jones is without Letter or Invoice and supposes they must have been sent by the Alliance. A Vessel is in the River from France in 11 Weeks Passage, perhaps I shall get some Light by her. I assure you I have had some considerable fears of losing on the Road what I have to forward. The Tories rise in Insolence of Pillaging. But we have Today Reports of such large Embarkations from New York as will make that City very weak. It is even said that the Refugees are ordered to prepare for Halifax or Georgia.

   Be persuaded, amiable Friend, that I will act for you as for myself.

   Apr. 14 [i.e. 24]. Capt. All has been 9 Weeks from France. He put his Letters ashore at the Cape; perhaps they will be here before the Post goes.

   P M. The Letters are come. None from Fiance, (4) but a short one of Decr. from J Williams about his hopes and Intentions of forwarding what had been granted 14 months before to cover our naked Soldiers. We have at last a very long Letter from Mr. Jay. But, your Curiosity, charming Patriot, must await the Return of Mr. (S.A.) which may procede next Post.

   Very sincerely and self-pleasingly yr. Servant. J L

   This day, by Post, I recd. your Favors of the 7th & 9th. Your tender apprehensions respecting my Health, your instructive Hints as to the Removal of ill-grounded prejudices, and your generous Direction to convert a Part of your Invoice to my own use form a Chain of pleasing Stricture upon my Gratitude. The Blessing of Health will be enhanced by my having Opportunities of employing a Portion of it in rendering you any Services here. The Preservation of an honest independent Spirit will be so much more my Care as it is what tends to prolong your Friendship for me on the Principle of Simularity.

   I shall forward your blue Cloth with the other Articles whenever a good Conveyance presents itself. You will find, by the Copy which I inclose of Col. P's (1) Invoice as you desired, that nearly the same Balance of both Bills of Exchange has been kept back from you. The Weather is so bad that I shall not have the Information of Mr. Ross respecting the Deficiency before this letter goes, but I will obtain and send it speedily. I have had a single Line from Col. P since Nov. 18 and you do not mention him in that Letter where you mention having been to New Hampshire.

   I have had the mortification to find that Winship left his Baggage at Fish Kills. I fear ill Consequences to Mrs Adams & you. I write to Col. Hughes (2) to find where the two Bundles were which I had sent and to case them in Board, as Friction or Rain would ruin the Lady's Property. I find it very hard to forward even a small Parcell by Horse so long a Way in these Times when even Sulky Boxes are so loaded with "Limber-Chink," as the Tories call Paper Money, that I have had a letter returned for being more than could be stowed.

   I send Doctr. Holten a news Paper with the Pensylvania act in it for a New Emission of money.(3) The old Continental is limited to June 1st and indeed all monies not by Law equivalent to Gold & Silver. They mean to purchase 4/10 of the 18th of March money of other States so as to avoid emitting of their own. If Congress cannot limit State Emissions it is in vain to attempt any Thing continental with a paper medium. The Congress must deal only in Gold and Silver. If the precious Metals are not our only medium or Funds are not absolutely provided for one general Paper I see ten thousand Embarrassments to every public Movement in the War. Can the People expect to be served by Officers, who engage for 50 Dollars Specie per month and are to be paid in Paper under the Idea of Equivalent, unless current Exchange is intended? But, if that Exchange rises every day during the Delay of supplying the public Treasury by Taxes long called for, how can Government furnish any Estimate? and will the People be satisfied wth. eternal Calls in Taxation

   Randall had arrived in Boston 9 days before yr. last Letter, but he was to deliver what he had in Charge from me to Mr. Otis. Please to present my Regards to Mr. Otis and tell him that Col. Hay, being here, acknowledges the Receipt of his Letter, imagined to be lost, after being committed to my Care.

   The Board of War having spared to the Special Council for the Eastern Shore, & to the Virginia Delegates a number of the Rampart peices, I coud not obtain an order for more than 500-They have likewise given me an order for 2 four pound Brass Field peices complete. (1) If 41b Ball shoud be wanting, it will be proper to mention the number you woud have. It not being safe to Send the arms by water I presume you will order waggons up, or some to be procured here.

   The following is an extract of a Letter from Genl. Washington-"Head quarters, New Windsor Apl. 16th. 81, I have receivd advices through different Chann[e]ls corresponding with that transmitted Congress by Mr. Foreman. They strongly assert that a further detachment is going from New York, & that it is to be commanded

   The Letter from St. Piere dated the 18th of March in the enclosd paper is from Mr Parsons Agent for Congress, to the Board of Admiralty (2)-The intelligence from the Havanna is thro' Don Fran-cisco.(3)

   Some exchangd officers are arrivd here in a flag from Charles Town, they left it 13 days past-& inform us that Genl Sumpter had taken the Enemies post at 96, & made about 300 prisoners.

   I have the honor to be, with great esteem, Yr. Excellencys Most Ob Sert. Danl. Carroll

   [P.S.] We have reason to believe the Confederacy is taken by two British frigates.(4)

   Nothing new worthy your attention has been the cause of my silence, and all that I have now to communicate are merely reports. I will however take the liberty of giving them to you, such as they are. By a letter from our Agent at Martinico (1) we are informed that a fleet of our Ally, consisting of 14 sail of the line, had fallen in with 131 sail of transports from Cork, with their convoy, & that they had captured the greatest part of them. By a vessel from the Cape, we are informed, that a lugger had arrived there, announcing the French fleet of 23 ships of the line being off that coast, & that they had under convoy 400 transports, a part of this fleet with 7000 men

   I should be obliged to you Sir, to forward the inclosed for Miss Livingston.(2) I have the honor to be, with the highest respect yr. Excys most Obedt. servt. Jon Mathews

   [P.S.] When you have read the inclosed paper, please to forward it to Miss Livingston.

   I recd. yours of the 6th inst. yesterday, informing me of the melancholly news of the death of our Friend Major Harleston.(2) I am greatly distressed on account of his wife-her situation is truly pitiable. I feel much for her-'tis a severe stroke, to her, poor Girl! I make no doubt you'll give her all the comfort in your power & hope will remain with her as long as you can. I have advised her to return to South Carolina as soon as an opportunity offers. I think she will be best with her Mother & Relations & will be a great means of recovering & saving her Estate. I cannot but think the Enemy will give her possession of it. I am sorry her Husband did not appoint some other Person as Executor, as well as myself, 'tis impossible, situated as I am at present, that I can be of any Service to her. I shall return the will to her by the first safe opportunity and I shod. be glad you wou'd assist in having it proved-it will be best to have it done in Virginia and I have desired her to send me an authentic Copy of it. Cou'd you not contrive to get a Passage in one of the Flaggs, intended to be sent with Necessary's to the Virginia Troops in Carolina? It will be the best way & I suppose you cou'd easily dispose of her Horses and anything else she wou'd not chuse to carry with her.

   The Flagg is at last arrived-she came up last Sunday afternoon-Mrs. Gillon, her son Willm., Mr. May, Capt. Gadsden, Major DeBrahm, Majr. Melvin & his Lady, the familys of Stone & Smith, our two Pilots, and some Virginia Officers come out on Parol. The enclosed Letters will give more particulars, perhaps, than I can write

   We have accounts from Genl. Washington, that another Embarkation is preparing at New York & 'tis believed Sr. Henry Clinton will take the command of it & proceed to Virginia. I have no doubt, but that the War will be removed into the Southern States.

   We have a report in Town, that the French Fleet is arrived in the West Indies, consisting of 28 Sail of the Line and a large number of Troops-more of this in my next.

   Colo. Eveleigh (3) & his Wife, with Miss Skipwith has been here ten days-I lodge with them at Mrs. M.Kenzie's-the Apartments that Mr. Walker of Virginia had when you was here.

   Adieu! my Dear Sir, and believe me to be, Yors. very affectionately, Isaac Motte.

   We were yesterday Honord with your Excellency's of the 13th Inst. with its enclosures.(1) You may be assured that our utmost endeavors have been exerted in forwarding the arms and stores mentiond in our last, but insurmountable difficulties have prevented their seting off until now, but we are happy to inform you that the first of them will go on to day as the Qr. Mastr. assures us.(2) We have anticipated the circumstance mentiond in the Extract of Genl. Greenes letter to the Baron,(3) by urging the board of War with every argument for the necessity of a Speedy Supply which they are taking measures to procure but I fear with little prospect of immediate effect, neither theirs nor our exertions will be slackend on that head but we cannot advise a reliance on the Success. Your desire concerning the Prisoners, has been communicated to the Minister of France who has expressed his fears that such a step could not be Justified on the Common principles adopted by European nations at War, but at the Same time thinks there will be no difficulty of

   We have the honor to be with sentiments of the highest respect & esteem, Yr. Excelly's Most Ob & hum. Servts.

   J. Madison Junr

   Theok. Bland

   P.S. We are happy to inform Yr. Excy. [that] a large detachment of the Pennsylva line are at length in motion towards Virginia & we hope will arrive in time to Check the Progress of the Enemy in that state. we have accts that the Confederacy is taken by the Roebuck & Orpheus off this Coast.

   The Underwritten delegates (2) from the State of Virginia Sensible of the distress of that and the Southern states for want of arms, and anxious for the relief of their own state in particular as well as its neighbouring States, were desireous of persuing every measure for that purpose; They were exceedingly happy to be informed that you Gentn. were not only possessed of the necessary means, but of the patriotic disposition, to forward so desireable a work, and therefore not only listend with pleasure to your proposals for purchasing a Number of arms, that were laying in the Public Magazines and might with some small repairs be soon made Serviceable, and of forwarding them (after having them repaird) to the State of Virginia with Expedition, but took every step in their Power to facilitate your disinterested and Patriotic intentions. We then understood that your intentions were to lay out the money arising from a Qy. of Tobo. in your hands to purchase the Said arms of the Public and fit them up with all possible Expedition, Paying for them at a reasonable and moderate Price which the board of War shd. ascertain and engage that they shd. be deliverd to the Executive of Virginia, at a moderate profit to yourselves for the Purchase and trouble-we engaging to give you draughts on the State treasury Payable at Sight-at the real Value without your Suffering by any casual intervening depreciation. We are unhappy on account of our suffering Country, on a revisal and consideration of the terms presented in writing, to concieve it impossible that we can on behalf of the State engage on terms, which would be so evidently disadvantageous to the State without promising more expedition, or a more speedy relief, than may probably be had in the common mode, while from the terms you propose the Public will reap no additional advantage but be subject to the payment of the whole expences of fiting and transporting the Arms, of furnishing the money for the payment of the first Cost, and an addition of fifty Per Cent; which being guarded against depreciation is, we consider a profit too great for us to agree to,(3)

   You will receive herewith enclosed, two Resolves of Congress, of the 20th of March and 21st Instant. The former, you will observe, is in Answer to a Paragraph of your Letter therein recited, the Latter ascertains certain Powers with which the Superintendant of Finance is vested.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c S.H.(2)

   As the fate of Nations has sometimes depended, so that of States may now depend upon events appearing trifling. The irregular situation in which the Citizens of Georgia have been for some time past, has been cause of some uneasiness to us: for altho we know their merit in opposing the Enemy to be equal to any, and are confident that they have given tone to some of the most brilliant actions in that department upon the small scales yet for want of order and direction among themselves, the state for which they act has lost the credit of their exertions, and may lose more.

   To remedy these evils, and to render their endeavors more useful in future, we have invested Doctor Brownson with a Brigadier

   With perfect confidence & much esteem, we have the honor to subscribe ourselves your most obedient and very much obliged servants,

   Geo Walton.

   W Few

   Richd Howly (2)

   For your Excellency's Information, I have herewith enclosed a State of the Debts due from the United States, with the necessary Estimates for the current Year as near as they can be ascertained at present; Copies whereof are transmitted to the several States. (1) Also a resolve of the 23d Instant, directing the Board of War to take effectual Measures for the Removal of all public Stores, Beef-Cattle, and also Provisions & Forage collected or stored on the Peninsula between the Delaware & Chesapeake Bays, and on the Jersey Shore adjacent to the Delaware; which may probably fall into the Hands of the Enemy in Case of an Invasion.(2)

   You will also receive enclosed a Letter from General Gates addressed to Congress, which they have thought proper to refer to the Commander in Chief.(3)

   I have the Honor to be, with the greatest Respect, Your Excellency's, most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   The president has just receivd a Letter with information that a considerable Body of troops are on Board at New York, likewise Genl. Clintons baggage. They had been on board some days, & it is conjecturd by the writer of the Letter that they waited for a reinforcement from Europe. He adds that about 40 Vessels under the Convoy of a 50 Gun Ship & two frigates arrivd at Sandy Hook last Saturday. We have good reason to believe these Vessels saild from Charles Town with abt 160 Troops belonging to the Regts at New York.(1)

   I have not time to add more than that I am Dear Sr, Yours Danl Carroll

   I do myself the Honor of transmitting to your Excellency the enclosed Copy of a Letter from Ebenezer Hazard.(1)

   You will observe by the Journals of Congress under the 20th of July 1778, Encouragement given to this Gentleman to collect Materials for a History, and a Recommendation to the several States to aid & assist him in such Collection.

   If any of the Manuscripts &c to which his Letter refers, will in your Excellency's Opinion be useful or worthy of Notice in the Pages of History, I am perswaded you will be so kind as to forward them agreeable to his Desire, whenever Leisure from more important Concerns shall permit. It may be proper to send them under Cover addressed to the Secretary of Congress, as Mr Hazard, being Surveyor of the Post for the eastern Department, is rather an itinerant than a Resident in any particular Place at present.

   I have the Honor to be with the highest Respect, your Excellency's Most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   Your Favour of the 21st Instant I have had the Honor to communicate to the United States in Congress assembled. I am directed to inform you that it was by no Means their Intention in the Recommendation therein referred to, to hold up your Situation as desperate, much less to preclude the Idea of Resistance. The Intelligence they had received led them to apprehend that it was in Contemplation with the Enemy to take Post at New Castle, for the Purpose of a grand Forage on the Peninsula between Delaware & Chesapeake Bays.(1)

   The Attention due to the general Interest required that immediate & effectual Precautions should be taken to disappoint such an Expedition of its Object; With this View it was recommended to remove from the Reach of the Enemy all Provisions & Forage which would not be necessary for the Consumption of the Inhabitants, a Precaution pointed out by the very Nature of the Case, which was the more eligible as it tended to prevent the Invasion as well as to render it abortive, and which had been adopted in similar Instances without Objection or Complaint.

   The Intelligence since received by Congress of the Designs of the Enemy has been so far from rendering the first Plan inexpedient or unnecessary, that it has determined them to give it greater Promptitude & Efficacy by their Resolution of the 23d Instant, of which a Copy is enclosed. The Extent & Strictness of its Execution, as well as of the preceding Act, must no Doubt be governed by Circumstances and by the Discretion of the Executives & the Board of War.

   Whatever Respect may be paid to these Recommendations, or whatever may be the Event, Congress will have done their duty.

   Your Determination to exert yourselves to the utmost for your Defence, and your Confidence in the Bravery & Affection of your Citizens afford Congress the highest Satisfaction, and they perswade themselves that a Reconsideration of the Steps taken for removing

   By order of Congress, Sam Huntington President (2)

   Memorandum of an Agreement entered into this 27th of April 1781 Between the Honble The Delegates of the State of Virginia on the one Part, and Ebenezer Cowell of the City of Philadelphia on the other. (1)

   The said Cowell doth hereby undertake to Cut and put in good Repair two Thousand Rampart Muskets, the Property of the Said State,(2) in the same Manner, and of the same length as those now Shewn in the War Office, at the rate of Seven Shillings and Six Pence Hard Money, or the value thereof in Paper Money at the Time of Payment.

   And the said Cowell doth hereby engage to finish Twelve Hundred of the said Muskets in Fourteen Days from this Time, and deliver the same to the orders of the said Delegates to be transported to the said State of Virginia-and the Residue before the day of Payment.

   And the said Delegates do hereby engage to Pay the said Cowell or order the said Sum of Seven Shillings and Six Pence Hard Money or

   Theok. Bland

   M. Smith

   Ebenezer Cowell

   Oct. 10th. 1781. It appears to Me by a Certificate given by Mr. George Nicolson (3) unto the above Mr Ebenezer Cowell that this Contract has been on his part duly, and fully complied with, as will appear by the said Certificate in My possession.

   Thomas Pleasants Jr C. A for the state of Virga. in Philadelphia

   Having discovrd that there were a considerable number of Rampart Arms belonging to the U.S. at this place, which have long lain dormant, (having been supposed useless for the Field,) we have found on enquiry that with a small alteration, and fixing Bayonettes to them they are capable of being renderd exceeding good Field Arms; & knowing the necessity of the State for a Supply of that article we have been extreemely desireous to have them alterd and Sent on with all possible dispatch; we flattrd ourselves that this might have been done expeditiously by the Intervention of some Virginia Merchants who had money in this City which they offerd to dispose of for the purchase of the Arms from the Continent; to have them fitted and transported at their own expence, and on their

   We are with the greatest respect Yr. Excy's most obedt. Srts James Madison Junr.

   Theok. Bland

   M. Smith

   [P.S.] We have enclosed yr. Excy. a Copy of the agreement we have been necessitated to enter into in order to ensure and expedite a measure which we are Sensible is of the utmost importance to the State.(3)

   I did myself the honor of addressing a few lines to you by Messrs. Goldsborough and Emory,(1) Since which the President received your Letter, to which Colo. Maylan the Bearer Carrys an Answer.(2) From the Character of this Officer, and the Contents of the letter addressed to you by the Board of War. I flatter mySelf the execution of the Resolves of Congress will not be attended with any disagreeable Circumstances. I am, Sir, Sensible that the Step taken by Congress on this Occasion, is of a very Serious Nature, even tho' Nothing Should be attempted to be Carried into Execution, I Saw it in that light from the Beginning and gave Congress every information in my power, I was almost alone on the propriety and Necessity of the Measure. There is Some reason to believe, that Considerable Quantitys of Flour are Stored on the Waters of Delaware, part of which may have been purchasd for the use of the Enemy. This I think was a strong if not the principal inducement with Congress, for the resolves they entered into.

   The enclosed paper contains Some important intelligence.(3) The Extracts of the Letter of the 22nd of Feby. are from Mr. Carmichael those from Holland of the 23d of Jany. from a Correspondent of his at the Hague. The picture Mr. Carmichael gives, of the State of affairs in Europe, is upon the whole pleasing.

   The President will give you by this opportunity the latest intelligence from New York,(4) a Considerable Body of Troops were imbarkt. last week, General Clintons Baggage on Board, about 40 vessels under the Convoy of three Frigates are Said to have arrived at Sandy Hook last Saturday. Some Officers lately arrived in a flag from Charles Town, inform us, that a fleet Consisting of the above Number of Vessels, with the Chatham of 50 Guns, and two Frigates, left that place three days before the Flag Sailed.

   It is therefore probable the fleet Mentioned to have arrived at New York, is the Same which left Charles Town.

   I have the honor to be Sir, with great Esteem, Yr. Mo. Obt. Servt. Daniel Carroll.

   Desirous that you might have the latest intelligence respecting the Embarkation at New York, I this morning requested the President of this State to give me what information he could on that subject. The Enclosed is his Answer.(1) I have nothing to add to what I wrote Yesterday, only that I am just informed a Packet is arrived at New York which sailed from England in Feby.

   I am, Sir, with great respect & Esteem, Yr. Mo. Obt. Sert. Danl. Carroll.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, a Resolve of Congress of the 20th Instant, recommending to the several States therein named, to make good the Depreciation of the monthly Pay to the Officers & Soldiers belonging to Colonel Moses Hazens Regiment, that are considered as Part of those States Quotas, in the same Manner they have made good the Depreciation to the Officers & Soldiers in the Battallions belonging to the Line of those States respectively.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c, S. H.

   I am directed to lay before your Excellency the enclosed Act of Congress of the 25th Instant with the several Papers to which it refers, and you are requested to cause Enquiry to be made into the Charges exhibited against Captain Ashby and Justice to be done in the Premises (1)

   It gives me Pain to hear of such ungenerous & inhuman Treatment towards our Brethren & Friends in cruel Captivity. From your Excellency's Justice & Humanity I am fully satisfied due & effectual Enquiry will be made into the Transaction referred to, and that you will transmit to Congress the result of such Enquiry as soon as may be.

   I have the Honor to be &c

   You will receive enclosed, a Resolve(1) of Congress of the 27th Instant, directing Mr J. Bradford to deliver to your Order, all the Duck in his Hands belonging to the United States proper for Tents.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c S. H.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed a Resolve of Congress of the 26th Instant, authorizing the Quarter Master General to appoint Col. Champlin of Newport as Barrack Master to the French Army agreeable to the Sentiments expressed in your Letter of the 21st Instant. (1)

   Also a Resolve of the same Date with the above mentioned, affixing the Pay of Captain Lieutenant of Artillery, and of Lieutenants & Sergeants of Infantry agreeable to the Resolve of the 27th of May 1778.(2)

   By the enclosed Resolve of the 17th Instant your Excellency will be informed that Mr. J. Moylan is appointed Clothier General.(3)

   With the highest Respect & Esteem, I have the Honor to be, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   Your's of the 7th was handed to me a few days ago by Mr. Newman who is to call on me this evening for an answer. 700 dollars were inclosed in it. As I cannot get any wire of the description you direct; nor indeed any but a little fitted for bolting according to the flour model, and that at a price more than double the old one I have declined laying out the money. Should you be in great want & willing to give so high a price, the Messenger for Mr. Sym's Chariot will bring your orders and take charge of the Sifters.

   I am well pleased to find my brother Wm. has turned his thoughts seriously on the law, but I much fear his preparatory studies are not sufficiently ripened for the purpose. If he could place himself in a situation for alternately pu[r]suing both, it would be adviseable to do it, and it would be an additional advantage if he were within the reach of some respectable Court where he could be learning the rules of practice. It is of great importance that no time be lost.

   The papers which I inclose with this comprize all the late intelligence from abroad. Our affairs in Europe wear on the whole an encouraging aspect. You will have heard of the advance of the Marquis's Corps for your Support. It will soon be followed by the Pennsylvania line. Another embarkation is certainly on the point of sailing from N. York. Clinton it is said is to command it. Deleware bay, is given out as the destination. It is more probable the event will shew the real one to be Chesapeak or Charleston.

   Notwithstanding all our precautions the paper money still goes on depreciating. The old is 180 or 190 for 1. The new 21/2 for [1].

   Our fine Ship the Confederacy was lately taken and carried into N. York by a British 44 & a frigate. She surrendered without a gun being fired. She was returning from the W. Indies & had a great deal of valuable & useful property on board belonging to the Public.

   I shall write again by Mr. Sym's Chariot and send you another cargo of News' papers.

   I am yr. dutiful Son, J. Madison Junr.

   I do myself the honor of enclosing a paper of last Saturday. The interesting intelligence containd in the extracts of the Letters of the 22d of Feby, & 23 of Jany deserve Credit.(1) The 1st is from Mr

   It is said a packet is arrivd at New York which sailed from England some time in March-& that intelligence has come by her that the Russian Minister had left London & the British Petersburgh-& further that on the Arrival of this Vessel, Genl. Clintons baggage was relanded. I give this intelligence on report.

   I have the Honor to be with great esteem, Yr Excellencys Most Obt Serv. Daniel Carroll

   The inclosed paper will give you the substance of the latest intelligence Congress have received from Europe. The countenance given by Russia to the united provinces must be productive of very happy effects, it encourages them to enter into the war with alacrity and to prosecute it with vigor. This of course raises up another powerful enemy against G. Britain and enables our generous Ally to give us more substantial aid, than he could otherwise have done. Our affairs at the Court of Madrid wear a more pleasing aspect than they have yet done and we have reason to expect a more earnest friendship from that monarch than he has yet manifested toward us.

   The troops and Ships destined for our aid were expected to sail in all the Month of March, the exact numbers of either we are not informed of, but we are encouraged to expect both will be respectable.

   We are directed by Congress to communicate to you the complaints that have been made, of a number of the british Officers being suffered to remain in Charles Town on parole when the enemy extend this indulgence with a very sparing hand to our Officers, that you should enquire into the matter and rectify whatever improprieties may have arisen in conducting this business.

   It is also the wish of Congress that you would endeavour to negociate an exchange of prisoners and relieve as many of ours as you possibly can, from the horrors of so severe a Captivity as they experience.(1)

   You may possibly conceive some embarrassments will arise in negociating this business, least what may be done by you, might

   We are sir, with much Esteem & regard, Yr. most Obedt. servts. By Order of the Committee John Mathews Chairman

   By the latest Advices from Spain the Affairs of America have a favorable Aspect at the Court of Madrid, tho' Mr. Cumberland was still permitted to be there under the ostensible Pretext of obtaining the salubrious Air for the Health of some of his Family, and, among

   By every Account from the Southward we have further Confirmation of the severe Sufferings of the British Army in the Battle near Guilford Court House. General O Harra it is said is dead of the Wounds received in that Action.

   By late Advices from Holland we are assured, the Dutch have sent a Courier to the Court of Petersburgh to inform them of the hostile Proceedings of Great Britain in Consequence of the States General acceding of the Treaty of Neutrality, and to request the Stipulated Succours, and this Day a Vessel under the Flag of the United Provinces arrived in this Port, but I have not yet received any Intelligence from her.

   I hope before this some Delegates from Connecticut are on the Way to Congress, as I am once more left alone from the State, and shall not be able to attend any considerable Time longer myself.

   I have the Honor to be, with perfect Respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant, Sam. Huntington

   I take up my pen to let you know I have not forgot you. I should have wrote you oftner, had not the conveyance been so precarious, but having now a safe one I readily embrace it. I am at present in usual health and hope these will find you and the rest of the family well. Mr. Adams (1) was in a great strait how to return to New England on account of some body to go with him & I consented to let Daniel go with him & he is to return here again & as soon as he returns I shall set out for New England that is as soon as the horse has rested a few days. I don't know that I was ever in a place more disagreeable to me than this, nor even so much.

   The enemy are sending reinforcements to the Southward & I hope a kind Providence will disappoint them in their undertaking, and blast them in their attempts against us. Cornwallis has made out to get clear as I was always afraid and said he would. After their action of the fifteenth of March last in which he suffered very much, he retreated toward Willmington in North Carolina through a tract

   The little State of Georgia exerts herself greatly, there is near one quarter part of her male inhabitants now in Arms and exerting themselves to drive the enemy from their Country, they have been frequently successful.

   Colonel Palfrey has never been heard of nor the Vessel in which he went; it is to be feared the Vessel is foundered and all on board have perished. She was a new and strong Vessel, never at sea before. She had a number of passengers on board.

   It is reported here that the Confederacy is taken and carried into New York. She was a Continental Frigate & the best that ever the United States ever had, she was coming from Hispaniola & was in part loaded with cloathing for the Army. There has been another report, that she was retaken and carried into Rhode Island, but I fear this last account is without any good foundation.

   Give my love to your mother your brothers and sisters. I wish you and they may the Divine presence and Blessing attending each of you in all your lawful undertakings, and may we finally be admitted into the relms of Eternal day through the merits of the great sacrifice of attonement. Farewell. Artemas Ward

   I have this day recd. yours of the 17th. Under all the Disappointment of my Expectations formed upon your past of the 7th & 9, and under all my extreme bodily Pain from an almost fatal accident, I could not but smile very much at your Pregnancy with a very spacious Curse-capable of striding between Philada. & Boston. Indeed my zealous patriotic Friend, you will have your tortured Feelings yet for a Time. The floating Paper will have its Course. And you among others, must either refuse it or suddenly invest it after taking it or become the Victim of the Circumstances of the Times. It was merely to prevent this latter, that I became lately a Speculr. partly on my own account and partly for that amiable Gentleman whose Business you have in hand, and whose Dependence on your Care is rather increased than diminished since you left us. His unavoidable Connexions with the Indiscrete leave small Room for those many Satisfactions which his own Sense, Prudence & Discretion might naturally originate & govern. We stand in the Path to be scratched by that Alecto (2) which you was wishing to conjure up. But we stand in that Path compulsively. He will write at a more convenient Time expressive of his Sense of your kind Care.

   Mr. Adams will give you the State of our affairs. They are in good Train abroad; And Congress have sent so plain a Recapitulation of Things to the States as to show how and how only we may be well arranged at home. For my Part, I know not what more can be done than making a periodical Querie "what is yr. Return to such and such a Requisition?" "The Confederacy hangs on yr. Complyance." You have so repeatedly asked for the Comments that I cannot refuse them tho I think my satisfying you tends to keep alive what was very much extinguished. I wish you to be attentive to this Idea, and to return me the Paper by a good private hand. I desire to keep it.

   I have sent the July Journal. Poor Palfrey is gone to London.(3) I am very much deranged by that as I have a Bill of 1050 Livs. which I was going to transmit to his Care & Taste for the use of our amiable Friend, and his lame Brother.

   Should it be so that you fail in yr. Endeavors for me till this arrives put into Mrs. L's Possession what she may appear to desire of it when you can find Leisure to call upon her.

   With much Regard, yr. Frd. & Servt. honestly, JL

   I wrote to you yesterday by Express,(1) since which I have receivd yours of the 24th. Least my Letter shoud be sent to the Ridge I enclose a paper of Saturday.(2) Mark No. 1 contains an extract from Mr Carmichaels Letter-No 2 is from a Correspondent of his at the Hague. I must refer you to what I wrote the Governor.

   I am Dear Sr. yours &c., Daniel Carroll

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, the Copy of a Resolve of Congress of the 27th of April, recommending to the several States to which they belong, to make up the Depreciation of Pay to the Officers & Men now or late of the Regiment of Artificers commanded by Colonel Baldwin.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S.H.

   You will receive enclosed, the Copy of a Resolve(1) of Congress of the 27th Instant, authorizing the Superintendent of Finance to appoint Attornies to prosecute or defend in his official Capacity, also

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, a Letter from Mathias Halsted with several other Papers, representing the Misconduct of John Adam Deputy Commissary of Prisoners, which they have thought proper to refer to the Commander in Chief, that due Enquiry may be made respecting the Transactions of this Officer, and the Facts complained of & stated in those Papers.(1)

   I have also enclosed the Copy of a resolve of the 27th Ulto recommending to the several States to which they belong, to make up the Depreciation of Pay to the Officers and Men now or late of the Regiment of Artificers commanded by Colonel Baldwin.(2)

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Respect, Sir, Your Excellency's most obedient & humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   P.S. Your Excellency's dispat[c]hes of the 21st & 26th of April have been receivd.(3)

   Since my last we have had despatches from our Minister at the court of Madrid as late as the 22d February, which contain a minute detail of his negotiations at that court. They do him infinite honor. I wish it were proper for me to communicate them to you: I am sure the perusal of them would not only afford you great pleasure, but give you a very high opinion of his abilities. Our affairs at that court are in such a train as promises a favorable issue, and I have reason to believe, from the best authority, that none of the European powers discover a disposition to favor Great Britain, except the Emperor and Queen of Portugal. The former, I have reason to believe, made offers of his mediation to the court of Spain, which were not very favorably received. The Northern Powers will certainly support the Dutch. The two extracts of letters of the 22d February and 23d January, published in the paper of the 28th of April, under the Philadelphia head, are from the best authority, and the intelligence may be relied on. It is reported here that General Phillips has taken possession of Williamsburg, and that General Greene has turned off towards Camden. The first is what I have long expected; the latter, I must confess, appears extraordinary, and is what I cannot reconcile to any principle; and though I have the best opinion of his judgment and military skill, I cannot help thinking that Ramsay's Mill, on Deep River, is the most convenient position he could have taken to watch the motions of Lord Cornwallis. I am now very impatient of some one's coming on to relieve me, and am determined to wait no longer than the beginning of next month, and at all events will leave this before the middle of it. Present my love to my sisters, Nelly and the children. Remember me properly to all our friends, and believe me, with the most sincere affection,

   Dear sir, your most obedient servant,

   Sam. Johnston.

   P.S. Let my brother see my letters and the newspapers.

   On the receipt of your request as to the map I procured a copy with one of the pamphlets & have put it under the care of Col. Febiger who will have it conveyed. It is effectually secured against in Jury on its passage.(1)

   I inclose your Excellency a letter from Mazzei although indeed its contents are of no great moment. I have not recd. the antecedant one referred to in it.(2) The Executive have probably received more particular information from him relative to the object of his mission.

   Congress have recd. a good deal of information from Europe within a few days past. I can only say in general that it is favorable. Indeed whatever consideration the powers of Europe may have for us, the audacious proceedings of our Enemy in all quarters must determine them to abridge a power which the greatest dangers & distresses can not inspire with moderation or forbearance.

   I hope your Excellency has recd. my letter inclosing a copy of a plan reported to Congress for arming them with coercive authority.(3) Your first leisure moments will I flatter myself favor me with your idea of the matter.

   With great respect I am Dr Sir Yr. Obt. friend & servant. J Madison Junr.

   I received your letter of the 25 of last month. I have not been unmindful of the promise I made; In short it has hardly ever been out of my thoughts, and the more because I fear my endeavours will not be successful. Congress have ordered my accounts to be settled up to first of March last and have acknowledged the public endebted to me to that day in the sum of five thousand some hundred dollars specie value.(1) But when they will be enabled to pay me I know not. The requisitions from the states are so little attended to and the exigencies of the war so great & so pressing that I do not know how to act. They would freely grant a certificate payable at a future day expressly in specie with an interest in the mean time at six per cent per An. of the same value. My tenant on whom I depended has acted & continues to act agreeably to law as a knavish scoundrel. I should be exceedingly glad to have the lot and shall be much mortified at missing it, but cannot wish you to suffer inconvenience

   I am your affectionate, Chas Thomson

   We enclose herewith a letter from Oliver Pollock Esqr.(1) which will inform your Excellency of a very large claim which may soon be expected on the Treasury of Virginia.

   Mr. Nicholson Agent for Mr. Ross arrived here yesterday. We fear it will not be possible for him to get some of the most essential articles even if an exchange of his funds can be negociated, and that the difficulty of such an exchange will be a great obstacle to his getting such articles as are to be had. As far as our efforts can avail him they will not be spared. We had previous to his coming taken some measures which we flatter ourselves will yield about 2000 good muskets in about two weeks. The transportation is not included otherwise than by a naked order of Congress and must now be referred to Mr. Nicholson.(2)

   The 1100 Stand belonging to the State have at length gone forward with most of the other Articles brought hither with them.(3) The 8th of this month is the day fixed we understand for the march of the Pennsylvania line from York Town.

   The report from N. York is that Clinton is disembarking his troops.

   We also inclose herewith an extract of a letter from Genl Washington (4) which needs no comment.

   We have the honor to be, with the highest respect & regard, Yr. Excelly's obt. & hmble servts. J. Madison Junr.

   Theok. Bland

   M. Smith

   You will no doubt think it something singular, that the inclosed should be of so old a date,(1) and handed to you with this, but the reason of it is, that it was meant to go by Govr. Rutledge, who intended paying a visit at Head Quarters, but being taken ill, tho' expecting daily to be in condition to prosecute his journey, finding that not likely to be soon the case, I have requested Mr. Duane to be the Bearer of it.

   Our last accounts from Europe are very flattering, particularly from Spain. From some circumstances that have lately taken place at that Court, it seems more favourably disposed towards us, than it hath hither to been. And as soon as some late determinations of Congress, can arrive there, we have little room to doubt, but what our expectations in that quarter will be fully compleated.

   The decisive measures pursuing by Holland, supported as they are, by the strongest assurances from Russia, places the war in Europe on the most formidable footing against G. Britain Although the Emperor of Germany puts on the appearance of war, (and as, is generally supposed, in favor of G. Britain) Yet it is most likely he will be too much overawed, to enter seriously into it.

   How unfortunate is it, that with all these bright prospects in our favor, we have little or no ability to profit by them. However, as you will see Mr. Duane, and who proposes making a full communication to your Excy. of the present state of our affairs, I shall forbear to ingroce your time, with any further observations on that subject.

   The inclosed extract of a letter, sent us by Genl. Moultrie, will shew yr. Excy. what a deplorable state our unfortunate prisoners at Chs. town are likely to be reduced to, unless some thing can be immediately done for their relief. We are further informed Ld. Chs. Montagu, has enlisted between 5 and 600 of our Continentals, & was daily engaging more, all intended for the West India service, so that, they must be for ever lost to us. The Committee of correspondence, by order of Congress, have written to Genl. Greene on this subject,(2) to take the most effectual measures to effect an exchange, as far as his powers extend, but its likely he will want some instructions from you on the business.

   I have the honor to be, with the highest respect and sentiments of the most sincere Esteem, yr. Excys. most Obet. servt.

   Jno. Mathews

   I Take the Liberty of inclosing your Excellency a Motion which I intend making in Congress provided it meets with your approbation.(1) I have reasons for this Motion which were not proper in my Opinion to Lay before Congress but which I beg leave to lay before your Excellency. I Suppose it at Least possible That our reinforcement from France may be followed by a Superiour Naval Armament which may Arrive before any thing decisive can be Effected; Should this event take place we shall find ourselves unable to regain a Single Post the Enemy now possess & consequently the Campaign must be lost, unless by Some diversion we can reduce that force at Least to an Equality; & this in my Opinion cannot be So effectually done as by making a Diversion in Canada as they canot reinforce but by water; & This will demand a Convoy of Capitol Ships, but Should not this Event take place namely a Naval Superiority on their Side no injury can Arise from making the Necessary preparations as this will make a diversion in favor of our intended plans in this Quarter and Enable us in case of Disappointment to turn the feint into a real attack. I am clearly of opinion that our whole force Should be employed to regain what we have already lost so Long as there remains a probability of Success: but when the possibility of that Success ceases to Exist we ought not to loose the Campaign & neglect to Conquer Posts completely in our power: because we are unable to gain those we prefer. In Short I am for doing something in case it Should become impossible to do what I most ardently wish, viz regaining the Posts already lost & I submit to your Excellency whether even this will be possible unless the necessary preparations are previously made. These in my opinion may be made without much Expence. The Eastern States may be called upon to Embody some Battalions & make other necessary preparations which in case of a Naval Superiority may be employed against New York & Enable us to Detach from the Main Army to the Southward. I beg your Excellency to Excuse the Length of this letter as it was only my intention when I began to give the hints without going into a Long

   I have the honor to be with the most respectful attachment, Dear General your Excellencys Most obedt Servant, Jno Sullivan

   E N C L O S U R E

   To the Honble the Delegates of the United States in Congress Assembled.

   Gentlemen when I consider how much this Country has suffered by languid efforts; which instead of expelling the common enemy, have only served to exhaust the treasures of the United States; prolong the war and discourage the Citizens by a series of misfortunes. When I consider that the enemy are now entirely possessed of two States; occupy important posts in several others: and hold uninteruptedly the Province of Canada; containing more territory than all the thirteen United States: and that this Province, which almost encircles them, must from its situation, and by the natural increase of its inhabitants, soon become sufficiently powerful in conjunction with the naval force of Britain, to deprive us of those privileges for which we have so long contended. That a peace ratified by Great Britain at this time, should even every post in the United States be given up to Congress: must finally end in the destruction of our liberties; for a long continuance of peace would only serve to render a conquest over us more certain. As it has ever been allowed that all forms of government which must Eventually end in the ruin of itself ought not to be adopted; so that situation which will in time bring destruction upon those who hold it; ought at all events to be avoided. Should peace be restored even upon the terms before mentioned, the increase of inhabitants in every part of America will undoubtedly be in proportion to the extent of territory in each; and the Province of Canada will undoubtedly from its great extent, the goodness of its soil, and the advantages of its exterior and interior fishery and navagation: have almost as great an increase of inhabitants as the whole of the United States together: of course an uninterupted peace for a number of years, will only serve to accelerate the conquest of them, upon the commencement of hostilities, for Britain will only have to put her naval force in motion and the whole of these States from their situation with respect to Canada will be immediately invested by land and Sea. But should we be compelled to make peace upon terms less favourable, and the enemy be suffered to keep possession of every part of America which they now hold; a long continuance of peace will ensure to Britain without difficulty, that conquest which her arms have hitherto been unable to accomplish.

   These considerations induce me to propose to Congress an immediate invasion of Canada, as the only means of relieving the Southern States, securing the liberty, and independence of the whole; and obtaining a peace upon terms favourable to their interest, to accomplish which no great expence of men or money will be requisite. As the inhabitants of Canada since our Alliance with France are well disposed to second us in the attempt; as that Country abounds in flour and other articles of subsistance for the Army; and the possession of the lower part of Canada will of course reduce every fortress of the enemy on the Lakes, and compell their Indian allies to sue for peace. As a road is now cleared within thirty miles of St Johns and 45 of St Dennies and may be compleated in fifteen days, I would propose that the Duc de Loison's legion, the New Hampshire line, and Hazens regiment, with some batallions of militia from the New England States, and Vermont, not exceeding 6000 in the whole be detached upon this expedition by the first of August next. That cattle only be furnished and sent on as there is a sufficiency of flour in Canada for support of the Army, while there. That the military and ordinance stores be sent from the most convenient posts in the New England States; and that the commanding Officer be impowered to inlist such volunteers in Canada as he may find necessary for making a sudden and complete conquest of the Country.

   <Should this plan be approved by Congress and the Commander in Chief and be thought by others difficult to be carried into execution, though I have no wish to solicit for myself any military employment; I now offer Congress to undertake the Command and to be answerable for its success (unless prevented by some unforeseen stroke of providence or unexpected arrival of a large reinforcement from Britain) provided Congress will for the time restore me to that rank in the Army which an ill state of health compelled me to relinquish and which I should willingly yield up when the Expedition is completed.>

   I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Gentlemen, your most Obedient & huml Sert. Jno. Sullivan

   In your letter to me of the 1st instant, you refer to your Letter of the 26th ulto. as covering an Estimate &c. I cannot recollect the last

   I have receivd your Letters of the 6th & 9th of April, but none of the 26th of that month.(1)

   You will please to examine & Inform me where the error or mistake is, or favour me with a Copy of yours of the 26th ulto.

   Sam. Huntington

   I enclose the paper of this day principally that you may see the Step the Executive of this State has taken with respect to the rate of Exa. of the Old Continental money, which has occasiond Considerable uneasiness of this City(1), insomuch that the President & his Council have thought proper to publish their motives & reasons in a handbill, which I cannot obtain to Send by this Opportunity. I There is reason to believe, that in Consequence of the measure adopted by the Executive, old Continental money to a Considerable amount has been forwarded to the Southward to be dispos'd of immediately-Jersey having likewise proclaim'd the rate to be 150. As many individuals in our State, notwithstanding, this money is not Current by Law, may be injurd for want of Notice, I was Induc'd to give you this information to be made publick if you think proper. The Exa. before this measure was abt 225. If the old money passes for any thing after this Bustle over it is probable it will be considerably more than double the Exca. just mentiond. A few days will determine.

   I write this in a hurry & conclude Dear Sr., with great esteem,

   Yr. Mo. Obt Sert, Danl. Carroll

   In compliance with your request I have procured and now send you a copy of the Constitutions &c. published by order of Congress.(1) I know not why the order in which they stand in the Resolution was varied by the committee in binding them up. The encomium on the inhabits. of Rhode Island was a flourish of a Delegate from [that] State who furnished the Committee with the acct. of its Constitution, and was very inconsiderately sufferd to be printed.(2)

   I am Dear sir, Yr sincere friend, J. Madison Junr.

   The Executive of New Jersey in consequence of authority vested in them by the Legislature for that purpose, by an Act of the 27th Ulto. established the rate of exchange between the old Continental currency and the bills issued pursuant to the Act of Congress of the 18th. of March 1780, to be 150 for 1. The Speculation arising from this measure to the prejudice of this State with the other reasons stated in the inclosed publication by the Executive Council led to their act of the 2d instant therein referred to declaring the rate between the two kinds of money abovementioned to be 175 for 1.(1) The effect of this declaration has been a confusion among the people of this City approaching nearly to tumult, a total Stop to the circulation of the old money, and a considerable Stagnation and increased depreciation of the new. The difference between the latter and hard money is at present vibrating from 4 to 1 downwards. Should the circulation of the former therefore revive, its value cannot exceed 1/700 of that of hard money. The opportunity which this circumstance gives and which we have reason to believe many are already taking measures to improve, of fraudulent speculation not only on the Citizens of Virginia, but on the State itself, is so obvious & alarming that we thought it our duty to set an Express in immediate motion to put you on your guard against the mischief.(2)

   The inclosed list of prisoners taken by Capt. Tilly has been communicated to us by the Minister of France in consequence of our application.(3) We shall select such of the names as have already been mentioned by your Excellency as obnoxious & dangerous to the State, and put them into the hands of the Minister, who as well as the French Commander is entirely disposed to secure the State from all further apprehension from their malice. If there are any other names which you would wish to add to your former list we beg to be informed of them by the first opportunity. If there are any of the Prisoners who are not considered as objects of much dread, particularly of those who hold commissions we believe our Allies would chuse not to be deprived of the use of them as subjects of exchange.

   We have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem Yr. Excellency's obt. & humble servts., (By order of the Delegation) (4)

   J. Madison Jnr.

   I wrote you a few lines last Saturday (1) informing you that large Sums of the old Continental money were sent to the Southward to be got rid of immediately in consequence of the Step taken by the Executive of this State. The enclosd paper (2) contains a publication of the President & Council explaining their motives. The confusion still Subsists in this city, I believe little or nothing can be bought here at present for the old money at any rate.

   I believe I lately enclosd to you a return of some Cloathing which had been forwarded to Genl. Greens army. I have now the pleasure of informing you that two Vessels are arrivd to the Eastward with cloathing from Cadiz. A great part of this Supply will probably be applied to yr. Troops Under Genl. Washington. Before this arrival, Several articles were orderd as underneath.

   I do not remember whither I have requested you to Send me the act of Assembly passd last Session in favor of the Baron de Calbs family. Col. Du Baisson calls upon me frequently on that Subject. The Rampart arms & two Field P[iece]s are ready. I have reason to believe their will be a very considerable importation of Arms soon-& mention it that you may consider whether an application for a Share of them wou'd not be proper, and answer better than takeing the rampart pieces unless they are wanted for boats.(3)

   I have the honor to be Dear Sir, with great esteem, Your Mo. Obt. Sert. Daniel Carroll

   Commander in Chief has orderd the above articles to be sent forward with 1000 Stand Arms-2000 Arms will probably be sent from Springfield for the S. Army.

   Since you left us no great matters have been concluded in Congress except that Mr. Morris has agreed to accept the Appointment in agitation when you went away to Congress having agreed to his Terms in Substance.

   Two Ships are Arrived at Boston with Cloathing for the Army purchased by Mr. Jay at Cadiz. We have likewise received Letters from that Gentleman & Mr. Carmichael. The general disposition of the European Powers are favourable to the common cause as far as I am capable of Judging from such Circumstances as have come to my knowledge.

   From a variety of intelligence it would appear that General Clinton means to make a Grand Movement so much that many think he will evacuate New York altogether. In favour of this Opinion they say two Ship loads of the Inhabitants have sailed for Halifax, that others have bespoke passages and that some of the principle Inhabitants have sold their Estates at a price greatly under the Value. It is certain that a great number of Refugees from Jersey have returned and thrown themselves on the Mercy of Government.

   The Council of this State a few days since rated the State Money, one dollar of the New equal to 175 old Continental. This has produced great convulsions and in some measure stagnated the Currency of all kinds of paper. Those who receive it make the difference of four State Specie as it is called for one Silver dollar, God knows where it will end. The Assembly is called to meet the latter end of this Month.

   Pray dont neglect to extend all your influence for my relief. I would come off at any event but I am of too much importance for without me they could not make a Congress. Maryland is still unrepresented and so is every State to the Eastward of Jersey. I expect you will have hot work this Summer. I wish much to take a chance among you for here I am of no other use but that of filling a blank. I hope soon to have the pleasure of hearing from you. In the

   I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of the 5th of last month yesterday, under cover from Mr. Neilson, who informs me that Edenton was abandoned by the inhabitants. I am much concerned for them on this occasion, as they must have sustained great loss and inconvenience in their flight, though I flatter myself their apprehensions were greater than their danger. I by no means blame them for taking early precautions for the security of their propery, but I don't think any force could at that time have been employed against them which they might not have found means to repulse; they, however, must be the best judges of this matter, and I have no doubt but every thing was done that was proper on the occasion. Two ships have lately arrived at Boston from Cadiz with clothing for the army. The blockade of Gibraltar is still continued, covered by a fleet of thirty sail of the line. We every day expect the second division of the French fleet, though we have no certain advice of their having sailed. The Dutch are making very vigorous exertions in putting their marine on a respectable footing, and it is very generally thought that they will be effectually supported by the Northern Powers. None of the powers in Europe discover a friendly disposition to Great Britain, except the Emperor, who is kept in check by the King of Prussia. All Europe have their eyes on America, and particularly the Southern States. Much will depend on our exertions and success. The great and sudden fall of the old Continental money has occasioned very great convulsions and dissatisfaction in this city, and has reduced all paper currency to a very doubtful state, very many refusing to have any thing to do with it. We have no official accounts from General Greene or the Southern Army since the beginning of last month. Report says he has turned his face towards Camden-if so, I doubt not he had good reason for his conduct. Mr. Robert Morris is appointed to superintend the finances of the United States. Great matters are expected from this gentleman's abilities. The finances of no country were at any time more deranged or more in want of wisdom and political knowledge to make them effectual. Present my love, &c., &c., &c.

   Your most obedient servant, Sam. Johnston.

   I wrote you a few days since by an express to the Governor of Virginia,(1) informing you of the downfall of the old continental dollars of this city. They still lie prostrate, nor is there the least probability of their ever rising. I must repeat my request that you will either come or send some one to relieve me. I should have left the State unrepresented had not so many others been in that situation. All the States to the Eastward of Jersey, and the State of Maryland, are without a vote in Congress, so that some of the most important business cannot be determined on agreeable to the Confederation. The scarcity of current cash makes it difficult to keep the several departments in motion. The pernicious practice of selling foreign bills at little more than half their value, is, for very substantial reasons, laid aside. My particular necessities must be too obvious; I therefore say nothing on that head. We had the misfortune to lose the Confederacy, with a very valuable cargo of clothing and other effects. Two ships, however, with about three thousand suits of clothes from Cadiz, are arrived at Boston. We have, by a great variety of untoward circumstances, been remarkably unfortunate in the transportation of supplies which have been procured from Europe. Mr. Jay has transmitted a full detail of his negotiations at the court of Madrid. They do great honor to his abilities, and promise a favorable issue, indeed, so far as I can collect from such intelligence as I have had access to, there are none of the courts in Europe who discover a disposition favorable to Great Britain, except the court of Vienna; and I think we and our friends have little to apprehend from that quarter. General Clinton's movements at New York still wear a mysterious appearance. They can only be explained by the event. Every circumstance concurs to confirm the opinion that their principal operations will be to the Southward; and appearances are not altogether against the probability of the total evacuation of New York, should our allies be superior in these seas. I think we shall soon do their business; if otherwise, we must be satisfied to stand on the defensive. There have been no official accounts from General Greene of late. I am very impatient to hear from that quarter. Remember me to your brother, W. Hill, and all our other friends. Should you see Hooper, show him this letter; I would have wrote to him, but don't know where he is, for I have not heard a word from him. I am, with the most sincere respect and esteem, Your most obedient servant, Sam. Johnston.

   I was not yesterday favored by any Line from you. I have met with severe Injury lately by a Fall as Mr. Adams will doubtless have told you. Should the Weather be fine Tomorrow I may be able to get up to the State House, tho with Pain.

   Nothing can exceed the Confusion here as to money. The Bearer Mr. Payne will give you the Particulars. I shall confine the Subject to my own Condition. How is a Delegate here to be supported? Will Mr. Partridge or Osgood bring Mass. State Money? It passes not here. Will they bring old continental? 1200 are given for 1 Spanish, 4 Pensylvania 5, 6, 7 and more for 1 Spanish. Neighbour Wood mends a Watch for a Clerk of the Board of War, and demands 5 hard or 7 State Dollars which according to Council is 7 times 175=1225. Mr. Adams pd. his Washwoman 45 pr. Dozs. May 1. I was confined to my Bed and on May 5 must pay 105 for every 45. These Things make no odds to me where the State pays the Expences. But I am paid 1 1/2 dollar per day for Time & Service, at 40, 75, 100 and I pay it away here not according to Law but Practice at 700 up to 1200. I want a Suit of Cloaths and a Peice of Linnen: But as the Purchase of them would ruin my Family at one Stroke I only have two Patches in the Elbows of my Coat and a new Seat to the Small Cloaths for which I pay 8 State or 1516 which as it is charged to me by the State is perhaps a Fortnight's Pay for Time and Service, tho it is not in Fact here 1 ½ Dollars.

   To avoid this Ruin I tell my Family to buy Coin, But they are afraid my Character will be injured if it should be known that I am not satisfied with Paper. But while I aim only at saving myself from Destruction I fear not Censure. Now I go further and ask would it not be better for the State to furnish Coin which may be had for less among you than 100 for 1 than to lay at the mercy of Pensylvania Exchange. Mrs. Millar bruits abroad that Mr. Adams paid her 11 State at 75 instead of 11 hard or the current Exchange of that Sum. I do not think Mr. Adams ever supposed he was on such a Lay as the latter. Be that as it will I knew I was to pay 7 hard Dollars or the Exchange and I have accordingly paid, tho never to the Height of what Silver actually sold at; when I pd. 90 I could sell it at 93, when I paid 130 I could sell at 135 and so on.

   But Things are now come to an Extremity. On the 1st of May Exchange was counted to me 180 when I know absolutely that 190, 195, & 200 were actually paid; but if that Exchange was more than twice what it would have cost the State to supply me with Coins what must it amount to if I am to go on paying in paper-now that Exchange is what I have before described? Shall I pay 8400 dollars per Week? If I shd. The Family will not think I do them the same

   I have drawn for 12000 dollars, in your Favor. I know not whether any authority hath been renewed by which we may draw. We are not favored with any such since April 24 1780 which I suspect is obsolete. But as Resolves do pass respecting us which we never get I chuse to suppose Something has passed respecting our Support.

   I find I have been too long at the Pen. I must to bed. I am in great Pain. This must suffice for Doctr. Holton and Mr. Adams as well as for you.

   Most affectionately, J. Lovell

   [P.S.] I find I have mentioned nothing as to the Disposal of the Draught. Please to let Mrs. Lovell have what she chuses and turn the rest into Coin the soonest you can. I keep my Family in a continual State of Suffering because I have no Conceptions but that my Account for Time & Service will be settled in a Way the most injurious to me so far as respects all my personal Expences here which do not enter into the List of those intended by the Court to be publickly discharged. I have already explained this. You have felt it tho your Children have not. But none of my Colleagues can feel it so much as I and my Dependents, because none of them have drawn for more than those Expences which stand charged to the public, or for very little more: so that their Pay for Service may be avaredged, and discharged at the Exchange of the Week of Settlement. All the Stuff about Money is contrary to my natural Disposition. I began as early as 19 to have a Contempt of Wealth, and if I afterwards got so far as to take Thought for the Morrow I never suffered anxiety about the third Day. This Discussion now therefore is forced upon me against the Grain.

   I inclose some Letters for your Information. You will leave that to Hacker open in Palfreys which you will seal and inclose in that to Mess S & D (1) which you will also seal and deliver to Capt. Smith or any other Capt. bound to France. I am distressed about Palfrey. The Ship was villainously crank.

   Ryan is going to settle in Virginia-is gone, I believe. He left the enclosed a few days ago.

   Your Favor of the 26. of April reached me yesterday. Your Troops are coming on "in large numbers." The General informs you that Tents &c. will be much wanted; and the Court will make their "usual Exertions." Indeed Doctor I am persuaded that in a comparative View Massachusetts will appear to have been among the most vigorous States; but we are at this moment in the most disgraceful and hazardous Situation from the Backwardness of every individual State. Foreign Troops are to garison West Point because foreign Troops can feed themselves, and are paid. Our Quarr. Mastr. genl. has been obliged to sell some of his provision to enable himself to transport the rest to a Skeliton of an Army in Want of the very Pounds of meat or Flour which he has been forced to part with. If you know of a Compliance with one Requisition of Congress, in Time & Quantity, do let me have it that I may show it to the Delegates of the 12 States who cannot produce a single Instance.

   We are in an Uproar here about the Money. Sailors with Clubs parade the Streets instead of working for Paper. The Beer houses demand hard for a Pot of Drink; and all this because the Council have published that the difference between Silver and old Continental was 175, the latter having been sold 180 & 200 for one several Days. Did Massachusetts sink its Quota by the 1st of April? Some States had not then begun to sink a Shilling.

   You say Mr. Partridge and Mr. Osgood are coming on: I ask with what money in their Pockets? That of our State is not counted money here. The old continental is dying by Yards not Inches. And if my Friends purchase Gold with their State money, They become Speculators, say all the Villains who have created the Necessity. Are you not aware of the Perdition that awaits my Family while the Paper System goes on. I take a Thousand Dollars here whether in old or 5 & 5/7 State I draw for 1000 or 25 State. I lose the Interest on the 25 as I have twice or thrice done on 250 and I pay above 1500 for patching my Coat, &c.

   Mr. Vanderhorst (1) a gentleman of South Carolina, arrived in this city yesterday from N. York, on his parol. He was a passenger in a vessel from No. Carolina bound to this place, but taken & carried into N. York. If it would not essentially militate against your arrangements for exchange, & would not be injuring any individual, I should be extremely happy if you could get him immediately exchanged, as he could be very usefully employed.

   I am Sir, Yr. most Obedt. Sert. Jno Mathews

   P.S. I should be obliged to you for an answer as soon as convenient.

   I observed in Rivingtons paper a Letter from you Informing me that I might Draw upon you for two hundred pounds State money which Letter was Intercepted in the Mail taken at the Clove & Rivingtons Publication of it is the first Intelligence I have had respecting money for my Support for Six months past.(1) I am unwilling to say much respecting money or other affairs lest This might fall into the Enemys hands. Continental Money is received here by few persons when it is passed. A Decree of the Governor and Council has fixed it at 175 for one State Dollar & these State Dollars pass only at five for one of Silver & are Daily falling. New money from other States pass at forty for one of the old Continentals of Course four of Your Dollars will not purchase one of this State & five of them must be Employed To obtain a Silver Dollar which when purchased will not go so far in Supporting a person here as half a Dollar formerly would. The Sum you or rather Mr Rivington Informs me I may Draw for is 666 Dollars & two thirds. This upon the calculation I have before made would neat me 70 Silver Dollars & two thirds which would pay Eight Weeks Lodging for a Single person without Servant, Horse, Liquor, Wood, Candle or any other Article.

   I have prevailed on a friend of mine to take a Bill on You as he is going Eastward & give me new money of this State for that of New Hampshire dollar for Dollar. This makes the 70 Silver Dollars Amount to 133 & this would Last as Long as half the Sum would in 74. I need make no Comments: I am willing to Submit to any

   I do not mention these things by way of Complaint it would be unjust & ungenerous to Censure our assembly or State who have Exerted themselves more than any other to Support the Common Cause but it is my duty to give Every Information necessary for them to know & perhaps My own feelings may be (Thought not falsely yet) too strongly painted in the representation.

   I have the honor to be with great respect Dear Sir your most obedient Servant, Jno Sullivan

   Having so lately and so often wrote to your Excellency we have little new to Communicate at present; the confusion respecting money still continues in this City, tho with less commotion than could be expected as in a few days the old Continental money has depreciated from two hundred to seven, eight, and some say nine Hundred for one, the new money has of course sufferd in proportion. What this Convulsion will end in, it is difficult to Surmise. In the mean time we are in infinite distress as may be easily supposed; the Currency of the old money has been stoppd for some days past and it is said to day that the new is about to share the same fate. In the midst of these misfortunes we have the pleasure to transmit to Yr. Excelly a Copy of a letter from Genl. Cornell one of the members of the board of War, who has been directed by Congress to visit the Magazines, and if possible to Send to the Southward Such Arms Cloathing and Military stores as we are in want of.(1) The Extract is as follows.

   "Inclosed is a return of Clothing now on the Road and orderd to be sent immediately from this Place to the care of the board of War, for the Use of the Marquises detachment and the Southern Army, to which may be added one thousand Stand of good Small arms orderd forward immediately by the Commander in Chief for the use of the Militia of the Southern States as the board of War shall direct. Early to Morrow morning I shall go to fish Kill with General Knox from which Place the Genl. thinks two or three thousand Cartouch Boxes can be spared if so they will be forwarded Immediately to the Southward. I Expect to be able to forward for the same Purpose two

   New Windsor April 30th 1780 [i.e., 1781]. Copy"

   We have also the pleasure to acquaint your Excellency that about three thousand Suits of Cloathing are safely arrived at Boston from Spain, which our Friend the King of Spain has Enabled our Minister at that Court to procure, we are with the greatest respect, Yr. Excelly's most obedt. Serts, M. Smith

   Theok. Bland

   N.B. about 400 of the Rampart arms to be made into good Muskets and fixd with Bayonettes for the State as advised in ours of last week (2) are finishd and will be sent forward immediately and the others are finishing with all possible Expedition.

   It is probable you will have heard that the Answers to my Letters to Bennington were taken in the last Mail that was robbed and are published by Rivington.(1) I will send the Paper inclosed in this Letter if I can get it. The Publication I suppose will do very little Hurt to either of us. You will see by it how the Matter stands & that if Royaltown be all foreclosed they are willing to vest You with other Lands to the same Value. If this is agreeable let me know without Delay & I should think it would not be amiss to send up an Express which I would willingly bear half the Charge of in order to do some Business for me also.(2) I think I could get one to go upon reasonable terms from Princeton.

   We have no News here but what is published in the Papers only the Money having received a terrible Shock I hope it will compel Congress & the States to take other Measures than they have hitherto done & rely no more upon Paper.

   I have the Honour to be Your Excellency's most obedt humble Servant, Jno Witherspoon

   Mr. Samuel Curson and his Partner Mr. Isaac Governeur junr. after St. Eustatius was taken were put on board the Vengeance Man of War, Comdore. Hotham, to be sent to England stripped of every Thing but their wearing apparel, their Books, Papers & Slaves having been taken from them and Mrs. Governeur with a young Infant turned out of Doors. Special Severity, it is supposed, has been shewn to them in Consequence of their acting as Agents to Congress. Doctor John Witherspoon junr. also who was Surgeon of the De Graaf Letter of Marque taken at St. Eustatius, is sent to England in the Alemena man of War and very hardly treated on Account of his Fathers being a member of Congress, as is supposed.(1)

   Your particular attention to the Exchange of these Persons will tend to give a general Confidence to all who being connected specially with Congress are exposed to Captivity, and will also very particularly oblige the Relations of these Unfortunates who have requested Congress to mention these Circumstances to you.(2)

   Your most humble Servant, James Lovell, for the Comte. of for. Affrs.

   I had begun to write to you, to go by Post yesterday, but fell upon a Topic not fit to be trusted in that way, and therefore covered you a news Paper under a few Words of Intelligence. I had a private Occasion to write afterwards to Mr. Gerry somewhat largely about money, and therefore do not add any Thing to the inclosed Scrawl, persuaded that he will converse with you respecting my Letter and the Positon of your Delegates here.(1) But I must not refrain from adding that their private Embarrassments are but a small Clue towards explaining their public. Congress without their money Presses, depending on the punctual Supplies of the States are, at this critical Period of the Campaign, as a Set of Clockmakers from whom an Orrery or Microcosm is expected tho' their Hands are evidently struck with the dead Palsy.

   I shall trouble you not again with any private Concerns. If I can hobble up Street I will endeavor to make the Backwardness of the Printer of the Journals less & less a Disadvantage by giving you often manuscript Heads of what you ought to know.

   Affectly. & with Esteem, Yrs. J.L.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed the Copy of a Resolve of the 8th Instant requesting the State of Connecticutt to use every Exertion in their Power to remount Colonel Sheldons Regiment and equip them with such accoutrements as they can furnish to enable them to take the Field.(1)

   I have the Honor to be, with very high Regard, Your Excellency's Most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President (2)

   My engagement with Dr. Mortimer and exchanges of State paper for Continental before I left Virginia will prove a considerable loss to me as a few days before my arrival in this City a Resolution of the Executive Council respecting the Exchange had given a mortal stab to the old money (2) which now will not pass and if it does it will be at a depreciation of 200 for one as the State paper is 175 and between that and Specie there is five for one. What effect this step will have in Virginia requires no great degree of penetration to foresee. The Executive being speedily apprised of the measure will no doubt direct the Treasurer not to exchange the new for the old at one for forty untill the meeting of the Assembly that their determination May be had upon the matter and then it is to be presumed Virga. will avail herself of the depreciation and call in their quota at least at 175 for one-in short these strokes of Pensylvania and New Jersey will I think put an end in great measure to paper circulation unless it be a small quantity in aid of Specie. I beg you to inform me what steps are taking abt. the money and whether it will be for my advantage to send abt. 9000 dols. of the old money I have by me to Virginia or keep it here submiting to the loss. I need not inform you how much my Finances are deranged by this measure depending chiefly upon the old money and a little of the new Virga. one for forty for present supply. Indeed not only myself but the whole delegation are put to their shifts-leave no stone unturned I beseech you to furnish me the money left in your hand. I shall be diligent you may suppose to obtain money here for draft upon Virga. but from what I hear fear it will be impracticable unless in favour of some persons going to the Southward. I have nothing of news worth mentioning or wod. give it you. Our best wishes attend your Family & believe me, Yr. Friend & Servt. Jos. Jones

   I do myself the honor to enclose you an Act of the United States, appointing Thomas Hutchins Geographer to the southern army, with the same pay and emoluments as are allowed to the geographer to the main army.(1)

   Mr. Hutchins is a native of New Jersey, and was many years in the English service, where he held the rank of Captain and Engineer; But having suffered considerably for his attachment to the American Cause he, in the begining of the last year made his escape from England & got to France; from whence he brought a letter from Doctr. Franklin stating his sufferings & recommending him to the favorable notice of Congress as a good Officer and excellent Engineer.

   Mr. Hutchins is desirous of knowing the pay & emoluments allowed to the Geographer to the main army, and as I do not recollect any resolution of Congress fixing them I take the liberty of applying to you and shall be much obliged for information on the subject.(2)

   I am, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedie[nt] and most humble servant, Cha Thomson

   Your agreeable favor reachd me last week too late to be answerd by the Post, but that I may not subject myself to the reproach of Taciturnity, which my Friends in Virginia so liberally bestow on me when they have the least shadow of reason for so doing, I am determined not to let this post escape without adding my Pittance to his Budget. I need not repeat again how much you ought all to be thankfull to me for giving you such frequent tokens of my affection and (long ones too) of my remembrance amidst the Hurry of Business & pleasure which this place affords-the latter of which with a good portion of the hours alotted to sleep I often Sacrifice on the Alter of Friendship-therefore do not condemn me when you do not receive letter for letter-flash for flash-or Dash for dash-but write on-

   Theok. Bland

   [P.S.] Give me an accurate General detail of the transactions of the British army and of ours in your next, and particularly of the Enemy Quond my Property and that of my Father, I have heard of my man Joe, & shall I Excuse yet him again-The Minister of France has promised to have him [....]

   An express just setting out gives me an opportunity of enclosing this days paper. By some accident no Letter came by the Vessel from L'Orient as I am informd, not even to the Merchants who have goods on board. The Capt & an intelligent passenger say, that three fleets saild from Brest abt. the 20th of March, supposd to be destind for North America, the West & East Indies. Captn. Josiah left L'Orient the 27th of March. I will endeavour to see the passenger & be more particular by next post. I am very unwilling to write any thing I hear at second or third hand.

   I have the Honor to be Yr Excellencys Most Obt Servt.

   Danl. Carroll

   P.S. The passenger, I am told, left Ireland not much more than 2 Mos. past, & says that a number of the Volunteer Associators having

   You will receive enclosed, an Act of Congress of the 8th Instant, among other things, directing that the Chaplains of the several State Lines be arranged so as to retain in Service no more Chaplains of each Line than are equal to the Number of Brigades, that the Supernumeraries be certified to the Board of War and be no longer continued in Service &c.(1)

   Yesterday a Vessel arived in this Port from L'Orient. She brings Advice that a Fleet sailed from France seven Days before she sailed, consisting of about ten Ships of the Line and a large Number of Troops on Board, supposed to be destined for America. We hope soon to receive a Confirmation of this Account with the Particulars more certain. This Vessel brings no Despatches, but from the best Enquiry I can make it appears sufficiently certain that a very considerable French Fleet had sailed from France, their Destination Number of Ships & Troops is Matter of Opinion.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c, S.H.

   I arrived at this place last evening & tomorrow I intend to go to Congress.(1) I have the pleasure to find Genl Sullivan well & as Our State has had no vote in Congress for Some time past he is determined to tarry here for the present. There is nothing here so interesting as the present fluctuation of paper currency. The old continential is as low as 500 for one. Our State new emission is not known here as Pensylvania have not emitted their new emission of Continental but made an emission of their own State mony in stead of it. Connecticut did the like. So that I had the utmost difficulty to travel thro' Connecticut, York, Jersy & Pensylvania on paper mony. And being here I cant live one day on our State mony. Their own

   It is said a French fleet is hourly expected in America as a vessel is arrived here that left France several days after them. And the Brittish are retreating at the Southward. I shall inform from time to time of whatever turns up that is interesting to the State or to the united States & beg the favour of a line from you per return of the Post.

   I am Sir your most obedient humble Servant.

   Samuel Livermore

   P.S. I think on farther information that our old acquaintance & friend Paper mony is going to be ranged out.

   I have been detained here since the first of this Month for want of Money to enable me to leave the City and to pay my travelling Expences, to Virginia. Such is the State of Things in this City that it is difficult to obtain a daily Subsistance; owing to the violent Shocks the Credit of the paper Currency hath received. I hope the Evil will

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Esteem, Sir, Yr. most obedt. servt. M. Smith

   The United States in Congress have this Day received Intelligence of so alarming a Nature that they think it their indispensible Duty immediately to forward it to you; and at the same Time to assure you that upon a serious Review of public Affairs they are convinced that unless the several States immediately & punctually comply with the Acts & Requisitions of Congress the worst of Consequences must ensue.(1)

   Had the States paid due Attention to the Act of 18th March 1780 and complied with the Requisition of the 26th August, the Quarter Master would have been in Capacity to do his Duty and to have forwarded the Supplies which the States were called upon to furnish by the Act of 4th November. But as that has not been done the States must now not only furnish the Supplies but they must also forward them to the Places where they are wanted. For this purpose I enclose an earnest Recommendation passed this Day upon Receipt of the Intelligence above mentioned, and flatter myself that from the Necessity of the Case, your State will strain every Nerve & exert every Power to send forward the Supplies & prevent the fatal Events which must otherwise inevitably ensue.

   I have the Honor to be &c, S.H.(2)

   The Circulation of the old Continental Bills is at an End in this City, and the same Effect will doubtless take Place through this and the adjoining States in a few Days. The Time limited for its Circulation by the late Law of the State expires the first of June. The Limitation is already expired in Maryland as affixed by their Law, it is probable that the late Publication of the President and Council of this State ascertaining the Rate of Exchange which is contained in the inclosed Papers (1) hath had some Effect in contracting the Period limited by Law for the Circulation of those Bills in this State. I am told that the old Continental Bills may be now obtained here for Specie at the Rate of five hundred Dollars of the former for one of Silver. As it is easy to suppose those Bills will circulate no considerable Time longer in any State, at least Northward of Pennsylvania, I cannot forbear to express my Wishes that the honorable General Assembly might immediately adopt such Mode as in their Wisdom shall appear most proper to call in the Quota of the old Bills assigned to Connecticut.

   Information which I have received from different Ways, saith that the Assembly have had in Contemplation not to issue any of the new Bills emitted in Pursuance of the Resolve of the 18th March 1780, this may be a wise Measure if the Exigencies of Government & of the Continent will permit the Measure. At any Rate I would hope, not more than the four tenths assigned for the Use of the United States, should ever be issued: although I am of Opinion, had the Resolve of the 18th of March been carried into Execution without Loss of Time agreeable to the Intention of it, it might have proved the best Means & procured the greatest Relief respecting the Finances that the Nature of the Case could admit; yet by the great Delay of many of the States in their Compliance, on Paper only, and all of them in Fact, in carrying their Acts into Execution, the Plan is in a great

   Mr Brown the Bearer will deliver your Excellency a Pamphlet published by Order of Congress, containing the Constitutions of Government in all the States, the Declaration of Independence, Treaty with France & Articles of Confederation. I have also forwarded by the same Conveyance a Number of the Journals of Congress for the Use of the State.

   The Request to obtain the Invalids belonging, to Connecticut to be stationed & employed in that State, I fear will not be obtained. The Matter is yet undetermined.(2) The Petition of the Soldiers from Westmoreland is not granted.(3) If the Connecticut Line was full without them they might obtain their Discharge.

   I fear the Delegates from Connecticut have met with some Misfortune by the Way, their Chariot Wheels are long in coming.

   I have the Honor to be, with every Sentiment of Esteem & Regard, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   My official Despatches to your Excellency which accompany this will shew the alarming Situation of the Army and Posts to the Northward on Account of Provisions. I have long since been convinced that the present Method of Supplying the Army with Provisions by requisitions on the several States, a Method dictated

   Congress in the mean Time are endeavoring to devise other Means if possible more eligible to feed the Army, to be put in Practice as soon as possible, but without Money nothing can be done. The Delegates from Connecticutt who lately left Congress will be able to represent the distressing Situation of public Affairs from the State of our Finances, yet at the same Time from all Accounts we can collect there are plentiful Resources in the Country.

   By our last Intelligence from the Southward General Greene with his Troops were before Cambden. That Post is fortified with strong Redoubts it is said, but no regular Fort. The Enemy about seven hundred. Whether General Greene will be able to reduce the Post Time will discover. It is to be feared he hath not heavy Artillery sufficient and at any Rate he will not think it prudent to continue a long Siege in that Climate at this Season.

   I have the Honor to be, with very great Esteem & Respect, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   By a Letter of the 1st, this Moment recd.,(1) I find that my amiable & respected Friend is under the mistake of supposing the Enemy in Possession of one of her former which has reached me, and that I have neglected to answer some others. She will know better before this reaches her. The Enemy have the one which attended Mr. Cranche's:(2) So that I have no Knowledge of the Mode He or She particularly pointed out for forwarding the Goods in my Possession.

   I have had the Satisfaction of knowing that Mr. Hugh Hughes has well guarded, by boxing, what I committed to Doctr. Winship and I have this day desired Mr. Brown, who setts off with a Light Waggon, to take the Box from Mr. Hughes and deliver it to Mrs. Lovell who has my former Directions about the Contents which are for different Persons. I was not able to send by Mr. Brown your large Box or the China. He goes greatly loaded from hence, but as he drops part of his Charge at Head Quarters, he can conveniently take what I have mentioned, at Fishkill, if it has not yet been sent on by the Kindness of Mr. Hughes.(3) The Enemy have published one Letter from Mr.

   I have endured much pain lately from a Fall; I shall not soon be free from the ill Effects. But I have been very stoical, For it would have been a Shame to groan at what happened, while I reflected that neither Back nor Limb was broken, nor any Joint absolutely dislocated. Portia will however do me the Justice to think that neither Pain or afffliction shall make me neglect Endeavors to render her Service in finishing the little Business of sending on her Invoice or rather her Goods. I have written for the Invoices agreable to her Hints.

   I imagine that some of the articles supposed missing are in the Band Box, and that Mr. Wibert may find some Things within his Package of Cloth, which was in so good order as not to need opening. I have so thoroughly packed the Case for Transportation, that I do not incline to make a Scrutiny anew of the Contents.

   Dr. Lady, Yrs. JL

   Mr. Brown went from hence this morning; and has in his Light Waggon a Case, formerly a Bottle Case, which he is to deliver to Mrs. L____who is not to open it till she hears further from me. The Case is for you; containing only yr. property, except 4 Journals and 9 Pamphlets for Mr. Secretary Avery. You will find therein such an addition to what was sent by Doctr. Winship (and which will also now be delivered by Mrs. L____ if not before in yr. Possession) as will compleat yr. Invoice, except the Chintz, the fine Linnen, your Whip, and a Yard of the coarse Linnen which is to be accounted for when you hear further about the Chintz. A small Ps. of the worst of yr. blue Cloth is put in the Case as a Sample of the uncommon Injury which moisture & Heat effected. I am long without any of yr. Favors.

   I suspect some private hand has them on the Road. You have Letters from the General and will see an Officer sent by him so that I need not say any Thing (1) only "for God Sake believe what is written & said by them."

   I attend Congress, but I am a Cripple & in great Pain. I think, however, that I shall speedily get the free Use of my Hip as the Weather grows warm.

   Our Intelligence from the Southward is far, very far from pleasing. Cornwallis is on his Way to Hilsborough and Philips with all the advantages of Water Transportation is contriving a Junction.

   Affectly. Yrs. JL

   Congress have received letters from the Marquis De la Fayette and Govr. Jefferson dated the 8th and 9th instant (1) by which we are informed that Genl. Philips, after great destruction of Tobacco, Ware houses &c, advanced to Manchester on the South bank of James's river opposite to Richmond and summoned the Marquis and required him to be answerable for some vessels Iying in the north side of the river, about the same time Arnold with 600 troops passed the river a little below who being furiously attacked by about 30 of Nelsons horse, Arnold retreated and recrossed the river with the utmost precipitation and disorder. Genl. Phillips then retreated d[own river?] and embarked his troops. I believe on the 5[th the] enemy relanded on the south side of James [River and by?] the 8th were beyond Petersb[urgh...] (2) to join Lord Cornwal[lis...](3) Wilmington and Halliftax ...].(4)

   On the 26th of last month Genl. Greene was before the enemies post at Camden which he discovered to be much stronger than was apprehended. It is probable we may gain the post; but I fear a plan is formed to intercept Genl. Greene on his return from that place-time only can discover the enemys disign or the event of the var[ied] and complicated opperations to the southward.

   We have alarming apprehensions for want of provisions for the northern army. The Executive of this State gives no reason to expect any farther supply until the Assembly meets-on the 24th of this month. They have resolved to emit no more of their £500,000 before they have the directions of the Assembly.

   By Capt. Josiah who sailed from L'Orient on the 26th of March we are informed that the Frigate Alliance with the Fayette loaded with Cloathing &c under convoy were to sail the next day. He also says that a large French fleet sailed from Brest on the 20th March-one squadron of which was destined for America-one for the west Indias & one for the East Indias. This division of the fleet must be only, conjecture at L'Orient.

   I am in pain for the Cloathing &c. The enemy have three Frigates cruising off the capes of Delaware. [I hope?] Mrs. Duane will excuse the liberty when I [attempt?] to make [my] best compliments to her & [to your family?]. [I am,] dear Sir, very respectfuly, Your most Obt Humble Servt. Wm. Sharpe

   The late Scale of Depreciation as laid down by the Presidt. & Council of this State has thrown every thing into Confusion; no Money except hard will pass in this City but at the most ruinous rate. Our Northern Army is Starving, & Congress have it not in their power to remove one hundred barrels of Flour.

   I received from the Treasurer of our State Three hundred & forty pounds of the New Emission in Consequence of an Order from the Gov. & Council, (2) part of this Money I exchanged for Continental being told it was Money that was prefered in Phila. to any other paper. On my way up I met Numbers of Speculators from Phila with quantities of Continental to pass it off in our State. How they succeeded I know not, but that, nor any other paper will now pass in this City but at the most Destructive rate. I have therefore returned the Continental To Mr Stone in hopes the Assembly will give directions to the Treasurer to receive this Money in exchange for Bills of the New Emission. I should also have returned the New Bills (for I cannot pass them here) but they are too bulky. What the Maryland Dilegates will do for want of Money I do not know, there is but one Mode by which they can be supplyed ie, to order a quantity of Superfine flour to be Manufactured at the Head of the Bay, Superfine flour will command hard Money. Should this plan be adopted by the assembly or the Governor & Council Mr. Joseph Gilpin will execute it with dispatch. Coll. Hollingsworth has too

   Our affairs are in a most wretched situation. Congress is at its wits End, everything at a stand and unless the French fleet & Army arrive very soon we shall in all probability be in the most deplorable situation.

   The Navigation of the Mississippi has prevented us from procuring Supplies from Spain, Congress have relaxed & made this point in the Ultimatum Negotiable, but too late for any Supplies for this Campaign. The Emperor has offered his Mediation. I fear that there is too good an Understanding between the Courts of Vienna & London.

   We have received no late advices from Europe. With my respectful Compliments to Mrs Hall I am, Dear Sir, Your affectionate friend, Daniel of St. Thos Jenifer

   [P.S.] The Back Lands as a fund will be attempted in a day or two.

   Mr. Livermore arrived here three days ago (2) and gave me the first Intelligence of you since you left Morris Town. I wrote on the 20th of Feby. and the 27th, the 5th of March(3) and I believe oftner without getting a Line from you or being able to know whether you were alive.

   I find that yr. Case of Lancetts was left at Fishkill with some other Things among which it was packt. I imagine it will reach you by this conveyance, as Mr. Brown the Express has promised to take those Things on from Fishkill to Boston and I formerly wrote Mrs L____ how to forward to you the Instruments on her receiving them. I long ago told you that I could not make confidential Communications but by private Hands. I sent my first Letters to Presidt. Weare agreably to yr. Request.

   Mrs. Cordis's Father is most dangerously ill here, if he is alive. I have been so bruised by a Fall into the Cellar of a new House which I mistook for the Opening of an Alley on a very dark drizly Evening that I have not been able to go to see Capt. Russel nor have I heard

   I will not miss any good Oppy. of sending on yr. Box of Goods. I have not yet had one tho' I have been watchful.

   Yr. Friend affect. J L

   The late scale of depreciation setled by the Presidt. and Council of this State, has had such an effect upon the Minds of the people at large in this City, that no paper Money will pass but upon the most ruinous terms; nor will it be in our power to continue here without Your Excellency and the Council can fall upon some other Mode of Supply than that of Paper Money.(1) We know of but one, and that is to direct the Grinding up some Wheat at the head of the Bay into Superfine Flour: this Article will command hard Money without which, nothing can be done at this place. Mr. Joseph Gilpin would undertake this business and execute it with dispatch. Coll. Hollingsworth the Commy Genl. has too much on his hands to allow him to pay proper attention to this Mode of Supply, besides he might be from the head of Elk when the Order might reach that place, and our situation is such that delay would be distressing.

   We have the honor to be with the highest esteem, Sir, Your Excellencys Most Obedt. Servants, Daniel of St Thos Jenifer

   Daniel Carroll

   Since my Last I have had the pleasure of being Joined by Mr Livermore; he had much difficulty in getting here with the assistance of paper money (only) and finds himself unable to pass it here

   I have been favoured with your Excllencys Letter and considered it carefully.(1) I am glad to find that the Publication by Rivington of the two Letters has done no Manner of Hurt.(2) The most part do not seem to understand them, or to give themselves any Concern about the Subject of them. Of those who do understand them I have not met with any Person who finds the least Fault. It seems by the Letter, that it is still uncertain whether your Part of Royaltown has been so far granted away as to be incapable of being recalled. I do not think it probable that they could turn your Land into Money easily at any tollerable Price & therefore I think in Case it is gone it would be best to accept of the offer they make in a certain Manner. It would certainly not be proper for you to apply in your own Name to the Official Persons of that Government but you might make out a List of names of Persons who could release to you which used to be the Way in old Times of taking out Grants and if you communicate them to me I would send them to Mr Leon or Mr Tichener (3) or Some Persons who would take Care of the affair.

   Probably the Matter may bear a Delay of 10 Days & therefore as I return to Princeton the End of next Week by Agreement with Mr Houston (4) I shall converse with You on the Subject.

   I am Your Excellencys most obedt., humble Servant,

   Jno. Witherspoon

   Having returned to Congress a few days only (1) and private matters requiring my attention for great part of the time I have not been able regularly to attend to Business or to acknowledge the receipt of your favour(2) transmitted to Philadelphia after my leaving it and sent after me to Virginia by Mr. Madison. The moment for successfull operations agt. our Enemies was certainly immediately after the disaster in Gardners Bay when had it been embraced the Post at Portsmouth and the Troops' under Arnold as well as the British Ships then in Virginia must have fallen an easy conquest to our united efforts for which purpose the State was I believe in readiness. Abortive as the project has proven we yet hope for the best and that still it may be in the Power of our Ally to give us effectual aid in Chesapeake and believe me at no time was it more necessary than at present when all the lower Country of our State from its great

   I am favored with yours of the 11th Instant covering the Extract of Intelligence received from Colonel Dayton which proves to be premature.(1)

   Enclosed is the Copy of a Letter this Moment received from a confidential Person giving the latest authentic Intelligence received relative to the Movements of the British Fleet,(2) though a Report prevails that they have since actually sailed, but the Truth of this Report remains to be more fully ascertained.

   I have the Honor to be, with the most perfect Respect, your Excellency's most obedient humble servant,

   Sam. Huntington

   P.S. Your Excys dispatches of the 1st, 8th, & 10th inst. have been receivd.(3)

   Doctor Putnam whose Letter is inclosed, by the Uniformity of his Attachment to our public Cause, merits your Patronage; and I inclose also for your Information some former Proceedings of Congress in which this same Gentleman is interested; (1) requesting Sir that you would obtain a Knowledge of the Proceedings consequent upon Efforts which Mr. Gerard has undoubtedly made to obtain Compensation for the Sloop which Count D'Arbaud restored to the Governor of Antigua after it had been taken by Doctor Putnam & others.

    Your most humb Servt. James Lovell

   I was Last Evening honored with your Excellencys favor of the 11th Instant.(1) I am sorry that the report respecting promotions has been so long Delayed, but this delay has not been Occasioned by any Difference in Sentiment between your Excellency and the Committee. Your reasonings were attended to & there remains no Difference of Sentiment between us though perhaps Congress may make some alterations Disagreable to us all.

   The Report has Long Since been made to Congress & two Days have already been Spent in Considering it & I flatter myself that this Day will bring it to a Conclusion.(2) The Situation of Colo. Tilghman and other Gentlemen of that Line has opened a Field Extensive Enough & Occasioned Much delay. I hope however to obtain Such a determination as will do Justice to the feelings of Those Gentlemen who have Merited so Much from the public.(3) I Lament exceedingly the Distresses of our Army, the deplorable Situation of our Public affairs and tremble for the Event. Mr. Robert Morris has Accepted the office of Minister of Finance upon which I Sincerely congratulate your Excellencey & my Country.

   The appointment of the other officers is delayed for reasons which I cannot comprehend. The ostensible one respecting a Minister of War is that There is no man Existing upon whom Congress can agree.(4) Many of the Members Say that if your Excellency or the principal officers would recommend any person they would immediately proceed to the Choice of that officer-& I presume that of Marine as also that of Foreign affairs would follow of Course. We have no News worthy your Excellencys attention.

   I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect, Dear Genl your Excys mos obedt. Servant, Jno. Sullivan

   In Consequence of the late Representation which you have thought proper to lay before the United States in Congress assembled, and in Order to provide a more effectual Remedy for the Abuses practised by the Brittish, Congress have adopted the Resolve of the 17th Instant, a Copy of which is herewith transmitted for your Information.(1)

   I have the Honor to be &c &c &c, S.H.

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, the Copy of a Resolve of the 17th Instant, recommending to the several Legislatures to enact Laws making further Provision (as specified in the Resolve) to guard against the Abuses and deceitful Practices of the British, by making Use of Papers & Clearances they may take in American Vessels.(1)

   The Measures recommended in this & the former Resolve of the 11th of November 1780 become the more necessary, as our Allies have not only suffered by the Deception of the British, but in several Instances our own People in the West Indies have also suffered from the French, under the Apprehension that they were British, for Want of Evidence & proper Documents to evince the contrary.

   I have the Honor to be &c &c, S.H.

   We immediately upon receipt of the Letter you honord us with by Mr Croxall, laid it before Congress, who refered it to a Special Comittee. We have some reason to believe, the measure proposd cannot be carried into execution, as a report on an application to send provision to Charles Town for the prisoners there was rejected. It is therefore probable, the report will go no further, than that the State may send Tobacco for the purposes mentiond. The Board of War having wrote to Genl. Washington to know of Sr. Hy. Clinton whether Tobacco woud be receivd at Charles Town to be disposd of for the use of the prisoners, his answer may likewise determine whether it woud be receivd at New York. We hope to be able to inform you of the determination of Congress by the post (1) & have the Honor to be, with great esteem, Yr. Excellencys Most Obt Serv,

   Dan of St Thos Jenifer

   Danl Carroll

   P.S. We return to the Treasury by Mr. Croxall, the money which was drawn for us-as we can make no use of it here.

   A few Days ago I was favoured with yours of the 27th of April by your Brother (1) and do truly feel myself sensibly obliged by your Attention to my Affairs. Your Brother will soon I expect be able to discharge Mr Turbervilles Account only the Interest Bills & indeed all Bills on Europe here Sell very low. They do not bring at present above 5/ this Money a Dollar. I beg you would make my Compliments to Mr Turberville & thank him for his ready compliance with my Desire-The rather this is necessary because from some thing

   You must have heard before now of the dreadful Blow which Paper Money of all Kinds has lately received. It is lamentable to think how our Operations are hindered, our Army distressed and our Friends missed by our trusting to Paper Money. Just now My son in law (3) has met with a Stroke of that kind. When he left Virginia he sold his Furniture on Credit has been paid in Paper and his Brother bringing two Weeks ago several thousand Pounds continental Money it perished in his hand in one Week & would not now enable him to travel 50 Miles.

   A Committee of Congress of whom I am one have been making a last Effort for putting an End to the Use of Paper but though some of the parts of our System have been adopted I am affraid it will be finally defeated by those still hankering after the partial use of that Deceiver. It is probable you will have the News upon this and other Subjects Sent you fully by your Brother. Some Dispatches came to the Minister of France to Day of which we shall know the Contents on Monday-if there be any thing particularly interesting that can be communicated I shall either write it to You by the Post or tell him that he may write it.

   We have got one New Delegate from N.H.(4) but I cannot as yet tell much about his Principles or probable Conduct. Mr. Duane is gone & New York is not represented neither is Connecticut, Rhode Island nor Delaware a Piece of Neglect wholly inexcusable at this Time.

   The President of Congress asked Leave lately to go home and a Day was fixed for the Choice of another. The Ballots being taken upon that Day no one had more than two Votes so that we requested the President to continue & it was postponed sine die and I think it probable he will continue till the Fall.(5) I believe if your Colleague Mr Jones would have agreed to serve he would have been chosen. If a New Attempt is made I think either he or Mr Jenifer of Maryland will be the Man. We are all at present very anxious about the Situation of your State & impatiently looking for a greater sea force.

   I am D Sir your &c, JW

   Your Excellency will receive enclosed, Copies of four Acts of Congress, viz, one of the 10th Instant with the Memorial of Udney Hay to which it relates;(1) one of the 14th(2) and two of the 15th for your Information.(3)

   I have the Honor to be, with very high Regard, Your Excellency's most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam. Huntington President

   The various accounts we frequently have here, & the want of information from you, puzzles us exceedingly; a thousand conjectures are formed, but your true situation we can learn nothing of. A Man arrived here yesterday one Jennette, who says he left you before Camden on the 27 Ulto. & that it was expected that place would surrender to you in the course of four or five days. This will serve you as a specimen of the reports I have above alluded to. You may readily suppose our anxiety is not small, when we receive such intelligence, to hear something from the fountain head. We so frequently receive similar intelligence which is soon again contradicted, that we are grown callous, & believe nothing, but what we get officially. I hope we shall soon hear from you, & be relieved from this cruel state of doubt & uncertainty; and I flatter myself when it does arrive, it will be pleasing; tho' I must confess, we have little reason to expect st.

   Congress have at last put the means in Genl. Waynes hands to march, (1) & I have no reason to doubt, but what he is this day on his march. Had this been done six weeks ago, (which might as well have been then done, as three days ago) he would 'ere this have been with you, & in all probability prevented the present movements of the enemy. But whilst we have men at the head of our affairs, who are uniformly opposed to the least deviation from the plain John trot mode of doing business, whose souls are confined within the compass of a nut shell, & who like Dean Swifts' Peter, Jack, & Martin, tremble at the very Idea of doing any thing that is not strictly injoined them by their fathers Will tho' the salvation of the country depended on it.(2) I say whilst we have such Quidnunc politicians to manage our affairs, we must expect nothing vigorous, or decisive, being done. However they have at length in one instance blundered across the Rubicon (but I believe most of them did it with their eyes shut, as Children do, when they walk in the dark, for fear of meeting the Devil in their way.) I mean the vote that was passed, giving powers to Genl. Wayne, to press provisions on his march, whenever he wanted them. Perhaps you may laugh at my making such a fuss about this affair, as your army is fed by scarcely any other means. But remember there is no such power literally given to Congress by Confederation and to act up to the spirit of it, is a doctrine supposed to be big with many evils, therefore reprobated. I conceive it to be a great point gained, to drive them from this ground; it looks like conceeding the point, & that necessity will oblige them, to interpret the powers given by the Confederation in their utmost extent, & in my opinion, ought upon some occasions, to be strained to answer the great purposes of war. But I apprehend, when these Doughty heroes, have opened their eyes, & looked back,

   The backwardness of the States, in executing the requisitions of Congress, is intolerable, & when they do, it is in such a loose, discordant manner, that their small exertions produce little good, from whence principally arises our embarrassments. It therefore appears to me absolutely necessary, & for the true interest of the union, that the several states, should give to Congress Dictatorial powers during the war, & instruct their Delegates, to take the most vigorous measures for prosecuting the war. This power is certainly more safely lodged in the hands of such a body as Congress, than any other. The only objection I have to it, is, that I am afraid, they will want spirit to do their duty, but this may be remedied by spirited instructions. Something like this must soon be done, or as I am clearly convinced our affairs will grow from bad to worse, which must end in our utter ruin. Those states that are in perfect tranquillity, & feel nothing of the effects of the war, will I know, be averse to such a measure, therefore I despair of it's being done, but they will too late find, when the house falls, they will inevitably be crushed in its ruins. We must either stand or fall together. However they may amuse themselves with the Idea of sacrificing some for the good of the whole, the hypothesis will prove fallacious, divida et empera, is an axiom that will prove as certain, as it is old.

   I am My Dr. sir, with sentiments of the most sincere Esteem & regard, Your most Obedt. servt. Jno. Mathews

   Colonel Derricks will have the Honor of delivering you this.

   He is a deserving young Gentleman who hath served some Years in the American Army with Honor & Reputation, but by the late Arrangement of the Army he is out of Service and returning to Holland. (1)

   Besides his Connections with several Families of Distinction and Influence in Holland who have shewn strong attachments to the Interests of America, his own personal Merit and the Zeal which he hath manifested in our Cause will, I am perswaded, sufficiently recommend him to your favorable Notice and Attention.

   I have the Honor to be, with very high Regard, sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant, Sam. Huntington

   I hope you are not still without later Dates from Mr. A's Hand, than what we have-Oct. 24.(1) I conclude he was well about the last of Febry. because Mr. Carmichael under Date of March 11th sends us Mr. A's Plan of a Loan to be opened at the House of Nieufville & Son March lst.(2) We have no Vessels from Holland. Accept of my Conjecture as a Proof of my uniform Wish to contribute to your Ease of Mind & genuine Happiness.

   I have sent an open 3plicate to Mr. A____ for Mr. Moylan respecting yr. Invoice.(3)

   Free from Pain, I shall however limp for many a day.

   Arbuthnots Squadron went from Chesepeak to New York about 3 weeks ago-and on Monday evening last sailed out with some Transports said to have 2000 troops on board. On Friday evening last they were seen near the Capes of Delaware. Their destination is not known. The objects to induce them up this river are nearly as

   I suppose that Genl. Wayne has not marched before this time from York Town. The second Division has not arived, tho it is said they sailed from Brest on the 20th March. I fear they will touch at the West Indias & delay there some time, nor has the clothing & Stores arived. It is said they were to sail from L'Orient the 27 March. No word of the Shelala, on board of which was Colo. Palfrey, ariving in Europe. It is supposed she foundered at Sea, Colo. Laurens arived safe in France, but no letters from him nor Doctr. Franklin. By letters from Spain dated 22 Feby & the Hague dated we are informed that the Dutch were making great preparations to avenge themselves on the enemy. That the Northern powers would aid the Dutch. That the King of Prussia & the Emperor had a watchful eye on each other. That our affairs in Spain wear a more flattering aspect than formerly, only one thing stood in the way of something conclusive. Mr. Cumberland was about to leave Madrid. About 2000 Suits of cloaths has arived at Boston from Mr. Jay. The seige of Giberalter continued. Nothing has transpired whereby we can say, what operations Count D Estaing will be engaged in this campaign. It is expected he will be in the West Indias. A Frigate has arived with an Admiral on board to succeed M. Ternay.

   The entire use of paper money is nearly at an end. The old is nearly dead-and the new paper here from 6 to 10 for one of specie. I expect all our paper has fallen or will fall entirely in the Southern States-then we shall have to barter. Specie we have none. We have heard of Genl. Greene's disappointment before Camden on the 25th ulto.(1) It is reported that Cornwallis has passed Hallifax on his way to join Phillips.

   The comr-in-chief is much embarrassed for want of provisions.

   May 22d. Count de Rochambeaus son has returned with dispatches-none appears yet from Docr. Franklin nor Colo. Laurens. Some circumstances induce me to be of opinion that the second division will stay some time in the W. Indias. I wish I may be mistaken.

   I hope that Mr. Hill is before this time on his way up, to relieve me. We feel infinite pain for our distressed country. We have got the board of war engaged to repair 2000 muskets & send them forward to our State. You know that with our utmost efforts, this measure may fail.

   I am very sincerely, My dear Sir, Your most obt. Humble Servt. Wm. Sharpe

   P.S. Letters from Spain say that Mr. Cumberland has returned to England having failed in his object, & That the Emperor is proposing his mediation between the beligerent powers.(2)

   I have receivd your favor of the 18th instant & hope by this you have got rid of yr fever. I shall by the first good opportunity send the hat, & Stuff for yr great Coat. The Best Beaver hat cannot be got under £6 to £6.10 Gold. I shall at the same time send you an acct. of the disposition of Your money.

   A French frigate is arrivd at Boston. Monsr. Barraus came in her to take the Command of the Squadron at New port in the room of Monsr. Ternay. Genl. Washington writes that he was upon the point of Setting out to meet the Count de Rochambau & Monsr. Barraus to Settle the plan of operations for the Campaign.(1)

   The enclosed paper contains the Substance of Genl. Greens Letter.(2) Underneath are mention'd the Officers Killd & wounded of the Maryland line.

   I am with great esteem, Yr. Excellencys Most Obt Ser,

   Danl. Carroll

   [P.S.] Did I ever inform you that I forwarded the Letter for Miss Morris? There is reason to believe abt 2000 British have left N York for the Southward tho' no official information of it.

   Lieut. Col. Ford-dangerously wounded-elbow.

   Capt. Wm Beatty-Killd.

   Cap J Smith (3d Md). prisoner.

   Capt. Lieut Bruff-wounded in both ancles.

   Lieut N Gassaway slightly wounded.

   17 Privates Killd-96 wounded-130 Missing (part since heard of)-of the Virga & Maryland Brigade & Militia.

   By the enclosed Copy of a Resolve of the 21st Instant you will be informed it is the Sense of Congress, That as from the Situation of public Affairs a Court of Enquiry cannot speedily be held, you are at Liberty to repair to Head Quarters and take such Command as the Commander in Chief shall direct. (1)

   While I lament those Impediments which prevent such immediate Enquiry as I am perswaded you would wish to take Place, I presume that the Zeal & Attachment you have at all Times manifested for the Service and Interest of the Confederacy will not suffer her to be deprived of the Services of an experienced and able Officer at this important Crisis.

   I have the Honor to be, with very high Regard, sir, Your most obedient & most humble Servant,

   Sam Huntington President

   On my arrival at Congress I found no delegate from New York nor has any been here since, consequently no mention has yet been made of Vermont.

   As to the business of the States I can with pleasure inform you that congress are coming into a new plan of raising mony & a more frugal plan of spending it.(1) The general voice seems to be to emit no more paper, to call in what is emitted as fast as it can conveniently be done, to loan, to tax in hard mony, to furnish the army with provision, cloathing, stores &ca. by contract &ca &ca. I dont mention these things as done, but as in contemplation. Continental debts to be liquidated in hard mony & put upon interest if agreable to the creditor. As to our southern army they have a hard time on't, but they behave well. A letter from Genl. Green of the 27th Apr. mentions an engagement of the 25th wherein he took above 50 prisoners altho it was a kind of drawn battle, this was near Camden. A strong reinforcement of sea & land forces is expected from France. Upon the whole I think things look pretty well, but there must be the utmost exertion to keep up the spirit of raising men & supplys &ca.

   I have drawn the 19th instant for 1331/3 dollars being the only sum that offerd and must continue to draw on the State, but should be glad to hear the sense of the Court upon the subject.(2)

   Brigadier genl. Marian has taken a British Fort at the southward calld Fort Watson with 114 prisoners.

   I am Dear sir With esteem Your Honours most obed. Servt.

   Samuel Livermore

   I have this morning committed to a Doctor Putnam who sails from hence in the Hermione two Letters (1) which the Writer of one of them thought would be safest on the Water-Passage to you.

   I recd. a Letter from Mr. Carmichael two days ago dated March 11th with a Plan the Success of which he could not foresee. I had copied the Plan for Genl. Ward's Use. I find he wanted it to send to

   I promise myself that Genl. Washington's Letter to Col. Harrison published by Rivington will make the Enemy heedless and rash. But what Benefit can their foolish Conduct afford us if we allow ourselves to remain so incapable as we are at present of reaping in such a Field.

   Is Brother Gerry sick? I have not had a Line from him a long Time. I will yet hope he is well.

   I am greatly altered for the better, and am convinced that bathing or even a partial Sprinkling with cold Water will shortly restore my Hip to free Exercise.

   A most cordial Letter from the King of France in answer to our Representation last Novr. The Cheval De la Luzerne has not yet so far decyphered his recd. Packets as to go into Detail with us.(3)

   Yrs. affectly. J L

   [P.S.] You are little attentive to Pounds Shillings and Pence on your own private account, but you must consent to think a little for your Colleagues here. With what Kind of Money can we be furnished so as that neither our Constituents nor we shall be evidently sufferers by Exchange? I think only with hurd.

   Mr. Russell was yesterday buried. Tell Edes I have his Letter of the 7th recd. yesterday directed to you or me, and that I will attend carefully to the Contents; but the Business is not so forward as he thinks.

   I am to thank you for your Favor of the 7th. The Militia at the Southward have behaved very ill at Times and most gallantly also in Turn; and Govr. Jefferson says they have had their Triumph in seing picked British Regulars run like Sheep before very inferior Numbers of our Men.(1)

   I have already mentioned to Mr. Adams his Namesakes Plan of a Loan in Holland and our Receipt of a most cordial Letter from the King of France upon the Representation of our Finances last November. We have not yet the Detail of his friendly Intentions. They are communicated in Cyphers.

   I think Cornwallis will certainly join Phillips, but I hope Gl. Green will succeed at Campden. Yr. Friend & humb Servt.

   James Lovell (2)

   As I expect to leave this early tomorrow-morning, I have sent to your Quarters the Several Letters, which you handed to me respecting the dispute between you and Mr. Burke.(1)

   After exchanging Papers with Mr Shiell we have had Several interviews on the Subject of difference Subsisting between you, which was freely discussed on both Sides. We were very Solicitous to put an end to the Controversey in a manner, consistent with both your Honors, without cause of triumph to the Enemy, or the loss of either of your Services to the Public.

   I therefore declared I was authorized to Say, that Mr Burke was not the person intended to be described by you in your Letter to

   I am Sir, your Humble Servant, Alex McDougall

   Your dispatches of the 22 & 27 Ulto.(1) were very welcome to us, not having heard from you for so long a time before. The accounts we heard from time to time, served only to confuse, instead of inform us. I lament with you the unfortunate turn in the action of the 23d [i.e. 25th] Ulto. It must have been a most mortifying circumstance to you to have such a victory snatched out of your hands by the blunder of a single man. It was not only the immediate advantages resulting to us, that we are to look to, but the eclat that would have been given to our arms abroad, this would have been of still more importance. However, we must look for better fortune another time. I dare not flatter myself so far as to say, I shall yet hope to hear of the reduction of Camden; but I will rest satisfyed with this assurance, that every thing that can be will be done for the best.(2)

   Congress this day received a very affectionate and friendly letter from the King of France.(3) He gives us every assurance of the most

   Genl. Wayne marches from York town tomorrow but I am afraid he will be too late to render you much service. Should Cornwallis, & Phillips, form a junction (which I believe there is little doubt of) & be reinforced with the detachment now gone from N. York-2000 men-I imagine all your feeble efforts must be at an end, & you must seek an Asylum in some other quarter.

   Genl. Washington is now at Weathersfield, holding a conference with the French Genl. & Admiral. Govr. Rutledge sets of[f] for Head quarters tomorrow, where he purposes making but a short stay, & then to return immediately to join you. I most sincerely wish you uninterrupted health, & may the Supreme Disposer of human events, crown your generous endeavours with deserved success. And believe me to be My Dr. sir, with the most sincere Esteem, Yr. most Obedt. servt. Jno. Mathews