Jackman, W.J., Thomas H. Russell, and Octave Chanute
. Flying Machines: Construction and Operation
Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library
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Application of the Rudders.
The figures given also include the expense of rudders, but the details of these have not been included as the glider is really complete without them. Some of the best flights the writer ever saw were made by Mr. A. M.
Image available Framework of Glider With Struts in Place.
Framework of Glider With Ribs in Place.
Herring in a glider without a rudder, and yet there can be no doubt that a rudder, properly proportioned and placed, especially a rear rudder, is of great value to the aviator as it keeps the machine with its head to the wind, which is the only safe position for a novice. For initial educational purposes, however, a rudder is not
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essential as the glides will, or should, be made on level ground, in moderate, steady wind currents, and at a modest elevation. The addition of a rudder, therefore, may well be left until the aviator has become reasonably expert in the management of his machine.