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The Papers of George Washington at the Library of Congress
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GEORGE WASHINGTON
BICENTENNIAL EDITION
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
President of the United States
Chairman
Vice President of the United States
Speaker of the House of Representatives
United States Senate
Simeon D. Fess, Vice Chairman Ohio
Arthur Capper Kansas
Virginia
Millard E. Tydings Maryland
House of Representatives
Willis C. Hawley Oregon
John Q. Tilson Connecticut
Joseph W. Byrns Tennessee
Virginia
Presidential Commissioners
Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook Pennsylvania
Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman Colorado
New York
New York
Virginia
Oregon
Albert Bushnell Hart Massachusetts
Bernard M. Baruch New York
Executive Committee
The Senate House Commissioners
Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook
Bernard M. Baruch
Historian
Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart
Associate Directors
Representative Sol Bloom
Executive Secretary
William Tyler Page
Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, Chairman
Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division
Library of Congress
Professor Randolph G. Adams
Librarian William L. Clements Library
University of Michigan
President J. A. C. Chandler
William and Mary College
Editor, United States Department of State
Dr. Charles Moore
Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts
George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq.
Editor, New York Times
Brigadier General John M. Palmer
United States Army, Retired
Victor H. Paltsits
Chief of Manuscript Department
New York Public Library
1757
Page
To Robert Dinwiddie, January 12
Trial of mutineers -- Position of Mr. Walker -- Works at Fort Cumberland -- Evacuation of forts.
To Captain Peter Hogg, January 26
Accounts.
To Captain James Cunningham, January 28
State of affairs.
To the Earl of Loudoun, January 6
Sketch of what had been done by Virginia -- The Braddock expedition -- Troops poorly provided for -- Recruiting and acts of assembly -- Erection of forts -- Military laws and regulations -- The militia -- His own position in the army.
Address of Virginia Regiment to Lord Loudoun, February
To Robert Dinwiddie, April 5
Catawba Indians -- Stations of troops.
To Richard Washington, April 15
His position on the frontier -- The French on the Ohio and efforts of Virginia -- Sends tobacco for sale.
Invoice of goods, April 15
To Robert Dinwiddie, April 16
Council on Governor's orders -- The Catawba Indians -- Remonstrance of troops.
Remonstrance of Virginia officers, April 16
Council of war, Fort Cumberland, April 16
To Colonel Adam Stephen, April 17
Orders.
To Robert Dinwiddie, April 29
Regimental matters -- Martial law -- Indians -- Pay for servants and deserters; for troops -- The construction of forts -- Militia -- Money accounts.
To Robert Dinwiddie, May 24
Sergeant Feint -- Appointment of officers -- Reward for scalps -- Detachment for Carolina.
To Colonel John Stanwix, May 28
Ammunition -- Indians -- Fort Duquesne.
To Robert Dinwiddie, May 29
Atkins's delay -- Indians.
To Robert Dinwiddie, May 30
Indians dissatisfied -- Indian agent.
To John Robinson, May 30
Indian policy -- Captain Gist.
To Major Andrew Lewis, June 3
Indian conference.
To Captain Joshua Lewis, June 6
Instructions.
To Sergeant John David Wilper, June 7
Instructions.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 10
Indians -- Batmen -- Detachment at Maidstone -- Cherokees -- Beef -- Captain Bell -- Lawrence Washington's estate.
To John Robinson, June 10
Departure of Indians -- Money and accounts.
To Captain Robert McKenzie, June 11
Horses for Indians.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 12
Resignations and appointments -- Militia and rangers -- Officers.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 12
Lieutenant Baker's victory -- Indian presents.
To Lieutenant Richard Baker, June 12
Report of his victory.
To Colonel John Stanwix, June 15
Baker's scout -- Affairs at Fort Duquesne -- Disposition of troops -- Batmen.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 16
Expected attack on Fort Cumberland -- Militia ordered up.
Council of war, Fort Loudoun, June 16
Memorandum, June 16
To Major Andrew Lewis, June 16
Orders.
To Captain John Dagworthy, June 16
Reinforcements.
To county lieutenants of Fairfax, Prince William, and Culpeper, June 16
To Colonel John Stanwix, June 20
Fort Duquesne -- Strength of the French -- Spotswood's party.
To Captain Alexander Beall, June 20
News of French advance.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 21
News of French advance.
To Colonel John Stanwix, June 21
Sortie from Fort Duquesne -- Error of Captain Dagworthy.
To Colonel Robert Slaughter, June 21
News of the French.
To Captain Nicholas Minor, June 24
Orders.
To county lieutenants of Prince William and Culpeper, June 25
To Major John Bell, June 25
Calling out militia.
To Doctor David Ross, June 25
Provisions at Fort Cumberland.
To Colonel William Fairfax, June 25
The situation.
To Captain William Lightfoot, June 26
Orders.
To Robert Dinwiddie, June 27
News of the French -- Work on Fort Loudoun -- Conduct of Militia -- Cannon.
To Colonel John Stanwix, June 28
Captain Beall's proposition -- Indian affairs.
To Colonel Henry Lee, June 30
Discharges.
To Major Andrew Lewis, July 1
Orders.
To Colonel John Stanwix, July 8
Indians -- Drafts.
To John Robinson, July 10
Desertions -- Dagworthy's false alarm -- Accounts -- Clothing.
To Robert Dinwiddie, July 10
Militia -- Wagons and batsmen -- Equipment -- Accounts -- Indians -- Pay.
To Robert Dinwiddie, July 11
Capture of deserters -- Their punishment -- Promotion of Captain McNeill recommended -- Return of strength -- Requests leave of absence.
To Robert Dinwiddie, July 12
Courts-martial -- Vacancies.
To Captain John Dagworthy, July 12
Intelligence of Indians.
To Colonel John Stanwix, July 15
Indians -- Militia -- Deserters -- Imprisonment of Cherokees -- Philadelphia post.
To Colonel John Stanwix, July 19
Report of French and Indian advance.
To Horatio Sharpe, July 20
Deserters from Virginia -- Requests aid in capturing them.
To Captain Peter Hogg, July 24
Settlement of accounts.
To Lieutenant Thomas Bullitt, July 24
Courts-martial -- Equipment -- Enlistments.
To Major Andrew Lewis, July 29
Orders.
To Captain Thomas Waggener, July 29
Orders.
To Captain Henry Woodward, July 29
Orders.
To Captain Robert McKenzie, July 29
Orders.
General instructions to all the captains of companies, July 29
To Colonel John Stanwix, July 30
Imprisonment of Cherokees -- Drafts -- Leave of absence -- Indian depredations.
To Robert Dinwiddie, August 3
Indian expenses -- Drafts -- Punishment of deserters -- Indian raids.
To Captain Joshua Lewis, August 3
Orders.
To Captain Joshua Lewis, August 4
Returns.
To Robert Dinwiddie, August 27
Drafts -- Regimental returns -- French incursions -- Recruiting -- Explains his position and replies to criticism.
To Richard Washington, September 10
Tobacco shipments.
To Anthony Bacon & Co., September 10
Shipment and sale of tobacco.
To Robert Dinwiddie, September 17
Deserters -- Army returns -- Indian management -- Attacks on frontiers -- Stores at Fort Cumberland -- Commissary.
To Robert Dinwiddie, September 17
Colonel Corbin's charges.
To Captain William Peachy, September 18
The assertions of Colonel Corbin.
To Robert Dinwiddie, September 24
Settlements deserted.
To Reverend Richard Peters, September 30
Introducing G. W. Fairfax.
To Mary Washington, September 30
Marriage of Charles Washington -- Orders cloths.
To Richard Washington, September
Chairs.
To Robert Dinwiddie, October 5
Supplies -- Recruiting service -- Hostile movements of French -- Arrival of Cherokees -- Charge of ingratitude answered -- French spies.
To Colonel John Stanwix, October 8
Thefts by Hamilton -- Incursion of enemy -- Defense of country impossible.
To Robert Dinwiddie, October 9
Conduct of magistrates -- Tippling houses -- Lewis's expedition.
To Lieutenant James Roy, October 23
Instructions.
To William Denny, October 23
Indians.
To Robert Dinwiddie, October 24
Necessity of reinforcements -- Captains Hogg and Rutherford -- Indians.
To John Robinson, October 25
Situation of inhabitants.
To Captain Alexander Beall, November 1
Complaint.
To Robert Dinwiddie, November 5
Treatment of Indians.
To Reverend Charles Green, November 13
Illness.
To Thomas Knox, December 26
Arrival of goods -- Tobacco.
To Richard Washington, December 26
Tobacco.
1758
To Thomas Knox, January
Invoice of goods.
To Richard Washington, January 8
Damage to chinaware.
To John Blair, January 30
Settlement of accounts.
To John Blair, January 31
Indian affairs -- Gist's embarrassments -- Unfortunate time of visit.
To John Blair, February 20
Illness.
To Colonel John Stanwix, March 4
Major Smith's project absurd -- His unfitness to command -- Has thoughts of resigning because of ill health.
To Richard Washington, March 18
Goods received and ordered.
To Thomas Knox, March 18
Change of order.
To John Blair, April 2
Employment of Indians.
To Richard Washington, April 5
Goods desired.
To John Blair, April 9
Indians -- Assembling the regiment.
To Brigadier General John Stanwix, April 10
Congratulates him on his promotion -- Asks to be recommended to General Forbes -- An early campaign expedient -- Indians and their mercenary characters -- The place of rendezvous.
To Sir John St. Clair, April 12
Indian affairs -- St. Clair's return to Virginia.
To Major Francis Halkett, April 12
Satisfaction on prospects.
To Colonel Thomas Gage, April 12
Requests mention to General Forbes.
To John Blair, April 17
Accidental shooting of some soldiers -- Needs of the regiment -- Resignation of Joshua Lewis and promotions incident to it -- Appointment of a chaplain.
To Sir John St. Clair, April 18
Attitude toward Indians -- Number of allies -- The building of flats -- Votes of the assembly.
To Major Andrew Lewis, April 21
Recruiting -- Shooting exercises.
To Captain William Henry Fairfax, April 23
Receipt of letters -- Indians -- Sends money.
To Brigadier General John Forbes, April 23
Forbes's appointment -- Indians -- Assembling the Virginia Regiment.
To John Blair, April 24
Orders out the militia -- Mercer's request for exchange of officers most extraordinary -- Rutherford's company more useful in Virginia than in the south -- The recruiting service.
To Lieutenant Colonel Adam Stephen, April 24
Recruiting.
To Captain Thomas Waggener, April 25
Recruiting.
To John Blair, April 26
Money for recruiting.
To Major Andrew Lewis, April 26
Recruiting.
To Sir John St. Clair, April 27
Receipt of orders.
To Sir John St. Clair, May 1
Transportation -- Recruiting money.
To David Franks, May 1
Articles wanted.
To Sir John St. Clair, May 4
Report of a scouting party around Fort Duquesne.
To John Blair, May 4
Defeat of provincial troops -- Reinforcements of militia needed at South Branch -- Public arms -- Roads -- Recruiting expenses -- Case of John Berry -- Appointments in the regiments.
To Major Francis Halkett, May 11
No prisoners taken by friendly Indians this season -- Cherokees moving to Virginia -- Trickery of the Raven warrior -- Importance of the Indians.
To Sir John St. Clair, May 11
Raven Warrior's villainy -- Indian affairs.
To Major Andrew Lewis, May 21
Recruiting -- Duty.
To Lieutenant Colonel Adam Stephen, May 24
Orders.
To Major Andrew Lewis, May 24
Orders.
To John Blair, May 28
Wants of the force -- Allowance to officers -- Differences of pay -- Clothing -- Promotions -- Completing the regiment -- The case of Lieutenant Steenbugen -- Fort Loudoun -- The ranging company -- Indians and desertions.
To Sir John St. Clair, June 14
Want of arms; negro servant.
To Captain Thomas Waggener, June 15
Orders.
To Lieutenant Joseph McDowell, June 17
Orders.
To Francis Fauquier, June 17
Congratulations -- Stores -- Commissions -- Pay -- Clothing.
To General John Forbes, June 19
Unfortunate arrival of Cherokees -- Necessity of Indians and their utility -- Agent should be sent to Cherokee Nation with presents -- Indians at Fort Duquesne.
To Francis Fauquier, June 19
March of Prince William militia -- Short of men and of arms -- Expense.
To Captain Thomas Waggener, June 19
Orders.
To Captain Thomas McClanahan, June 19
Orders.
To Sir John St. Clair, June 23
March of troops -- Want of arms.
To Colonel William Byrd, June 24
Orders.
To Lieutenant Charles Smith, June 24
Orders.
To Captain Robert Rutherford, June 24
Orders.
To -- Henry, June 24
Repair of arms.
To officer commanding North Carolina detachment, June 24
Orders.
To Sir John St. Clair, June 26
His orders.
To Captain Thomas Waggener, June 26
Orders.
To Sergeant John David Wilper, June 30
Orders.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 3
Has marched from Winchester -- Question of forage -- Maryland forces and stores -- Drawing of provisions by servants -- Tools and men scarce -- How forts were garrisoned -- Clothes -- Indian dress recommended.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 3
Salt meat -- Wagon master.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 7
Arrival of Colonel Byrd -- Orders and directions needed -- Sharpe's road -- Catawba Indians have misbehaved.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 9
Road to Fort Frederick -- Flour.
To Francis Fauquier, July 10
Fort Cumberland -- Stores -- Indians.
To Captain John Dagworthy, July 13
Indian raid -- Tools.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 13
Encounter with Indians.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 13
Slow progress of road -- Indian dress approved for the men.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 16
Parties sent out to harass the enemy -- Plan for an irruption into enemy's country criticized -- Roads and Indians -- Currency exchanges.
To Major Francis Halkett, July 16
Pay difficulties -- Indian dress.
To Lieutenant Colonel Adam Stephen, July 16
Escort -- Indian dress.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 19
Dagworthy's party returned and working on bridge -- Election at Winchester.
To Mrs. Martha Custis, July 20
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 21
Will not attend election at Winchester -- Progress on the road -- Asks to be among the first to go forward -- Covers for locks.
To Major Francis Halkett, July 21
Provision returns -- Capt. Robert Stewart.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 24
Wagons -- Repair of roads.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 25
Second convoy of wagons -- Offers his views on the road -- No tolerable road from Rays Town -- Provisions -- Commissaries at fault -- Returns for forces.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July 28
Assembling the regiment -- Indians.
To Gabriel Jones, July 29
Thanks him for assistance at election -- Backwardness of expedition -- Conference on road.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, July
Considerations on a proposed expedition -- Provisions -- Attack in the woods of little advantage.
To Colonel James Wood, July
Thanks for part he took in election -- Entertainment of friends.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 2
The question of the road -- History of the Braddock road -- Difficulties to be overcome in constructing another -- Forage of importance -- Rivers to be passed -- Comparative distances -- Objection to dividing the army -- Advancing by deposits; first at Great Meadows, second at Salt Lick -- Time required.
To Major Francis Halkett, August 2
Bouquet determined as to road -- If the general coincides, all is lost -- His own motives.
To Francis Fauquier, August 5
Fatal resolution of opening new road -- Considerations urged on Colonel Bouquet -- Smallpox among troops -- Orders received to open new road.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 6
Orders as to road will be obeyed -- Duty to King and colony induced him to express opinion -- Men at work.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 7
Provision escort.
To Thomas Walker, August 11
Beef -- Road to Fort Duquesne.
To Captain Robert Stewart, August 11
Light Horse detail.
To Sir John St. Clair, August 13
Provision wagons.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 13
Wagons -- Clothing -- Road.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 18
Wishes to be sent forward -- Kelly on the comparative merits of roads -- Strong parties to be kept out -- Sickness in camp -- Convoy from Winchester.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 19
Scout reports.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 21
Arrival of Indians -- Questions as to Governor Sharpe's rank.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 24
Salt -- Beef and flour -- Indian ambush -- Reports of scouts.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, August 28
Melancholy reflections on campaign -- The roads.
To John Robinson, September 1
Fatal inactivity -- All is lost -- Conduct of the leaders -- The question of roads -- Strength of French at Fort Duquesne -- Representation should be made to the King -- Virginia a victim to the craft of her neighbors.
To Francis Fauquier, September 2
Progress on road -- Much time consumed -- Advance of army -- Condition of road taken -- Number of the French force -- Intelligence -- Considerations urged with Colonel Bouquet -- The general prejudiced by Pennsylvanians -- Garrison at Loyalhanna -- Major of brigade requisite -- Indians -- Letters on road sent.
To Thomas Walker, September 2
Wagons.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, September 2
Transportation of supplies -- Sick -- Conference with the general -- Scouting party.
To Lieutenant Colonel George Mercer, September 9
Flour.
To General John Forbes, September 12
Wagons.
To Mrs. George William Fairfax, September 12
Correspondence reopened -- A votary of love -- Mrs. Custis -- Mrs. Spotswood a reigning toast in camp.
To Francis Fauquier, September 25
The expedition of Major Grant -- Death of Major Lewis -- Bravery of Virginia troops -- Consequence of this affair.
To Mrs. George William Fairfax, September 25
Defeat of Major Grant -- Probable failure of expedition -- Personal gossip.
To Francis Fauquier, September 28
Grant's defeat -- Prisoners sent to Montreal -- Condition of the new road.
To General John Forbes, October 8
Line of march proposed.
To Francis Fauquier, October 30
Army matters -- Governor Sharpe at Fort Cumberland -- The road.
To Francis Fauquier, November 5
March against Fort Duquesne.
To General John Forbes, November 15
Building the road.
To General John Forbes, November 16
Road building -- Tools -- Desertions -- Provisions.
To General John Forbes, November 17
Orders to Armstrong -- Indians needed to gain intelligence -- Release of sergeant requested.
To General John Forbes, November 17
Acknowledges orders -- The road.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, November 17
Bullocks and guide.
To General John Forbes, November 18
Advance reported -- Errors of distance -- Fortifying and provisioning the camp.
To Francis Fauquier, November 28
Fort Duquesne fallen -- Future movements -- Little Carpenter's conduct -- Indians suing for peace -- Trade with the Indians.
To Colonel Henry Bouquet, November 29
Return of Virginia troops by way of Loyalhanna.
To Francis Fauquier, December 2
Force to be left at Fort Duquesne -- Post should be taken at Redstone Creek -- Indian trade -- Condition of Virginia Regiment.
To Francis Fauquier, December 9
Need of rest.
To General John Forbes, December 30
Measures to be taken by Virginia -- Confinement of troops a piece of rashness.
1759
To John Alton, April 1
Directions.
To Robert Cary&Company, May 1
Announces marriage with Mrs. Custis -- Will consign tobacco as usual -- Prices.
Invoice of goods, May
To Richard Washington, May 7
Bills of exchange -- Marriage.
To Robert Cary & Company, June 12
Goods ordered -- Direction of estates.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, June 12
Marriage -- Management of estates Tobacco -- Account current.
To James Gildart, June 12
Marriage -- Invoices -- Tobacco.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 2
Tobacco.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, August 26
Bills of exchange.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 20
Former letters -- Poor returns for tobacco -- The duty -- Three accounts should be opened -- Shipment of tobacco -- Proposes tobacco for his Shenandoah estate.
Invoice, September 20
Invoice of sundries for John and Patsy Custis, September 20
Invoice for Mrs. Dandridge, September
To Richard Washington, September 20
Hopes to visit England -- Successes in America -- His retirement.
Order on Bank of England, November 16
To Robert Cary & Company, November 25
Tobacco shipment.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, November 25
Tobacco shipment
To Robert Cary & Company, November 30
Loss of vessel -- Goods ordered -- Tobacco.
To John Didsbury, November 30
Shoes.
1760
Diary, January-February
To Robert Cary & Company, April 28
Tobacco shipment -- Goods ordered.
To -- Farrel, July 30
Tobacco shipment.
To Richard Washington, August 10
Disappointed in sales of tobacco -- Interest charged -- American affairs -- Prospects of his going to England remote.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, August 10
Tobacco loss and crop prospect.
To Robert Cary & Company, August 10
Interest on bank stock -- Tobacco -- Complaint against prices and quality of goods -- Ships to the Potomac -- Prospects of tobacco crop -- Drafts.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 28
Tobacco shipment -- Goods ordered -- Tobacco crop.
To Charles Lawrence, September 28
Clothes.
To Robert Cary & Company, October 8
Tobacco bills.
To Robert Cary & Company, October 24
Tobacco shipment -- Goods ordered.
To Robert Cary & Company, November 5
Purchase of entailed estate by Bartholomew Dandridge.
To Captain Robert MacKenzie, November 20
Reply to a request for a recommendation to General Amherst.
1761
To Robert Cary & Company, April 3
Tobacco shipment -- Sales.
To James Gildart, April 3
Price of tobacco.
To Van Swearingen, May 15
Frederick election.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 5
Loss of a ship -- Tobacco shipment.
To Richard Washington, July 14
Tobacco consignment -- Canada and the Indians.
To Robert Cary & Company, August 1
Accounts -- Mistakes in shipments.
To Reverend Charles Green, August 26
Journey to the springs -- Provisions -- His health -- Stages of journey.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 23
Illness -- Grass seed.
To Robert Cary & Company, October 12
Orders of goods -- Tobacco -- Magowan's bill of exchange.
To John Didsbury, October 12
Invoice of sundries for John and Patsy Custis, October 12
To Richard Washington, October 20
His sickness -- Operations against the Cherokees -- Clothes ordered.
Invoice of clothing, October 20
To Robert Cary & Company, November 3
Invoices -- Indian war.
To Peter Stover, November 9
Establishment of a town.
1762
To Robert Cary & Company, March 16
Chariot for Fielding Lewis -- Tobacco.
To Captain William Dandridge, May 20
Ownership of a slave.
To Robert Cary & Company, May 28
Tobacco shipment -- Quality -- Finances Tobacco prices.
To Robert Cary & Company, June 20
Madeira -- Drought -- Tobacco.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 18
Mistakes in goods shipped -- Sales of tobacco -- Shipments -- Insurance.
To Beverley Robinson, September 27
Supplies ordered -- Personals.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 30
Tobacco shipment Prices -- Madeira.
To George William Fairfax, October 30
Death of his mare.
To Robert Cary & Company, November 15
Tobacco shipments -- Crop.
To George William Fairfax
Cart wheels -- John Askew.
Tax memorandum
To Thomas Johnson
Navigation of Potomac.
1763
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, April 26
Tobacco lost -- Shipments.
To Robert Cary & Company, April 26
Tobacco prices -- Shipments -- Madeira.
To Charles Lawrence, April 26
Order and measurement for suits.
To Robert Stewart, April 27
His financial condition -- Heavy debts -- Will send £300.
To Messrs. John and James Searls, April 30
Madeira.
To Robert Stewart, May 2
Sends loan -- British merchants' complaint of colonial paper money.
To Beverley Robinson, May 8
Letter for Stewart -- Personals.
To Burwell Bassett, July 5
Frontier news -- Crops.
To George Mason(?), July 17
Expected visit.
To Robert Stewart, August 13
Pontiac's conspiracy -- Paper emissions.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 27
Tobacco sales -- Shipments -- Quality of goods received.
To John Didsbury, September 27
Shoes.
To Richard Washington, September 27
Failure to receive box -- Invitation to Mount Vernon -- Indian outbreak.
To Robert Cary & Company, October 4
Recommending Captain McGachin.
Notes on the Dismal Swamp, October 15
1764
To Robert Cary & Company, January 22
Tobacco shipments -- Nails and wine.
To John Searles, January 30
Wine.
To Robert Cary & Company, February 13
Tree-removing machine.
To Robert Cary & Company, May 1
State of accounts -- Tobacco shipments.
To Robert Cary & Company, August 10
Reasons for his indebtedness -- Interest on money -- Disputed charge.
To Charles Lawrence, August 10
Order for liveries -- High price of clothes.
1765
To Crosbies & Trafford, March 6
Plow and other goods.
To Carlyle & Adam, March 9
Sale of wheat -- Manner of weighing.
To Burwell Bassett, August 2
Drought and condition of crops -- Elections.
To Francis Dandridge, September 20
Reasons for writing -- The Stamp Act and its effect on the Colonies -- Closing of the courts -- His situation.
To Robert Cary & Company, September 20
Tobacco prices -- Misdirected goods -- Hemp and flax.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, September 20
Tobacco shipment -- Accounts -- hemp and flax.
To James Gildart, September 20
Goods -- Tobacco -- Hemp and flax.
1766
To Robert Cary & Company, June 23
Tobacco damage -- Quality -- Shipping charges -- Price of goods -- Invoices.
To Josiah Thompson, July 2
Has a negro to sell in the islands -- His qualities -- Purchase to be made with proceeds.
To James Gildart, July 21
Tobacco crop -- Hemp and flax.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 21
Scythes -- Goods -- Repeal of Stamp Act.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 22
Wheat riddles.
To Captain Joshua Pollard, August 22
Quality of tobacco.
To Stewart and Campbell, September 4
Tobacco agents -- Purchase of servant.
To James Gildart, September 22
Damaged tobacco.
1767
To Carlyle & Adam, February 15
Wheat contract.
To Doctor William Savage, April 25
Bond.
To Robert Cary & Company, May 17
Delay of goods.
Invoice for Mrs. Dandridge, May 17
To Doctor William Savage, May 27
Bond.
To Captain John Posey, June 24
Surprise at request for a new loan -- Consideration of assets -- Can not be security for further sums -- Advice to sell and move to the western country -- Depression general.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 20
Freight -- Interest charges -- Crop.
Invoice for Master and Miss Custis, July 20
To John Didsbury, July 20
Shoes.
To Charles Lawrence, July 20
Clothing.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, July 25
Tobacco shipment -- Accounts -- Stamp Act repeal.
To William Crawford, September 21
As to lands in Pennsylvania -- Must be rich -- Proceedings to be taken -- Lands in the King's part -- Wishes to take some up in spite of proclamation -- A good deal to be secured -- Plan to be kept a secret.
To Colonel John Armstrong, September 21
Lands in disputed territory -- What proceedings necessary to obtain lands under Pennsylvania laws -- Crawford instructed.
To Captain John Posey, September 24
His demands and security examined -- Reasons for past advances -- Mason's loan -- His prospects -- Will go on his bond to Colonel Mason.
To William Neale, October 19
Mrs. Washington's debt.
To Richard Starke, December 14
Terms of rent.
To Captain John West, Junior, December
Colonel Colvill's estate.
1768
To Scott, Pringle, Cheape & Co., February 23
Madeira and citron.
To James Gildart, February 25
Nonreceipt of goods -- Salt sacks.
To Robert Cary & Company, March 10
Mr. Magowan -- J.P. Custis's account.
Notice to Colvill Legatees in England, March 10
To Robert Cary & Company, May 5
Tobacco.
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, May 5
Tobacco.
To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, May 30
Wishes him to take Custis as a pupil -- Acquirements and provision to be made -- What will be necessary?
To Robert Cary & Company, June 6
Directions for a chariot.
To Robert Cary & Company, June 20
J.P. Custis's accounts -- Tobacco prices.
To Charles Lawrence, June 20
Clothes for himself and J.P. Custis.
To John Didsbury, June 20
Shoes for the family.
To James Gildart, June 25
Salt bags -- Tobacco.
To Mrs. William Savage, June 28
Release of bond.
To Doctor William Savage, June 28
Payment of bond.
To Mrs. William Savage, July 4
Release of bond.
To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, September 4
John Parke Custis's illness.
1769
To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, January 26
Jacky Custis.
To William Ramsay, January 29
As to sending his son to college -- Will contribute to his expenses.
To George Mason, April 5
Measures necessary to counteract British aggression -- Starving their trade -- Advantages and obstacles -- Colonial debts and distress -- Extravagance -- What steps should be taken?
To Charles West, June 6
Purchase of West's land.
To Captain John Posey, June 11
His debts -- Offer for land.
To Burwell Bassett, June 18
To go to the springs -- The association.
To Robert Cary & Company, July 25
Goods and nonimportation agreement -- McLean's bill Tobacco.
Invoice, July 25
To Capel and Osgood Hanbury, July 25
Tobacco shipment.
Books for John Parke Custis, July 25
To Captain John Posey, July 2
Payment of his debts.
To Captain John Armstrong, August 18
At the springs -- Land speculations -- Indian disturbances misrepresented.
To Captain Lawrence Sanford, September 26
West India commodities.
To William Ellzey, October 3
Doctor Savage's bond.
To Robert Hanson Harrison, October 7
Settlement of Posey's affairs.
To Hector Ross, October 9
To Reverend Jonathan Boucher, October 14
Health -- Books.
To Lord Botetourt, December 8
Claim of Virginia troops to land.
Nollekens's bust of Washington, ca. 1805 Frontispiece
Plan of march for General Forbes, 1758 Page 297
List of quitrents, 1765 Facing page 436
The following symbols have been used to denote the place of deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress: Indicating that the letter is in Washington's own handwriting Chicago Historical Society Clements Library, University of Michigan Connecticut Historical Society Harvard College Library Haveford College Historical Society of Pennsylvania Huntington Library John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island Maine Historical Society Maryland Historical Society Massachusetts Historical Society J.P. Morgan Library New Hampshire Historical Society New York Historical Society New York Public Library New York State Library Rhode Island Historical Society Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati Society of the Cincinnati University of Pennsylvania Library Virginia Historical Society Virginia State Library
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Honble. Sir: Your letter of the 27th ultimo came to hand the 9th instant. I wrote to your Honor by Capt. Spotswood (who was charged with the care of Catawba Indians as far as Williamsburgh,) that I had sent Colo. Stephen with a detachment to bring the mutineers on the Branch to this place in irons. They were secured before he got there and he has brought all but six, who deserted from Capt. Joshua Lewis's company, before he reached it. We have held a General Court Martial on the Ring-leaders; flogged several severely; and have some under sentence of death. The proceedings of the Court I thought it needless to send, or ask warrants for execution, as we have no Law to inflict punishments even of the smallest kind.
I shall keep those criminals in irons, and if possible, under apprehensions of death, until some favourable opportunity may countenance a reprieve. We have as many men at work here, preparing Timber to strengthen the works, as tools will supply: but I wish I had been ordered to build a new fort altogether, rather than attempt to repair the old one.
Your Honor thinks Mr. Walker's discontinuing was for want of countenance, I must beg leave to answer, and I dare believe Mr. Walker will do me the justice to declare, that I have uniformly treated him with all the respect and complaisance in
If your Honor thinks it proper to send Capt. McNeill (whom I also esteem a very sensible judicious Officer) home with the Catawba Indians, you will please to send for him: He must be at Winchester by this time, Capt. Spotswood having had charge of them to Williamsburgh only. When I left Winchester, I gave directions about carrying on the works at Fort Loudoun with all possible dispatch. But a letter from Capt. Mercer which accompanied your Honor's, informs me, that
I have directed the provision on the Branch to be smoked, if there are conveniences for doing it.
No more forts were evacuated than were requisite to reinforce this Garrison with 100 men, and to continue 100 at Fort Loudoun, according to order. The others are continued at their former posts, as may be seen by the return of our strength, which I have caused to be noted. 1 A Return of the Indians was sent in my last. I am &c.
[Note:A return of the strength and disposition of the Virginia Regiment, in Washington's writing, dated Jan. 1, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. ]
Sir: Yours from Staunton of the 1st. instant I have received. I am sorry you did not make a final settlement of your accompts, as it was for that purpose I appointed the meeting.
As I do not meddle with any accompts. or vouchers relative to provision, you must still settle that matter with the Commissary in the best manner you can, as it was prevented before, and draw upon him for money. At present I am entirely without, and shall be, until Mr. Kirkpatrick comes from Winchester. I have examined your accompt of contingencies, and some articles without vouchers (which you ought to have known would be required by the Committee for every farthing that is paid) will not pass: Others which relate more
I hope, and dare believe, his humanity and good disposition will induce him to assist the needy, as he has knowledge in physic.
If Mr. Wright's charge against Win. Bishop (who I suppose to be the person you speak of) be just, it ought to be paid.
With regard to David Evans, you cannot complain; when you consider that I ordered you three men from another Company, for which you have made no allowance.
The Governor has forbid me listing any more Servants 'till further Orders. You will observe this accordingly. I am &c.
[Note:Aide-de-camp to Lord Loudoun. He acknowledged the receipt of this letter on February 27. (See Hamilton's Letters to Washington. ) ]
Sir: When the inclos'd for His Excellency the Earl of Londoun 3 was wrote; I (as well as most others) was in hourly Expectation of His Lordships arrival in Virginia. Since then it is reported, and with an air of great probability, That, Important affairs to the Northward will deprive this Colony of that much desird Honour and Happiness this Season which you may imagine Sir, is cause also for great regret and disappointment to the well-wishers of it. 4
[Note:See Washington's letter to the Earl of Loudoun [January], 1757, post. ]
[Note:The Earl of Loudoun did not go to Virginia, as at first planned; instead he summoned the Governors of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania to meet him in Philadelphia March 15. Washington's letter, requesting permission of Dinwiddie to attend the conference, eludes the editor, but Dinwiddie's petulant reply (Feb. 2, 1757) is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 44. In it the governor says: "I cannot conceive what service you can be of in going there, as the plan concerted will in course be communicated to you and the other officers. However, as you seem so earnest to go, I now give you leave." The conference lasted from March 15 to March 23. The proceedings are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington (vol. 2, p. 51) from a contemporary copy in the Washington Papers. ]
I wish the inclosd account had more Order, regularity, and Eligance to recommend it. It contains incontestable Facts, plain and perspicuous to all who are in the least degree acquainted with our Affairs; and were thrown together rather as hints that might set His Lordship upon a stricter enquiry than as a full and distinct Account of Our Circumstances. It is in this light I offer it Sir, first to your perusal; after which, if you find any thing contained worth His Lordship's Notice. be pleased to present it.
That an offensive Scheme of Action is necessary if it can be Executed, is quite obvious. Our all in a manner depends upon it. The French grow more and more Formidable by their alliances, while Our Friendly Indians are deserting Our Interest. Our Treasury is exhausting, and Our Country Depopulating, some of the Inhabitants fly intirely of, while others assemble in small Forts destitute (almost) of the necessary's of Life; to see what Measures will be concerted to relieve their Distresses.
This Sir, I assure you, is at present the Situation of affairs in Virginia.
I am firmly persuaded that 3000 Men under good regulation (and surely the 3 Middle Colonies coud easily raize, and support that Number) might Fortifie all the Passes between this and Ohio: Take possession of that River: cut of the Communication between Fort Duquesn and the Lakes, and with a middling Train of artillery (with proper Officers and Engineers) make themselves Masters of that Fortress, which is now become the Terror of these Colonies.
I have presum'd to mention this Sir, from the knowledge I have of the Country, and Enemy; and hope I may without vanity say, that there are few Persons who have had better oppertunity's to become acquainted with both, than I have.
I shoud esteem it a particular happiness to be of your acquaintance, and to have an oppertunity of testifying how much I am Sir
[H.L.]
My Lord: The posture of affairs in this quarter is really melancholy, and the prospect was rendered more gloomy while there appeared no hopes of amendment; but, from the presence of your Lordship at this time in the Dominion, we conceive hopes of seeing these threatening clouds dispelled.
The sums of money, my Lord, which have been granted by this colony to carry on war, have been very considerable; and to reflect to what little purpose is matter of great concern, and will seem surprising to those, who are not acquainted with the causes, and the confusion with which all our affairs have hitherto been conducted, owing to our having no fixed object, or pursuing any regular system, or plan of operation.
As I have studied with attention and care the nature of the service in which we are engaged, have been engaged therein from the beginning of the present broils, and have been an eyewitness to all the movements and various proceedings, I beg leave to offer a concise and candid account of our circumstances to your Lordship; from which many errors may be discovered, that merit redress in a very high degree.
It was not until it was too late, we discovered that the French were on the Ohio; or rather, that we could be persuaded they came there with a design to invade his Majesty's dominions.
[Note:The Six Nations. ]
The troops under Colonel Dunbar going into quarters in July, and the inactivity of the neighbouring colonies, and the incapacity of this, conspired to give the French great room to exult, and the Indians little reason to expect a vigorous offensive war on our side, and induced the other, which promised the greatest show of protection. This is an undeniable fact, and that all of the Indians did not forsake the English interest, 'till three months after the battle of Monongahela, but actually waited to see what measures would be concerted to regain our losses, and afford them the protection we had but too liberally promised them.
Virginia, it is true, was not inactive all this time: On the contrary, voted a handsome supply for raising men to carry on the war, or, more properly, to defend her self; matters being reduced to this extremity for want of assistance. But even in this she signally failed, arising, I apprehend, from the following causes:
The men first levied to repel the enemy marched for Ohio the beginning of April, 1754, without tents, without clothes, in
These things were productive of great murmurings and discontent, and rendered the service so distasteful to the men, that, not being paid immediately upon coming in, they thought themselves bubbled, and that no reward for their services was ever intended. This caused great desertion; and the deserters, spreading over the country, recounting their sufferings and want of pay, (which rags and poverty sufficiently testified,) fixed in the mind of the populace such horrid impressions of the hardships they had encountered, that no arguments could remove these prejudices, or facilitate the recruiting service.
This put the Assembly upon enacting a law to impress vagrants, which added to our difficulties, for, compelling these abandoned miscreants into the service, they embraced every opportunity to effect their escape, gave a loose to their vicious principles, and invented the most unheard-of stories to palliate desertion and gain compassion; in which they not only succeeded, but obtained protection also. So that it was next to impossible, after this, to apprehend deserters, while the civil officers rather connived at their escape, than aided in securing them.
Thus were affairs situated, when we were ordered, in September, 1755, to recruit our force to twelve hundred men. 'Tis easy therefore to conceive, under these circumstances, why we did not fulfil the order, especially when the officers were not sufficiently allowed for this arduous task. We continued,
The Assembly, meeting about that time, came to a resolution of augmenting our numbers to fifteen hundred men, by drafting the militia, (who were to continue in the service until December only, ) and by a clause in the act exempting all those, who should pay ten pounds, our numbers were very little increased, one part of the people paying that sum, and many of the poorer sort absconding. This was not the only pernicious clause in the act for the funds arising from these forfeitures were thrown into the treasury; whereas, had they been deposited in proper hands for recruiting, the money might have turned to good account. But a greater grievance than either of these was restraining the forces from marching out of the colony, or acting offensively, and ordering them to build forts, and garrison them, along our frontiers (of more than three hundred miles in extent.) How equal they or any like number are to the task, and how repugnant a defensive plan is to the true interest and welfare of the colony, I submit to any judge to determine who will consider the following particulars.
First, that erecting forts at greater distances than fifteen or eighteen miles, or a day's march asunder, and garrisoning them with less than eighty or a hundred men, is not answering the intention; because, if they are at a greater distance from each other, it is inconvenient for the soldiers to scout between, and it gives the enemy full scope to make their incursions without being discovered, until they have fallen on the inhabitants and committed a ravage. And, after they are discovered, the time required in assembling troops from forts more distant, prevents a pursuit being made in time, and allows the enemy to escape without danger into a country so mountainous. and full
Secondly, our frontiers are of such extent, that if the enemy were to make a formidable attack on one side, before the troops on the other could get to their assistance, they might overrun the country; and it is not improbable, if they had a design upon one part, they would make a feint upon the other.
Thirdly, what it must cost the country to build these forts, and to remove stores and provisions into them; and
Fourthly, and lastly where and when this expense will end? For we may be assured, if we do not endeavour to remove the cause, we shall be as liable to the same incursions seven years hence as now; indeed more so. Because, if the French are allowed to possess those lands in peace, they will have the entire command of the Indians, and grow stronger in their alliance; while we, by our defensive schemes and pusillanimous behaviour, will exhaust our treasury, reduce our strength, and become the contempt of these savage nations, who are every day enriching themselves with the plunder and spoils of our people.
It will evidently appear from the whole tenor of my conduct, but more especially from reiterated representations, how
The next things, I shall beg leave to mention, is our military laws and regulations.
The first men raised, if I rightly remember, were under no law; if any, the military 6 law, which was next of kin to it. But under this we remained a short time, and, instilling notions into the soldiers, who knew no better, that they were governed by the articles of war, we felt little inconveniences; and the next campaign we were joined by the regulars, and made subject to their laws. After the regulars left us, the Assembly, as I before mentioned, passed an act in September following to raise twelve hundred men, and, in order (I suppose) to improve upon the act of Parliament, prepared a military code of their own, but such a one as no military discipline could be preserved by while it existed. This being represented by the most pressing and repeated remonstrances, induced the Assembly to pass a bill in October following, for one year only, making mutiny and desertion death, but took no cognizance of many other crimes, equally punishable by act of Parliament. So that no officer, or soldier, accused of cowardice, holding correspondence with the enemy, quitting a post, or sleeping upon it, and many other crimes of a capital dye, or pernicious tendency, could be legally tried. Neither was there any provision made for quartering or billeting of soldiers, impressing wagons, &c., &c.
[Note:Sparks suggests that this word should be "militia." The text is from the copyist's record of 1784 -- 85, and the instances of his carelessness in transcribing are numerous. ]
But that which contributed the most towards rendering this law inconvenient and absurd, and at the same time to
Another grievance, which this act subjects us to, is the method prescribed to pay for deserters. Many of our deserters are apprehended in Maryland and Pennsylvania, and, for the sake of reward, are brought to the regiment; instead thereof they receive certificate only, that they are entitled to two hundred weight of tobacco. This certificate is to be given into a Court of Claims, they refer it to the Assembly; and there it may lie
No regular provision is established for the maimed and wounded, which is a discouraging reflection, and grievously complained of. The soldiers justly observe, that the result of bravery is often a broken leg, arm, or incurable wound; and when they are disabled, and no longer fit for service, they are discharged, and reduced to the necessity of begging from door to door, or perish thro' indigence. It is true, no instance of this kind hath yet appeared; on the contrary, the Assembly have dealt generously by those unfortunate soldiers, who have met with this fate. But then, this provision is not established, nor in any wise compulsory, and a man may suffer in the interval of their sitting.
After giving this short and genuine account of our military laws, and then observing that these laws are expired, I conceive there need but few arguments to prove the difficulty of keeping soldiers under proper discipline, who know they are not (legally) punishable for the most atrocious crimes. When this happens to be the case, as it is ours at present, how is it to be wondered at, if mutiny, desertion, and all other irregularities should creep into the camp, or garrison? more especially if we consider that hard duty, want of clothes and almost every necessary that renders a soldier's life comfortable and easy, are strong incentives, and, to go further, when these in themselves intolerable grievances are set to view in the most glaring point of light by a person, who, lost to all sense of honor and virtue, (and building, I am sorry to say, upon a proclamation inviting the deserters from the Virginia Regiment to enlist into the Royal American Regiment,) hath made use of every artifice to represent the fatigues and hardships of this service, and
Want of clothing may be esteemed another principal grievance, which our soldiers have labored under. In the first twelve months of their service they received no clothing; but in March, 1754, they were presented each with a suit made of thin, sleazy cloth without lining, and flannel waistcoats of an inferior sort. After that no others were sent for (and two pence stoppages drawn from every man's pay, recruits not excepted,) until repeated complaints and remonstrances from me, enforced in June last by a representation of many gentlemen of the Assembly, (who had formed an association, and saw the disagreeable situation of the soldiers,) induced the Committee, to whom those addresses were presented, to send for clothing, &c. These were to have been here by the middle of October, but no advice is received of them yet, which gives the soldiers some pretence to suspect they are deceived. And it is owing to this irregular pay, and the causes aforementioned, that their late disobedience ought to be ascribed. For I can truly say, and confidently assert, that no soldiers ever were under better command than these were before.
Perhaps it may be asked, by gentlemen not thoroughly acquainted with the nature of our service, why the officers do not see that their men's pay is more properly applied? In answer I must beg leave to observe, that, after the soldiers have appropriated a part for purchasing reasonable and fit necessaries, the remainder is barely sufficient to keep them in shoes, owing, in the first place, to the very great consumption the service occasions, and, in the next, to the exorbitant price, which this article bears. I have known a soldier go upon command with a new pair of shoes, which shoes perhaps have stood from seven shillings and sixpence to ten shillings, and return back without
As great a grievance as any I have mentioned is yet unnoticed, i.e. , the militia under their present regulation. A representation of this matter comes better and more properly from others; yet my zeal for the service and my interest in the welfare of my country, have influenced me to touch slightly on some things relative to their conduct, as I cannot enter deeply into the causes that produce them.*** 7
[Note:The three paragraphs omitted were copied verbatim from Washington's letter to Speaker Robinson, Nov. 9, 1756, ante. ]
When they come into service it is with the utmost difficulty they are prevailed upon to take measures for self-defence, much less for the protection of the inhabitants; But indolent and careless, and always unguarded, are liable to be surprized. By this means Vass's fort was taken (and the garrison destroyed, and Dickinson's was on the point of sharing the same fate!
To set forth all the reasons that can contribute to render the militia of little use, and to point out all the causes which combine to make our service infinitely hard and disagreeable, would swell these observations into a volume, and require time, and a more able pen than mine. But there are yet some things that require to be spoken to the ill-judged economy that is shown in raising of men. We are either insensible of danger, till it breaks upon our heads, or else, thro' mistaken notions of economy, evade the expence, till the blow is struck, and then run into an extreme of raising militia. These, after an age, as it were, is spent in assembling them, come up, make a noise for a time, oppress the inhabitants, and then return, leaving the frontiers unguarded as before. Notwithstanding former experience convinces us, if reason did not, that the French and Indians are watching their opportunity, when we are lulled
The want of tools occasions insurmountable difficulties in carrying on our works, either offensive or defensive. Cartridgepaper is an article not to be met within Virginia. And now, before I sum up the whole, I must beg leave to add, my unwearied endeavours are inadequately rewarded. The orders I receive are full of ambiguity. I am left, like a wanderer in a wilderness, to proceed at hazard. I am answerable for consequences, and blamed, without the privilege of defence. This, my Lord, I beg leave to declare to your Lordship, is at present my situation. Therefore, it is not to be wondered at, if, under such peculiar circumstances, I should be sicken'd in a service, which promises so little of a soldier's reward. I have long been satisfied of the impossibility of continuing in this service, without loss of honor. Indeed, I was fully convinced of it before I accepted the command the second time, (seeing the cloudy prospect that stood before me;) and did for this reason reject the offer, (until I was ashamed any longer to refuse,) not caring to expose my character to public censure. But the solicitations of the country overcame my objections, and induced me to accept it.
Another reason of late has continued me in it until now, and that is, the dawn of hope that arose, when I heard your Lordship was destined by his Majesty for the important command of his armies in America, and appointed to the government of his dominion of Virginia. Hence it was, that I drew my hopes,
We have, my Lord, ever since our defeat at the Meadows, and, behaviour under his Excellency General Braddock, been tantalized, nay, bid to expect most sanguinely a better establishment, and have waited in tedious expectation of seeing this accomplished. The Assembly, it is true, have, I believe, done every thing in their power to bring this about; first, by soliciting his Honor, the Lieutenant-Governor, to address his Majesty; and next, by addressing his Majesty themselves in favor of their regiment. What success these addresses have met with, I am yet a stranger to.
With regard to myself, I cannot forbear adding, that, had his Excellency General Braddock survived his unfortunate defeat, I should have met with preferment agreeable to my wishes. I had his promise to that purpose, and I believe that gentleman was too sincere and generous to make unmeaning offers, where no favors were asked. General Shirley was not unkind in his promises, but he has gone to England. I do not know, my Lord, in what light this short and disinterested relation may be received by your Lordship; but with the utmost candor and submission it is offered. It contains no misrepresentations, nor aggravated relation of facts, nor unjust reflections.
Virginia is a country young in war, and, till the breaking out of these disturbances, has remained in the most profound
It is for this reason I have presumed to lay this information before your Lordship, that, if there be any thing in it which appears worthy of redress, and your Lordship will condescend to point out the way it may be obtained.
And now, my Lord, how to apologize to your Lordship, for assuming a freedom, which must (at any rate) give you trouble, I know not, unless an affectionate zeal to serve my country, steady attachment to her interests, the honor of arms, and crying grievances she is struggling under, will plead an excuse, till I am so happy as to have an opportunity of testifying how much I admire your Lordship's character, and with what profound respect I have the honor to be, &c.
Wisdom and paternal care for His Colonies, in sending your Lordship to their protection at this critical Juncture. WE likewise beg leave to declare our singular satisfaction and sanguine hopes, on your Lordships immediate appointment over our Colony; as it in a more especial manner Entitles Us to your Lordships patronage.
[Note:Washington probably composed this. The "Letter Book" copy, however (made in 1784 -- 85), which is the only one available, is unsatisfactory because of some evident carelessness with which the record was made. ]
Hon'ble Sir: A letter which I received from Capt. Mercer, upon my return to Alexandria, informs me, that 95 Cutawba's, beside 25 that are gone to Williamsburgh, are now in Winchester, waiting orders how to conduct themselves. That, according to custom they are in want of matchcoats, Shirts, leggings, and all other necessaries. I shou'd be glad to receive your Honors particular directions with respect to providing them with those things, and in what manner they are to be employed: as I understand they intend to accompany (in a body) any Troops of ours that may march towards DuQuisne: Or, if no Expedition of that kind is intended, then to go out in small Scalping parties against the Enemy.
As your Honor gave me no particular directions concerning withdrawing the Troops from Fort Cumberland, or how they are to be employed and posted, when relieved by the Marylanders; I shou'd be glad of orders now also, whether I am to bring off all the Virginia Stores (Provisions excepted) at the same time that the Indian Goods are removed.
If your Honor does not choose to give particular directions concerning the disposition of the Troops, but leave it to me; I shall endeavour to post them in the most advantageous manner I can, until I have the pleasure of seeing you; when this and many other affairs may be fully settled. And I hope you will not think it advisable to order any part of our small Regiment to march for Carolina, 'till the Assembly meet and come to some determination about raising more, as the consequences might be bad.
Notwithstanding I know it was determined that only -- Forts shou'd be retained and that these were fixed on; I shall not evacuate the others without orders as I know it wou'd be attended with very ill effects. Nor do I think it advisable that they should be dismantled just at this time. However, in this as in all other points, I only wait your Honors determinations, to carry them into execution.
I set out immediately for Fort Loudoun, and from thence to Fort Cumberland, if time will admit of it. I have ordered this Express to proceed as soon as he receives your Honors Despatches, to the former. Governor Sharpe did not incline to give Captain Dagworthy orders to march to Fort Cumberland, until you shall have given particular Orders about withdrawing our Garrison. Therefore the sooner I receive them the better. I shall be down by the 28th. if possible, and remain. You Honors, &c.
Dear Sir : After so long Silence it maybe expected, I shou'd introduce this Letter with an Apology for my seeming neglect, it is necessary to urge something in my defence I own Sir, that I may satisfy you it proceeds from a very different cause than the want of Inclination, and what can be so proper as the truth.
I have been posted then for twenty Months past upon our cold and Barren Frontiers, to perform I think I may say impossibilitys that is, to protect from the cruel Incursions of a Crafty Savage Enemy a line of Inhabitants of more than 350 Miles in extent with a force inadequate to the taske, by this means I am become in a manner an exile and Seldom inform'd of those oppertunitys, which I might otherwise embrace, of corrisponding with my friends.
Experience Sir, has convinc'd every thinking Man in this Colony, that we must bid adieu to peace and Safety whilst the French are allow'd to possess the Ohio, and to practise their hellish Arts among the numerous Tribes of Indian Nations that Inhabit those Regions. They are also convinc'd that it must be attended with an expence infinitely greater to defend our Possessions (as they ought to be defended) against the sculking Enemy than to remove the cause of our groundless Fears, in the reduction of the Place, Fort Duquesne I mean, yet, from what strange Causes I know not, no attempts this Season will be made I fear, to destroy this Hold of Barbarians, for they deserve no better a name who have become a Terror to three populous Colonies. Virginia may justly say that she was always willing to furnish her full proportion of Men and money for this desirable end; and I think I can venture to affirm that there never was, and verily I believe never will be, a more favourable time than the present for an Enterprise of this kind while the Enemy's Troops are doubtless drawn of to the Northward to defend themselves at home against the more formidable attacks of Lord Loudoun.
I have now to add. That I am so little acquainted with the Business relative to my private Affairs that I can scarce give you any information concerning it. I know that I ought to have some Tobacco and that it ought to be shipp'd; that I have
A Marble Chimney piece of the Dimensions of the Inclos'd (given by
the Workmen) the Cost not to exceed 15 Guineas. N.B. let it be
carefully pack'd.
A Neat Landskip 3 feet by 21½ Inches -- 1 Inch Margin for a Chim'y
250 panes window Glass 11 by 9
Paper for 5 rooms of the following Dimensions (viz) 18 by 12 16 by 12.
16 by 14; 18 by 15; and 15 by 16, all 8 feet pitch, the Paper differing in
their Colours; also paper of a very good kind and colour for a Dining
Room 18 by 16 above Chair boards the pitch of the Room is 11 Feet.
Papier Machee for the Ceiling of two Rooms, one of them 18 Feet
Square, the other 18 by 16 with Cr. Chimneys
Two neat Mahagony Tables 4½ feet square when spread and to join
occasionally
1 Doz'n neat and strong Mahagany Chairs at 21/.
Doz'n fashionable Locks for Partition doors and appurtenances.
1 doz'n fash'e Hinges for the said Doors and 2 pr. larger.
Honble. Sir: Your letter by express, of the 5th 9 instant, I fear has fallen into the hands of the common Enemy, for I never have seen it. The other of the 7th I this day received; and being exceedingly embarrassed to come to your Honor's intentions, and really at a loss to know in what manner to act, in such perplexed and difficult circumstances, I called a council of officers to my aid. The result of their advice you will find in the enclosed.
[Note:The "Letter Book" copy has the 8th instant. ]
It will not be in my power to be in Williamsburg by the 22d, as your Honor desires; but as soon after as I can, I certainly will. I shall leave orders with Colonel Stephen to march this garrison to Fort Loudoun, as soon as it is relieved, which cannot be before this express may return, and then your Honor's further orders may be received. We have no advice of Dagworthy's marching, tho orders were sent to him.
I shall order all the country's stores to be carried to Fort Loudoun, and the two companies on Patterson's Creek to be posted on the Branch, to complete the number that was designed for that place. I have ordered a particular return of the provisions to be made out, and Colonel Stephen to take Captain Dagworthy's receipt for the quantity left.
We have been at a good deal of unavoidable expense and trouble to furnish the Indians with such things as they wanted. Some enemy Indians killed two Catawbas on Thursday last, at about one hundred and fifty yards from the fort, and seventy from a sentry, and made their escape, tho pursued by other Catawbas and near two hundred men. And the day before yesterday, two soldiers were killed and a third taken prisoner,
The enclosed remonstrance: 10 I received just now and think it expedient to send it to your Honor, that you may know the temper and disposition of the troops. As I expect to be with your Honor in two or three days after the express, I think it needless to add any thing but an apology for the incoherence of this. The Indians are all around teazing and perplexing me for one thing or another, so that I scarce know what I write. I have the honor, &c.
[Note:See following document. ]
[Note:This remonstrance seems to have been inclosed in Washington's letter to Dinwiddie of April 16. It is, doubtless, a collaboration in which Lieut. Col. Adam Stephen and other officers joined; but the flavor of Washington's manner of expression may be found therein. ]
Hon'ble Sir: We may I think with great propriety and justice represent That The Virginia Regiment was the first in arms of any Troops on the Continent, in the present War. That the three years they have served has been one continued scene of action That, Whilst other Troops have had agreeable recess in Winter Quarters, the nature of the Service in which we are engaged, and the paucity of our numbers (so unequal to the task) have kept us constantly in motion. That, nevertheless all these Services have hither to been performed with great spirit and chearfulness: But, that continuing in a Service precarious and uncertain; hazarding life, fortune and health to the chances of War, for a present and bare subsistance, are serious and melancholy considerations, evidently tending to promote langer and indifference: They sicken for that laudable and generous Emulation, so necessary among Troops: It is nipping the hopes we were led to cherish: It is discouraging to merit, and (I can not help repeating) it is in the greatest degree dispiriting to
These are reflections which strike deep in every breast, and have made our Officers anxiously solicitous to know their fate at once and the extent of their dependence; that they may regulate themselves accordingly. We can not conceive that because we are Americans, we shou'd therefor be deprived of the Benefits common to British Subjects, nor that it shou'd lessen our claim to preferment. And we are certain, that no Body of Regular Troops ever before served three bloody Campaigns, without royal notice!
The idle argument which is often used, namely, you are defending your Country and property; is justly look'd upon as inapplicable and absurd. We are defending part of the Domain of Great Britain: And altho' the inhabitants of our Mother Country are a little farther removed from danger than the most of us are, yet they are equally concerned and interested in the fate of the War. Therefore, if we shed our blood and waste our Substance in defence of the Country, we do service to them, and have an adequate right to preferment. Some, boast of their long Services, meaning I suppose the length of time they have borne a commission: shou'd this alone recommend a man? I apprehend it is the Service he has done, not the length of time he has borne a Commission, that can merit reward; and that there may be as just a claim to promotion from 3 years hard and bloody Service, as from ten, where neither real danger or Field of Battle was ever seen.
If it shou'd be said the Troops of Virginia are Irregulars and ought not to expect more notice than other provincials: we beg leave to deny the assertion, and observe, that we want nothing but Commissions from His Majesty to make us as regular a Corps as any upon the Continent. Because we were regularly enlisted, attested and bound, during the Kings or Colonys pleasure. We have been regularly Regimented and trained; and have done as regular Duty for upwards of 3 years, as any regiment
But, were there not these differences to give us the preference, the following, in my opinion are fully sufficient to obviate all scruples, vizt. We have been in constant pay, and on constant hard duty, since the beginning of these Broils, while none others have. We are, Sir, etc.
Present
Colo. George Washington, President
Lt. Colo. Adam Stephen
Capt. Tho. Waggener
Capt. Joshua Lewis
Capt. David Bell
Capt. Will'm Bronaugh
Capt. Chas. Lewis
Capt. Henry Harrison
Capt. Lt. John McNeill
The Colonel laid before the Council a Letter which he had just received from His Honor, Governor Dinwiddie, (dated at Williamsburgh the 7th. instant;) referring him to another letter, by Express, of the 5th. which had not yet come to hand; for Orders and Directions concerning the marching two hundred men to Fredericksburgh by the 20th. instant, for the purpose of embarking them for Carolina. Also for the disposition of other Troops for the benefit of the frontier inhabitants: As also, concerning the sending out parties of Soldiers with the Indians. And desired their advice on the most expedient and proper measures to
[Note:Dinwiddie's letter of April 5 finally arrived, but it could not have altered the situation, as it is assumed that the Maryland troops had arrived at Fort Cumberland. His letter of the 7th contains these statements: "Mr. Sharpe told me he had wrote by you to Captn. Dagworthy to march his men to take possession of Fort Cumberland when you withdrew your forces from thence and I was in hopes it wou'd have been immediately done…I wonder Govr. Sharpe shou'd hesitate in sending Capt. Dagworthy with his men to Fort Cumberland, when he knew you had positive orders to withdraw our troops on his arrival at that place, and delays may now prove of bad consequence." These two letters are in the Washington Papers and are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, pp. 61 -- 62. ]
The Council after duly considering the Governors letter, and weighing the consequences of evacuating Fort Cumberland, before the expected relief shou'd arrive: and thereby exposing the frontier inhabitants to inconceivable danger, were unanimously of opinion.
First, that Fort Cumberland shou'd not be evacuated by the Virginia troops 'till they were relieved by those from Maryland, and the Stores cou'd be removed; unless more explicit orders shou'd arrive from the Governor, requiring it.
Secondly, That the Detachment ordered to march with the Cuttawba Indians, to gain intelligence and annoy the enemy; ought not to be countermanded, because it might create Jealouses and uneasiness among the Indians, who earnestly desired to be accompanied by Soldiers.
Thirdly, That, as the French and Indians have already this Season committed acts of hostility upon the Inhabitants; of the Branch, which had, together with the small force that was posted among them, discouraged the Settlers from planting, and determined a pretty large part of them to move off entirely. It is thought absolutely necessary to post troops upon the said Branch, in order to preserve that valuable Settlement, to induce the people to plant a sufficiency of Corn; and to prevent by that means, the vale of Winchester from becoming the Frontier.
Fourthly, That in order to this it is advisable to evacuate the Forts on Pattersons Creek (which serve no other purpose than to Secure the Communication between the forts Loudoun and Cumberland).
Fifthly, We humbly conceive, that the measures here proposed by this Council, are, under our present circumstances, absolutely requisite for the good of the Service, and are in no wise contradictory to any thing contained in the Governors Letter of the 7th. whose Intentions, for want of the letter of the 5th. instant, are not to be understood.
Sir: You are to remain with the Garrison at this place, 'till the Maryland troops shall relieve you: As soon as possible you are to march the Virginia Troops to Fort Loudoun; taking care to carry all the Virginia Stores to that place, except a few tools which shou'd be sent to the Branch.
But, if it shou'd so happen that there do not come waggons enough to carry off the whole at once; you must have the remainder well secured here, and left under a Guard of our own Soldiers, which is to escort them down when more waggons arrive.
You are also to order the two Garrisons on Pattersons Creek (as soon as they can get waggons to transport their Stores to Pearsalls) to march to the South-Branch: One of which to be posted at Harness's Fort; the other at the Upper Tract (unless any of the Militia are there) then and in that case, they are to be posted at Fort Defence: and to use their utmost endeavours in protecting the Inhabitants, and encouraging them to plant. You must have the most exact account taken of the provisions that are in this Garrison; they are to be left for the use of the Marylanders, and a receipt taken from the commanding Officer for the quantity delivered.
The Indian Goods are to be removed to Fort Loudoun. Order the Quarter Master to have them and the Tools, together with the Soldiers clothing; and all the small things that are liable to be lost or stolen, carefully packed up.
In the execution of all these things I recommend it to you, to be as expeditious as possible, and to have due regard to the Interest and honor of Virginia.
Honble. Sir: I make use of this as a less troublesome, the most effectual, and (I think), most expeditious method of recommending certain matters relative to the Regiment, &c., to your Honor's notice. And to begin:
The act of Assembly which subjected the Virginia troops to Martial law, is now expired; and when in force, was altogether ineffectual for the purpose. It is I think quite obvious, that we can prepare no Law more fit than that provided by Act of Parliament, as a military code for the government of our Troops.
We now have, and are likely to get a goodly number of Indians. I would therefore humbly recommend, that a judicious person acquainted with their customs, be appointed to the care of them: To conduct them agreeably to your Honor's direction, or to the orders which he may receive from the Commanding Officer. To make it his business to see that they are well supplied with provisions and commit no waste of them. To provide them with such necessaries as they may stand in need of, and are allowed by the country. To keep regular Accompts of all expenses occurring, &c.
It cannot be supposed that this duty (which will fully employ, to execute as it shou'd be, the time of any one person,) ought to fall upon the Commanding Officer; whose other engagements will render it absolutely impossible for him to pay so much attention to it, as the service requires. And if they are neglected the consequences will be bad. The paying a person for this extraordinary duty, will, in the end, be an advantage to the Country. A good many goods should be provided for this purpose, and that immediately.
There are many Masters of Servants yet unpaid, who are very anxious to receive their valuation. I shou'd be glad if there cou'd be a way pointed out to do it, as the owners look to me for the money.
The choice of good men to complete the Regiment is really a matter of great importance.
We received (because necessity obliged us) many Drafts last year, who were unfit for any sort of Duty and who were rather an expense than service to the Country. The Officers hearing that their numbers are to be reduced, are very desirous of knowing who are to go out.
Some other method to pay for Deserters besides that prescribed by act of Assembly, is absolutely necessary. It is also necessary that some expedient should be used to bring the commonalty acquainted with the consequences of harbouring and buying clothes and arms from Deserters, &c.
Not to confine the troops to our own frontiers and defensive measures only. By this means we put it into the power of the enemy, to use advantages as they offer. Last year we could not, without transgressing the Law, move out of the Colony.
[Not] Paying Soldiers in small bills is an intolerable grievance. It wou'd add to the credit of the Service and be a strong inducement for numbers to enlist, were the Assembly to make some regular provision for the maimed and wounded Soldiers, who shall be disabled in the Country service. It is an uncertain tedious and expensive way for each individual, after he is rendered unfit to serve, to come down and petition the Assembly for subsistence.
The Commissary's Office has for a long time, been under very bad direction thro' Mr. Walker's uncertainty of continuing. It wants much to be regulated.
The Garrison which, by the Council at Philadelphia, is to be fixed at Enochs's plantation, in order to secure a communication with Fort Cumberland; will be a manifest disadvantage to the Country; as it can answer no other purpose, and will be attended with the ill consequence of leaving exposed the old road to Fort Cumberland; which also is the road to our Settlers on the South-Branch, betwixt whom and the Inhabitants about Fort Loudoun, are not any persons living, save those at the Forts, which we have built, and garrisoned for securing the said communication. Were the men who are appointed to Enochs's divided, and one part put at Edwards's, and the other (which shou'd be the largest) at Pearsalls; it wou'd be of infinitely more service to Virginia, and still keep open a communication with Fort Cumberland: But not m so direct a course; nor could the road this way, pass by the Fort at Cresaps.
When my opinion was asked concerning a place to build on between Fort Loudoun and that at Cresaps, I was obliged to say Enochs's, because there was no other place more suitable than Enochs's on that road; and to that road I was confined. But, at the same time, I mentioned the other road as answering the two ends of securing the communication with Fort Cumberland and the inhabitants of the Branch. And asked Lord Loudoun in a particular manner, whether the Troops were to be confined to the places specified? His answer was "no, because" (says he) "that might defeat our intentions. The places now fixed upon are only nominated as passes which appear to be of the most importance; but the Troops will be removed to this place or that as occasion may require"; which was my motive for saying no more on the disadvantages that might arise from building a garrison at Enochs's. A full and discretionary power being thereby left in the commanding officer to
I also beg leave to observe here that the Fort at the Upper Tract, notwithstanding it is more in the Indian pass of the mountains, is too high up; since numbers of the inhabitants from those parts, if I am rightly informed, are lately moved down about Harness's, and a place called Butter-Milk-Fort; which renders it necessary to place the troops, or at least a principal part of them, there also; to protect the Inhabitants in sowing and gathering their Crops, &c.
It is a hardship upon the Regiment I think, to be denied a Chaplain.
Establishing the militia upon a good footing is a matter of very great moment. Under this present regulation they are of very little Service, upon any emergency, and very expensive! The rates of Soldiers diet when marching thro' the Country, or upon recruiting parties, ought to be settled. As also the Bounty-money allowed the Officers to recruit with; in case the Country compleats the Regiment by Enlistment. The Officers complain heavily of their losses in the recruiting service. Their allowance is much inferior to that of the British Officers; while their duty and fatigue are equally hard, if not more so.
I doubt not but your Honor will, when you settle with Governor Sharpe, about the provisions, at Fort Cumberland consider that the carriage of them up, &c., should be added to
I have, in the preceding pages mentioned every thing that occurs to me relative to the service in general, and must now beg leave to know, as there are new regulations making in respect to the strength and establishment of the Regiment, upon what terms your Honor purposes to continue me, and what may be my certain Dependence?
The Speaker informs me that the Country Committee have determined no longer to be concerned in disposing of the public money; nor have any thing more to do with settling accompts, &c., and that the House have committed or intend to commit the care of it to your Honor's management. The Speaker farther informs me, that he has made your Honor acquainted with the allowance the country have made me, vizt., 30/ per day, pay, and two per cent commissions for examining, settling and paying off accompts; and that you seemed to think it high. I flatter myself Sir, that your Honor will not differ in opinion from the whole country in this particular. For the Committee first gave it, and the Assembly afterwards allowed it as a recompense for my services and the extraordinary trouble and confinement I shou'd meet with in the prosecution of such complicated duties, as the nature of this service wou'd oblige me to engage in. I also hope, that your Honor will not, after the repeated assurances given of your good inclination to better my Command, render it worse by taking away the only perquisite I have; and the only thing that enables me to support the expence which unavoidably attends my Table and removing about from place to place on our
[Note:Two instructions to Colonel Washington, dated May 16, 1757, both signed by Dinwiddie, are in the Washington Papers ; one is in Washington's writing and the other in that of George Mercer. By them the 2 per cent commission was discontinued and a lump sum of £200 a year allowed Washington for his table and expense. "In all other Respects you are to be on the same footing as formerly; and to Act as you heretofore have done." The Virginia Regiment was reduced to 10 companies of 100 men each and all captains, except 7, were reduced to lieutenants to the number of 20; there were to be 10 ensigns. Stations of the troops are specified and Washington ordered to remain at Winchester. "You are no longer to have concern with, or the management of, Indian affairs." ]
Hon'ble Sir: The Bearer of this is Sergeant Feint, 14 a young fellow who went out with the first party of Cuttawba Indians, commanded by Capt. Johny, and taken near the french fort at the time we supposed and reported him to be killed, from the information which the Indians brought in.
[Note:Joseph Fent, Fant, Feint, who had recently escaped from Fort Duquesne. The governor described him as "a well-behaved man." He, later, became a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment. ]
He made his escape from a small Delaware Town on a branch of Muskingum called White Womans Creek, in company with a Cuttawba who was taken when he was. As he is a Sensible young fellow, I beg leave to refer your Honor to him for particulars, with regard to his observations on the country; strength of the Enemy, and the manner of his escape.
He is now going with my consent to visit his friends. I have inform'd the disbanded Captains at this place that they were not discontinued from any misconduct that hath been attributed to them: and that you were pleased to offer them Commissions as Lieutenants, But I have met none who are inclinable to accept of such. I have also dispatched an Express to the Branch, informing the Officers there of your Orders: But have received as yet no answer from them.
I shall endeavour so soon as the regulation of companies is made, to dispatch those destin'd to the Southern frontiers immediately to their respective posts: and apprehend I shall meet with much difficulty in getting them off before they are paid: as the march of the Detachment for So. Carolina was attended with innumerable inconveniences and grievous complaints from their Creditors.
It seemed to be the intention of the House of Burgesses (when I left Town) to raise a greater number of Regulars, and not to employ Militia. If this plan shou'd be carried into execution, it may employ all the Captains now in the Service, and more Subalterns will be wanted: in which case I must beg leave to recommend the Volunteers in the Regiment that have served 15 and 18 months, in hope of preferment. They amount to eight, in the whole.
I must also beg leave to mention Mr. Kirkpatrick again to your Honor. As the hurry of Business and other Solicitations may have caused you to have forgotten him. I presume to recommend him to your Honor in this warm manner from two motives. First, he has merit to deserve any favour that you may please to confer on him, and Secondly, I think myself bound in honor, as well as from inclination to Serve him, as I prevailed on him to accompany me, under expectation of an appointment as Commissary of Musters, added to some other Commission, might be worth his acceptance.
I doubt not but your Honor before this is informed, that a party of Cherokees under Warhatchie is come in with 4 Scalps and 2 Prisoners: They are much dissatisfied that the presents are not here. Look upon Capt. Mercers going off as a trick to evade the performance of the promise that has been made to them; will not believe that Mr. Atkin is coming; and in short, they are the most insolent, most avaricious, and most dissatisfied wretches I have ever had to deal with. If any thing shou'd
I imagine your Honor must have been much surprized to find so few of the Officers whom you had ordered for Carolina with the Detachment. And it was matter of astonishment to me when I found upon my arrival at this place, that Colo. Stephen had taken the liberty to dispense with your Orders on this point. However, this is not the only instance in which he has used such liberties.
The Regimental Stores are, by his Orders, distributed among the Indians although I left express Instructions to the Contrary with Capt. Mercer and the Quarter Master when I went from this place. Had I met with him here I Shou'd most assuredly have made him answer for his conduct; which has also been pretty extraordinary in drafting the men for his Detachment. I am &c.
Sir: Your Orders of the 23d. instant I was favoured with this morning; and have complied therewith as punctually as possible. The following is a List of the particulars which John Spour 15 hath passed his receipt to me for; and promised to deliver to Edward Shippen, Esquire (at Lancaster) agreeable to your direction.
[Note:Spore's receipt, dated May 28, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. ]
10 Barrels Gun-powder
3 Tons of Lead
6 lb. round-shot
12,000 musket-flints
There is not, belonging to His Majesty at this place, either match or cartridge-paper: neither brimstone, Saltpetre, or three-pound ball.
We have but 20 Rheam of cartridge paper for the use of the Regiment: and that I bought and sent from Philadelphia, during my Stay there in March last.
In a Return which was given in to His Excellency, the Earl of Loudoun, mention was made of a cask containing matches and Cartridges: But, upon a later examination, we discover that no matches were in it; and that we are in want of this article ourselves. The load of each waggon is completed with six-pound ball to the amount as above.
A Return of His Majestys Stores I herewith send (at least at this place) as given to me by the Quarter-Master of the Virginia Regiment. For there never has been any person appointed (since Mr. DeFever left us) to take charge of them.
The Cuttawba's have been of little use, but a great expence to this Colony; and are now gone home: The Cherokees I apprehend will follow their example. There is a party of 70 or 80 of them, with some Soldiers, now out, commanded by Major Lewis of the Regiment. But I expect very little from them; as I conceive it will scarcely be in the power of the Officers to carry them far enough to do much Service.
We are still without pay, and must continue to be so for six weeks longer. Yet I have been lucky (for I can call it nothing but luck ) under my circumstances, to keep the Soldiers from mutiny and desertion; employed as they are on very fatiguing and laborious Duty.
You will excuse me, Sir, for saying that I think there never was, and perhaps never again will be, so favourable an opportunity as the present for reducing Fort DuQuisne. Several Prisoners have made their escape from the Ohio this Spring and agree in their accounts, that there are but 300 men left in the Garrison. And I do not conceive that the French are so Strong in Canada as to reinforce this place, and defend
Any Commands wherewith you are pleased to honor me, I shall take delight in obeying. And am Sir,
Hon'ble Sir: Mr. Atkins delay is productive of numberless ill consequences. I am teased incessantly by the Indians to know when he will come; and have put them off so long, that their patience is quite exhausted; and several of them are going off without waiting his arrival. Among these are three who I must beg leave to recommend to your Honors particular notice. The first is Capt. Aires, about Hixayoura; a Cuttawba: He was the Indian that took the Scalp which King Hiegler brought to your Honor; and shewed a great desire to encourage his Brethren to go to war again, and did go himself with Capt. Bullen. The next is Captain Tom, the Chief of the Nottoways: He has received less, and deserves more than any of them; as he used great pains to bring the Tusks, and has met with no reward for it, although he was promised one. 16 And the last is a young Cuttawba fellow, who made his escape with Sergeant Feint, after having killed and scalped two of the enemy just by their own Town: The scalps he has with him. I am, etc.
[Note:That is, to persuade certain Tuscarora Indians to join the Virginia forces. ]
Hon'ble Sir: The Indians are so dissatisfied at Mr. Atkin's delay, that I am obliged to send this Express to beg the favor of your Honor to hurry him up immediately, or to give Orders in
It is disagreeable to me to repeat this Subject to your Honor, but it is necessary you shou'd be informed of the disposition of these people: and it is for this reason only that I mention it in the terms they express themselves to me.
The Indians not being under one direction, is the cause of great expence to the Country; and has other pernicious tendencies. For, as we are Strangers to the only proper method of managing them; and all of us being desirous of pleasing them, as knowing their importance: they have been very much indulged, to little purpose. Which will ever be the case while they are left to the management of different people.
I therefore beg leave to recommend (not from an inclination to dictate ; much less from a disposition to intermeddle, but with due Submission) that some person of good Sense and probity, with a tolerable share of the knowledge of their customs, be appointed to transact, under your Honors direction, or that of the Southern agent, the Indian Affairs of this Colony, of every kind whatever. That a Stock of Goods, suitably chosen, be put into his hand; and that he may have power to reward them occasionally as their Services require: Pay them for Scalps; provide them with Provisions, arms, clothing, &c.
It appears in a very clear light to me Sir, that, unless something of this Sort is done, the Country will be involved in insuperable expence, immense difficulties; and no advantage meanwhile will accrue from the Indians. An Indian will never forget a promise made to him: They are naturally Suspicious; and, if they meet with delays, or disappointment, in their expectations; will scarcely ever be reconciled. For which reason, nothing ought ever to be promised but what is performed ; and one only person be empowered to do either. If your Honor shou'd think this an advisable measure, and be inclined to carry it into execution, I wou'd beg leave to recommend Mr. Gist as the most proper person I am acquainted with to conduct the Business. He knows but little of their language it is true, but is well acquainted with their manners and customs; especially of the Southern indians. And, for his honesty and zeal I think I dare vouch.
It is also advisable that such a person shou'd be appointed, if it were for no other purpose than to receive, examine, and pay off the innumerable accounts that have arisen to the Country on account of these Indians. I have been presented with numbers of them myself, and have promised the people to represent their case to your Honor, that you may direct in what manner they are to apply for their money. Many of those accompts. are for provisions, &c. as they have marched along: while others are for presents &c. and certified (principally) by Colo. Stephen and some other Officers.
Capt. Bullen 17 has proposed a scheme to Capt. Gist, for bringing in the Creek and Cherokee Indians: and I have desired them to communicate it to your Honor.
[Note:Capt. Jemmy Bullen, a Catawba Indian. ]
If this cou'd be effected so as to have them here at a time when a body of troops was marching for Fort DuQuesne; it wou'd be a propitious circumstance and worthy of Bullen:
Colo. Stanwix has sent to this place, and taken away 100 Barrels of gun-powder; three ton of musket-ball, 100 of 6 lb round-shot, and 12,000 musket-flints.
I fear, Sir, it will not be in my power to move the Troops from their present posts 'till the money arrives; as they are so involved in debt, and so much arrears due to them.
The Works at Fort Loudoun go on so slowly with the small number of men now employed, that I despair of getting them finished in time. I am your Honor's &c.
[Note:The assembly, "having considered the great expense the Virginia regiment has cost the country from the number of companies it has consisted of, and those companies not half complete in proportion to the vast charge of officers," remodeled it in form, and made it consist of 10 companies of 100 men each, reducing all captains but 7. The force was distributed as follows: At Fort Loudoun, 100 men, commanded by Washington; at Maidstone, 70 men, commanded by Captain Stewart; at Edwards, 25 men, commanded by a subaltern; at Pearsall's, 45 men, commanded by Captain McKenzie; in the neighborhood of Buttermilk Fort, 70 men, commanded by Captain Waggener; at Dickinson's, 70 men, commanded by Major Lewis; at Voss's, 70 men, commanded by Captain Woodward. Washington was to remain at Winchester, and was deprived of all "concern with or management of Indian affairs," Mr. Atkin being appointed the King's agent to take charge of all affairs relating to the Indians who inhabited the country between Pennsylvania and Georgia. (See Dinwiddie's letter to Washington, May 16, 1757.) Dinwiddie's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 71. ]
Dear Sir: We receive fresh proofs every day of the bad direction of our Indian affairs. It is not easy to tell what expenses have arisen on account of these Indians, how dissatisfied they are, and how gloomy the prospect of pleasing them appears, while we pursue our present system of management.
I therefore beg leave to propose a plan, which I know is exactly agreeable to the French policy of treating them and which
Hence they accuse us of their perfidy and deceit! I could recapitulate a great number of their reproachful complaints, if I judged it necessary to confirm what I have already advanced. But I believe, Sir, you are convinced from what you have seen, that there can be no deception in my story. Therefore, I shall endeavor to remark with candor, freedom, and submission, that, unless some person is appointed to manage the Indian affairs of this colony, under the direction of the Governor, or the southern agent, that a vast expense and but little advantage will accrue from the coming of those Indians among us. And I know of no person so well qualified for an undertaking of this sort as the bearer, Captain Gist. 19 He has had extensive dealings with the Indians, is in great esteem among them, well
[Note:"When I proceed to the southward, I shall appoint some person to act for me in this colony according to my instructions during my absence, who I believe will be Capt. Gist, who resigns his post in the Virginia regiment. He is so well recommended to me, and does I believe understand the Indian affairs so much better than any man else I can find or hear of in this colony, that I hope he will give satisfaction to all that will be interested in his behaviour." -- Atkin to Governor Sharpe, June 30, 1757. ]
Bullen, a Catawba warrior, has been proposing a plan to Captain Gist for bringing in the Creek and Chickasaw Indians. If such a scheme as this can be effected by the time we shall march for Fort Duquesne, it would be a glorious undertaking, and worthy of the man. I am, &c.
Sir: In a letter which I wrote to you yesterday, I desired that the Indians might not be brought to this place if it cou'd possibly be avoided: Since which, the Hon'ble Edmund Atkin, Esquire, Superintendant of Indian Affairs, is arrived, and desires to hold a conference with them here.
No bad consequences are likely to ensue by bringing them from the Frontiers (of which, however, you are to judge from appearances.) Mr. Smith the Interpreter, 20 you are to bring without fail; as, without his assistance, no conference can be held. I am &c.
[Note:Richard Smith, Indian interpreter. ]
You are Ordered to take under your command the men belonging to your own Company, together with those joined thereto by a late Order; as also those (now) of Capt. Spotswoods
[Note:In Colonial and early Revolutionary times it was the military custom to have the field officers of a regiment also command a company of the regiment; when the regimental duties interfered, the command of the company devolved upon the lieutenant of the organization. ]
These will reinforce your Detachment until I direct further concerning it. When you get to your post you are then and there, to observe the following Instructions: Vizt.
First, To take an exact account of all the Stores, provisions, and other necessaries at that place belonging to the public, and pass your receipt to Capt. Stewart for the Same (except it be for the Tents he is to bring up here); and you are to be careful in preventing waste of any part or parcel thereof: and to see that the whole be used with the greatest economy, and prudence for the Country.
Secondly, As the principal end proposed in sending you to that Post is, to protect the Inhabitants of parts adjacent, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet: I injoin it upon you, to use every means which you and your Officers shall judge advisible to answer this Salutary purpose, especialy the following; First, at the Forts above-mentioned, to post a Sergeant and fifteen men: vizt. the Sergeant and 7 at Pattersons, and the remaining 8 at the other two places; namely, Mendenhalls and Nealys; four at each, which you are to relieve weekly, and cause (after the Country provisions now at these Forts are expended) them to take their weeks allowance with them; as
[Note:The third to ninth instructions which follow are included, practically verbatim, in the General Instructions to all the Captains of Companies, July 29, post. ]
To cause all the provisions to be exactly weighed out; and when you want more, to apply to the Commisary at this place, who will have orders to Supply you. You must also apply here for ammunition and other necessaries which may be wanted for the use of your Garrison… 23
[Note:This variation from the General Instructions to all the Captains of Companies, July 29, post, is in the fifth paragraph. ]
You are hereby Ordered to take charge of the Cherokee Indians, whereof Warhatchie and Yautanou are Chiefs, and to conduct them in the nearest and best way you can from this place, thro' Augusta, Bedford and Halifax Counties, to the Borders of North Carolina; and deliver them over to some Civil or Military Officer of that Province, in order to their being further conducted towards their Nation.
That the Indians may not be disappointed in provisions, you are to send on a man a days march before, you, to provide them. You are to get exact accounts of the kinds, quantities and value, from every man that supplies you; which you are
Shou'd any of the Indians misbehave, you are not to find fault with the Agressor, but to apply for redress to Warhatchie 24 only.
[Note:Warhatche, spelled also Wawhatchee, and probably the Wahawtehew mentioned by Dinwiddie, was chief of all the southern Cherokee towns. Edmund Atkin described him as the "greatest rogue among them, most certainly of unbounded avarice, well and long known to me in particular, and not having the least regard for the English, further than he can get presents from them." The cause of the separation mentioned by Washington is fully described in a letter from Atkin to Croghan in Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3, P. 175. -- Ford. ]
The party now at this place from Capt. Hogg's Company, is to march with you so far as their road and yours is one (and shou'd be supplied with provisions in the same manner that the Indians are; as they are intended for an Escort to them:) After which you are to order them to join their Company; unless you shall find it necessary to take them farther, to keep the Indians from mischief. In such case you may carry the men, but in no other.
As you have applied to me for liberty of absence, you have hereby liberty for days, after you shall have conducted the Indians, agreeably to the above Orders.
Hon'ble Sir: Your letters of the 23d. ultimo and 2d. instant are received.
Mr. Atkin will write your Honor by this opportunity; therefore my observations shall be principally confined to Indian Affairs. In the first place, I fear that, the different colonies struggling with each other for their assistance, will be productive of very great Evils; and, in the end, introduce insupportable expence to these Governments, or to the Crown.
Maryland hath already held treaties with, and given presents to them.
Pennsylvania hath sent Speeches to them, and offers presents (and to the latter a great part is now gone). The consequence is, those Savages look upon themselves in a more important light than ever, and have behaved very insolently thereupon; as Mr. Atkin can inform you.
Part of the Cherokees is returned to their nation. I have sent, agreeably to your Honors Order, a person with them, to procure provisions along the road; and a small Detachment (a large one we cou'd not afford, as we are greatly straightened for want of men every where, especially at this place, to carry on the Works) to escort them to Vauses Fort.
I have in late letters mentioned some of the inconveniences which arise for want of money: and must now add, that unless there is a good deal sent up in a very short time, I must inevitably Suffer, as well as the Service, in a very great degree: As all the country people who have any demands upon the Public, think I am liable, and look to me for payment. Mr. Atkin has received the Indian Goods which were at this place, brought from Fort Cumberland and elsewhere, the enclosed is a copy of the return of them: A return of our strength is also enclosed, as the Companys stood after the Draughts were taken for South-Carolina; 25 and, at the reduction of the Captains, the reason why my Company appears so much larger than
[Note:This return, dated May, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. ]
That Capt. Paris 26 has misbehaved, I verily believe: He has a commission in the Maryland Forces: which I think pretty extraordinary on every account. However, as your Honor empower'd Mr. Atkin to enquire into his behavior, I did not interfere, or concern myself in any shape with him.
[Note:Capt. Richard Pearis or Paris. He seems to have raised a company, which was incorporated into the Virginia Regiment; then accepting a commission from Maryland, he insisted that both he and his company were still in Virginia's pay. Dinwiddie wrote to Washington (June 24): "Capt. Pearis having excepted a Como. from Govr. Sharpe, forfeits any expectations from this Colony, his conduct has been bad, so I think its a good ridance of him." ]
Colo. Bouquets information after what I was told to the northward, after what I know was established under General Braddock (from whom, if I am rightly informed, proceeded the allowance of Bat-men, to the Virginia Officers;) and, after giving in, at His Excellency Lord Loudouns own request (and to his satisfaction, as far as I cou'd learn) the quantity of provision, number of Batmen, &c. allowed each Officer. And, that I did this, Capt. Stewart knows to be fact (for he himself made a fair copy of the return for me:) I say, after all this, Colo. Bouquets' information is matter of surprize to me.
However, if this is the practice of the Army by any late regulations, I dare say every Officer here will chearfully acquisce in it: and wou'd wish from their very heart, that every other regulation that is dispensed to the Regular Officers, was extended equally to them.
The Wampum which Capt. McNeil lost, is since found and delivered to Mr. Atkin. I shall order Capt. Woodward to march his Company to Vauses and relieve Capt. Hogg, whose Company will be given to Major Lewis, as it formerly belonged to him.
I am importuned by the country people inhabiting the small Forts, for Supplies of ammunition. I have refused them all, until I know your Sentiments. Ammunition is not to be purchased; and indeed some of them are too poor to buy, if it was. Therefore they apply to me. If your Honor thinks proper to order me to deliver it out to such people as I conceive will appropriate it to a good use, and in such quantities as we may be able to spare, I will do it; but not without.
I have found it expedient to relieve the Detachment at Maidstone, commanded by Captain Stewart, and bring them to this place. There were several material reasons which urged me to this Step; but the two following will, I hope, meet with your approbation. I have found by experience, that it is impossible to work Soldiers, and train them to the use of their arms at the same time: and that, if both are attempted, both will be more or less neglected. For which reason it appeared to me evidently for the Interest of the Service, that the men at this place (except the necessary tradesmen) shou'd be removed to some other post; where they might be regularly exercised, when they are not upon the Scout. Then there was no Company so proper to relieve them as Capt. Stewarts; who having had and improved the opportunity of discipling his men, was desirous of coming hither, as they have been a long time detached from the body of the Regiment. The other reason is, half the men at Maidstone being enlisted by Capt. Gist, in Maryland, and so contiguous to, and under the immediate influence and persuasion of their friends (who encourage them to desert: and not only do so, but protect them openly in it, under the eye and authority of their Majistrates, if we are rightly informed) that in a little time, not one wou'd have been left. Eleven are at this time under confinement for desertion from this Company. I hope your Honor will direct me in what points and how far I am to pay regard to Colo. Stanwix's Orders: If I shou'd meet
[Note:Blank in the manuscript. ]
Major Lewis cou'd not prevail with the Cherokee Indians to take out with them any more than 8 days provisions; the consequence of which is that he is come in with a part of them. There are yet out two parties, one of which consisting of 20 Indians and 10 Soldiers, under Capt. Spotswood, and are gone toward Fort DuQuesne: while the other amounts to 15 Indians and 5 Soldiers, under Lt. Baker, bent their course for Log's Town.
I wrote your Honor in my last, that Colo. Stephen did, whilst I was in Williamsburgh, give out many of the Regimental Stores for the use of the Indians, among which were 122 Blankets. There are at this place, come up for the Indians, several pieces of dutch blanketing. I shou'd be glad to know whether we may not take out of them (if there is a sufficiency to replace our loss) as the Indians have all been supplied?
I doubt not that your Honor has been informed of the fate of our Beef at Fort Cumberland: I was all along apprehensive that this wou'd be the consequence of Mr. Walkers absence. And as soon as I heard the account, I desired Mr. Rutherford to go up and overhale the casks and see what cou'd be saved. His answer was, that he was employed by Mr. Walker to trans. act the business at this place, and did not care to undertake it without his instructions. I thereupon desired he wou'd communicate the affair to Mr. Walker, and receive his directions, as I apprehended the Country wou'd look to him for the damage. What notice Mr. Walker has taken of it I know not. But since I have heard they have destroyed the provisions in an
Capt. Bell waits upon your Honor in hopes he may be able to obtain one of the additional compys. which we hear are to be raised. I have been greatly importuned by his friends to Speak in his favor, or say what I know of him. All that I can say is that, so far as I have had an opportunity of judging, he appears to be a good-natur'd honest man; and willing to do his duty. He has had no opportunity of proving his Bravery, that I know of, nor do I remember ever to have heard it called in question.
As to his abilities in other respects, and his bodily activity, your Honor can judge of them better than I, being more acquainted with him.
I must once more presume to ask your Honor leave to attend the Settlement of my (deceased) Brothers Estate (when the Executors and Colo. Lee will fix upon a time) 28 You were so indulgent on a former occasion as to consent to my being absent for this purpose. But the Assembly called off my Brother, 29 and several others who were principally concerned, and prevented the completion of this affair since. Altho' it is matter of great moment to have this business finished, it yet lies open. I am &c.
[Note:That of Lawrence Washington. Col. George Lee had married Lawrence's widow. The estate included Mount Vernon. ]
[Note:Augustine Washington, half brother to George, whom the latter called Austin. ]
Dear Sir: A person of a readier pen, and having more time, than myself, might amuse you with the vicissitudes, which have happened in the Indian affairs since Mr. Atkin came up. I acknowledge my incompetency, and therefore shall only observe, that the Indians have been pleased and displeased
[Note:As to Indian matters, you must know I can be but a stranger, and I find all those employed as agents very jealous of one another, and I can perceive Mr. Croghan so of Colonel Armstrong, and…Mr. Atkin so of them all, as well as of the Provinces." -- Colonel Stanwix to Governor Denny, June 12, 1757.Armstrong said that Atkin was "miffed" about the provinces taking any notice of the southern tribes without first consulting him; while Croghan believed that Atkin had been prejudiced by the Virginians. Atkin wrote to Croghan (June 8) that on arriving in Virginia he "found it just on the brink of confusion and distraction, by means of the very Indians that had been drawn with great pains and expense to its assistance," as they "behaved like freebooters in an enemies' country." And to Governor Sharpe: "You will see how fortunate my being at Williamsburg was, to prevent a convulsion which must otherways happened in this colony and shaken all the colonies in its consequences." -- Ford. ]
Major Lewis is returned with part of the Indians, that went out with him, in consequence of their having taken only eight days' provisions with them. He was unable to prevail with those savages to take more. One party of twenty, with ten soldiers, is gone towards Fort Duquesne, under Captain Spotswood; and another party of fifteen, with five soldiers, under Lieutenant Baker, but they course towards Logstown. God send them success and a safe return, I pray.
Unless you will interest yourself in sending money to me to discharge the public debts, I must inevitably suffer very considerably, as the country people all think me pledged to them, let what will happen. They are grown very clamorous, and will be more than ever incensed if there should come an inadequate sum, and that sum be appropriated to the payment of the soldiers.
I am convinced it would give pleasure to the Governor to hear that I was involved in trouble, however undeservedly, such are his dispositions toward me.
I should be glad to know whether Capt. Mercer received any money from the public while he was down; and if he did, on what account. If he did not, I would be glad you would pay none, until you hear further from me, altho' he may have drawn orders. 'Tis on the account of the public I desire this.
Sir: The exorbitant expence, and bad precedent of giving to every Indian who is pleased to demand it, a Horse to ride, compel me to tell you, that a stop must be put to the practise, or the Officer who directs it will be made liable for the cost. The County will not allow it; Nor are you to give them liquor, but upon extraordinary occasions.
I have the pleasure to inform you, that you are one of the Captains continued in the Service; and that I have passed all your accompts which you put into my hands, except that of contingencies, which lies over for Vouchers: As soon as you procure these, the Committee consent to the payment. After this it will, I presume be needless to say, that you ought not to pay a farthing without taking a receipt for it. I am Yrs. &c.
Hon'ble Sir: The enclosed is a return of the Subaltern Officers and Cadets in the Virginia Regiment, Set down according to their Seniority. I think it proper to send this to your Honor that you may be enabled to fill up the Commissions below, if you prefer, it, rather than sending blank ones to the Officers who have resigned their Commissions at different times, of which your Honor has been informed. Since I came up two only have followed their example: Namely, Lieutenant
There is no other method therefore, that I can see, to do them justice (and to preserve the proper Rank of the Subalterns) than to antedate their Commissions: It is attended with no expence nor inconvenience.
Being informed that the Money-Bill is passed, and that Troops will be raised by drafting the Militia; I shou'd be glad to receive timely Instructions, in what manner, and where I am to receive them. What privileges and immunties they are entitled to; and what Laws they are to be governed by, &c. I shou'd also be glad to know on what footing the Ranging Companies are to be established, and how they are to rank; compared with the Regiment? and whether (but this can not be) they are entitled to any of our Regimental clothes, &c. I recommended when I was in Williamsburgh, Sergeant Hughes (of Captn. Stewarts Company) for the Adjutantcy of the Regiment. Your Honor seemed to approve of it then, and will now,
Mr. Boyd goes down for money. I am &c.
If your Honor is pleased to promote the Officers &c. according to their Seniority, and present Rank in the Regiment: They will then, if there are twelve Companies, stand as follows.
1 Capt. Lt. Jno. McNeil
2 Christopher Gist
3 Thomas Bullet
4 Walter Stewart
5 Hancock Eustace
6 John Blegg
7 John Edwd. Lomax
8 Charles Smith
9 George Weeden
10 Wm. Crawford
11 James Roy
12 James Duncanson
13 Peter Steenburgen
14 John Campbell
15 John King
16 James Baker
17 Nathan'l. Gist
18 Mordecai Bucker
19 Wm. Dangerfield
20 Edm'd Hubbard
21 Leonard Price
22 Wm. Flemming
23 Nathan'l Milner
24 Nathan'l Thompson
1 Jethro Sumner
2 Henry Russell
3 Griffen Pert
4 John Lawson
5
6
7 Wm. Woodford
8 Colby Chew
9 Benj. Bullet
10 [William] Starke
11 Thomas Gist
12 Vacancy
There remains according to this, a vacancy for an Ensign, to which I wou'd humbly recommend Mr. Kirkpatrick; with the Office of Commissary of Musters. If Captn. McNeil should be promoted, Capt. Gist will be Captn. Lt. in his room; and another Ensign will be wanted: In that case the oldest Ensign will be made Lt. and I would beg leave to speak in behalf of Mr. Thomas Rutherford for the vacancy of Ensign. He is a young man who, for his modesty and good behaviour gained a very good reputation as Lieutenant of one of the Ranging Companies on this quarter. I am etc.
Hon'ble Sir: Since closing my packet for your Honor of this date, I have received by Express, from Fort Cumberland the agreeable news of Lt. Bakers return to that place with 5 Scalps &c. one french officer, prisoner. Two other Officers were also made prisoners; but one of them being wounded and unable to march, the Indians killed; and the other they served in the same manner soon after: and both contrary to the intreaties of Mr. Baker. In this they took revenge for the death of the truly brave Swallow-Warrior, who was killed in the Skirmish, and for the wound received by his son; whom they brought from the head of Turtle-creek, where the Engagement happened (about 100 miles beyond Fort Cumberland) on their Shoulders, without eating a morsel the whole distance. The name of the Officer commanding the french troops on the Ohio, together with the names of the two who were killed, and the other taken prisoner, are given in by the latter, as enclosed. The party they engaged, consisted of 10 french, 3 of whom were Officers; who had parted only the day before with fifty odd Shawnese, returning from war. Our people wou'd have
I have spoken to Mr. Atkin about the prisoner whom the Indians have brought in; and he will endeavour to have him brought to this place.
I have this instant received your Honors letter by Captn. Gist; and must observe in answer thereto, that it was the refactory behaviour of the Cherokee indians, which caused Capt. Mercer to promise them presents. It is very certain he had no power or authority to do it: But his case was peculiar, These Indians came upon him expecting presents; and no Orders or Instructions (I believe) were Sent concerning the manner in which they were to be treated: Upon which they grew dissatisfied and unruly; and he therefore, with the advice of the Officers, chose rather to make them the promise he did, than suffer them to run back in a discontented mood! This was the (alone) alternative he was reduced to, if I am rightly informed. I fancy your Honor will not think, him, upon a second thought, so much to blame, as might appear at first view: especially when it is considered that he (nor are any of us who are now here) is but little acquainted with the proper manner of treating them. Indeed I am fearful, as I have frequently observed, that unless some person is appointed whose sole business it shall be to take charge of those people, there will be many other errors committed equally pernicious with this (if it be a wrong measure at all.) I have spoken to Mr. Atkin sundry times on this head. He thinks it the most advisable, yea, the
Enclosed is a return of the arms and ammunition at this place. I shall acquaint Colo. Stanwix that your Honor desires to know whether arms may be had of him, if they shou'd be wanted.
There are many indian accompts against the Country. The people are continually at me to know who is to take them in, and how they are to be paid. I hope your Honor will direct Mr. Boyd, that he may satisfy the Creditors. I am &c.
Dear Sir: I embrace this opportunity of congratulating you upon your Safe return; and of thanking you, for the Services you have done the public, in your late Scout and Skirmish.
I was greatly surprized at not receiving an account of this matter from yourself: but am satisfied, there was some particular reason why I did not. For I can not belive that you, who have behaved so well in one respect, wou'd be so deficient in your duty in another.
Mr. Smith, at the instance of Mr. Atkin, has written to the Indians, requesting that the french officer be brought to this place. 31 Use all fair arguments and endeavours to encourage this, but no foul measures must be taken. You must remain yourself with the company at Pearsalls; if there is no particular
[Note:Baker's letter to Washington, describing his skirmish, dated June 10, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. The fight occurred on Turtle Creek, Pa., about 35 miles from Turkey Foot and about 20 miles from Fort Duquesne. The failing of The Swallow, a Cherokee chief, so enraged the Indians that they murdered two of the French prisoners. The one whose life was saved by Baker was an ensign named Velistre. ]
[Note:Colonel Stanwix was stationed by the Earl of Loudoun on the frontiers of Pennsylvania, with the command of five companies of the Royal American Regiment, and such troops as Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia might raise. He was now at Lancaster, Pa., but his headquarters were afterwards at Carlisle, Pa. -- Sparks. ]
Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you that a scouting party, consisting of 5 soldiers and 15 Cherokee Indians, that were sent out the 20 ultimo towards the Ohio, under Lieutenant Baker, returned the 8th instant to Fort Cumberland with 5 scalps, and a French officer, prisoner, having killed two other officers of the same party. Mr. Baker met with this party vizt., ten French, three officers on the head of Turtle Creek, twenty miles distance from Fort Duquesne, (the day after they had parted with 50 Shawanese Indians returning from the war,) and would have killed and made prisoners of them all, had it not been for the death of the Indian chief, who being killed prevented his men from pursuing them. The name of the officer taken, according to his own account, is Velistre; and of those killed, Lasosais and St. Oure; all ensigns.
The commandant at Duquesne and its dependencies is Delignery, a knight of the military order of St. Louis, and captain of a company of detached troops from the marine. This officer likewise says, that the garrison at Fort Duquesne consists of six hundred French and two hundred Indians. I believe he is a Gasconian. We sustained on our side of the loss of the brave Swallow warrior, and one other Indian was wounded, and brought in on a bier, near 100 miles by the party, who had nothing to live upon for the four last days but wild onions. Mr.
Captain Spotswood, with 10 soldiers and 20 Indians, who went out at the same time with, but to a different place, from Lieut. Baker is not yet come in, nor any news of him; which makes me uneasy.
Our Assembly have granted a further sum of eighty thousand pounds for the service of the ensuing year, and have agreed, (I believe,) to complete their regiment of this colony to 1200 men, besides three companies of rangers, of 100 each. Our strength, since the detachment has embarked for Carolina is reduced to 420 rank and file only and these much weakened, by the number of posts we hold. Governor Dinwiddie is apprehensive, that he shall not be able to provide arms for all these men, and desired me to advise with you thereupon.
If it is not too troublesome I should [be glad] to be informed what proportion of bat-men there is allowed to a company of 4 officers and 100 men, in the Royal American battalions? or rather, the allowance to each officer, beginning with the colonel. 33 And how these bat-men are clothed, paid and victualled, and by whom? Whether the officers have any allowance made them for their servants, and if the officers in garrison receive provisions as soldiers or an allowance in lieu of it, and how much to each? Also, if the officers in their battalions provide bat-horses at their own expense, or have their baggage transported at the King's? Whether any forage
[Note:Washington had recently been taken to task by the governor for asking allowance for a greater number of batmen than Colonel Stanwix had. "Surely Colo. Washington cannot expect more than Colo. Stanwix, and I think it was your duty to inform me of this and to conform your regiment to the allowances given the [Royal] Americans; and pray, how shall I appear to Lord Loudoun on my report of our regiment, when so widely different from that he commands…You know the clamor of the people in regard to the vast expense, and it's your duty as well as mine to make all prudent savings." (See Dinwiddie's letter to Washington, June 2, 1757.) The entire letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 83. ]
It is wrong, I must confess Sir, to trouble you in this manner; but I have particular reasons for asking these questions, and getting them answered by authority, and none unwarrantable.
Duty and inclination equally induce me to communicate all remarkable occurrences to you, and shall be punctual in doing so.
Honble. Sir: This instant the enclosed letters came to my hands. I have not lost a moment's time in transmitting them to you, as I look upon the intelligence to be of the utmost importance. If the enemy are coming down in such numbers, and with such a train of artillery, as we are bid to expect, Fort Cumberland must inevitably fall into their hands, as no timely efforts can be made to relieve the garrison. I send you a copy of a council of war held upon this occasion. The advice I intend to pursue, and until I shall receive orders how to conduct myself. It is morally certain, that the next object, which the French have in view, is Fort Loudoun, and that is yet in a very untenable posture. They have no roads for carriages into any other province, but thro' this; and there lies a quantity of stores here, belonging to his Majesty and to this colony, very much exposed and unguarded.
I shall not take up your time Sir, with a tedious detail. You will be a sufficient judge of the present situation of affairs, from those circumstances already related. I have written to the commanding officers of Fairfax, Prince William, and Culpeper:
[Note:Six Cherokee Indians came to Fort Cumberland and told Captain Dagworthy that they saw the French near Fort Duquesne coming in that direction with wagons and great guns. An attack was apprehended, the country alarmed. the militia called out, and Colonel Stanwix's regulars were put in motion; but it proved to be a false report. "Colonel Washington told me," Armstrong wrote to Governor Denny, "if he [the enemy] came without erecting something by the way, that it was not in his power to be early enough to assist the garrison, nor would all his men be more than a breakfast to the French and their Indians." -- Ford. (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 3, p. 189.) The council's proceedings are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 94. The purport of the above letter, with copies of those from Dagworthy and Livingston, were sent to Colonel Stanwix and to Governor Sharpe. Dagworthy's and Livingston's letters, dated June 14, 1757, are printed in the Maryland Archives. ]
Colonel George Washington, President.
Members
Capt. Thomas Waggener
Capt. McNeill
Lieutenant Campbell
Ensign Crawford
Capt. Robt. Stewart
Captain Gist
Lt. Buckner
Ensign Roy
Ensign Russell
The Colonel laid before the council a Letter from Capt. Dagworthy, 35 and another which he received from Maj. James Livingston, both dated at Fort Cumberland the 14th. Instant; signifying that they had just received intelligence from six Cherokee indians who went out upon a Scout with Capt. Spotswood towards Fort DuQuesne; that a large Body of French and Indians, with a train of Artillery, were actually marched
[Note:Captain Dagworthy's letter, dated June 14, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. ]
And after laying before them the strength and dispersed Situation of the Troops in the pay of the Colony; desired their opinion, whether it was most advisable, with what force we cou'd raise immediately, to attempt the relief of Fort Cumberland, or to remain here and endeavour to assemble a sufficient force to put this place in a posture of defence (which is at present not tenable) 'till we should have further Orders how to act?
It was unanimously agreed, that, if the French had crossed the Monongahela the 10th. instant, as these Indians declare, it is impossible to assemble our dispersed Troops, and march them to Fort Cumberland before the place is invested. That all our forces, their junction practicable, are so inconsiderable, compared with the strength of the Enemy, according to our intelligence, which can admit of no doubt; as a train of artillery is of too great importance to them to risque with a small body of troops; We have great reason to think, that it wou'd be only to expose ourselves to a certain defeat, the consequence of which would inevitably be the leaving this place (the depositary of all His Majestys and Countrys Stores of every kind) naked and defenceless: which wou'd be attended with the immediate Evacuation of that part of the Country, from whence alone Subsistance for any considerable number of Troops cou'd be drawn: which at this juncture wou'd be an irreparable loss and probably be productive of the most fatal consequences to this Colony.
The Colonel likewise desired to know whether the Council judged it most expedient to continue the few troops now at Maidstone, and those dispersed thro' the little Forts on the South Branch; or to order them on the Branch, with the country men in that Settlement, to the most advantageous post there; whilst their women and children shou'd retire to the interior Settlements. Or to evacuate the whole, and reinforce these troops here, with their united Garrisons?
It is the opinion of the Council that as reinforcing this Garrison is absolutely necessary, the detached enfeebled situation of the Garrisons on the South Branch must make them fall an easy prey to the Enemy, and that as drawing them all to one place on the Branch would be giving up all that Settlement except that place, which (supposing it wou'd be maintained) wou'd by no means be of such consequence as reinforcing
Wm. Crawford
Ja's Roy
Henry Russell
Jno. McNeill
Christo'r Gist
Jno. Campbell
Mordec. Buckner
G. Washington
Thomas Waggener
Robert Stewart
The following account sent to Colo. Stanwix and Governor Dinwiddie together with the Council of War.
Fort Loudoun, June 16, 1757.
The number of men fit for Duty in the Virginia Regiment, exclusive of the Detachment gone for Carolina; where Stationed, and the distance of each Garrison from this place.
| Men | Miles | At Fort Loudoun | 100 | At Maidstone | 60 | distance | 36 | At Edwards | 16 | do | 22 | At Pearsals | 35 | do | 50 | At Fort Pleasant | 30 | do | 70 | At Butter-milk Ft. | 28 | do | 78 | At Harness's Ft. | 27 | do | 81 | At Powers Mill | 28 | do | 90 | At Vass's | 60 | do | 210 | 384 |
Sir: I have just received intelligence from Capt. Dagworthy and Major Livingston, that they were informed by six Cherokee indians, of a large body of French and Indians being on their march towards Fort Cumberland.
You are therefore ordered to use every method (by means of the indians &c.) to gain intelligence of the real design and
N. B. To this mark (*) is a copy of the Letter wrote Captn. McKenzie.
Sir: I have seen your letter, and have dispatched copies of it by good Expresses to Governor Dinwiddie, Govr. Sharpe, Colonel Stanwix and the County Lieutenants of four counties. So that I have no doubt that a very considerable force will be with you in a very short time. I have dispatched the Bearer to inform you of this, that it may inspirit your Garrison. I heartily wish you all the success your merit may deserve; and am Sir, etc.
Gentlemen: This moment the enclosed is come to my hand, with another letter much more particular, but too long for me
I therefore hope you will not think it needful at so critical a juncture as this, to wait the Governors Orders for marching your Militia, or part thereof to this place.
You may be assured, the more dispatch you make, the more agreeable it must be to the Governor, and to, Gentlemen, Your most obt. H'ble Servant,
Sir: Yours of the 18th from the camp at Carlisle I received about noon this day, when I was examining (in company with his Majesty's agent for Indian affairs) the French prisoner brought to this place by Lieutenant Baker and the Cherokee Indian. A copy of this examination I herewith enclose. You will find, Sir, from the tenor of his answers, that a large body of Indians was hourly expected at Fort Duquesne, and that, altho' there was not (if his intelligence is to be literally credited, and surely it is not) a train of artillery fit for such an expedition; yet this might have been brought by those three hundred men, who arrived there after he left the place.
It is altogether evident, (if the Indian intelligence may be relied on,) that the French are bringing howitzers with them for the easier reduction of the place, if they should attack us. For, they say, your guns are but muskets, compared with those the French have with them. Theirs will admit a fawn in the muzzle, while yours will not take in a man's fist. To any person, who is in the least degree acquainted with the mountainous
These, Sir, are only my own sentiments, and I submit them to your better judgment for improvement. We very well know, that from Fort Duquesne to Fort Cumberland there is a plain road already made, and bridges also. I shall, however, continue to pursue every means in my power to gain the earliest and best intelligence I can of the approaches of the enemy, and shall transmit it forthwith to you. I have sent Major Lewis of the regiment fifty miles advanced from this, with orders to keep out constant spies for intelligence, and to lose no time in transmitting it to me.
We have received nothing new from Fort Cumberland since the 16th. The Indians, who brought the first intelligence, imagine, that some of Spotswood's party are yet skulking after and watching for the motions of the enemy. On the contrary, I apprehend they are all cut off; for a man, who left Fort Cumberland the 16th, says, that the woods appear to be quite alive with enemy Indians, who shew themselves openly in the day. This is unusual for them to do, unless they are strong. We work on this Fort, both night and day, intending to make it tenable against the worst event. Mr. Croghan, &c. write you by this express, and will no doubt be more explicit on Indian affairs, than I can pretend to be, and to them I refer.
It would have given me great pleasure, had you been pleased to signify your sentiments on the Revolution having come to this place, that I might act conformably with your orders.
[Note:Of the Maryland independent company. ]
Sir: Yours of the 19th. instant came to hand about noon this day. As there now remain but a few Indians here, who cou'd by no means be prevailed on to return towards Fort Cumberland, altho so much wanted on that Quarter; imagining we wished to sacrifice them by attempting to expose them to (what they think) certain destruction, they positively refused marching until they saw such numbers as wou'd give some probability of success against the formidable force of the enemy.
I have had no account later than that of the 16th., that one Trotter left that Garrison: Does he add what C. D. 37 transmitted the 14th. more than that the enemys indians were in great numbers about that place, and frequently appeared openly to the Garrison?
[Note:Capt. John Dagworthy. ]
Should I receive any thing remarkable, will communicate it to you. I correspond in opinion with you, as to the chanel of conveying Colo. Stanwix's intelligence. Therefore I enclose you a letter for him, which I must request, you will lose no time in forwarding.
I have endeavoured all in my power to raise the Militia, but have only a small prospect for success.
Hon'ble Sir: I this day received the enclosed from Capt. Dagworthy. The Indians mentioned therein are likewise got
In consequence of the first intelligence which I received from Fort Cumberland, and the result of the Council of War held on that occasion: I gave Major Lewis (who at present commands at the South-Branch) orders to give all the country-people warning of the danger with which they were threat'ned; and that he, and the troops under his command, shou'd hold themselves in readiness to retreat hither, in case it shou'd prove expedient; but not to evacuate the Forts on the Branch, until he shou'd have certain accounts of the enemys intentions against that Quarter.
I wrote to Colo. Stanwix, to know if he cou'd supply us with arms: and, altho' I have since heard from him, he does not answer that part of my letter. I send your Honor, enclosed, a copy of the french Officer's 38 (who is now here) examination. I am etc.
[Note:Ensign Velistre. ]
Sir: Since writing to you by Express, last night, I have received a letter from Capt. Dagworthy (a copy of which I
I return you my thanks, Sir, for answering my queries; as you took no notice of the arms I asked for, by the Governor's Order.
N. B. There was a great misapprehension between Capt. Dagworthy and the Indians that first came in. They deny to me, having said that there was a body of the enemy with wheel-carriages, on their march to attack Fort Cumberland. These Indians were not within 30 miles of Fort Duquesne; but nevertheless heard the discharge of the French artillery which they conceive, was fired at the departure of a large body of troops from that place. Capt. Dagworthy might easily have misunderstood these people for want of a good interpreter.
Sir: I received yours of the 20th. instant; and am glad of the judicious, regular step which you have taken; and judge it necessary you shou'd lose no time in marching the Detachm't up here; as we have received no intelligence which contradicts that formerly received a few days ago. A man arrived here from Fort Cumberland who left that Garrison on the 16th.
You are with the company of Mila. under your command, to march with all convenient expedition from hence to Pattersons' Fort: From whence you are to send out parties for the protection of that neighbourhood. You are to maintain a proper command; to place sentries at proper places by day and by night, when in Garrison; and to be very circumspect in your marches, and counter-marches, by keeping some alert woodsmen advanced a small distance before, and on your flanks. This, every party, however small, is constantly to observe. In short; you are to use every precaution to prevent surprizes, which generally prove fatal: And, as the principal intention of your being ordered thither, is to protect the Inhabitants. You are to spare no pains or trouble to accomplish that desirable end.
You are to use all possible means of procuring what intelligence you can of the enemys numbers, motions, and intentions, and give me due information of all material occurencies.
You are to send me an exact return of all the ammunition and Stores you find at that place, of which (with what you carry with you) you are to be particularly careful. And give your Officers and men plainly to understand, that they will be answerable for what they may lose, waste or spoil. The provisions are to be weighted and regularly served; vizt. a pound of flour and a pound of meat for each man, per day. Shou'd you
Gentlemen: This will serve to acquaint you, that I have received subsequent intelligence to that transmitted to you, which contradicts the report of the enemys having carried down a train of artillery, and that they have taken Ray's-town road, by which it is imagined their intention is more probably against Pennsylvania than this province. Therefore I hope that the Militia may not be immediately wanted. However shall leave it to you to act as you shall think proper.
As I am informed by the Governor that he has (in consequence of our first intelligence) ordered up a third of the Militia of several Counties; among which yours are included; and as I sent him an express immediately upon the receipt of this last account: And, altho' it is beyond a doubt, that a considerable body of the enemy is coming down, yet I think by their rout, they will not send their principal force this way. I am, &c. 39
[Note:Practically the same letter was sent to the county lieutenants of Orange, Stafford, and Spotsylvania, Va. ]
Sir: I have sent the enclosed to Colonel Lee, open to you, that you may peruse it, and afterwards transmit it immediately to him.
As I have many Expresses to dispatch, I am puzzled to procure Horses for that Service. I send you enclosed, letters for the County Lieutenants of Stafford and Spotsylvania; which I must desire you will forward with the utmost expedition; as it may be the means of preventing a great deal of trouble to them, and a heavy expence to the Country. I am &c.
Sir: I was this day favoured with yours of the 23d. instant. I think your proposals relative to the provisions at Fort Cumberland quite equitable. But as the management of them properly belongs to Mr. Walker, I do not choose to interfere in the business without Governor Dinwiddie's instructions. I have therefore enclosed your letter to His Honor, that he may be the better able to give explicit directions concerning the matter; and will inform you of his resolutions on the head, so soon as his answer returns to my hand. But, in the mean time, I hope care will be taken of those provisions, and an exact account taken of what is used; as it is evident some must be used, the people having no other to live on. It wou'd be obliging were you to direct fresh pickle to be put to the meat, or any other means whereby to preserve it; for which you wou'd be properly compensated. I am &c.
Dr. Sir: Your favors of the 17th. and 19th. instant I have received. Captains Fairfax 40 and Minor arrived here with their companies on tuesday last. The latter I have sent to Pattersons
[Note:Capt. Bryan Fairfax and Capt. Nicholas Minor. ]
The storm which threatened us with such formidable appearances is, in a manner, blown over. It arose in a great measure from a misunderstanding (in Captn. Dagworthy) of the Indians, for want of a proper interpreter. The indians are, nevertheless unanimous in asserting that a large Body of French and Indians have marched from Fort DuQuesne; but without artillery; and that they pursued the Ray's-town road which leads very conveniently, to the three Colonies of Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania.
I have for this reason, and because the enemy have already committed several depredations in this, as well as the neighbouring Colonies, since Sunday last, thought it expedient to detain what Militia have already arrived, a few days longer.
I do not think we have any occasion for more: and judge it necessary to apprize you thereof, knowing the Governor has ordered one-third of the Militia to repair to this place, that you may act as you shall see meet on this occasion, or 'till you may hear further from the Governor, to whom I wrote (on Tuesday last) an account of our subsequent intelligence.
Our Soldiers labour on the public works with great spirit and constancy, from Monday morning 'till Sunday night, notwithstanding there is a month's pay due to them. We have no other assistance.
I have been exceedingly hurried of late, and still am so; which prevents my being explicit on the occurrencies that have happened on this Quarter.
Poor Spottswood, 41 and a party that went towards duquesne, with some Cherokee indians are, I fear, lost! Lt. Baker from the said place, has brought 5 scalps, and a french Officer, prisoner, after killing two others.
[Note:Capt. Robert Spotswood. ]
Kieruptica, a Cherokee Chief, is just come in with two scalps, which, according to his own account, he took within musket-shot of fort duquesne. He is now permitted, by Mr. Atkin, to go to Pennsylvania with Captn. Croghan.
Outossita 42 came to town last night with 27 Cherokee indians from his nation. And by him we learn, that a large party may soon be expected.
[Note:Outasitta, Outacite, Wootassitie, Otassity, or Mankiller, a king of the Cherokee Nation. See note 50, page 82, post. ]
These, I think, are the most material occurrencies.
I have been obliged to furnish your Militia with provisions and ammunition, but with a good deal of reluctance; as I was blamed for the like proceeding last year.
I offer my Compliments in the most affectionate manner, to the family at Belvoir. Yours,
[Note:Of the Culpeper, Va., militia. ]
You are with the Militia under your command, to march from hence to Back-Creek, and carefully range it quite down to its mouth. From thence you are to march to New-kirks fort where, and in its neighbourhood, you are to remain 'till further Orders.
You are to maintain strict discipline among your men; and when you are in Garrison, to place Sentries at proper places by day and by night. In your marches and countermarches, you are to be very circumspect, to keep a few alert woods' men always advanced before, and on your flanks; and use every precaution to prevent surprizes: as you have to deal with a cunning dextrous enemy.
You are not to indulge your men in idleness, but keep them constantly on the Scout, as the most effectual means
Shou'd you discover certain signs of any large Body of the Enemy being near to you; you are instantly to inform Mr. Pearis, and Captn. Minor of it. You are likewise to inform me of all material occurrencies.
Hon'ble Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 16th. instant by the Cherokee Warrior, Autasity, who I am in hopes will be of service to us.
I hinted to Mr. Gun 44 your Honor's proposals. He seemed surprized, and said you well knew he wou'd not serve for Lieutenants pay. I do not understand he has much to say with the Indians.
[Note:Mr. Gun seems to have been a person of some influence with the Cherokees, whom those Indians asked to have sent out on the warpath with them. Dinwiddie answered Washington to the effect that if Gun would not accept a lieutenant's pay he need be noticed no further. ]
Yours of the 20th. came safe to hand. And as I wrote to you, by Jenkins concerning the subsequent intelligence I received of the enemy's motions, and from what those contradictory accounts took their rise.
I therefore beg leave to refer your Honor to a former letter. I have since received various intelligencies of their appearing at many different parts, widely distant from each other, at the same time, which inclines me to think that they have detached their principal force into many scalping parties. I have therefore made the best dispositions I cou'd by posting my small numbers at the most advantageous posts for obstructing their inroads, and protecting the inhabitants.
The enemy have captured 3 children near Cunninghams fort, 12 miles from hence; and killed several person near
Colo. Stanwix is at Carlyle; from whence he purposed to have marched to this place, had the enemy come down in the manner we once had reason to expect. I presented your Honors compliments to the Colo.; and will pay due regard to his Orders.
We are indefatigably assiduous in forwarding the workmen; All work from day-light to day-light, sundays not excepted, and but one hour in the day allowed for eating, &c. But it is impossible that so small a number of men as we had and now have at work, can be imagined sufficient to complete such a vastly heavy piece of work, in a much greater time than you mention. Nay, 300 men could hardly finish it by next October. 45 And as with our present number it will require a considerable time to put it in a tolerable posture of defence; and as the great importance of this place, renders the completion of its works so necessary; I hope you will give me leave to employ at least double its present Garrison upon them when the Draughts come up.
[Note:Fort Loudoun, Va. ]
I have ordered 5 Subalterns, 4 Cadets, and five Sergeants to Fredericksburgh to receive the draughts; who will be soon followed by Major Lewis: No more Officers can be spared. I expected you wou'd have completed the number of Officers, now much wanted.
I think myself under the necessity of informing your Honor, of the odd behaviour of the few Militia that were marched hither from Fairfax, Culpeper, and Prince William counties. Many of them unarmed, and all without ammunition or provision. Those of Culpeper behaved particularly ill: Out of the
I proposed to the unarm'd, that as they came from home (at least with a shew) of serving their country; and as they were, from the want of arms, incapacitated to defend themselves, much less to annoy the enemy, or afford any protection to the Inhabitants; that they shou'd (during their short stay here) assist in forwarding the public works; for which I offered them 6d. per day extraordinary. But they were deaf to this and every other proposition which had any tendency to the interest of the Service.
As such a conduct is not only a flagrant breach of the law, and a total contempt of Orders, but will be such a precedent (shou'd it pass with impunity) as may be productive of the most dreadful consequences. I therefore flatter myself, your Honor will take proper notice of these men. I have written to their County Lieutenant on this subject.
I have been under a necessity of delivering out some ammunition to several parties of the Militia. And shou'd be glad to have your Honors' directions for my government on the like occasions; as the few of them that were willing to do service, cou'd do none, without ammunition.
Enclosed is Doctor Ross's (the Commissary for the Maryland troops) letter, about the provisions at Fort Cumberland; I shall gladly receive your explicit directions relative to this affair.
I have not been able to send any men to the Southward. The continual alarms on this quarter retarded it, until we received the news of the french marching with artillery, and then it was judged quite imprudent to draw them from a part so much exposed.
Mr. Boyd arrived here this evening; by whom I am not honored with a Letter from you, altho' I was in hopes you wou'd, by
I imagined I was to have been supplied with cash to pay off the Draughts on their arrival here: as their not being paid may be of bad consequences.
I have written twice to Colo. Stanwix about arms: but he takes no notice thereof in his letters to me. From which I conclude he is not inclined to furnish us with any. We shall want them much.
The money Mr. Boyd brought up is very insufficient to pay off the large demands against the Regiment for provisions and contingent charges, and as we are quite plagued by the continual dunning of the country people; I hope a sufficient sum will be sent up soon.
This place when finished, will mount 24 Guns; and we have no more than 4 twelve-pounders, and 10 four-pounders. Six more wou'd do tolerably well. I understand there are some pieces of cannon at Colonel Hunters, belonging to the Colony, which I imagine wou'd be of greater service here.
Dear Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your two favors both of the 22d instant. We were reinforced, upon the late alarm, by one hundred and seventy militia from the adjacent counties, one half of them unarmed, and the whole without ammunition or provisions.
Had you, Sir, in consequence of Captain Beale's 46 suggestions, ordered me to reinforce Fort Cumberland, with part of
[Note:Capt. Alexander Beall, commandant of the garrison at Fort Frederick in Maryland. -- Sparks. ]
[Note:Colonel Washington was in some sort under the command of Colonel Stanwix, but to what extent he did not know, as he had received no instructions on that head. and the governor continued to issue his orders as formerly. At length the governor wrote as follows: "Colonel Stanwix, being appointed commander in chief [of the middle and southern provinces], you must submit to his orders without regard to any you have from me; he, being near the place, can direct affairs better than I can." Notwithstanding the above direction, the governor did not cease to write, give commands, require returns, and utter complaints as usual, thereby increasing the endless perplexities and bewildering doubts with which Colonel Washington was harassed in all his plans and operations. It has hereinbefore been seen that he had requested leave of absence for a few days to attend to certain private affairs of a very pressing nature at Mount Vernon. He afterwards repeated this request, and as he seemed to be under two commanders he thought it expedient to consult them both. The governor answered: "As to the settlement of your brother's estate, your absence on that account from Fort Loudoun must be suspended, till our affairs give a better prospect." Colonel Stanwix replied to the same request: "More than two weeks ago I answered your letter, in which you mentioned its being convenient to your private affairs to attend to them for a fortnight. In that answer I expressed my concern that you should think such a thing necessary to mention to me, as I am sure you would not choose to be out of call, should the service require your immediate attendance; and I hope you will always take that liberty upon yourself, which I hope you will now do." -- Sparks. ]
I would only ask Capt. Beale which is most eligible: the militia of Maryland (who were also in motion at the same time with those of Virginia) defending whatever stores that province might hold at Ft. Frederick, while the troops in that garrison should march to the other; or, for us to leave the valuable stores which are at this place, belonging to his Majesty and the Colony in an unfinished fort, to the uncertain
I flatter myself, the expected attack of Fort Augusta, will prove more favorable, than Colonel Weiser 48 imagines; for I have no conception, that a road fit for the reception of carriages can be cut within ten miles of a fort, without the garrison discovering it. It was a careless mistake of my Quarter master to send you 101 barrels of gun powder.
[Note:Conrad Weiser, Pennsylvania Indian agent. He is credited with delaying alliances between the French and Indians until the English Colonies had developed strength enough to defend themselves. ]
It is quite manifest to every person who has had an opportunity of experiencing the advantage of Indian services, that the friendship and assistance of the Cherokees are well worth cultivating. For my own part, I think they are indispensably necessary in our present circumstances, and am sorry to find such unseasonable delays in bringing them amongst us. Since Captain Croghan 49 left this Outassity, 50 an Indian warrior of that nation, with twenty-seven followers, has arrived here. He brings an account of many more that are coming; but whether they will wait for Mr. Atkin's passport, or will come on with their own, I know not.
[Note:George Croghan. ]
[Note:Also spelled Outacita. He was one of the most noted Cherokee chiefs of the day, and as early as 1721 was known as king of the lower and middle Cherokee settlements. In 1730 he visited England with Sir Alexander Cumming and entered into a treaty with George II. He was in the service of Virginia in 1755 and 1756; his name occurs frequently in connection with Indian affairs in the Colonial records, and as late as July, 1777, he signed the treaty of Holston. -- Maxwell's Virginia Historical Register, vol. 5. ]
I have just received a letter from Governor Dinwiddie, in which he desires me to present his compliments to you. I am, &c.
[Note:Of the Prince William, Va., militia. ]
Sir: I have received yours of the 28th. instant, in consequence whereof I have discharged John Wood (who has employed Doctr. Bowles to serve in his room.) I have, also, finding it inconsistent with the interest of the service, discharged John High Werden, who, thro' age and consequent infirmity, is altogether unfit to undergo the fatigues of a Soldier.
As the number of draughts I have received from your County, is far short of the complement you are to furnish; I recommend it to you (and at the same time flatter myself you will conform thereto,) to use the most speedy and effectual means of sending your quota; for we stand greatly in need of them. I am, Sir, etc.
Sir: You are to proceed to Fredericksburgh, where you are to remain for the reception of the Draughts for the Regiment. You are to take their names, size, complexion, age, country, and former employment; and the Officers names who deliver them: specifying the number you receive from each Officer; to whom you are to give a receipt for them. You must not receive any that are subject to fits, or that have ulcers or old sores on their legs, or any other disease that renders them incapable of service. Nor that are under five feet four inches high; unless active and well-built. You are to order them up
You are to procure provisions for them upon the best terms you can, and see they are properly supplied: They are to get nothing but provisions, 'till their arrival here; when they will receive necessaries of every kind.
You are to continue at Fredericksburgh, to march up the last of them ordered to rendezvous at that place, unless you shall receive a counter-mand.
You are to keep exact copies of the receipt you give for the Draughts: and endeavour to give these men a favourable opinion of the way of life they are entered upon, by treating them with kindness and humanity, the most effectual means of removing those strange prejudices which the common people have in general against it.
If any of them shou'd desert, you are to write to the commanding Officer of the county whence they came, informing him of it; and begging his aid in apprehending and sending them to the Regiment.
Dr. Sir: The enclosed was wrote the 28th. ulto. upon Mr. Atkins giving me notice that he shou'd send an Express to you the next day. But, the important affairs in which he is continually engaged, have detained the express day after day 'till now.
Nothing remarkable has happened in this quarter. We continue to discover tracks and signs of the enemys parties, but
We have received 210 Draughts towards compleating this Regiment, and sustained great loss by desertion. More men are expected, and I do not know what we shall do, for want of arms for them. When the hurry of this Duty is over (which I expect will be before August) I shou'd be much obliged, cou'd I obtain your permission to be absent about 10 days, to settle some private affairs of very great consequence to me. You may be assured, Sir, I shall make no ungenerous use of your indulgence if my request is granted; and that I shall not quit my post if there is even an appearance of danger. I am Sir, etc.
Dr. Sir: I have had the pleasure of receiving your favours of the 21st. and 29th. ultimo. I did indeed begin to think (tho' I cou'd scarcely believe it) that you had quite forgotten me.
I am greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny-bill and do not know whether the Assembly have provided any reward for apprehending Deserters, which is very detrimental, and impedes the service much at this time, as more than one fourth of the draughts deserted before they reached this; and still continue to go off, notwithstanding I use every precaution I can possibly devise, to prevent this infamous practice.
I am greatly obliged to you for your endeavours to serve Capt. Gist. He seems to have sanguine hopes of Mr. Atkins, doing something for him. How justly they are formed, I know not.
I received the money you mention in your first letter, by Mr. Boyd, and have disbursed the greatest part of it, and with the best economy I cou'd, to give content. The sum was trifling, and unless more is speedily sent, we shall be in the suds again.
The accounts transmitted by Capt. Dagworthy, made our Affairs appear with a gloomy aspect; but they begin to revive again. It was a surprising mistake for an Officer (in the least degree acquainted with the service) to make.
I had an opportunity of examining the same indians afterwards, and to me, they denied having given such an account, but all agree, that many large scouting parties were sent hitherwards. And I believe they are exercising their cruelties in Pennsylvania, as I heard of several murders committed there lately.
Capt. Dagworthy did I suppose for want of a good Interpreter, misunderstand the Intelligencer who was brought to him. I have received the two thousand pounds which you sent to Fredericksburgh; and have also received the Draughts etc. and from your County, except John Stevens and James Johnston who have deserted. We have at this place in all, about 210 Draughts: Have lost since their arrival at Fredericksburgh near 80; and shall I fear lose very many more, unless severe Examples are made of some: which can not be done unless the military and civil powers, in their respective counties, will unite to apprehend these Fellows, who go off in full confidence of finding protection.
It is I fear beyond all doubt that poor Spotswood has fallen into the hands of the Enemy. Three men of his party are come in, who left him by his own order (to disperse) after they had fled from a party of Indians. They are however positive that he escap'd that party of indians. But the certainty of this is doubted. That matter which I hinted to you about Mercer, is since cleared up. He borrowed £250 by my order, and for the
I have settled Mr. Carlyles accompt. for necessaries furnished, and was obliged to pay him £70 to appease his complaints. It was hard he said, to have the balance from myself to him of £186.9.2 stopped, because he owed the country according to another accompt which he produced, only £25.1. (unless the country wou'd not pay him £93..¾ accompts which he has charged and advanced money for 3 years ago). I did not care to pay him more than 70£ till I acquainted you with the affair; and shall now be glad if your sentiments on this matter: that is, whether I may allow him my whole accompt, and let him settle his other with the Committee; deduct the £25.1 only, or the 25 and 93 £ both?
Working destroys and wears out Soldiers clothing very much, and unless some timely measures are taken, to lay in a supply, we shall be as bad off as formerly.
Were we to begin now to engage those things, it wou'd be next fall twelvemonths ere they wou'd come to hand; and that wou'd bring two years about, between their receiving one Suit and the other.
If there shou'd be any thing done in it, I hope, as it is a perquisite inseparable from the Colonel, that the Country will
I shou'd be glad to know whether the overplus of the two thousand pounds, after paying enlisting money to the Draughts and volunteers, may not be applied to other purposes?
Since writing the above, 71 out of 95 Draughts that marched from Fredericksburgh on Wednesday last, arrived at this place, the rest deserted. I am with great sincerity, etc.
P.S. We are greatly distressed for want of Arms for the Draughts. I have mentioned this to the Governor; but on this head, as on most others, he is silent. 52
[Note:The "Letter Book" copy attributes this letter to the Treasurer. ]
Hon'ble Sir: I received your Honors letter of the 27th. ultimo by Jenkins. The whole of the Militia from the adjacent counties that arrived here did not amount to more than 170 men: One half of those were unarmed, and the whole without ammunition or provisions. I detained such as were fit for Service, and discharged the rest; with threats to acquaint your Honor with the naked manner in which they came out. We have at this time about 50 of the Militia from Fairfax, 20 from Culpeper, and 40 from this County at different posts, employed in scouting, and assisting the inhabitants in harvesting.
The Letters I had from Colo. Stanwix 53 only informed me, that he had determined (and agreeably to that determination, had procured waggons and every thing in readiness) to march to this place which, upon the first intelligence from Captn.
[Note:Two letters, both dated June 22, 1757. They are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington. ]
As your Honor was pleased to make the Regulars a precedent for reducing out Bat-men; we hope you will also do it for establishing an allowance for the expence of keeping them, and for affording the other allowances of Waggons, &c. to transport the Officers Baggage and necessaries (which hitherto has always been done at their own private cost).
I send your Honor the original writing under Colo. Stanwix's own hand, as it came to me, annexed to his letter. I forgot to mention before, that Colo. Stanwix also wrote me, he had received advice from Colo. Wiser, 54 that the Garrison of Fort Augusta, at Shamoken, apprehended an attack; because some Indians who had just come in reported, that the french and indians had cut a large road within 10 miles of that fort. This letter was dated the 16th. ulto. and the Colonel observed, that he shou'd wait for further intelligence, before he moved.
[Note:Colonel Weiser, Pennsylvania Indian agent. He was adopted by the Mohawk Tribe; lived with the Iroquois, learned their language, and was adopted also by them. ]
There are 209 Draughts at this place; great numbers deserted before they got here, and some since: and, unless the civil and military Officers in the respective counties will exert themselves in apprehending these fellows, and severe examples
I think it my duty to represent, that the contractors or Commissaries, who are to lay in provisions for the forces of this Colony for the ensuing year, shou'd be immediately appointed; as the season for engaging Beef is fast approaching, and the Pedlars and Butchers from Pennsylvania, are coming amongst the Settlers for the purpose of buying.
After the arrears if the Regiment (for which I am answerable) are paid off; it is necessary I shou'd have a fund of money lodged in my hands, to answer the contingent Expences of the Service.
I have acquainted many people with the answer your Honor gave to my representation in behalf of the accompts of the indians. They are greatly dissatisfied at the thoughts of going to Williamsburgh; and I believe it will be attended with such bad effects, that no services of a similar kind, will ever again be done by them on the most urgent occasion.
I wou'd therefore, to prevent this which may be very injurious in its consequences, beg leave humbly to recommend, that some person should be appointed to take in and adjust, if not to pay off, all these accompts; and at the same time wou'd mention Captn. Gist for this Duty: Because I understand Mr. Atkin
I now enclose two receipts which I presented to your Honor in Williamsburgh, for money which Capt. Mercer laid out for Moccasons for the Indians. The Committee refused having any thing to say to them; because the money was to come properly out of a fund, of which your Honor has the management alone: and desired me to apply to you for it; and if your Honor remember, you returned for answer, that there was no money in your hands: offering at the same time a warrant upon the Speaker for it; which I did not take, as he had before assured me, there was no money in the Treasury.
I hope you will be kind enough to send it now by Jenkins, as it is very much wanted. I shou'd be glad to know whether your Honor intended to continue Jenkins's pay?
Two Officers have desired leave to resign, since I wrote you last; namely, Lt. Eustace and Ensign Pert. 55
[Note:Lieut. Hancock Eustace and Ensign Griffin Pert. ]
I have received 2,000 £ of the Speaker, to pay the Draughts: We are greatly at a loss how to proceed, wanting the mutiny and desertion Bills (passed by the last Assembly:) and I shou'd be very glad to know what reward the Assembly have given for apprehending deserters; and in what manner payment is to be made.
It is not in my power to send your Honor a return of our Strength, because I have not received the returns from the Officers at the detached posts. There is however, but little alteration from that of May.
Since writing the above, 70 more Draughts out of 95 that marched from Fredericksburgh on Wednesday last, are arrived here; the rest deserted. When the whole have joined the
Honble. Sir: I had just closed mine yesterday, and was going to send off Jenkins 56 with it, when yours of the 24th ultimo came to hand.
[Note:An express rider between Williamsburg, Va., and the army. ]
The Deserters apprehended at Maidstone, were treated with such lenity as their subsequent behaviour convinces me was misplaced: several of them having since deserted.
This infamous practice, wherein such numbers of our men have (by means of the villainy and ill-judged compassion of the country-people, who deem it a merit to assist Deserters,) has been wonderfully successful; and is now arrived at such a height, that nothing can stop its scandalous progress, but the severest punishments, and most striking examples. Since mine of yesterday, no less than 24 more of the Draughts (after having received their money and clothes) deserted: notwithstanding every precaution I cou'd suggest was taken to prevent it: among others, I had all the roads way-laid in the night. -- Seven of those who went off last night, took that road which happened to be blocked up. Mr. Hughes (whom your Honor has been pleased to appoint adjutant) and two Soldiers, took two of them, after exchanging some shot, and wou'd in all probability have taken them all, had he not been disabled in the right hand, and one of our Soldiers shot thro' the leg; and, it is believed, one of the Deserters was killed in the conflict.
I must again, earnestly request, your Honor will please to send me up a copy of the mutiny and desertion bill, passed the last Session of Assembly, 57 with blank warrants to execute the Sentence of the Courts martial; without which I fear we will soon lose, not only all the draughts, but, by their going off with impunity, there is such a bad example, as will render even the detention of the old Soldiers impracticable.
[Note:"Our printing office is so closely engaged in printing the paper currency that I could not get the mutiny and desertion act in print." -- Dinwiddie to Washington, July 18, 1757. ]
As the pressing exigency of this unhappy juncture demands the utmost expedition, in which the welfare of the Colony is so nearly concerned; I flatter myself your Honor will not hesitate at sending me blank-warrants.
By a course of unerring experience, I am convinced beyond any doubt, that nothing but the most rigorous measures can have the least effect.
The inconceivable trouble those discontented turbulent fellows give us, and the few Officers that now remain here, have greatly impeded the service; and laid me under the necessity of appointing the three oldest volunteers, vizt. Mess: Speake, Felt, and Wood, Ensigns, which I hope your Honor will approve of.
I am glad your Honor does not think of the additional companies, or Rangers, till the Regiment is complete. A short time has already demonstrated how justly founded your apprehensions on that head were. As I now begin to despair of seeing the 8 companies that remain in the Colony, compleated, I am convinced every day will lessen our numbers 'till some sad examples are made of the Deserters.
As the unhappy fate of poor Capt. Spotswood seems now to be ascertained, and made a vacant company in the Regiment; I
Should he be again superseded, it cannot be imagined that a man of his spirit will be any longer detained in the service however prejudicial his leaving it may otherwise be to him. And I must confess it would give me pain that we should lose a good officer thro' the default of common justice.
Your Honor seems surprized at my returning 432 men in May, and but 384 in June. It is true, there were several desertions in that interval, but if your Honor will take the trouble of looking [at] those two returns it will immediately remove your surprize; That of May was of my total effectives; and that of the 16th of June was only of the number I then had fit for Duty; designed to shew your Honor what I [had] actually fit for service, at a time when we were threatened with the most imminent danger.
The reason of my being so urgent for the blank warrants is that I am persuaded, that postponing the punishments ordered by the courts-martial will not only diminish the terror of delinquents, but encourage other of the Soldiers to follow their base example. And, would your Honor think proper to issue your proclamation, commanding all the officers, civil and military, to exert themselves in apprehending these Deserters, it wou'd probably have a good effect.
I have ordered a roll to be made out of the Draughts that deserted, since they were received at Fredericksburg, which I here enclose your Honor, that you have it advertised, if you shall think it proper.
Although my Brother's affairs have been long in an unsettled state; and I am nearly interested in having them properly
In mine of the 27th ultimo, I enclosed your Honor Doctr. Ross's (commissary for the Maryland troops) letter, relating to the provisions at Ft. Cumberland; and desired your Honor's instructions on that head. Since which the enclosed, on the same subject, came to my hand.
As Mr. Atkin, will not agree to part with any of the Dutch blankets which came up for the Indians, to replace those of the Regiments, which Colo. Stephen injudiciously gave away, I shall be at a great loss, not having a Blanket left. And unless they can be sent up soon from Williamsburgh, I shou'd be glad to receive orders to send for them to Pennsylvania. I am, &c.
Hon'ble Sir: After Jenkins left this yesterday evening, the enclosed, from Capt. Dagworthy, came to hand.
We have pretty many men, and very few arms here (that are fit for service). I must now beg the favor of your Honor, to send me a commission for holding General Court's-martial; as I apprehend that which I had under the former act, was no longer in force, than while that act existed. Irregularity and confusion will continually prevail among us, till the Companies are formed, and the proper Officers appointed to each: which can not be done, unless your Honor will take the trouble upon yourself, or invest me with power and blank commissions to do it. At this time it will take nearly a dozen and an half commissions to complete the eight Companies in Virginia with Officers, and to make the necessary changes.
There are (including those which I have appointed the oldest volunteers to) five or six vacancies, besides nine or ten Ensigns that will be made Lieutenants: and if Captn. Spotswood's company shou'd be disposed of to McNeill (but I think it would be a little premature to give the company away till time or something else, shall confirm his death) there will be another vacancy occasioned by his promotion.
Capt. Woodwards company, nor any of the companies on the Branch were brought to this place. I am &c.
Sir: I recd. your's of the 10th. Inst. Covering the Drummer's Deposition about the Enemys Motions and Designs which I hope will prove as favourable to us as the last Intelligence from that Quarter. I have Transmitted Governor Dinwiddie a Copy of it and would have sent another to Colo. Stanwix did not the Bearer assure me that there cou'd be no doubt of your Expresses reaching him in due time. If you shou'd at anytime hereafter have occasion to send an Express here you need not be at the Trouble of sendg. it further than Pearsalls from whence Captn. McKenzie will immidiately forward it here, the Bearer seems unfit for the Service he is now on being a Drunken delatory Fellow. I am Sir, etc.
[N.Y.P.L.]
Dear Sir: Your obliging favor of the 11th instant I received this morning. It will seem odd to send you three letters under one cover, and those so widely differing in their dates: But the truth only shall account for it.
Mr. Atkin has told me day after day, since the date of my first, that his Express would go off the next morning, as he would the preceding evening be able to finish his despatches to you. This prevented my enquiring after any other conveyance, and is the cause of the delay of my letters 'till now.
Militia, you will find, Sir, will never answer your expectation, no dependence is to be placed upon them; They are obstinate and perverse, they are often egged on by the Officers, who lead them to acts of disobedience, and, when they are ordered to certain posts for the security of stores, or the protection of the Inhabitants, will, on a sudden, resolve to leave them, and the united vigilance of their officers can not prevent them.
Instances of the above nature I have now before me, which put me to some difficulty.
No man I conceive was ever worse plagued than I have been with the Draughts that were sent from the several counties in this Government, to complete its Regiment: out of 400 that were received at Fredericksburgh, and at this place, 114 have deserted, notwithstanding every precaution, except absolute confinement has been used to prevent this infamous practice. I have used the most vigorous measures to apprehend those fellows who escaped from hence (which amounted to about 30) and have succeeded so well that they are taken with the loss of one of their men, and a Soldier wounded. I have a Gallows near 40 feet high erected (which has terrified the rest exceedingly), and I am determined if I can be justified in the proceeding, to hang two or three on it, as an example to others.
An affair has happened at this place, which may, I apprehend, be productive of very unhappy consequences; it is this: About 6 days ago, came to this town, from Chota, in the Cherokee Nation, ten Indians; some of whom call themselves Mingo's tribe of the Six Nations; others Cherokees, &c. But as they gave
This procedure greatly alarmed and at the same time exasperated about 12 Cherokees, who were at this place and knew all the prisoners: and has obliged Mr. Atkin to send an Express to the South Branch to bring Outassity down, who now lies sick there, to clear the matter up. He is not yet arrived. Nineteen Indians and the Officer I mentioned in my last, marched from Fort Cumberland the 9th instant, for Ft. Duquesne. By their return I hope I shall reecive some intelligence worth transmitting to you. At present we are pretty peaceable.
The Philadelphia post, which formerly came to this place, being stopped, prevents our hearing any foreign news; but what are transmitted in the channel of friendly Letters. We greatly regret the loss of this post, and wou'd gladly keep it up by private subscription, from this to Carlyle, if it comes that length. 58
[Note:The post office of the Colonies was at this time under the management of Benjamin Franklin and Col. John Hunter, and its service extended from Georgia to New Hampshire. The Assembly of Pennsylvania, when Braddock marched west, had established a special post from Winchester to Philadelphia, "for the accommodation of the army chiefly"; but as early as August, 1756, Franklin had given notice that it must be discontinued unless supported by grants from Maryland and Virginia. (See Franklin's Works, vol. 2, p. 470.) Governor Denny, of Pennsylvania, asserted that Franklin took advantage of his official position to circulate his newspaper and receive intelligence free, "which he may make the best or worst use of in the present situation of affairs." (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 7, P. 447.) -- Ford. ]
Dr. Sir: Your favour of the 14th. instant is come to hand.
I wrote you fully in three several letters, under one cover, about four days ago. Before yours came to hand, I had received a letter from Captn. Dagworthy, enclosing a copy of Steels deposition; and made particular enquiry (of the bearer) whether
I can not believe, either, that the french on the Ohio do think of more than their own defence, and sending out scalping parties of Indians to annoy and keep our frontiers in terror. Be this as it may, I shall always think it my duty to stand in the best posture of defence, that the situation of my affairs will possibly admit.
I beg leave to offer my compliments to those Gentlemen of your Battalion, with whom I have the honor to be acquainted. I am, Sir, etc.
Sir: I have undoubted intelligence that many Deserters from the Virginia Regiment are gone to, and are harbored and protected in several counties of your province, especially Baltimore County, under the specious pretext of their unjust detention, after the expiration of the time, which, the Deserters (I learn) pretend was limited when they enlisted. And some in authority, either from an ill placed compassion, or from that spirit of opposition to the service, which is too prevalent through the Continent, have not only countenanced those Deserters, but made use of your Excellency's name for that purpose; as you may observe by the enclosed, (a copy of the original is in my possession.)
I am quite certain, that no orders have been issued, since I have been honored with the command of this Regiment, to enlist for any limited term, and Captn. Gist (upon whom the Deserters would fix this charge) declares on his honor, that he never mentioned limiting their time of Service in any other way than this, that they should be discharged at the conclusion of the War or Expedition, which might possibly be ended in 6 or 8 months: which could be deemed nothing more than one of those little subterfuges which, from the disagreeable nature of the Recruiting Service, has, at some junctures been considered necessary; Though I must still think, [it] would come with a better grace, from a Sergeant, than a commissioned Officer.
I am sure, from your Excellency's good sense, experience, and knowledge in military affairs, that you have given no decision in this affair, without a proper enquiry, which cou'd not well be made without the attendance of those who recruited the Deserters; and that Magistrates have, from the report of the Deserters, afforded them this unjustifiable protection. As this is the point of view in which it appears to me; I have ordered Ensign Fell, (who assisted in recruiting them) to wait on Your Excellency; and request you wou'd be pleased to have the affair enquired into; that if the allegations of the Deserters be false, you will please to give such orders as will enable me to have them apprehended and if they are well grounded, that I may have Captn. Gist's conduct, for disobedience of orders, enquired into.
I judge this step necessary to be taken, previously to my laying the affair before the Commander in Chief, therefore hope His Excellency will forgive this trouble from him who has the honor of being with great respect, &c. 59
[Note:Upon the receipt of this letter Governor Sharpe at once issued circular instructions calling upon "all and every of the officers, both civil and military in Baltimore County" to use their best endeavors in securing the deserters. -- Ford. ]
Sir: I should have written fully to you long since, and sent an Officer to relieve you, but the expectation we were in (by reports from Fort Cumberland) of a french invasion from Ohio, kept us in continual alarm, and readiness to oppose the attempt.
I must now, as I formerly have done, say, that all accompts relative to provisions must be settled with the Commissary; and all that concern the payment of your company, with the pay-master. I have nothing to do with either, nor do I choose to interfere with their Business. I shall send money by Major Lewis (if the pay-master does not go himself) to discharge your recruiting accompt, and the sums due to the Masters of such Servants as you may have enlisted. The reason why this was not done before, was the want of money, which I have been without since December, 'till about a fortnight ago; and now an insufficient sum is come to hand, to answer the numerous demands against the public.
I mentioned to Captn. McNeill your demand upon David Evans, and he has stopped the money: But as he writes to you by this opportunity, I refer to him. In respect to your other demand, against Trotter, 60 it wou'd have been regular to have made out your accompt and sent it to the commanding Officer of the Company he is in; and then if Trotter refused to pay it, I shou'd have appointed a Court of Enquiry to sit and examine into the justice of your claim, and the reason of his denial, and order'd payment, if they thought it due. But I never will assume an arbitrary power, and oblige any person to pay a sum, unheard. I have heard nothing more about the matter; and the company in which Trotter is Sergeant, lies at a great distance [Note:Sergeant Richard Trotter. ] Page 102 from this: So I presume, that affair either is, or may be settled without my interposition.
I have great complaints made concerning your manner of carrying on the works at the Fort you are building. It has cost infinitely more money than ever was intended for it. and, by the injudicious spot of ground you have chosen to fix it upon, it has caused a general clamour.
Mr. Bullet and Mr. Fleming inform me, that you refuse to do the necessaries belonging to it.
I therefore desire you will immediately upon receipt of this, deliver up the company, arms, stores and fort, to the command of the former; that the Kings Service may not suffer: You are to take Lt. Bullets' receipt for every thing delivered to him.
I shall suspend giving any directions concerning the provisions at Ft. Dinwiddie, or matters relative to the company. Major Lewis will have the command of it, and will be instructed in these points. I am &c.
Sir: I have received two or three letters from you and Ensign Fleming. In answer I shall observe, that I think you have an undoubted right to sit as a regimental court martial, and to punish offenders; and that I am sorry to hear of the desertions which have happened in your company, and the temper of mind that prevails in your men; and hope, that you hitherto have, and do still continue to check this growing evil, and to maintain discipline.
It was a mistake (I believe I might say negligence) in the Quarter-master, that he did not send Hats for your Company,
[Note:Leggings, or knee-length gaiters, the equivalent of the puttees of to-day, though the colonial protection was either buttoned or laced. ]
[Note:Half-mounting was, generally, the underclothes and minor articles of dress; it may have meant, in Virginia, the stock, shirt, shoes, and stockings. ]
If you have one Halbert, it is more than we have in the whole Regiment; and I desire it may be laid aside, and a musket, &c. substituted in its place. Cartridge-paper is an article not to be had here; and we make use of horns and pouches in its stead, which you must also do. Drums will be sent by Major Lewis, who is to have the command of your company, and will move it hitherwards.
I have directed Capt. Hogg to give up the command of the company to you; and I desire that you will exert your best endeavours to finish the fort in the most expeditious manner; altho' it shou'd, by that means, be roughly done. You are to take an exact account of all the stores and of every thing you receive from Captn. Hogg; and pass your receipt for them.
In answer to the Queries which you and Mr. Fleming have put, I shall observe, that it is the duty of every commanding Officer to use the greatest diligence and care, to pursue and apprehend Deserters; and that at as little expence as possible; but that such expence as must inevitably arise, be paid by the country.
The second case is pretty clear, from several of the articles of war; one of which requires the commanding Officer to forbid a Soldiers being credited, without orders from him: another prohibiting any persons dealing with Soldiers without his leave.
I think, whoever enlisted a man under the late regulation for recruiting, was entitled to the two pistoles, bounty-money ; but it cou'd not be expected that the Captain wou'd advance this sum, if he had no money of the Countrys in his hands.
By the present act of Assembly, the person or persons enlisted, are entitled to £5 without the least deduction, and the Officer to his expences. If they are sent recruiting no person (either Servant or any other) after they are enlisted and attested, can be discharged by no person but myself, or the Officer whom I may appoint: and whoever assumes this liberty, subjects himself to be tried by a General Court Martial.
I have got several small accompts amounting to £2.12. which you sent me down, passed for the Soldiers; and will send the money by Major Lewis.
Give my Complim'ts to Mr. Fleming, and tell him, that if the appointment of Officers is left to me, his detached situation will be no prejudice to his promotion.
Sir: You are ordered forthwith to march with all the Draughts which are at this place belonging to your own Company and Capt. Woodwards, together with Capt. Spotswoods, to Dickinsons plantation, on the cow-pasture; where I expect you will meet Captn. Woodward on his march to Vauses. When a junction of these three Companies is formed, you are, if the ravages of the Enemy, and circumstances of the Inhabitants, do not render other dispositions necessary, to detach
I can not at this distance, with the least degree of propriety, pretend to order a disposition of your command further than to advise you, not to divide it into too small parties. You are nevertheless to assist any body of Inhabitants, which may have gathered together in certain places, and need protection, but to appoint no more men to this service, than what are absolutely necessary to act upon the defensive, reserving as many as possible under your immediate direction, at Dickensons fort, to turn out in pursuit of the Enemy, when you hear they are about.
You will have the direction of the aforesaid Companies, till further orders, and to you they are to apply for instructions, to you make the returns, as required in my general instructions; and from you I expect them myself.
You will deliver Captn. Woodward the Kettles sent for his company. You will receive from me £21.18. the contents of a recruiting accompt of Capt. Hogg which you are desired to pay him. You will also receive £30.4.2 value of sundry Servants enlisted in that part of your company lately under Captn. Hogg's command: And I shall be glad if you will settle this matter, and pay the Masters according to appointment, which is as follows; Charles Campbell for Mark Donally, £9. to Wm. Lewis, for Francis Adams, £13.11.6 To Andrew Duncan, for Thomas Davis, £7.12.8.
You will likewise receive £2.12 to be paid to the following Soldiers, in the following sums, agreeably to their several accompts handed in by Lt. Bullet: To John Heart, 8/ John Leak, 8/ Mark Donally, 4/ and Moses Gawin 32/.
You must apply to the Surgeon of the Regiment for a small assortment of medicines, which Mr. Fleming has promised to administer to the sick of your Detachment. For other directions, I refer you to my General Instructions herewith delivered.
Sir: You are Ordered forthwith to march from hence to the South-branch with your own men, and such of Capt. McKenzie's as are at this place. The latter you are to deliver to him so soon as you arrive at this Garrison (with the Orders and Instructions herewith given you for him). And, immediately after he has taken a size and necessary roll of his company, you are to demand 25 men and an Officer, (if he can possibly spare one) to reinforce your command; and with them proceed to the post assigned you (namely, Butter-milk-fort) and there use your utmost endeavours to protect the numerous body of Inhabitants in all those parts.
I am sensible, there is a necessity of throwing a few Soldiers into some of the country-forts, in order to detain the Inhabitants in them; and I approve of your doing it; but at the same time recommend, that no more be appointed for this Service, than what are absolutely necessary to detain the inhabitants, and to resist any sudden attempts of the enemy to surprize the fort; reserving the principal part of them at the fort you reside at, to turn out and pursue the enemy, when you hear they are about it.
You are, as soon as you arrive at Captn. McKenzie's Garrison, to dispatch a Messenger to Captn. Woodward, that he may hold himself in readiness to march immediately upon your arrival; (and to take with him the company lately belonging to Captn. Bronaugh, which is now joined to his own).
You are also to inform the Officer (Lt. Weeden) commanding the company, lately Captn. Cocke's, now joined to Captn. Lewis's, that he is to march those men to Conogochieg immediately upon your arrival. And you are to see that not the least delay is made, after you do arrive, in having this done.
As all the companies, agreeably to their present regulations, are now supplied with Kettles from the public stores; you are desired to collect all the old ones, pots, &c. that are among the troops upon the branch, and send them down to this place, under escort of Lt. Weeden, giving him a strict charge to be careful of them: and you will deliver to Captn. McKenzie, those which you have received at this place, for the use of his company.
You are, for farther direction, referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered to you.
Sir: You are ordered, immediately upon receipt hereof, to march with your own company (which by a late regulation, has the one that was Capt. Bronaughs added to it) to the plantation of Captn. Dickenson on the cow-pasture; and to pursue the following rout, vizt. First you are to go up the south fork; thence to the head of the cow-pasture river, and thence down the same to Dickensons; where you are to halt 'till joined by Major Lewis, and the Draughts sent by him to strengthen your company; or till you receive Orders from the Major, what to do, if he shou'd not be there himself.
That he may have timely notice of your coming to Dickensons; you are to despatch an Express to him at Augusta Courthouse, so soon as you begin your march. I expect you will
As you will receive new Kettles from the public stores (to be delivered you by Maj. Lewis:) I have desired Captn. Waggener to call in all the old ones, pots, &c. which were made use of in yours and Bronaugh's late company; and to send them to this place, and I desire you will be punctual in seeing this done, as well as in seeing that great care is taken of the new kettles.
As the Fort which Captn. Hogg is building, and to which you are now going, has, either thro bad conduct in the Director, idleness in the workmen, or thro' some other cause which I can not comprehend, been of infinitely more expence to the country, and much longer about, than was ever expected. You are required to finish it with the utmost dispatch; and that in any manner, however rough, if it will secure you upon an attack. You are for farther direction referred to the General Instructions herewith delivered you.
Sir: I have received yours, and have paid Doct. Craik the contents of your recruiting accompt.
Colo. Stephen has given so many strange Orders, Orders, so inconsistent with my Instructions and incompatible with his
The fund established for building of forts, has long been expended, and how your demand will be answered, I am at a loss to determine. However, that you may not suffer by complying with Colo. S[tephen]s'; draw out an exact accompt, and what assistance I can be towards procuring your money, shall be chearfully given.
I have ordered the Adjutant to transmit you copies of those Orders, relative to the regulation of the Companies. General Instructions I have myself sent, and kettles will be delivered to you by Captn. Waggener, whom I have given orders to demand a detachment of 25 men from your Company, and an Officer (if you can spare one) to strengthen his command, for the better protecting the Settlers above the Trough. All your old kettles, pots, &c. are to be sent to this place; and great care taken of the new. I am Sir, etc.
Gentlemen: The principal end proposed in sending you to the post to which you are ordered is to protect the Inhabitants of those posts, and to keep them if possible easy and quiet.
I enjoin it upon you, therefore, to use every means which you and your officers shall judge advisable, to answer this salutary purpose, particularly by keeping out constant scouting parties;
These parties are to consist of such numbers as the service may require, and your circumstances will admit. But in general I wou'd have a third part of your well men and an officer (frequently, if not always to command; altho' he may judge the party too small for his rank.)
You are by no means to impress Horses, yourself, or licence any person or persons under your command to do it, except in cases of necessity and where the Interest of the Service indispensably requires it for Expresses, &c, and then you are to be careful in seeing that, as soon as the service is performed, they be immediately returned to their proper owners in good order; paying the hire of them, or else to give a certificate, specifying for what service they were pressed, and how long employed in it.
You are not to accommodate any Indians, that may happen to pass your way, with Horses, unless it be upon extraordinary cases, nor are you to hold any Conferences with them upon Business, only on such points as relate to the Service in which you are immediately engaged. Neither are you to attempt making Treaties with them, or to make them presents, promises, &c., or give any liquor, but in a very sparing manner.
If at any time or upon any occasion, you shou'd pay away money for contingent Expences, you are to take receipts for them, ascertaining the sum, and for what service paid; and keep an exact accompt thereof, in order to lay it before me,
You are to take care that only one pound of flour, and the like quantity of meat, be delivered to each man per day, and that no more women draw provisions, than in proportion as 6 to 100 men.
You must prevent any provisions issuing without a written order from yourself, or the officer commanding in your absence. To have regular returns made out for that purpose. To cause all provisions to be exactly weighed, &c.
You are to use every imaginable precaution to prevent irregular suttling, licentious swearing, and all other unbecoming irregularities and to neglect no pains or diligence in training your men (when off duty) to the true use and exercise of their arms; and teaching them in all other respects, the duties of their profession.
Be particularly careful in seeing that they take proper care of their clothes and accoutrements; which you are to do, by inspecting narrowly every Saturday at least, into their order; and by furnishing and making stoppages from those who have lost, sold, or otherwise made away with, or abused their things, till full reparation is had.
That this piece of duty may be conducted with ease; divide your men into as many squads as there are Sergeants, and make it the duty of each Sergeant (who is to keep the Roll of their necessaries for that purpose) to see that the men of his squad have their clothes, arms, and accoutrements always together, and
I also desire that the greatest regularity may be constantly observed in relieving the Guards, the Sentries, and all other parts of ceremonious duty. That the men may not by neglecting this, contract bad habits, but rather thro' a strict observance, become intimately acquainted with, and knowing in their duty. And as I wou'd have the whole regiment tho' never so much divided at present, pursue the same system of discipline, even in the most minute punctilios, You are to send an alert Sergeant or Corporal and two or three men, fit for the Drill, to this place to be perfected therein, who, on their return, are to instruct the rest of your Command.
I recommend it to you, likewise, and in the strongest terms, that you and the officers under your command, do make yourselves master of the necessary salutes.
You are to give in an exact size, and necessary role of your company and to see that no non-commissioned Officer or Soldier is ever provided with less than 3 good shirts, two pair of good Stockings, and one pair of good Shoes, and that the initial letters of their names are marked upon their ammunition, clothes, and accoutrements, which you must cause to be entered in a Book kept for that purpose, to prevent their swapping and changing their things. You are also to be vastly careful in making them preserve their Regimentals, and to make them appear always neat and clean, and soldier-like, especially when they are upon Duty.
You are to transmit me the most exact and regular returns, made out once a month, not only of the strength of, and alterations in, your company (or command) but also of the arms, ammunition, clothes, and stores, carefully examined by yourself, to prevent such egregious mistakes as often happen thro'
You are also to hold me duly advised of all material occurrences in your Quarter. You are not to give furloughs to more than one Soldier at a time, unless some particular cause requires it, and then you are to insert the reasons and time of their absence at the foot of your return, if they should not happen to be present at the time it is made. Shou'd any of your men desert, you are to use your utmost endeavours in having them apprehended; and whatever expence you are at, over and above what the country allows, is to be deducted from the pay of such offending Soldiers, if they shou'd happen to be taken.
Each Deserter is advertised at 40 s. reward, and more, when other aggravating circumstances accompany his desertion.
I expect you will take great pains to make your Soldiers good marks-men by teaching them to shoot at Targets.
I have been thus particular in my Instructions to you, because I expect the most punctual obedience will be paid to them; being determined not to overlook neglects of duty in any, but to act with the utmost strictness (agreeably to the Instructions which I am honored with from the Governor): and therefore, in order to enable you to support a proper command: --
I hereby require, that you do put any officer under arrest whom you shall find negligent in his duty, or misbehaving as a Gentleman, and either enquire into his conduct with your own Officers (in order to a further examination at this place), or send him here, (at once) for that purpose.
And I do hereby direct you to hold courts martial for trying and punishing non-commissioned officers and soldiers (Without which the former are not to be broke, and after which, by no means to be reinstated, nor new ones appointed, without my
Permit me before I finish (and now that the companies are formed for service, and agreeable to order) to recommend, and I do in the strongest manner I can to you and your Officers, to devote some part of your leisure hours to the study of your profession, a knowledge in which cannot be attained without application; nor any merit or applause to be achieved without a certain knowledge thereof. Discipline is the soul of an army. It makes small numbers formidable; procures success to the weak, and esteem to all; and may, in a peculiar manner to us, who are in the way to be joined to Regulars in a very short time, and of distinguishing thro' this means, from other Provincials.
You are to be at no expence in building or repairing old works, without first apprizing me thereof, because the money appropriated to that purpose is expended. The safety and convenience of soldiers render it a duty upon them to repair the works, and make lodgments for themselves. I wou'd therefore have you observe this, and act conformably to it.
Dear Sir: My former letters wou'd inform you how little share I had in confining the Indians in the public jail at this place.
Mr. Atkin, in his Majesty's name, applied to me as commanding officer for aid to secure these people, which I thereupon did, but not without first representing the consequences, that might and in some measure really did happen. This step was no sooner taken, than the Cherokees in town, about twenty
Out of the great number of Draughts that have deserted from us, we have been able to apprehend twenty-two; of whom two were hanged on Thursday last. The eight companies now remaining in Virginia are completed to about eighty, rank and file, four commanding officers, four sergeants, and two drummers, and are all marched to the several posts assigned them.
The commission, which I have received from Governor Dinwiddie, to hold general courts-martial, is very long, and rather a repetition of the act. I shou'd be obliged, if you wou'd let me know whether this be right or not. I took the liberty in a letter of the -- to ask leave to be absent about twelve or fourteen days, if circumstances in this quarter would permit, but having heard nothing from you since, I am inclined to address you again on that head, because the 1st of August is the time appointed for the meeting of the executors (of which I am one) of an estate that I am much interested in a dividend of; and have suffered much already by the unsettled state it has
P. S. Since writing the above I have received the enclosed from Captn. McKenzie. Captn. Waggener just before with upwards of 100 men, had marched to the place he speaks of, to strengthen the garrisons on the Branch. I have sent him orders to select a good company (if the enemy still remain there) and use his best endeavors to fall in with their encampment; and I am certain he will neglect no means to accomplish it. I have also advice from the southern frontiers of Augusta County, that the Indians have appeared, and done some mischief. Major Lewis with a detachment of 250 men (including a company of 50 already in those parts) marched to occupy Vausses and Dickinson's forts, and to repel the enemy if they still continued to commit depredations.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favours of the 13th. and 18th. ultimo, with the commissions, Warrants, and money, I have received.
The Indian accompts I have so often mentioned, and which your Honor says, you do not understand, are expences which have accrued on account of provisions, as they have marched from place to place (for they will not eat salt meat; but kill fresh wherever it is to be found). Liquor, unavoidably to be given them; Horses, pressed for the use of their sick, &c. and never returned: Tomahawks, and a great many other things which there was a necessity of purchasing for them. The people will never trust their vouchers, for the delivery of these things, to doubtful Messengers; and most of those articles are too inconsiderable to induce them to go down to
We have received Draughts as per the enclosed list: which list is agreeable, I hope, to your Honors orders to me. Their number has fallen so far short of expectation, that the 8 remaining companies will not exceed 90 rank and file, each. It is not in my power to send a roll of each company, 'till the Captains get all their men together; as soon as this is done, I have ordered an exact size-roll to be transmitted to me, of each company, and I shall forward them to your Honor, without loss of time. 63 As the best Captains were fixed upon by your Honor, below; and some of our worst Subalterns resigned since, I have filled up the vacant commissions according to seniority, and hope it will be agreeable, as I think it was most equitable. Your Honor desired I wou'd give Sergeant Feint an Ensigns commissions: But I apprehend you only meant it, in case there had been Draughts enough for 12 companies. And therefore I declined doing it 'till I hear further from you: especially as there are yet volunteers in the Regiment, who have long served in hope of preferment, and given equal proofs of good Behaviour and of course expect to be preferred before Sergeants.
[Note:Washington forwarded the size roll of his own (the colonel's company) on August 28. It is in the Washington Papers. ]
However, I have reserved one vacancy, to be filled up either with Feint or Mr. Chew 64 (the oldest volunteer) as your Honor shall now direct.
[Note:Coleby Chew. He was, later, a lieutenant in the Virginia Regiment. ]
The present Officers names, and dates of their commissions, may be seen by the enclosed. The men are marched for Augusta, that were designed for the forts at Vauses and Dickensons, and Major Lewis sent to command there. Those for the Branch, under Captn. Waggener, are also marched: and there now remain here no more than Capt. Stewarts company and
I have ordered two Officers to Ft. Cumberland to inspect the refused Beef; and have sent up Mr. Kennedy, who acted as Commissary, there, with directions to use every means to save it, as adding fresh pickle, &c.
I send your Honor a copy of the proceedings of a General Court martial. Two of those condemned, namely, Ignatious Edwards, and Wm. Smith, were hanged on thursday last, just before the companies marched for their respective posts. Your Honor will, I hope excuse my hanging, instead of shooting them. It conveyed much more terror to others; and it was for example sake, we did it. They were proper objects to suffer: Edwards had deserted twice before, and Smith was accounted one of the greatest villians upon the continent. Those who were intended to be whipped, have received their punishment accordingly; and I should be glad to know what your Honor wou'd choose to have done with the rest?
A return for the month of June, I herewith send. 65 I had a letter from Colo. Stanwix the other day, concerning the deposition of Street. He seems to put no great confidence in the report ; and wrote me, that he was intrenching himself at Carlyle.
[Note:This return, dated July 1, 1757, is in the Washington Papers. ]
I have received advice from Augusta, that the Indians had appeared in large bodies there, and done some mischief. A letter also from Captn. McKenzie, on the South-Branch, informs me, that the enemy had taken away four or five men, and scalped another, who was carelessly reaping in a field.
As Major Lewis is gone towards the first, and Capt. Waggener towards the latter parts, I am in hopes they will keep the inhabitants from hurt.
We are, by reason of our dispersed situation, greatly at a loss for the articles of war, I should be glad if your Honor wou'd order many of them to be printed: In the regular Service there is scarcely a Sergeant but what has a copy.
I shou'd be glad to know too, in time, whether your Honor intends to pursue the last resource of the Act of Assembly for compleating the Regiment vizt. recruiting? If so, money will be wanted. I am &c.
Sir: As the inhabitants in general unanimously concur in opinion, that Pattersons wou'd much better answer the end proposed by your Command (vizt. the protection of the Inhabitants) than your present Station; You are therefore upon receipt of this, immediately to quit your present post, and proceed to Patersons, leaving five men at Captain Catons. You are to apply to Patterson and his neighbours for waggons &c. They have tendered every service in their power to expedite your march. When you arrive at Pattersons, you are to detach 10 men to Neillys' 6 to Bells, and 4 to Mendenhals: The remainder of your command is to be employed in scouting agreeably to your former Orders. And apply to the country people, who I doubt not will act as your guides.
As the small parties will have only Garrison duty, I wou'd recommend the sending your sick to those places, who may do that duty nearly as well as these; and, by change of air, and there being but few together, may recover much sooner than they otherwise wou'd.
As I think fresh provisions now and then, by way of change, necessary; you may purchase (if you can do it upon reasonable
Sir: I received yours of the 3d. instant, covering a size and necessary roll of your company; which, being incomplete, is not what I wanted. Whenever you get all your company under your own command, you are to have them completed with necessaries agreeably to Orders; and then to transmit an exact size and necessary roll of the whole; and afterwards you are each month to send me a return of your company, as usual, and a general return of its necessaries agreeably to the enclosed form.
I wrote you fully yesterday when I desired you to send what spare Blankets you had, to this place, so soon as you arrived at Pattersons. I have sent you the articles of War; which you will return when you are done with them.
Sir: Your favor of the 13th by Mr. Boyd, I have received. The draughts from Lunenburg are arrived, to the number of sixteen, which does not replace the soldiers, that have deserted since my last so prevalent is this infamous practice yet. The draughts, when they were divided among the eight companies
What the strength of the companies is just at this time, I am no more able to say, (not knowing what casualties may have happened since,) than I am to send your Honor a return of the regiment, which is impossible to do till I get my returns from the several out-posts; and that, I believe your Honor must be sensible, is difficult and precarious, dispersed as the regiment is. I have given express orders, however, that those returns shall be made to me as regularly as the nature of things will admit, and I shall not be wanting in my duty to forward them, nor shall I delay to send the companies' size-rolls, when they come to my hands, and I have directed these last also be made out and sent to me, carefully examined.
The enclosed is a copy of a report made to me by two officers, who were instructed to inspect into the state of the provisions at Fort Cumberland. Mr. Kennedy, who was entrusted with the care of these provisions, is now there repacking and pickling them; and when he has finished, I shall endeavour to do the best I can with them, but despair of turning them to the least advantage.
A letter, which I received a few days ago from Captain Waggener advises, that the enemy appeared upon the Branch, not far from his neighbourhood, (their numbers uncertain,) and killed men, and captivated others, without his being able to meet with them. On Sunday last, a small party of five Cherokees, who came here a few days ago, set out to war.
Your Honor having asked my opinion concerning recruiting, I shall give it candidly as follows. I believe, unless we are permitted to enlist servants, we should spend much time to little purpose in this service; There is such a spirit of opposition
As your Honor were pleased to leave to my discretion to punish or pardon the criminals, I have resolved on the latter, since I find examples of so little weight, and since those poor unhappy criminals have undergone no small pain of body and mind, in a dark room, closely ironed!
I have filled up a commission for Sergeant Feint, and will send it to him by the first safe conveyance. Colonel Stanwix, I am told (the truth of which I doubt), is marched to the northward. I have had no account from him for these four weeks.
Mr. Boyd, (whom I have spoken to on the matter,) conceives, there will be no money left for contingent expenses, when he has paid the troops. I shall do as your Honor directs, with regard to escorting Mr. Boyd to Augusta, and ordering officers to wait upon him at this place, however inconvenient it prove to the service.
Nothing remarkable has happened, for which reason I have nothing particular to add. I must beg leave, however, before I conclude, to observe in justification of my own conduct, that it is with pleasure I receive reproof, when reproof is due, because no person can be readier to accuse me, than I am to acknowledge an error, when I am guilty of one; nor more desirous for atoning for a crime, when I am sensible of having committed it. But, on the other hand, it is with concern I remark, that my best endeavors lose their reward, and that my conduct, although I have uniformly studied to make it as unexceptionable as I could, does not appear to you in a favorable point of light. 66
[Note:The governor had written (August 13): "You have sent a detachment from the regiment to Augusta, but you do not mention the number; or do you mention the receipt of the small arms sent from this; or any account of the misunderstanding with the Indians at Winchester. You must allow this is a loose way of writing, and it's your duty to be more particular to me." -- Sparks. ]
I really thought it unnecessary to say more, than that "the detachment destined for Augusta was marched," because your Honor gave me a copy of the council held at Philadelphia, which directed one hundred and fifty men to be posted at Dickinson's, and one hundred at Vauses, which direction I observed, and thought it would be sufficiently understood when I wrote as above.
I should have acknowledged the receipt of the arms, had they come, but they were not arrived when my last was wrote; which obliged me to disarm the men that remained here, in
Dear Sir: The Inclos'd addresses Copy of mine of the 15th. April by a Vessel which I find has mistaken her Rout and got to France.
On board the Integrety Captn. Thompson I ship'd 14 Hhds. of best Sweet-Scented Tobo. for 4 of which and no more I was allow'd liberty of Consignment; and these four I Ship'd to you; the other ten together with 8 More in Captn. Younger are sent to Mr. Bacon; of whom please to demand the neat proceeds.
Alexandria Captn. McKay is preparing with all possible dispatch to Sail with the Convoy: On Board her I have put eight Hhds. consign'd to yourself and I have order'd my present Crop (which at this time wears a very favourable Aspect, and without some Signal Stroke of Providence will equal my most Sanguine expectations) to be got ready for the first Ships, after these which are just taking their Departure; and for as many as I can get liberty I will ship to yourself, but it is with concern I tell you, we have very little choice.
I have receiv'd your favour of the 2d. of April, and find Insurance so exorbitantly high, that I have determined to risk my Tobo, as it is convey'd in several bottoms. But my Goods, unless they come under Convoy (and even then if you think proper) I wou'd choose to ensure. In the Invoice Mr. Caryle sent you for me I think [ 67 ] for a Small Sword of 8 or [Note:Space between brackets indicates mutilated manuscript. ] Page 125 10 Guins price. This is of 12 Months standing, which gives me cause to fear, having heard no mention of it by you, that his Letter has miscarried; if this is really the case please to embrace the earliest oppertunity of complying w' this desire and send'g spare Scab'ds and Slips w' it. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Gentn: I hope by the time this comes to hand you will receive Eighteen Hogsheads of my Tobo. Ten in the Integrety and eight in the endeavour Captns. Thompson and Younger. That in Captn. Thompson was of the best Sweetscented, neatly handled; and must if the Ship arriv'd Safe get to Market in the Nick of time. The other by Captn. Younger is also of the best quality and Weights, for which Reasons I expect they will Command such prices as I know the like Tobo. fetches to my Acquaintances in Virginia.
I can't forbear confessing Sir, that the exceeding low price you got for my first venture to you discourag'd me for sometime from making a Second; but as I expect for the time to come, to Ship, if I find my Accts. in it, a pretty considerable quantity of the best Tobos. of my own growth annually I flatter myself you will deal by me in such a manner as to render a change of Merchts. unnecessary. The Nett proceeds of these Tobaccos you will please pay my name-sake Mr. Rich'd Washington.
I thank you very heartily Sir, for the Magazine you sent me, and your kind offer to render me Services. I am now remov'd to this place, and shall if continued at it, be more convenient than I have been to Cultivate a more intimate corrispondance.[ 68 ]
[Note:Space between brackets indicates mutilated manuscript. ]
Sir: Your favor of the 2d instant came safe to hand, and Jenkins's sickness has prevented my answering it sooner.
I apprehend that thirteen of the twenty-nine draughts from Lunenburg have deserted, as sixteen only have arrived here, and I have no accounts of any more being upon the march. Your Honor may observe by the enclosed list of deserters, all of whom have left the regiment since the last return I sent, and after having received too their clothes, arms, and bounty money, how prevalent still is that infamous practice among the dastardly draughts, especially at this garrison, where I indulge them in every thing but idleness, and in that I cannot, the nature of the work requiring the contrary. Lenity, so far from producing its desired effects, rather emboldens them in these villainous undertakings. One of those who were condemned to be hanged, deserted immediately upon receiving his pardon. In short, they tire my patience, and almost weary me to death. The expense of pursuing them is very considerable, and to suffer them to escape, without aiming at pursuit, is but giving up the point, altho' we have had but little success of late.
The uncertain and difficult communication with the outposts must apologize for my not sending you a return of our strength for August. For the second month will always be far advanced, before I can get in the returns of the preceding, as the latter must be first expired, before the returns can be made out, and then some of them are to come two hundred and fifty miles, and great part of that distance thro' an uninhabited country.
If special messengers are always sent with these returns, it will be a pretty considerable expense. I should therefore be glad if your Honor would be pleased to direct, whether they
I am sorry I did not know it was necessary to give the name of each officer of the command, but shall do it now, and set them down as they are placed in companies: Major Lewis, Lt. Bullet, Lt. Fleming, Ensn. Speake, Capt. Woodward, Lt. Dangerfield, Lt. Milner, Ensn. Sumner, Capt. Spotswood, Lt. Lomax, Lt. Crawford, Ensn. Starke.
The above are the officers belonging to three companies that went to Augusta. But your Honor knows Capt. Spotswood was absent; Mr. Milner was also absent, and has been so at his father's these 8 months, in a consumption, as I am told. And I have given a Sergeant a commission and appointed him to Woodward's company, in lieu of Ensign Sumner, who is now to join Capt. McKenzie's company.
As soon as I was informed that Colo. Reid was to supply the troops in Augusta with provisions, I acquainted Major Lewis therewith.
As there is no addition made to the draughts, no men recruited, and our numbers daily diminishing by desertion, I cannot see how you can expect that I should complete the companies that are now under 90 to 100 rank and file each, as you mention in your letter.
I never expected, nor ever desired, that there should be an addition made to the number of those persons appointed to transact public business, much less that there should be one to settle every little affair. I only humbly proposed, that, as Captain Gist was empowered with your Honor's approbation to manage the Indian affairs here, and as he is to be paid for that duty by this colony, that he, as a more proper person than myself, should take in and adjust the accounts against the Indians (so often mentioned), as it cannot reasonably be supposed that I, who am stripped of the help I once was allowed (and told that I should be freed from these things in consequence), can turn my hands and my thoughts to such a multiplicity of business, as naturally arises out of the variety of occurrences, which are occasioned by our scattered and detached situation and the many extraneous concerns of the Indians. Every person, who sees how I am employed, will readily testify, that very little recreation falls to my lot. Nevertheless, if it is your Honor's orders, that I shall collect these accompts, I will do it in the best manner I am able, and that with cheerfulness; but it will be some time ere it can be accomplished, as I have turned them off once.
The Indian chiefs, before they departed for their nation, warmly solicited me for some drums; and, as I had none but those belonging to the regiment, which could not be spared, I was obliged to promise them, that I would acquaint your Honor with their request, that you might, if you thought proper, provide them against their return.
Since my last, the enemy returned to the Branch, where they killed four men, wounded one, captivated a man and woman, and burned some grain, notwithstanding the utmost efforts of the troops, who are constantly scouting. The people in that quarter are terribly affrighted by this last eruption, and I fear can hardly be prevented from evacuating that valuable settlement.
Enclosed is a return of the Deputy Commissary's return and report of the state of the provisions at Fort Cumberland and my letter to Doctr. Ross 69 on that subject, an answer to which I hourly expect. I have heard from second-hand, that they intend to make no allowance for the fish we left there, saying they were the King's fish, as they really were, and therefore as much theirs as ours. I should be glad to know your Honor's sentiments on this matter. I apprehended they would claim the fish as a right, and therefore when I left Ft. Cumberland, to attend the Committee in the Spring according to order, directed Colo. Stephen to have them removed, which he neglected to do.
[Note:The letter to Dr. David Ross (September 6) concerned the use of the salt beef at Fort Cumberland by the Maryland troops. "To settle this matter to the reciprocal satisfaction of both colonies, in an amicable way wou'd be quite agreeable to me." This letter is in the Washington Papers. ]
I have received from Mr. Boyd, notwithstanding his first declaration to me, £500. Which, with what remains of the 2000, shall be applied and accounted for as you direct.
I was obliged to detain £250 out of the first sum which came up for the companies, but can now refund it.
When your Honor is pleased to order the vacancy, which Captain Spotswood occasions to be filled up in the name of Captain McNeill, there will be room for a lieutenant; and then if you please to bestow it on Mr. Fairfax, 70 I should take it infinitely kind, if you would oblige me so far as to send the
[Note:William Henry, the son of Colonel Fairfax. -- Ford. ]
[Note:The commission had not been solicited by Colonel Washington nor was the application of Mr. Fairfax's friends made through him but directly to the governor. -- Sparks. ]
I have heard nothing yet from Colonel Stanwix; but soon shall, as I wrote to him a few days ago, and expect his answer. Robert Holmes is among the deserters.
I send your Honor a size-roll of my own, Captains Stewart and Lewis' companies. The others were sent to me, but being signed by the commanding officer only, as is usual, I was obliged to send back for the subalterns to sign also. When these come in I shall forward them.
As we have not at this time either commissary or assistant here, it is not in my power to send a return of the provisions with any tolerable exactness. But I do not doubt, that Mr. Rutherford, our acting commissary, who is now down, has satisfied your Honor fully in this particular; if he has not, I will take care to do it in my next.
The monthly return for July, mentioned in the body of this letter as sent, upon re-examination I find so unintelligible, by reason of some mistakes in Captns. Spotswood's and Woodward's return, that I am ashamed to sign it, 'till the mistakes are rectified, and for this end, I have ordered those companies in a peremptory manner to be careful for the future, or answer the contrary.
Your Honor in estimating our numbers at about 700, will be near the complement; but if I may presume to advise, the contractors should provide for companies of 100 each, as it is supposed we shall complete to that number as fast as possible.
I doubt not your Honor will see the necessity of making an agreement with the contractors, for furnishing the Indians with provisions; otherwise they will take no concern in this matter, as I conceive they are allowed so much for each soldier, that shall be returned, in which case Indians are included. If they were not, no person would supply them on the same terms they do soldiers, for Indians eat and waste triple what the latter do. I am, &c.
Honble. Sir: A letter of the 22d ultimo, from Captain Peachy, came to my hands the other day, contents as follows: (here was inserted the letter). 72 I should take it infinitely kind, if your Honor would please to inform me, whether a report of this nature was ever made to you; and, in that case, who wasthe author of it?
[Note:The letter begins by detailing a conversation, which the writer had lately held with Mr. Charles Carter, of Shirley, Va., respecting a transaction in which Captain Peachy has been concerned some months before, on a mission to Williamsburg, Va., when the frontiers were in great alarm from the incursions of the enemy; and then proceeds: "He [Mr. Carter] says, that Mr. Christopher Robinson told him he heard Colonel Richard Corbin say, that I affirmed, that my whole business at that time was to execute a scheme of yours to cause the Assembly to levy largely both in men and money, and that there was not an Indian in the neighbourhood; that the frontiers, or even Winchester and the adjacent country, did not appear to be in any more danger at that time than any other. Mr. Robinson also informed Mr. Carter, it was said, that that piece of deceit, or imposition of yours (as they term it), had lessened the Governor's and some of the leading men's esteem for you; or, at least, they make use of it as a reason for their ill treatment, and the worse opinion (they say) they have than formerly of you. I hope Colo. Washington knows me better than even to suppose I could be guilty of a thing of this kind; therefore, shall only add, that you may depend I shall use my endeavor to trace the matter, fill I find the scoundrel that dares make himself the author of such a scandalous report. If you think fit to make use of the above, you are at full liberty to do so." The entire letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2. p. 181. ]
It is evident, from a variety of circumstances, and especially from the change in your Honor's conduct towards me, that some person, as well inclined to detract, but better skilled in the art of detraction, than the author of the above stupid scandal, has made free with my character. For I cannot suppose, that malice so absurd, so barefaced, so diametrically opposite to truth, to common policy, and, in short, to every thing but villainy, as the above is, could impress you with so ill an opinion of my honor and honesty.
If it be possible, that Colonel Corbin, (for my belief is staggered, not being conscious of having given the least cause to any one, much less to that gentleman, to reflect so grossly,) I say, if it be possible, that Colonel Corbin could descend so low as to be the propagator of this story, he must either be vastly ignorant in the state of affairs in this county at that time, or else he must suppose, that the whole body of inhabitants had combined with me, in executing the deceitful fraud. Or why did they, almost to a man, forsake their dwellings in the greatest terror and confusion; and while one half of them sought shelter in paltry forts, (of their own building,) the other should flee to the adjacent counties for refuge, numbers of them even to Carolina, from whence they have never returned?
These are facts well known; but not better known, than that these wretched people, while they lay pent up in forts, destitute of the common supports of life (having in their precipitate flight forgotten, or were unable rather to secure, any kind of necessaries,) did dispatch messengers of their own (thinking I had not represented their miseries in the piteous manner they deserved), with addresses to your Honor and the Assembly, praying relief. And did I ever send any alarming account, without also sending the original papers, (or the copies,) which gave rise to it?
That I have foibles, and perhaps many of them, I shall not deny. I should esteem myself, as the world also would, vain and empty, were I to arrogate perfection.
Knowledge in military matters is to be acquired by practice and experience only; and, if I have erred, great allowance should be made for my errors for want of it; unless these errors should appear to be willful; and then, I conceive it would be more generous to charge me with my faults, and let me stand or fall according to evidence, than to stigmatize me behind my back.
It is uncertain in what light my services may have appeared to your Honor; but this I know, and it is the highest consolation I am capable of feeling, that no man, that ever was employed in a public capacity, has endeavoured to discharge the trust reposed in him with greater honesty, and more zeal for the country's interest, than I have done; and if there is any person living, who can say with justice, that I have offered any intentional wrong to the public, I will cheerfully submit to the most ignominious punishment, that an injured people ought to inflict. On the other hand, it is hard to have my character arraigned, and my actions condemned, without a hearing.
I must therefore again beg in more plain, and in very earnest terms, to know, if Colonel Corbin has taken the liberty of representing my character to your Honor with such ungentlemanly freedom as the letter implies? Your condescension herein will be acknowledged, as a singular favor done your Honor's most obedient, humble servant. 73
[Note:To this request, Governor Dinwiddie replied (September 24): "Your other letter of the 17th I perused. I would gladly hope there is no truth in it. I never heard of it before, or did I ever conceive you would have sent down any alarms without proper foundation. However, I shall show it to Colonel Corbin when he comes to town; but I'd advise you not to give credit to every idle story you hear; for if I was to notice reports of different kinds, I should be constantly perplexed. My conduct to you from the beginning was always friendly; but you know I had great reason to suspect you of ingratitude, which I am convinced your own conscience and reflection must allow, I had reason to be angry, but this I endeavor to forget; but I cannot think Colonel Corbin guilty of what is reported. However, as I have his Majesty's leave to go home, I propose leaving this in November, and I wish my successor may show you as much friendship as I have done." Dinwiddie's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 204. ]
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 22d ultimo came to hand about four days ago. In answer to that part, which relates to Colonel Corbin's gross and infamous reflections on my conduct last spring, it will be needless, I dare say, to observe further at this time, than that the liberty, which he has been pleased to allow himself in sporting with my character, is little else than a comic entertainment, discovering at one view his passionate fondness for your friend, his inviolable love of truth, his unfathomable knowledge, and the masterly strokes of his wisdom in displaying it. These several talents he has, I think, exhibited in a most conspicuous manner to every person, who was in the least degree acquainted with the situation of affairs in this county at that juncture. The report of your false musters is equally absurd, and may take credit as above.
You are heartily welcome to make use of any letter, or letters, which may at any time have been written to you; for, altho' I keep no copies of epistles to my friends, nor can remember the contents of all of them, yet, I am sensible, that the narrations are just, and that truth and honesty will appear in my writings; of which, therefore, I shall not be ashamed, though criticism may censure my style.
Mr. Boyd is now in Augusta. I am perswaded he told me that the Governor forbad his paying you for the month of June. I have nevertheless certified, that you did duty until sometime in July and wish it had been your lot to have continued with [ sic ]
That our poor friends Spotswood, and Benj. Bullet are lost, is a truth (I believe) too certain. I am, etc.
Honble. Sir: Enclosed is a copy of a letter, which I received from Captain McKenzie. Since my last, the different parties I detached in quest of the enemy, (who committed the late depredations in this neighborhood,) are returned, after having prosecuted the most probable measures, and exerted their utmost efforts in vain, in endeavoring to come up with and prevent the enemy's escape. Nor is it in any degree surprising, for when the vast extent of country, the scattered and distant manner in which the inhabitants are settled, the nature of the ground, and disposition of the enemy we have to cope with, are collectively considered, it is next to impossible, that any of our parties should ever see the enemy, except when they possess such advantages as render their victory certain.
The inhabitants of this valuable and very fertile valley are terrified beyond expression. Some have abandoned their plantations, and many are packing up their most valuable effects in order to follow them. Another irruption into the heart of this settlement will, I am afraid, be of fatal consequence to it. I was always perswaded, and almost every day affords new matter for confirming me in the opinion, that the enemy can, with the utmost facility, render abortive every plan, which can be concerted upon our present system of defence; and that the only method of effectually defending such a vast extent of mountains covered with thick woods, as our frontiers, against such an enemy, is by carrying the war into their country. And I think I may, without assuming uncommon penetration, venture to affirm, that, unless an expedition is carried on against the Ohio next spring, this country will not be another year in our possession.
Sickness, and the different parties, which the distressed situation of affairs here obliged me to detach from this garrison, so greatly retard the works, that finishing even the principal parts of them, before the winter sets in, will, I am afraid, prove impracticable.
I understand there are a mortar and a number of shells for it at Williamsburg, which would be of infinite service here, tho' of little or none where they are. We have a quantity of round and grape-shot for six-pounders, but no cannon to use them. A few pieces of that size would be a great addition to our strength; and, as this is the only place we have, (were it finished,) where a stand could be made, in case of any formidable attack, I conceive nothing in our power should be omitted to make it as defensible as we can.
Mr. Rutherford is not yet returned. Enclosed is a list of the killed and captured by the enemy, when last down. This is sent to Fredericksburg, in order to go by post.
Dear Sir: Permit me to recommend Colo. Fairfax, 74 the bearer of this to your Friendly notice, while he stays in Philadelphia. He is Son of our late President, (who is but just dead), and nearly related to the present Lord Fairfax Proprietor of this Neck. Business calling him to England, he is proceeding hence to New York, hoping to get a Passage in the Packet or some Ship of War and being a stranger in your City wanted Introduction; to whom then can I better introduce him than the agreeable Mr. Peters. I hope in doing this I make use of no unwelcome liberty; if I, do your genteel treatment of myself made me assume it and must plead my excuse.
[Note:Col. George William Fairfax. ]
My best respects is tendered to the Governor and I am with great truth, etc.
[H.S.P.]
Honored Madam: Your letter by Mr. Smith I received on my way to Col. Fairfax's 75 funeral; in answer to that part relative to my Bro'r Charles' Marriage 76 I shall observe, that if there is no other objection than the one you mention, it may soon be removed; and that Mrs Thornton if she believes I am capable of taking these ungenerous advantages, knows little of the principles which govern my conduct: however I suppose Mrs Thornton is actuated by prudent Motives and therefore would be safe. If she will get any Instrument of writing drawn I will sign it provided it does not effect me in other respects than her Daughters Fortune, if my Brother dies under Age.
[Note:Hon. William Fairfax died Sept. 3, 1757. ]
[Note:Charles Washington married Mildred, daughter of Col. Francis Thornton, of Spotsylvania County. He laid out the town of Charlestown, in Jefferson County, W. Va. -- Ford. ]
I have waited till now, expecting the arrival of my Negros Cloaths from Great Britain; but as the season is advancing, and risks attending them I can no longer depend, and therefore beg the favour of you to choose me about 250 yds Oznbergs 200 yds of cotton 35 pr. Plad Hoes and as much thread as is necessary in Mr. Lewis' Store if he has them if not in Mr. Jackson's and sent them up by Jno 77 who comes down with a Tumbler for that purpose.
[Note:Jno. was John Alton. According to Ford tumbler is a provincialism for tumbrel. ]
I set out this afternoon on my return to Winchester. I offer my Love to Charles, and am Hon'd Madam. Yr. most Dutiful and affect'e Son. 78
[Note:The text is from the Magazine of American History, vol. 6, p. 128. ]
Dear Sir: Be pleas'd over and above what I wrote for in a Letter of the 15th. April, and 10th. Inst't to send me one doz'n strong Chairs of about fifteen Shillings price the bottoms to be exactly made by the Inclos'd Dimension's and of three different colours to suit the paper of three of the bed Chambers (also wrote for in my last). I must acquaint you Sir with the Reason of this request. I have one doz'n Chairs that were made in the Country neat but too weak for common sitting I therefore purpose to take the bottoms out of those and put them into these now Order'd while the bottoms which you send will do for the former and furnish the Chambers: for this Reason the Workman must be very exact, neither making the bottoms larger nor smaller than the demension's otherwise the change can't be made; be kind enough to give directions that these Chairs equally with the others and Tables be carefully pack'd and Stowed, without this Caution they are liable to infinite damage. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Honble. Sir: Both your Honor's letters of the 24th ultimo I received by Jenkins. As I cannot now send a proper monthly return of the regiment, for want of the remarks of the officers at the out-posts, I enclose your Honor an exact return, however, of our effective strength, and how disposed of, which will at present answer the end proposed equally well. I likewise send you enclosed the return of provisions, specifying the time they will serve.
I am informed "the contractor is to lay in the provisions for the troops in New [ sic ] Hampshire, at this place; that he is to have 6 d a man per diem for the whole he supplies, and that he is not to pay those who must inevitably be employed in issuing out the provisions at the different garrisons."
This information, I flatter myself, is without foundation; as it is beyond doubt that provisions could be purchased in Hampshire, where the troops are quartered for half of what the contractor has for laying them in here, and that the amount of the waggonage and other charges of transporting these provisions from hence to New [ sic ] Hampshire will exceed the whole cost of the provisions, if purchased there; not to mention the great risque, trouble of escorts, &c., &c.
The assistant commissaries must still be continued, or some persons in their room, who, under the direction of a principal, would have purchased the provisions upon as good terms as any contractor. Besides, the commissary used to act as wagonmaster, supply the different garrisons with candle, made from the tallow of the country's beeves, and do many things for the good of the service, not to be expected from a contractor.
I shall take the earliest opportunity of communicating your Honor's intentions, respecting the ranging company, to Captain Hogg, who, I am informed, is lying ill, in consequence of the bite of a snake at Dickinson's Fort, and will, I fear, be unable to raise the men I am afraid the recruiting one hundred men will be found a very difficult task. I am quite at a loss how to act, as you did not inform me upon what terms they are to be levied and supported, what bounty money to allow, what pay to engage the officers and men, how clothed and supported, what the officers' pay and what kind of commissions they are to have.
Mr. Robert Rutherford, late deputy-commissary here, says that he could raise the men in a shorter time than any other, and from his universal acquaintance on the frontiers, and the esteem the people in general have for him, I am apt to believe he could raise them as soon as any person whatever.
If they should have the same bounty, allowed by the Assembly for recruits, I shall want money for that purpose. The £68 13 s 8 d I received from Colo. Fairfax of the country's money I accounted with the committee for in April last. Enclosed is a copy of the last letter I received from Colonel Stanwix.
The enemy continue their horrid devastations in this settlement. Enclosed is a copy of a letter from Capt. Josha. Lewis. Immediately on receipt of Capt. Lewis', Capt. McNeill, 3 subalterns, 4 sergeants, and 70 rank and file, marched up to act in conjunction with Captn. Lewis. The day before Captain Lewis was attacked, twenty Cherokees, headed by one of the principal warriors of that nation, marched from hence to the South Branch, which with the troops under Captains Waggener and McKenzie, will, I hope, secure that quarter.
So soon as Captn. McNeill returns, I will order him up to his company to which I have by your orders appointed him; as I have Mr. Chew in room of Mr. Fell.
When Mr. Atkin went from here he carried Mr. Gist and the Indian interpreter with him. Since several parties of Cherokees have been here, by which I and my officers were involved in inconceivable trouble, as we had neither an interpreter, nor a right to hold conferences with them; nothing to satisfy their demands of things of which they were in the greatest need; nor liberty to procure them. These warlike, formidable people, altho they seem to have a natural strong attachment to our interest, will, I am afraid, be induced by such treatment to
I am sorry to acquaint your Honor that Hamilton, the quartermaster hath misbehaved egregiously, embezzling and disposing, (in a clandestine manner) of some of the regimental stores, and afterwards running away and carrying a man of the regiment with him. He had leave to go to Alexandria, to order up some of the stores left there, and managed his affairs with such cunning, that he was gone too long to be pursued, before he was suspected.
Enclosed is a copy of the proceedings of the court of enquiry. Several things were found at many different houses, and the magistrates did not behave consistently with their duty.
I do not know, that I ever gave your Honor cause to suspect me of ingratitude, a crime I detest, and would most carefully avoid. If an open, disinterested behavior carries offence, I may have offended; because I have all along laid it down as a maxim, to represent facts freely and impartially, but no more to others, than I have to you, Sir. If instances of my ungrateful behavior had been particularized, I would have answered to them. But I have long been convinced, that my actions and their motives have been maliciously aggravated.
As your Honor proposes to leave the colony in November, I should be glad of liberty to go down to Williamsburg towards the last of this month, or first of the next, if nothing should intervene, to settle some accounts with your Honor and the Committee, which may not be done in so satisfactory a manner after you are gone. 79
[Note:"I cannot agree to allow you leave to come down here at this time. You have been frequently indulged with leave of absence. You know the fort is to be finished, and I fear when you are away little will be done; and surely the commanding officer should not be absent when daily alarmed with the enemy's intentions to invade our frontiers, and I think you are in the wrong to ask it. You have no accounts that I know of to settle with me; and what accounts you have to settle with the country may be done at a more proper time." -- Dinwiddie to Washington, Oct. 19, 1757. The copyist (in 1785) of this letter in the "Letter Book" was more than usually careless. The two instances of writing New Hampshire and "maliciously aggravated" (pp. 140 and 141) are evidence of this. Dinwiddie's letter is in the Washington Papers, and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 216. ]
The last alarm occasioned a great many of the inhabitants in this county to go off, whereupon vast numbers are still moving. I fear that, in a short time, this very valuable valley will be in a great measure depopulated; and what farther steps to take, and how to obviate so great a misfortune, I am quite at a loss. As I have hitherto neglected nothing in the compass of my power, it is very evident, that nothing but vigorous offensive measures, (next campaign,) can save the country, at least all west of the Blue Ridge, from inevitable desolation.
We are in great want of a Quartermaster to take care of the stores, and I really do not know of a fit person, unless your Honor will please to bestow the office upon Mr. Kennedy. He acted sometimes as Quartermaster-sergeant, then as Commissary, and I believe is better acquainted with the duty than any one we can get. He bears a good character and is acquainted with figures.
The Dunkard doctor gave me notice of his intentions to wait upon your Honor again for his release, I in a late letter transmitted an information of the French deserters (who came from Fort Cumberland) against them, and think it my duty further
Mr. Rutherford set about making his return, the moment your Honor's letter came to hand, and but this instant has finished it, having everything to measure and weigh, in order to be exact.
Since writing the foregoing, the express, which I sent to Major Lewis, is come in, and brings returns of those companies; so that your Honor will now receive proper monthly returns of our strength for July and August; by which you will see, that our total strength amounts to thirty-two commissioned officers, forty-eight noncommissioned, and seven hundred and three rank and file; whereof twenty officers, thirty non-commissioned, and four hundred and sixty-four rank and file, are employed in this county and Hampshire. But there are always six women allowed to a company, who draw provisions; and the officers receive more or less according to their respective rank, as your Honor would see by the estimate I received from Colonel Stanwix, and enclosed you some time ago; which must be allowed for in the calculation.
I have this instant received letters from Captains Waggener and McKenzie, by express. The first writes that two men were killed, [or] captured about 2 miles from his fort. The other says that a Cherokee party just as they were setting out to go to Captn. Waggener's heard that Pearis was at Fort Cumberland and marched to him.
Dear Sir: I am favored with an opportunity by Mr. Livingston, to acknowledge the receipt of your agreeable favor of the 19th ultimo; and to inform you of a very extraordinary affair, which has happened at this place, namely, the desertion of our quartermaster. This infamous fellow, as he has proved himself, after having disposed, in a clandestine manner, of many of our regimental stores, being called upon to settle his accounts (not that I, or any officer in the regiment, had the least suspicion of the scene of roguery he was carrying on), pretended, that he could not come to an exact settlement without going to Alexandria, where some of the stores yet lay. Several of our soldiers deserting at the same time, (being the time when Lt. Campbell called upon you) he was sent in pursuit of them, which (for we had no doubt of his honest intentions) afforded him the desired opportunity of making his escape. He was ordered too to take Alexandria in his return. His villainy was not laid open, before his departure, and was at last only accidentally discovered. This person John Hamilton had been several years a sergeant in one of his Majesty's regiments, in which character he served three years under me. During that time he gave such signal proofs of his bravery and good behavior, as bound me, in honor and gratitude, to do something for him. And I therefore got him promoted to be quartermaster, as he was acquainted with the duty, and capable, (I thought,) of discharging it.
We have had several visitations from the enemy, and much mischief done, since my last to you. About the 17th ultimo there were upwards of twenty persons killed only twelve miles from this garrison, and notwithstanding I sent a strong detachment
On Friday se'nnight, a body of near or not quite a hundred fell upon the inhabitants along the great road between this place and Pennsylvania, got fifteen more. The mischief would have been much greater, had not an officer and twenty men of the regiment, who were then out, fallen in with and engaged the enemy. Finding, however, that his party was overpowered, and like to be surrounded, he retreated to a stockade, not far distant, in which they were besieged for three hours; but the firing communicated an alarm from one habitation to another, by which means most of the families were timely apprised of their danger, and happily got safe off. Our party killed one Indian, (whose scalp they obtained,) and wounded several others.
I exert every means in my power to protect a much distressed country, but it is a task too arduous. To think of defending a frontier as ours is, of more than three hundred and fifty miles' extent, with only seven hundred men, is vain and idle, especially when that frontier lies more contiguous to the enemy than any other. I am, and have for a long time been, fully convinced, that, if we continue to pursue a defensive plan, the country must be inevitably lost. 80
[Note:From the time that the Virginia Regiment was organized it had been Colonel Washington's opinion that an offensive war should be kept up against the enemy. In this sentiment Governor Dinwiddie agreed with him, and he urged upon Lord Loudoun the advantage of an expedition against Fort Duquesne. But the great operations at the north absorbed his lordship's attention, and he placed the whole southern frontier upon the defensive. Hence the enemy made perpetual inroads, committing murders and ravages. Considering the weak state of the garrison at Fort Duquesne, a large portion of which had been withdrawn to defend the Canada borders, it was deemed an object of easy attainment, as no doubt it was, for Colonel Stanwix, with his 500 Royal Americans, in conjunction with the Virginia and Maryland troops, to seize that fort. This would have effectually put a stop to all the savage depredations. But such were not his orders, and nothing was done. The Indians were emboldened by this inactivity, and the frontier inhabitants were molested in every quarter. -- Sparks. ]
You will be kind enough, Sir, to excuse the freedom with which I deliver my sentiments, and believe me to be, (for I really am,) with unfeigned truth and regard, your most obedient, humble servant.
N.B. These constant alarms and perpetual movements of the soldiers of this garrison, have almost put a stop to the progress of the public works at this place.
Honble. Sir: As I wrote to your Honor fully by Jenkins, have little more to add, than the affair hinted at in my last, on the conduct of the magistrates here, which (from what I can collect) appears to me to be of a most extraordinary nature and whose substance is, or nearly, as follows, vizt.:
>From the Court of Enquiry upon the Quartermaster's affairs, and from the credit which the tippling house keepers (with which Winchester abounds) gave to many of the Soldiers, we had reason strongly to suspect, that some there had received and concealed some of the Stores, arms, &c., belonging to the Regiment: and upon application, Justice Speake issued his search-warrants. But Thomas Wood, Constable, refused to execute them, from various frivolous pretences: nor was there one in the town who wou'd act even pro tempore : So that affair must have been dropped, had not Mr. Alexander Wood, now a merchant here, genteelly offered his service, and executed the Warrants with indefatigable assiduity. Enclosed is a copy of his return. The goods, and the people at whose houses they were found, were brought before Mr. Speake, who, being a young Justice, desired the assistance of Captn. Thomas Swearingen, one of the representatives of the County, and a
Mr. John Lindsay, another Justice, likewise sat on this affair; and after having examined the goods and people brought before them, Mr. Swearingen sagaciously determined that the affair must be further tried at Court; the other two Justices readily coincided in opinion with him; and accordingly, without giving any other judgment or taking any security for the appearance of the delinquents, tho' many of them have few obligations to common fame for their character, they dismissed them by telling them they must appear at the next Court. When that period arrived, I ordered Captn. Stewart to apply to Mr. Gabriel Jones for his advice and assistance, as I conceived that procedure of the Magistrates not only to be absurd and irregular but expressly illegal. Enclosed is a copy of what he did, and advised, taken in writing and signed by himself. 81
[Note:Gabriel Jones's opinion is entered in Washington's "Letter Book" immediately preceding this letter. ]
Mr. Jones further advised me, to transmit to your Honor an account of the whole; and observed, that you no doubt wou'd direct the Attorney General to prosecute the Magistrates, as bringing a suit against them in this court wou'd not avail for this end.
I have taken every precaution I cou'd possibly suggest, to prevent the Soldiers of this Garrison from having any dealings whatever with the inhabitants of the town; and have issued the strictest orders against their parting with any of their clothes, arms, &c.; and moreover several severe examples have been made of those detected in the breach of those orders. But from the all alluring temptations of liquor, &c., many ventured to transgress, and the fear of consequent punishment, induced them to desert.
Were it not too tedious, I cou'd give your Honor such instances of the villainous Behavior of those Tippling-Housekeepers, as wou'd astonish any person; but the little I have already said, will suffice to convince your Honor, that it is impossible to maintain that discipline and do that Service with a Garrison thus corrupted by a set of people, whose conduct looks like the effect of a combination to obstruct the Service, and frustrate the methods pointed out for their own preservation. And when some of those practises were at length proved, the laws made for the punishment of such gross offences, trifled with by the Magistrates, in the manner the above fact and the enclosed will render conspicuous: I could [not] believe did I not see it, that these are the people of a country whose bowels are at this juncture torn by the most horrid devastations of the most cruel and barbarous enemy.
But enormities of this kind have got to such a height, that nothing, I fear, but your Honor's interposition in ordering those Magistrates to be brought to Justice, and appointing others from whom more may be hoped, can prevent the worst of consequences to a (seemingly) infatuated people.
The enemy did not so much mischief in their last irruption as was at first apprehended. Ten of those who were missing, and supposed to be killed or captivated, have since appeared.
The party of the regiment that was out with Captain Lewis suffered greatly in point of clothes and necessaries. From the first intelligence Captain Lewis received of them he imagined the enemy's numbers trifling and inconsiderable; and, in order to better his chance of coming up with them, stripped and ordered his men to follow his example. In that condition he soon overtook them, but was obliged to make a very precipitate retreat, the enemy getting near the fort almost as soon as he did. He has applied to me in behalf of his men, to get them
Sir: You are immediately to proceed from hence with the party of Cherokee and northern Indians now here, to Captain Waddell's fort, or the nearest Garrison (otherwise) in N. Carolina, taking the safest and best road.
When you arrive there, you are to deliver them over to Captn. Waddell, or the Officer commanding the Garrison, at which you shall deliver them.
In your march you are to use your utmost endeavours in getting the Indians accommodated with provisions and other necessaries. You are to be particularly careful to procure those necessaries on the best terms; keeping the most exact accompts of all your disbursements; and taking receipts for every farthing you pay.
After having delivered over the Indians, you are to apply to him for some deserters from the Virginia regiments, which I am informed he has entertained; and of which you have herewith a list.
Shou'd he hesitate at delivering them up, you are to demand his reasons for so illegal a proceedure in writing. It being not only expressly contrary to an Article of War; but evidently
You are to make the greatest expedition, and rejoin this Garrison as soon as the nature of the service, to which you are now ordered, will admit.
[Note:Deputy Governor of Pennsylvania. ]
Sir: Your favour Inclosing Sir William Johnson's Letter, I had the Honour to receive Yesterday between four and five P.M. at which time the Indians therein spoke of arrivd here. About the same hour to day they depart; Escorted by an Officer whom I have chargd with the care of conducting them to the first Garrison in Carolina.
I have bought of the bearer, Mr. James Innis, the Horses which conveyd them hither, and which he tells me, he was Instructed to sell. All other necessary Expences arising in their March through this Colony, I shall pay in behalf of this Government. I am etc.
[H.S.P.]
Honble. Sir: Your favour of the 19th instant was delivered to me this evening.
The raising a company of Rangers, or augmenting our strength in some other manner, is so far necessary, that without it, the remaining inhabitants of this (once fertile and populous) valley will scarcely be detained at their dwellings 'till
I shall also add, what I did not in my last (lest it shou'd be thought I spoke from prejudice) that Captain Hogg is the most unfit person in the world, to raise and command a company of Rangers. He in the first place is generally disliked, were he not, he has neither activity, spirit or knowledge enough of the woods, to answer this end. And again, the men most proper for such an undertaking would be backward to enlist under him, fearing his discipline; whereas, I conceive, a person in some degree upon a level with themselves wou'd have it in his power to engage for the good pay which is offered, huntsmen, who have been used to arms from their childhood, and in a particular manner acquainted with the country from which many have been drove.
These are my reasons against Capt. Hogg, and in behalf of some such person as Mr. Rutherford, to whom I have no particular attachment, or desire to serve. He refuses to accept of the second command.
I have expressed my sentiments upon this latter, as well as the first affair, with the utmost candor and sincerity; in doing which I conceive I have done no more than my duty. The whole is submitted to your Honor's better judgment.
Yesterday arrived here the Indians spoken of in the enclosed (copies of letters which came with them to me) I purchased four Horses, bridles, and saddles, for £14., and send them off to-day, escorted by an officer who is charged with the care of conducting them thro' this Colony. The Cherokees that were on the Branch, are on their return to their nation, having left this for that purpose several days ago. They met (about 8 miles beyond Fort Cumberland) a party of Indians under command of a French cadet, whom they engaged. The French cadet was killed and scalped, his orders found, which Captain Dagworthy
Mr. Kennedy I shall appoint in the place of Mr. Hamilton. I am, &c.
P.S. Your Honor has not mentioned what pay the officers commissioned and non-commission'd, are to have.
I cou'd settle the provisions in dispute at Fort Cumberland, with Doctor Ross upon no other terms than these; He is to replace the flour and so much of the beef as the Marylanders used at this place, and to pay for the flour and beans. The remainder of the beef I must have transported to the Branch.
Sir: I applied to the Governor for leave to come down in order to settle my accounts before he left the country, and to represent the melancholy situation of our distressed frontiers, which no written narrative can so well describe, as a verbal account to a judicious person inclined to hear. In a verbal account, the questions resulting from one relation beget others, 'till matters are perfectly understood; whereas the most explicit writing will be found deficient. But his Honor was pleased to deny his leave, thinking my request unreasonable, and that I had some party of pleasure in view.
I have, in a letter by this conveyance, endeavored to set in as clear a point of light as I am able, the situation of our frontiers, and the disposition of the inhabitants, to the governor; and shall endeavor also, in as succinct a manner as possible, to make you sensible of both.
In doing which it will be necessary to observe to you that the inhabitants of this fertile, and (once) populous valley, are now become our most western settlers, save the few families that are forted on the Branch; that the enemy have, in great measure, ceased committing hostilities on the Branch, and fallen upon the people of this valley; and that a considerable part of them have already removed. This, by persons unacquainted with the country, and the enemy we have to deal with, may be attributed to the cowardice of the inhabitants, or inactivity of the soldiers, but by others it will be imputed to neither. No troops in the universe can guard against the cunning and wiles of Indians. No one can tell where they will fall, till the mischief is done, and then 't is in vain to pursue. The inhabitants see, and are convinced of this, which makes each family afraid of standing in the gap of danger; and by retreating, one behind another, they depopulate the country, and leave it to the enemy, who subsist upon the plunder. This, Sir, is a matter of fact which you may depend on from me; and further, if we pursue a defensive plan next campaign, there will not, by autumn, be one soul living on this side of the Blue Ridge, except the soldiers in garrison, and such of the inhabitants as may seek shelter therein. This, Sir, I know to be the immovable determination of the people; and, believe me, when I tell you, that I have been at great pains, before I could prevail on them to wait the consultations of this winter, and the event of spring.
I do not know on whom those miserable, undone people are to rely for redress. If the Assembly are to give it to them, it is time that measures at least were concerting, and not when they should be going into execution, as has always been the case. If they are to seek it from the Commander-in-chief, it is time our grievances were made known to him; for I cannot forbear
It is not possible for me to convey a just sense of the posture of our affairs. It would be vanity to attempt it. I, therefore, content myself with entreating you to use your influence to prevent such delays, as we have hitherto met with, if you think this affair depends upon the Assembly. If you conceive the Assembly have done what they are able, and that recourse must be had elsewhere, I am determined, as I will neither spare cost nor pains, to apply to Colonel Stanwix (who commands on this quarter, with whom I am acquainted, and from whom I have received several kind and affectionate letters,) for leave to wait on him with an account of our circumstances.
Through these means, perhaps, we may be able to draw a little of Lord Loudoun's attention to the preservation of these colonies.
Pray let me have your sentiments 83 in respect to these affairs. I have not time to put my thoughts on these matters in a proper
[Note:The speaker, at the conclusion of his answer to this letter (November 3), after mentioning the governor's intended departure, writes: "We have not yet heard who is to succeed him. God grant it may be somebody better acquainted with the unhappy business we have in hand, and who, by his conduct and counsel, may dispel the heavy cloud at present hanging over this distressed and unhappy country. Till which happy event, I beg, my dear friend, you will bear, so far as a man of honor ought, the discouragement and slights you have too often met with, and continue to serve your country, as I am thoroughly convinced you have always hitherto done, in the best manner you can with the small assistance afforded you." Robinson's letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p.230. ]
Sir: Your favour of the 25th. ultimo was delivered me to-day. If you had been more explicit in relating the circumstances of the abuse you were pleased to complain of, I shou'd have been better enabled to judge of the fact. But, after confessing, as you have done, that you made no enquiry at all into the affair, I am not more surprized at your making the complaint, than I am at a loss how to redress it.
I hope you will do me the justice to belive, that I never countenance commissioned, much less non-commissioned, Officers, or private men, irregular and disorderly Behaviour: especially in matters that may interrupt the good harmony subsisting, or which ought to subsist between troops of the different Governments. It hath been my study to cultivate unanimity and a quiet correspondence among them, and to prevent every thing which might have had a contrary tendency.
Henry Williams, the Sergeant, of whom you complain, belongs to Capt. Lewis's Company, and is posted not far from your Garrison. If, therefore, you will produce testimony of this outrage to his Captain, he will see that satisfaction is made to the injured party. The enclosed directs you there. I am, Sir,
Sir: Duty to my Country, and his Majesty's interest, indispensably requires, that I again trouble your Honor on the
The sincere disposition the Cherokees have betrayed to espouse our cause heartily has been demonstrated beyond the most distant doubt; and, if rewarded in the manner in which that laudable and meritorious disposition entitles them to, wou'd, in all human probability, soon effect a favorable change in the present (apparently) desperate situation of this poor, unhappy part of his Majesty's dominions.
But, in the stead of meeting with that great encouragement, which the esential services of that brave people undoubtedly merit, several of them, after having undergone the rudest toils and fatigues of an excessively long march, destitute of all the conveniences and almost necessaries of life, and, (to give us still more convincing proofs of their strong attachment to our interest) in that very situation went to war, and in the way behaved nobly (from which we reaped a signal advantage,) and when they returned here, with an enemy's scalp, baggage and other trophies of honor, they must have gone home without any kind of reward or thanks, or even provisions to support them on their march, justly fired with the highest resentment for their real-treatment, had not I and my officers strained a point, procured them some things, of which they were in absolute want, and made it the object of our care, in various respects, to please them.
Another party of those Indians since very opportunely arrived to our assistance, at the very juncture the enemy made an irruption into this settlement, pursued their tracks, came up with three of them, two of whom they scalped, and wounded the third. They are now returned from this pursuit, and are
I must likewise beg leave to mention to your Honor once more the vast hardships, many of the people groan under here, having been so long kept out of the money, which the country owes them on account of the Indians. When I proposed going down to Williamsburgh, many of them brought their accounts to me, which I intended (had you given me liberty,) to have laid before your Honor. I mention this circumstance, not with any view of being employed in examining and paying off those accounts, (which for many reasons I can by no means undertake,) but in hope that your Honor will be pleased to give directions to and denominate some person for that purpose, for the neglect of which so many poor people greatly suffer. 84 I am, &c.
[Note:This was Washington's last letter to Governor Dinwiddie. In his answer (November 14) Dinwiddie expressed surprise at Edmund Atkin's failure to manage the Indian affairs properly. He gave orders to send up the Indian goods required and sailed for England in January, 1758.Colonel Washington was now laboring under an indisposition, which shortly increased to an alarming illness. He left the army at the pressing request of Doctor Craik, his physician and intimate friend through life, and retired to Mount Vernon, where he was reduced so low by dysentery and fever that it was more than four months before he was able to resume his command. Dinwiddie wrote to Captain Stewart (November 15): "The violent complaint Col. Washington labors under gives me great concern, it was unknown to me or he shou'd have had leave of absence sooner, and I am very glad he did not delay following the Doctrs. advice, to try a change of air. I sincerely wish him a speedy recovery." This letter is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 1, p. 239. ]
[Note:Minister of the Pohick Church from 1748 to 1765. He also practiced medicine to some extent. ]
Reverend Sir: Necessity (and that I hope will Apologize for the trouble I must give you), obliges me to ask the favour of a visit; that I may have an oppertunity of consulting you on a disorder which I have linger'd under for three Months past. It is painful to me to write, Mr. Carlyle will say the rest, I shall only add, that I am with very great esteem, etc.
[H.L]
[Note:A merchant of Bristol, England. ]
Sir: Your favour of the 28th. September came to hand the 20th. Inst't. My Goods, that is, such part as you have sent me I am told will be round from Rappahannock River shortly. I can't help expressing great concern, and some Surprize at your not sending the following Articles, which were Included in an Invoice sent the 18th. Jan'y last, the Receipt of which you acknowledge. (viz)
4 Doz'n plaid Hose
½ doz'n Scythes and Stones
4 Curry Combs and Brushes
1 Doz'n Weeding Hoes
1 doz'n narrow and ½ doz'n Grub'g Do.
20 [M ] 8d. Nails
20 [M ] 10d. Ditto 10 [M ] 20d.
20 [M ] 4d. Ditto 5 [M ] 6d.
and
1 Doz'n Logwood Axes.
These are Articles Sir, I greatly wanted, and must now be oblig'd to buy in the Country for this years use at exorbitant prices and that perhaps after sending over good part of the Country before they can be procur'd.
On board the Nugent Only I have 14 Hhds. Tobo. of the best Mountn. Sweetscented; your best endeavours in the Sales will be exerted I hope in my favour. Tobo. of the like kind, sent by my acquaintances to the London Market commands great prices, and this of mine made upon the same sort of Land as theirs is and handled equally as Neat will, I flatter myself, sell full as high in that of Bristol.
The Nett proceeds of this Latter, and Ball'e of the former Tobo. please to pay to Mr. Rich'd Washington of London, who is directed to draw upon you to the amount. Please also to Insure one hund'd pounds on the 14 Hhds., a Sum much less than the value of the Tobacco but I choose to risk part; I doubt not of hearing from you soon and receiving Accounts of Sales, and Acct. Curr't. I am Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: I have been under concern for sometime past at your long Silence; and have been put to many Shifts, and some Expence for want of my Goods: I have wrote you several times and address'd Copies, to which be refer'd.
I have now to inform you that finding no Ships for London and despairing of oppertunities of consigning to yourself; I have put on board the Nugent Only, Captn. Copythorne for Bristol, fourteen Hhds. of best Sweet Scented Tobo. (this years Crop) and Consign'd them to Mr. Knox who I have drawn upon for some few things and desir'd him to pay the Ball'e of this as also of some former Tobo's into your Hands. I shall Ship
Sir: I wrote to you on the 26th. and 30th. Ulto. and Address'd Copies Since which I have receiv'd my Bill of Lading for 14 Hhds. Tobo. one of which is Inclos'd. I have also receiv'd my Goods from the Recovery, and cant help again complaining of the little care taken in the purchase: Besides leaving out one half, and the most material half too! of the Articles I sent for, I find the Sein is without Leads, Corks and Ropes which renders it useless; 87 the Crate of Stone ware dont contain a third of the Pieces I am charg'd with, and only two things broke, and every thing very high Charg'd. It wou'd be in my power, cou'd I be upon any degree of certainty that my Tobo. wou'd suit the Bristol Market, to Ship you a pretty large Quantity annually, but I apprehend the quality and Management will scarce meet an adequate price; what I have on board the Nugent is of this sort, and all of the present Years growth; the Sales of which will probably determine my future Shipp'g. If I can get any of my Tobo. Rents 88 in time enough for your Ships I shall recom'd them to your Care also.
[Note:The seine was for the Potomac fishing, the fish runs being utilized by Washington to lay up a stock of fish for food for his slaves as well as for sale. The catches were salted down in barrels and formed one of the staples of the negroes' food. ]
[Note:The tobacco Washington received from tenants upon his lands in the Shenandoah Valley and elsewhere. ]
In my last I desir'd two pair of Work'd Ruffles at a guinea each pair; if work'd Ruffles shou'd be out of fashion send such
A Neat Maha'y Card Table w'ch may serve for a dress'g one.
2 doz'n Packs of play'g Cards
2 Setts Counters for Quadrille
1 doz'n watch Cristals better than an Inch and half Diameter
50 lb best Raisons
50 lb best Currents
50 lb Almonds in the Shell
1 Cask best bottled Cyder
½ doz'n dep white stone Dishes
sortd.
½ Doz'n fashiol. China Bowls
from a large to a Midlg. Size
3 doz'n Plates deep and Shallow
Your sending these things together with those wrote for in my last by the first Vessel will very much Oblige, I am,
Dear Sir: I wrote you a Letter of the 26th. Ulto.; since which I have had an oppertunity of seeing the great damage China is apt to come to in its transportation to this Country (unless much care is us'd in the Package) which has determin'd me to desire you if this gets to hand time enough for that purpose, to send me instead of what was directed in a former Invoice 2 doz'n Dishes (properly sorted) 2 doz'n deep Plates and 4 doz'n Shallow Ditto that allowance may be made for breakage, pray let them be neat and fashionable or send none.
I shall be very glad to send my Goods by the first opertunity; together with a true state of the Accts. between Us. I am, etc.
[Note:John Blair was born at Williamsburg, Va., in 1689 and died there Nov. 5, 1771. He was long a member of the House of Burgesses, member of the council, its president in 1757 -- 58, and Acting Governor of Virginia in 1768. -- Ford. ]
Hon'ble Sir: Hearing of the Governor's departure for England; I think it a duty incumbent on me to inform your
I have many accompts to settle with the country committee, and should be glad to obtain leave to come down for that purpose now. This being the proper season, as our Frontiers are quiet. I also want to receive money, for contingent Expences, before I return to Winchester; as there are several demands of the Public, that I shou'd be glad robe provided against. And further I shall, at that time, have an opportunity of laying before your Honor, a state of the frontier Settlements; a matter worthy of great attention; as the well being of the people depends upon seasonable and well-concerted measures for their defence!
If your Honor has any Orders for the Troops under my command, please to favor me with them, and they shall be forwarded up; while I come down myself, for the purposes aforesaid. I am, with great Esteem, etc.
Honble. Sir: I wrote to your Honor yesterday. Since which your favor of the 25th is come to hand, I am greatly distressed to know what conduct to observe with regard to the Indians that are coming to our assistance. I would notwithstanding the ill state of health I am in, go directly to Winchester, cou'd I flatter myself that the Service wou'd reap any real advantage from it; but as I am not entrusted with the management of Indian Affairs, farther than directing their war-route's (and even here, they are governed by caprice and whim rather than by real design), I am of opinion, I should only share in Mr. Gist's embarrassments, without rendering him, the desired
Never was any thing more unlucky, perhaps, than these Indians coming at this time, having very little to apprehend, and the season being too rigorous to admit of incursions into the Enemy's country. If they were sent out to war, it is more than probable that they would return to their nation as soon as they came in; by which means we should need their assistance in the Spring, when they would be of infinite service in offensive or defensive measures; and to feed and clothe them thro' the winter, if they could be prevailed with to stay, would be at; tended with great expence.
Upon the whole, it appears to be a very ill judged step, the sending them in at this time and an affair of so much importance, that I do not care to meddle in it, without particular instructions from your Honor.
I have dispatched a special messenger to Mr. Gist, apprizing him of this matter, and shall wait at this place for your Orders, as to my own conduct. I am, &c.
Hon'ble Sir: I set out for Williamsburgh the day after the date of my letter by Jenkins; but found I was unable to proceed, my fever and pain encreasing upon me to an high degree; and the Physicians assured me, that I might endanger my life in prosecuting the journey. In consequence of this advice, I
My Dear Colonel: Your favors of the 13th January and the 24th ultimo, with the extract of a letter from Lord Loudoun, were this day delivered to me. In the latter you condescend to ask my opinion of Major Smith. 90 Pray, does not his plan sufficiently indicate the man? Can there be a better index to his abilities, than his scheme for reducing the enemy on the Ohio? and his expeditious march of a thousand men to Detroit? Surely, he intended to provide them with wings to facilitate their passage over so mountainous and extensive a country, or what way else could he accomplish it in? 91
[Note:Maj. John Smith. ]
[Note:Colonel Stanwix replied (March 10): "have been favored with your obliging letter, and find your judgment tallies with Lord Loudoun's and mine, in regard to Major Smith's wild scheme." ]
I am unacquainted with the navigation of the rivers he proposes to traverse, and, consequently, cannot be a competent judge of his scheme in this respect; but the distance is so great, and that through an enemy's country, that, I candidly confess, it appears to me a romantic plan, in general, that may exist in the imagination, but cannot be executed. For, if we are strong enough to attempt the reduction of the Ohio, what necessity
These, Sir, are my sentiments upon Major Smith's plan. With regard to the person, if I have been rightly informed, he actually had a commission to command a ranging company, and obtained it by making promises, he never could comply with. He was adjudged, by persons better acquainted with him than I am, to be quite unfit to command even a company, and lost the Block-House, in which he commanded, by suffering his men to straggle from it at pleasure, which the Indians observing, took advantage of his weakness, and attacked him at a time when he had no men in his works. It is, nevertheless, agreed on all hands, that he made a gallant defence, but I never before heard of any capitulation that was granted to him.
I have not had the pleasure of seeing Major Smith, though I have been favored with a letter from him, in which he politely professes some concern at hearing of my indisposition, as it prevented him from seeing me at Winchester; but desires, at the same time, that I will attend him at his house in Augusta, about two hundred miles hence! or in Williamsburg by the 20th instant, when, I suppose, he intends to honor me with his orders.
I have never been able to return to my command, since I wrote to you last, my disorder at times returning obstinately upon me, in spite of the efforts of all the sons of Æsculapius, whom I have hitherto consulted. At certain periods I have been reduced to great extremity, and have now too much reason to apprehend an approaching decay, being visited with several symptoms of such a disease.
I am now under a strict regimen, and shall set out to-morrow for Williamsburg to receive the advice of the best physicians
[Note:Washington set out for Williamsburg, Va., the same day he wrote this letter, where he consulted Doctor Amson on March 15. He seems to have received the proper treatment, for he was able to be back to his command at Fort Loudoun April 5. The assembly passed an act (April 7) to augment the forces of the colony to 2,000, besides the three companies of rangers. A bounty of £10 was to be paid to every new recruit to serve only till December. The Second Virginia Regiment was organized, and William Byrd appointed its colonel. By the same act all the Virginia forces were to be united, by direction of the president, or commander in chief, to such troops as should be furnished by his Majesty, or by the other colonies, for a general expedition against the enemy, and were to be subject to the orders of the commanding officer of his Majesty's forces in America. Washington was placed in command of the two regiments with the title of brigadier. ]
Dear Sir: Since my last of the 8 Jan'y I have receiv'd your favour of the 9th. of Septr. proceeding together with an Invoice and Acct. Currt.; but the carelessness of the Captn. prevent'd their coming to my hands till near Six Weeks after his arrival: and the Goods got home but a few days ago. I suppose I shou'd not have receiv'd them at all, had I not been at great pains and expence myself to send them up. So unaccountably Indolent is Captn. Dick! The Powder I have not receiv'd; and the Cyder was all lost.
The China came without any breakage, for which Reason I must counter order the addition to it desir'd in my last, and instead thereof beg you'll send me a Sumpture Saddle, 93 Bridle &ca. cornpleat for Furniture; with a sett of Holster Caps and a housing of fine blew Cloth, with a small edging of Silver Embroidery round them. My expectation of a large Crop of Tobo. has fallen greatly short; However, besides those you have an Acct. of already, I shall put on board a Vessel of Mr. Grymes's to your Consignment about 15 Hhds. which I hope you will make the most of; and least she may (being a very large Ship) lye sometime in the Country I shall remit you a Bill of Exchange, so soon as I can meet with a good one, of about £50 or 60; which with my other remittances and the £50 Insurance sav'd in the Integrety Captn. Thompson may go to my Credit.
[Note:A packsaddle. ]
I have been much afflicted by Sickness since last Fall, and am not yet recover'd, but hope I am now in a fair way of regaining my health; I shou'd always be glad to hear of your prosperity and am, etc.
Sir: If this reaches you in time, it is intended to prevent your purchasing the Saddle and Furniture, and two pair Work'd Ruffles desir'd in a Letter of the 30th. of Dec'r last; and instead thereof send me 60 Ells of Sheeting at about 4/pr. Ell. I am, etc.
Hon'ble Sir: The Bearer, unfortunately pursuing me, insted of continuing on from Fredericksburgh (when he heard that I had passed that place, in my way to Alexandria) is the cause
The enclosed papers contain matters of a most important and interesting nature. The subject is explicitly handled; for which reason I shall urge nothing more on it, than to recommend, in the most pressing and submissive manner, the necessity of providing for the reception of our Indian Friends. The consequence of inviting these people to our assistance, and their finding us so unprepared when they come, may be destructive of our Interest; it being the cause already of much murmuring and discontent. These people are too sensible of their importance, to be put off with vague promises. I do not know at whose expence those numerous parties of Indians are to be furnished, whether at the charge of the Southern Colonies in general, or this Government in particular? But of this I am fully satisfied, that, until such time as the indian Agent, or some other person, is invested with Power, and the means also of laying in suitable necessaries for them; we shall never be in a condition either of fitting them for war, or giving them content. For, although much money hath been laid out for Goods to present them with yet those presents have been so injudiciously chosen, that, when they have been offered to the Indians, they have laughed at, and refused them. I have no other motive for representing this matter so freely to your Honor, than as the Assembly are about to sit, that those Inconveniences, if the should appear such, being fully represented, may be redressed. 94
[Note:Blair answered this (April 9) by informing Washington that he had sent up £1,500 worth of Indian goods and paid £500 in the discharge of debts for what was already due for such supplies. ]
I have now, Sir, to apologize for my paper, &c. The Bearer overtook me on the road within less than a days ride of Winchester; and being unwilling to detain the enclosed put into the first house to dispatch him, which was unprovided with paper; except such as could be taken from a Book; and such is made use of by your Honors' Most obed. Servant.
Dear Sir: Captn. Whiting is arriv'd and my Letters by him are come to hand, but not the Goods: the latter I apprehend is in bad order as I understand the Captn. enter'd a protest immediately upon his arrival. The Locks and Hinges I fear are slight if I am to judge from their Sizes and price. The Sword pr. Captn. Nicholson I have receiv'd.
The Inclos'd is a Bill of Excha. for £100 Sterlg. 60 of w'ch the Cash is receiv'd must go to the Credit of Lord Fairfax. Mr. Carlyle will send the other's of the same Tenor and write fully on the matter; I lodg'd the other day £72.10 with Field'g Lewis Esq'r to buy me a Bill of £50 and hope you will receive that also in a very short time as he had hopes of purchasing of Mr. Hunter upon Lyde of London.
You will perhaps think me a crazy fellow to be ordering and Counterordering Goods almost in a breath. It was but the 18th. Ulto. from Williamsburg that I wrote you Via Bristol, advising the arrival of my Goods pr Captn. Dick and desiring you wou'd desist sending me the China wrote for in a Letter of the 8th. Jan'y and in lieu thereof to send me a compleat sett of Horse Furniture I must here beg you will forbear sending either as I am now provided with the latter but dispatch the following things by the first Ship bound to any part of Virginia (Viz)
A Compleat hunting Saddle and Bridle with two neat Sadle Cloths to cost 40/ the whole.
As much of the best superfine Blue Cotton Velvet as will make a Coat Waistcoat and Breeches for a Tall Man with a fine Silk button to suit it and all other necessary Trimmings and Linings together with Garters for the Breeches.
Six pr. of the very neatest Shoes (viz) 2 pr. double Channel pumps; 2 pair turn'd Ditto and 2 pr. stitch'd Shoes to be made by one Didsbury on Colo. Bailers Last but to be a little wider over the Instep
Six pair Gloves, 3 pr. of w'ch to be proper for Riding and not to have Stiff Top's; the whole larger than the middle size.
I shou'd be extreamely glad to have the above things in as soon as possible. If they go either to York or James River, recommend the Package to Peyton Randolph Esq'r Attorney Genl. Wms'burg and he will see that they are forwarded. This Letter is intended to go by the Packet from New York, and the Post is just setting out for that place which prevents my adding more than that I am, etc.
P.S. You are pleas'd to Dub me with a Title I have no Pretension's to, that is, the Hon'ble.
Hon'ble Sir: Since my last of the 2d. instant, nothing remarkable has occured: But, having an opportunity, by the Sheriff of this County, I enclose your Honor returns of the Regiment for the months of January and February. 95 Those for March, are not yet come to hand from the several out-posts; for want of which a general return can not be made. About 400 Indians had come to this place before I arrived, and the most of them
[Note:These returns, dated Feb. 1 and Mar. 1, 1758, are in the Washington Papers. ]
[Note:Col. William Byrd, who had been appointed to the command of the Second Virginia Regiment, was also commissioner to the Cherokee and Catawba Indians. ]
Dear Sir: Permit me, at the same time I congratulate you, (which I most sincerely do) upon your promotion, you have met with and justly merited, to express my concern at the prospect of parting with you. 97 I can truly say, it is a matter of no small regret to me! and that I should have thought myself happy in serving this campaign under your immediate command. But every thing, I hope, is ordered for the best; and it is
[Note:Colonel Stanwix had been promoted to brigadier general. He was ordered to a station between the Mohawk River and Lake Ontario, where he built Fort Stanwix. ]
Nothing can contribute more to his Majesty's interest in this quarter, than an early campaign, or a speedy junction of the troops to be employed in this service. Without this, I fear the Indians will with difficulty be restrained from returning to their nation before we assemble, and, in that event, no words can tell how much they will be missed. It is an affair of great importance, and ought to claim the closest attention of the commanding officer; for on the assistance of these people does the security of our march very much depend.
There should be great care taken, also, to lay in a supply of proper goods for them. The Indians are mercenary; every service of theirs must be purchased; and they are easily offended, being thoroughly sensible of their own importance. Upwards of five hundred are already come to this place, the greatest part of whom are gone to war. Many others are daily expected, and we have neither arms nor clothes (proper) to give them. Nor, indeed, is it reasonable to expect, that the whole expense accruing on account of these people should fall upon this government, which hath already in this as well as in many other respects, exerted her utmost abilities for his Majesty's interest, and, in the present case, shares only an equal proportion of the advantages arising from Indian services.
These crude thoughts are hastily thrown together. If you find any thing contained in them, which may be useful, be pleased to improve them for his Majesty's interest. The latitude which you have hitherto allowed me, joined to my zeal for the service, has encouraged me to use this freedom with you, Sir, which I should not choose to take unasked with another.
If it is not inconsistent, I should be glad before I conclude to ask what regular troops are to be employed under Brigadier-General Forbes, and when they may be expected? Also, where they are to rendezvous?
Fort Frederic, 98 I hear, is mentioned for this purpose, and, in my humble opinion, a little improperly. In the first place, because the country people all around are fled, and the troops will, consequently, lack those refreshments so needful to soldiers. In the next place, I am fully convinced there never can be a road made between Fort Frederic and Fort Cumberland, that will admit the transportation of carriages. For I have passed it with many others, who were of the same opinion; and lastly, because this is the place to which all Indian parties, either going to, or returning from war, will inevitably repair.
[Note:The ruins of Fort Frederick still exist. It was built by Governor Sharpe in 1755, on the Potomac, about 50 miles east of Fort Cumberland and 14 miles west of Conococheague, now in Washington County, Md. ]
I am with most sincere esteem, dear Sir, your most obedient and obliged humble servant.
[Note:Quartermaster general of the forces under General Forbes. ]
Sir: Your favor of the 7th. from Philadelphia, I had the honor to receive this Evening. It gave the Officers at this place and myself, very sensible pleasure, to find your sentiments correspond with ours, on the measures taken with the Cherokee
Great pains have already been taken to encourage the Indian scouts to preserve their prisoners. Some Officers and volunteers of the Regiment have gone to war with those Parties for this salutary end: But the hard frosts, and exceedingly deep snows upon the Alleghany mountains, have forced the most of them back again.
I have directed Mr. Gist, Deputy-agent for indian Affairs, to transmit you an exact return of the number of Indians that have marched from this to war; what now remain here, and such as he has undoubted reason to expect; together with a succinct account of indian affairs in general; that you may be thereby enabled to judge of our situation, and to inform General Forbes of it.
As yet, I have received no Orders from Mr. Blair on the head you mention, nor have we received any advice of the arrival of our two Companies from Carolina. A return of our strength for February, and how that strength was disposed of, is enclosed. The returns from the out-posts for March, are not yet come to hand, but I believe little alteration has happened since February. Those men returned upon command, are small parties detached among the country people, to encourage them to plant: without this precaution, the whole country wou'd have been depopulated. So soon as it shall suit your convenience to come up, we shou'd think ourselves happy in seeing you here; in the meantime, I shall communicate your desires to the Farmers on the score of Forage and Waggons; but I do not think that much dependence should be placed on them for either. The cold and backward Spring has caused a scarcity of provender; hay especially, and the country does not much abound in Waggons.
We are highly delighted at the prospect of seeing Sr. John once more among us. The officers have desired me to testify this in their behalf; and very heartily join with me to offering their compliments to you. I have the pleasure to be, etc.
My Dear Halket: Are we to have you once more among us? And shall we revisit together a hapless spot, that proved so fatal to so many of our (former) brave companions? Yes! and I rejoice at it, hoping it will now be in our power to testify a just abhorrence of the cruel butcheries exercised on our friends, in the unfortunate day of General Braddock's defeat; and, moreover, to show our enemies, that we can practise all that lenity of which they only boast, without affording any adequate proofs at all.
To cut short, I really feel a degree of satisfaction upon the prospect of meeting you again, although I have scarce time to tell you so, as the express is waiting.
I am with most sincere regard, dear Sir, yours, &c.
Dear Sir: With a great deal of sincerity I thank you, for the notice you have been pleased to take of Mr. Hall. And, if possible, I more sincerely congratulate you upon the promotion you have justly met with, yourself. 1
[Note:Gage had been promoted to colonel of the Eightieth Foot. ]
I wou'd now, altho' I think modesty will scarcely permit me to ask it, beg the favour of you to mention me to Gen'l Forbes (if you are acquainted with that Gentleman:) I mean not, Sir, as one, who has favors to ask of him; on the contrary, having entirely laid aside all hopes of preferment in the Military line,
I most sincerely wish you success in whatever Enterprize you may go upon; and with the most affectionate regard, I am etc.
Honble. Sir: An unlucky, but unavoidable accident happened in the neighborhood of Patterson's fort the other day.
The proceedings of an examining court of officers on that occasion (which are herewith sent) will bring your Honor acquainted with the circumstances. I caused a very strict enquiry to be made into the conduct of Mr. Chew, that equal justice might be done to the dead and to the living; and it appeared that Mr. Chew had acted with great spirit and activity in pursuing the tracks of those people; and that in shooting them (altho' it was unlucky in the event) he had done nothing that was not strictly warrantable, Lane and Cox appearing both in dress, disguise and behavior, to be no other than Indians. 2
[Note:Capt. John Baker's letter to Washington describing this unfortunate affair of mistaken identity, dated Apr. 10, 1758, is in the Washington Papers. It is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 276. ]
I think it incumbent on me to be informed by your Honor, how the regiment under my command is to be furnished with tents, ammunition, cartridge-paper, and many other requisites, that may be wanted in the course of the campaign. We expect it is here to be furnished with all those articles from his Majesty's stores, but it is necessary for me to learn this from your Honor.
Captain Joshua Lewis, of the Virginia regiment has applied to me for leave to resign, urging as a reason, that his interest lies in the navy, and if longer neglected, it may be very detrimental to him. He has therefore obtained my consent to do so, and my promise of mentioning the thing to your Honor.
Captn. Lt. Thomas Bullet will in this event, by seniority, succeed to his company; which with the death of Lt. Milner, and the removal of Mr. Wm. Henry Fairfax to the northward, cause two or three vacancies (to be filled up, I hope, by the volunteers who have served for that purpose) and some promotions of Ensigns to Lieutenants, which will require at least half a dozen blank commissions. I therefore beg the favor of your Honor to send them to me; and you may depend, that in filling them, I shall have strict regard to justice, and will act conformably to the rules of the army. I have, at this time, four or five blank commissions of Govr. Dinwiddie's signing, but they are now useless.
The last Assembly, in their Supply Bill, provided for a chaplain to our regiment, for whom I had often very unsuccessfully applied to Governor Dinwiddie. I now flatter myself, that your Honor will be pleased to appoint a sober, serious man for this duty. Common decency, Sir, in a camp calls for the services of a divine, and which ought not to be dispensed with, altho' the world should be so uncharitable as to think us void of religion, and incapable of good instructions.
I now enclose a monthly return for March, and am, honorable Sir, your most obedient, humble servant.
Sir: Your letter of the 13th addressed to Captain Bullet, came to my hands about an hour ago. I have not words to express the great pleasure I feel, at finding General Forbes and
Mr. Gist will send you a return of the number of Indians who have come to our assistance, of what nations they are composed; how many are gone to war; and what number is yet expected in; and I shall enclose you a return of the Virginia Regiment, for the month of March last. 3 The Indians seem hearty in our cause, and full of spirits at the prospect of an Expedition, which they have long been wishing for. But I fear the rendezvous of the troops at the mouth of Conogochieg will give them some disgust; because from long use, this place is become perfectly known and familiar to them; and it is here they repair upon every occasion. Here, also all their scouting parties, that are gone to war, will return, and at this place, the earliest intelligence of occurrencies on the frontiers, will always arrive.
[Note:This return is in the Washington Papers. ]
I have taken great pains to encourage all that have gone to war, since my return here to take each a prisoner; and if they should get more than one, to keep them asunder; which they have promised to do.
That part of your letter relative to the building flats, I have communicated to Lt. Smith, and we shall endeavor to get plank and other materials in readiness; but at the same time I must observe, that all the men of this garrison are employed (by authority of this government) in finishing the works here; and I do not know how far my conduct may be justified in withdrawing them from them, as I have received no order from the President to regard any instructions but his own.
I now flatter myself, that this settlement will be able to furnish a pretty number of waggons, and willingly ; but what quantity of forage may be had, I am unable to say. I have, however, made your desires known to the people on this occasion.
I have advice, that our Assembly have voted 2,000 men for the expedition; which are to be commanded by General Forbes, besides militia, for the security of the frontiers; and that they have also voted an additional fund of £6,000 for Indian expences.
Your express with letters of the 7th came safe to this place, on the 12th in the Evening, and was dispatched early next morning. I am, &c.
Sir: I do not yet know, whether any of the Levies raised by the newly appointed Officers, in consequence of the late Act of Assembly, will fall to our share; and as we want about 130 men to complete the Virginia Regiment, I earnestly recommend, that you will use the most efficacious means in your power to recruit your quota in Augusta, and its Borders: Farther than this District I wou'd not have you send Officers recruiting, as they must be ready to join you as soon as the Troops are ordered to this place. I have no money to send you for this purpose (which is a misfortune) but you may give the Recruits the strongest assurances, in my name, that they shall, upon their arrival at this place, receive each man £10 and a suit of Clothes, advantage of the Recruits for the New Regiment. I would have you send Lt. Crawford 4 directly to this place; he is well acquainted in those parts, and I hope from such encouragement, will be able to pick up some clever fellows.
[Note:Lieut. John Crawford. ]
I have so often, and earnestly recommended the due practice of the Soldiers in their Exercises, that it is needless, I hope, to urge it again to [you] in this letter. But I must desire, that you
I offer my Compliments to Captn. McNeill, and all the Officers, and am, Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: I shoud have been greatly puzzled to have found an excuse for my silence if I had ever receivd any of those many favours Capt. Stewart tells me you were kind enough to intend for me. I assure you Sir, no pleasure woud greatly have exceeded that arising from the receipt of your Letters but I never had the satisfaction of getting more than one, and that just contained an Account of your Reception and resolution of entering a Volunteer in the 44th. Regiment upon which I had determined to write to Colo. Gage in your favour, when I heard you had purchased in Brags. I never got a Line from Capt. Stewart during his absence tho' he several times wrote to me; such villainous usage does Letters meet with from People who axe impertinently inquisitive.
This Colony have voted 2000 Men for the Expedition to be Commanded by General Forbes, besides Militia to protect their Frontiers. Already have 700 Indians marchd to this place, and other Parties of them daily expected; so that without some signal Interposition of Providence against us, we have I think, no great Reason to despair of Success.
I hope Sir, if it should ever lye in my power to serve you here, or elsewhere in any shape whatever, you will freely Command me; for be assurd I dont offer my Services as an
[Note:This entry, dated Apr. 23, 1758, is found in "Ledger A": "By Cash sent Mr. Wm. Fairfax £50." ]
[Note:The editor is indebted to Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach for the text of this letter. ]
[Note:Forbes was in command of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. He was of the Seventeenth Foot and had been Lord Loudoun's adjutant general. ]
Sir: Permit me to return you my sincere thanks for the honor you were pleased to do me, in a letter to Mr. President Blair: and to assure you, that, to merit a continuance of the good opinion you have therein expressed for me, it shall be one of my principal studies. I have no higher ambition than to act my part well, during the compaign, and, if I should thereby merit your approbation, it would be the most pleasing reward, for the toils I shall undergo.
It gives me no small pleasure that an Officer of your experience, abilities, and good Character, should be appointed to command the Expedition, and it is with equal satisfaction I congratulate you upon the promising appearance of a glorious campaign.
The Indians seem to anticipate our success, by joining, thus early, with 700 of their Warriors; of whose good inclinations
[Note:Capt. Abraham Bosomworth. ]
I have received no Orders yet to assemble the dispersed Companies of the Virginia Regiment; some of whom are 200 miles distant from this : So that I fear, we shall make a shabby appearance at the General Rendezvous. We are very much in want of Tents, having none with which to encamp the Regiment when it assembles; and this fort can not yet furnish Barracks, or the Town, quarters for it. I am Sir, with very great respect, etc.
Sir: Your letter of the 19th instant, intended to come by Colonel Stephen, was delivered me to-day about noon by express. As there are several matters contained in it of an interesting nature, I chose to be aided in my determinations by the advice of my officers, and have enclosed your Honor their and my opinion on the several heads.
I could by no means think of executing, (willingly,) that discretionary power, with which you were pleased to invest me, of ordering out the militia. 9 It is an affair, Sir, of too important
[Note:This power of drafting the militia, with which the forts were to be garrisoned while the regular troops were employed in the expedition, was conferred equally on the president of the Virginia council and the commander in chief; a substantial proof of the confidence reposed in the latter by the assembly. Washington called a council of officers on the subject, and, after viewing the matter in every light, it was the opinion that it was best to leave the ordering out of the militia to the president and council. The proceedings of this council are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 2, p. 281. ]
Your Honor will no longer be at a loss for a return, after you receive my letter by Jenkins; and lest any accident may have happened to that, I herewith enclose another for the same month.
When the relief of our outposts in Augusta marches, Major Lewis, who commands on that quarter, should be advised thereof, and he will order them to their stations.
That was a most extraordinary request of Colonel Mercer, concerning the exchange of officers, and calculated, it would seem, rather to breed confusion, and to gratify his own vanity, than to benefit the other regiment. 10 There is not an ensign there, that would not rather quit the service, than accept of a company in the other regiment, so much do they disapprove Colonel Mercer's proposal; and I have neither inclination nor power to force their compliance.
[Note:George Mercer was lieutenant colonel of the second, or new, regiment. The commanding officer was Col. William Byrd. ]
Captain Rutherford's company was raised and posted on this quarter by Governor Dinwiddie's express orders, and can be more useful here, then any other men whatever, being all sons of the neighboring farmers, men of property, young, active, and entirely acquainted with the woods on these frontiers. Whereas, if they go to the southward, they will be utter strangers to the enemy's haunts, and of no more use there, than the militia of an adjacent county; while their places here must be supplied by militia equally ignorant of these woods as they will be of any others; besides giving them a useless march of two hundred miles, and exposing the frontiers in the mean time. Another reason may be urged; their property all lies in this county. Interested motives induced them to enlist, and to
If your Honor will please to remember, it was one among the last questions, I had an opportunity of asking, if I should send parties a recruiting? You replied, "that, as the Assembly was so near meeting, you would defer giving any directions on that head," and as I had no money for that purpose, I hope it will not seem surprising, that we have recruited but a few men since, and that I have been waiting for orders to complete the regiment. I shall now use my best endeavors, with what few officers, can be spared from the garrisons, (which will be very few, indeed!) dispersed as we are. I shall also be under a necessity of sending down for money to carry on this service; and should be glad that your Honor would order it to be ready immediately to prevent delay of the officer, who will set off to-morrow, or the next day after at the farthest. I am, &c.
Sir: I have this instant, and not before, received Orders from the President to complete the Regiment under my command. But, as no money is yet come for that salutary purpose, I am at a loss how to act. However, that no time may be lost, or blame laid at my door ; I desire that you will send as many Officers on this Service as can be spared from your command ; and let them recruit about Fredericksburgh and the parts adjacent. You will no doubt take care to direct them, to enlist such men as will not finally be refused. Let the Officers give a little advance, and an order upon me for the balance of the levy-money, to each recruit; which shall be paid to them immediately upon their arrival. They are to enlist upon the same footing with
I entreat you to forward a letter herewith sent, to the President, with the utmost expedition; not one moment should be lost. I am Sir, etc.
Sir: I received Orders yesterday from the President, to direct the Captains of the Virginia Regiment to complete their Companies, with all possible expedition, to 100 Rank and File. Ten pounds, bounty-money, are to be allowed to each recruit; the Officers (reasonable) Expences borne, and the men so enlisted, to be discharged, the first day of December next: which is greater encouragement than hath been given before; and I hope will be the means of procuring us the Complement we want, speedily.
I must desire, you will send an Officer or two to this place for the above purpose, if you can spare them; and use your utmost endeavours to pick up what able-bodied men you can upon the Branch. Inform all the Officers under your care, that this is expected of them; and strictly charge them to enlist no men but those entirely fit for the Service.
I have no money to send you, having received none from below; but if you can muster up a little for advance, you may give each Recruit an Order on me for the balance of his £10 and it shall be duly paid.
There is another encouragement which I forgot to mention at first, and that is; clothing, which they will receive.
Doctor Johnston is sent for down. I am, Sir, etc.
Hon'ble Sir: Having wrote fully to your Honor on the 24th. past, I have little to offer at this time. I then thought to have sent an Officer for money but all of them that can be spared from the several Garrisons, must be employed in recruiting. I have therefore ordered Mr. Gist, a volunteer in my Regiment, to wait upon your Honor for this purpose.
I have not as yet received any returns from Colo. Stephen, but hear that he wants near 30 men to complete the companies he commands; if so, we shall, in the whole, want 150 men of our complement; to recruit which will require £1,500 levy money, besides officers expences, and other incidental charges, that must I dare say, amount to near £300 more. The £600 which I received on your Honor's warrant, for contingencies, is just expended, there being many more demands upon me than I could have apprehended, for waggonage and other services done the public in my long absence (which was occasioned by sickness.) An account of those payments, I shall send down by Mr. Boyd, about the first of next month, when he goes for the Regiments pay.
In the mean time I beg leave to assure your Honor, that I am, etc.
Sir: I have this instant and not before, received the Presidents orders to direct the Captains of the 1st. Virginia Regim't to compleat their Companies with all possible expedition, to 100 Rank and file each. The enclosed is a copy of the Instructions which I have given the Officers sent out from this place. You may give the same to yours; with this only difference; that all the Officers you can possibly spare for this service, be directed
I have received no money yet to carry on this Service; but shall this day send down to Williamsburgh for some.
You are not to delay a moment in marching to this place, after you are relieved; and orders, I believe, are issued to the Militia for that purpose. Take great care to distribute the Militia properly, according to the numbers that may come out. l scarcely know what direction to give you about the Country Stores (ammunition and Tools, I mean) as I can not tell in what manner the Militia will be provided with those Things. The tools, I think, if they are not absolutely necessary there, ought to be brought to this place: as they certainly will be wanted here. The Pay-Master will appoint a time to meet your Companies pay-rolls at Staunton; and you must punctually observe it. I am etc.
Dr. St. John: The Post calling suddenly upon me, only allows me time to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging letter (by Rinker) and to inform you, that I have received Mr. Presidents Orders, to obey any Command you shall be pleased to honor me with: also, to tell you, that the two Companies from Carolina were at Fredericksburgh, and may be expected here daily. 11
[Note:These two companies, under the command of Lieut. Col. Adam Stephen, were returning from South Carolina, having been sent down to that colony by Governor Dinwiddie. ]
I have made known the contents of your letter to Mr. Gist; who thinks himself extremely obliged by the care you have taken of Indian Affairs. We do all we can to keep them in temper, but I have still apprehensions that many of them will
It gave me real pleasure to hear you say, that my Company was desired by the General, Sr. John, and Major Halkett: I shall think myself quite happy, if I shall be able to return the good opinion they seem to entertain of me: for I have long despaired of any other reward for my Services, than the satisfaction arising from a consciousness of doing my Duty, and from the Esteem of my Friends. I am, with great regard, etc.
Dr. Sir: The enclosed came to my hands, by Express, about five days ago; but as it was addressed to you, at this place, and I had hopes of seeing you here shortly, I shou'd have detained it 'till your arrival, had not Mr. Rutherford told me, you would make some stay at Lancaster, and desired that you might be directed to at that place, if any letters were sent.
Nothing particular hath occured since my last: I shall therefore embrace this opportunity of asking your advice how, and what sort of conveyancies I am to provide for carrying our regimental Stores, and Companys Baggage; and what allowance is made for those purposes? I should not have troubled you on this head, now, were I not afraid it may be too late when you arrive; and I should be sorry to be taken unprepared!
We are upon a queer establishment; the Country having made no provision for the expences of a march; but expect, and I believe are willing, that we should be governed in such cases by the Rules observed by the Regular Troops.
I am sorry to give you so much trouble at a time when I am sensible you are greatly hurried, and employed in more
As our Detachments at the out-posts are to wait till the Militia relieve them I fear it will be some considerable time ere I get the Regiment together. The President gave me a discretionary power, to order out an equitable draught of the Militia; but it was so vague an one and attended with such delicate and peculiar responsiblity, that I do not incline to avail myself of it. 12 I am, etc.
[Note:This determination was based upon the decision of a council of war of April 24. ]
Sir: I shall be much obliged, if you would provide for me, and send immediately to this place, by the Bearers waggon, the following articles: vizt.
As much green half-thick's, as will make indian-leggings for 1,000 men: if green can not be had, get white; if there is not enough of that, then get any other colour.
Two proper English pack-saddles, for carrying field-baggage on; and four wanteys [ sic ] suited to ditto. Three leading-halters. A travelling letter-case, with stands for ink, wafers, &c. A pair of light shoe-boots, round toes, without linings, and jockey-tops made of thin, english calf-skin, by the enclosed measure. A hair-cloth, [trunk] to go under a field-bed. Half a dozen china cups and saucers.
Unless those articles come to hand speedily, they will be useless to me. Mr. White, I believe, can furnish the Leggings, if you have them not by you; and may be usefully employed in
Please to send your accompt with these things, and the money shall be paid to your order, or lodged with any person in this place, whom you shall think proper to direct.
I must beg to know how our paper money passes with you ; for I suppose I shall be under the necessity of paying in that currency, having little of another kind with us. 13 I hope you will excuse the liberty I have here taken, without first knowing whether it would be agreeable to you. I am Sir, etc.
[Note:Franks was in Philadelphia, and as each colony had its own currency Washington was asking the rate of exchange between the Virginia and Pennsylvania currency.In the personal preparation for the campaign, the following entry, dated May 4, 1758, is found in "Ledger A": "By Cash sent Mrs. Fairfax to Pay Miss Dent for making some Shirts for me £3:12." ]
Dear Sir: I have now had an opportunity of examining Ucahula, an Indian Warrior, who brought in the scalps mentioned in my last. His account is nearly the following:
That, about the 1st. of last month, Lt. Gist with 6 Soldiers, and 30 Indians, left the South-branch of Potomack-river; and after a tedious march, occasioned by deep snows on the mountains, they got upon the waters of Monongahela, where Mr. Gist, by a fall from a steep Bank, got lamed, and was rendered incapable of marching: That the white men and some Indians staid with him, and the remainder of the Indians divided into three small parties and proceeded, when he (Ucahula) with two others, went down the Monongahela in a bark-canoe, and landed on the north-side, not far from Ft. du Quesne.
That they lay concealed two days to make discoveries and, if possible to get a prisoner; but no favourable opportunity offering to accomplish the latter, they attacked a canoe in which two french-men were fishing; both of whom they killed and scalped, in sight of some other frenchmen, also a fishing.
This indians account of Ft. DuQuesne, corresponds with most others I have heard, vizt. that it is strong on the land-side, but stockaded only, where it faces the Ohio-river. It does not appear, from his information, that there are many men there, or that they have thrown up any New Works. He saw a party on the other side of the river, which he supposed to be newly come, because there were several canoes near them, and they seemed to be busy in putting up bark-huts, which however were not many; and only two Tents pitched. When he had got about 15 miles on this side of Fort du Quesne, he came upon a large indian encampment, and tracks, steering towards Virginia, and after the parties had joined and were marching in, Lt. Gist came upon a track of another large party, pursuing the same course. These parties have since fallen upon the back-inhabitants of Augusta-County, and destroyed near 50 persons, besides an Officer and 18 men, belonging to Captn. Hogg's ranging-company, who we suppose (for I have no advice from him ) were sent to the country-peoples' assistance. As soon as I obtained notice of this, I ordered a Detachment from the Regiment, and some Indians, that were equipped for War, to march, and endeavour to interecept their retreat, if they are not too numerous. I have also engaged Ucahula, with a small party of brisk men, to go immediately for Ft. du Quesne, and try to get a Prisoner. He seems confident of success, and promises to be back in 20 days at the farthest.
The two Virginia Companies from Carolina, came to this place yesterday. Enclosed is a Return of their strength. I am etc.
Honble. Sir: The enclosed letter from Capt. Waggener, will inform your Honor of a very unfortunate affair. 14 From the best accounts I have been able to get, there are about 60 persons killed and missing. Immediately upon receiving this Intelligence, I sent out a Detachment of the Regiment, and some Indians, that were equipped for war, in hopes of their being able to intercept the Enemy in the retreat. I was fearful of this stroke, but not time enough to avert it, as your Honor will find by the following account which came to hand just before Capt. Waggener's letter, by Captn. McKenzie:
[Note:The Indian raid on Augusta County, Va., backwoods inhabitants. (See Washington's letter to Sir John St. Clair, May 4, ante. ) ]
"Lieutenant Gist with 6 soldiers and 30 Indians marched the 2d of April from the South Branch; and after a tedious march (occasioned by the deep snows on the mountains) got on the waters of the Monongahela, where Mr. Gist was lamed by a fall from a steep bank, and rendered incapable of marching. The white people and some of the Indians remained with him; and the rest of the Indians divided themselves into three parties and separated. Ucahula and two more went down the Monongahela in a bark canoe and landed near Ft. Duquesne, on the no. side, where they lay concealed for two days. At length an opportunity offered of attacking a canoe, in which were two French men fishing; those they killed and scalped in sight of two other canoes with French men in them, and came off safe.
"When he got about 15 miles on this side Ft. Duquesne, he came upon a large Indian Encampment, from the size of which, and the number of tracks, judged to be at least 100, making directly for the frontiers of Virginia, as they again discovered by crossing their tracks."
At present I have nothing more to add to your Honor, having written several times lately on matters, to which I have received no answer.
I had wrote thus far, and was going to send off an Express with this melancholy account, when I received advice, that the Particulars relative to those murders had been transmitted from Augusta, to your Honor. I thereupon thought it most advisable to postpone sending 'till I should receive answer to my several letters by Jenkins and Mr. Gist; which I was accordingly honored with, the 7th and last night.
May 10th. After due deliberation on your Honor's letter of the 2d by Gist, I am of opinion, that the number of Militia you have ordered for the defence of the Posts, to be evacuated by the regiment, will be sufficient, unless the completing the works at this place should be thought necessary.
As it can not be supposed that the Enemy will attempt any formidable inception after the march of our army; and as to the depredations to be feared from their small scalping-parties, it would be out of the power of thrice the proposed number (or indeed of any number) effectually to prevent them. But, as you are pleased to desire my opinion, I beg leave to offer a few, things relative to the disposition you propose.
I humbly conceive therefore, that it would be infinitely more for the interest of the service, to order the 100 from Prince William to the South Branch, and continuing Rutherford's company in its present station, making this its headquarters. For, as that company is perfectly acquainted with all that range of mountains, extending from the Potomack to the Augusta Line, and thro' which the Enemy make incursions into this settlement, they could with greater facility obstruct their inroads and assist the inhabitants of this valley (of whom they themselves form a very great part) than those who are ignorant of the ground. The militia from Prince William, equally know the Branch and this vicinity, and therefore may be supposed to
One half of this company, were it continued here, might be constantly ranging, and the other left in this fort, which is centrical to their present station.
It the works here are to be completed, which from their great importance I should think highly necessary, in that event, an additional number of 60 or 80 good men from the militia, for that particular service, would be wanted; and I do not know any person so capable of directing the works as Major Joseph Stephen, of Caroline County. He formerly had the overlooking of them, and managed with remarkable industry.
A part of the militia ordered for the Branch should take post at Edwards's (on Cacapehon) and at Pearsalls, for the security of convoys passing from hence to Fort Cumberland.
I really do not know what method can be practised to compel the country people to deliver up the public arms, unless there could be a general search in every county.
Governor Dinwiddie, if I remember right, issued two or three proclamations ordering them in, to no purpose.
With regard to opening the roads, I think it would be most advisable to postpone all attempts, 'till Sir Jno. St. Clair's arrival, as he is expected so soon. For Pearsalls, altho' it is the most convenient road for the Virginia, may not be used by the northern troops; as I understand their rendezvous is ordered at Fort Frederick in Maryland. This may also (altho' I cannot yet absolutely say) render garrisons at Edwards and Pearsalls, useless, unless it be a few to preserve the forts and the families gathered into them.
As several of our best sergeants were made officers in the Carolina Regiment (besides some other vacancies in that Rank) parting with 10 for the use of the new Regiment will be a very great hardship at this juncture.
We are likewise short of our number of Drummers, and many of those we have are raw and untutored. As the General expects not regularity from the new levies, well knowing how little any attempts towards it, in a short time, would avail; I can not help being surprized at their requesting your Honor to give direction for doing what would be of no real service to the new Regiment, and would be of vast prejudice to that I have the honor to command.
In consequence of your orders for completing the Regiment (with all possible despatch) by recruiting, I sometime ago sent all the officers I could spare to those parts of the Country where there is the greatest probability of success and furnished them with all the money I had, and directions to draw upon me for whatever sum they might want for that service. I likewise engaged some of the most popular of the country gentlemen to recruit for me, giving them the same liberty to draw upon me. Well knowing the difficulty of getting any tolerable number in a short time, I exerted myself in prosecuting every measure, that afforded a prospect of success, having then not the least reason to doubt of being duly supplied with money: But how great is my surprise at that paragraph of your Honor's letter, that you can not send me any for that service. As I had immediate demands upon me, which I put off until Mr. Gist's arrival, I consulted with my officers about applying the £400, sent for contingencies, towards these demands; and enclose you their opinion on that head; and I must earnestly request, that you will be pleased to fall upon some measures of sending me 800 or 1,000 £ more; as your honor, the honor of the
I will chearfully bespeak, and can easily procure, the Stage Horses you desire; when furnished with money for that purpose.
As Jno. Berry was made a soldier (how legally the Court of Officers &c, that sent him can better declare) I must think it not only repugnant to law, but to the articles of War, and the customs of the army, to allow him to enlist in any other corps; for, by this means, if there were no other bad consequences attending it, he defrauds the Country of double-bounty-money.
I shall make a prudent use of the power you have been pleased to give me, respecting the issuing orders to the parties of militia.
Your favor of the 3d by Mr. French Mason, I have just been presented with; and would gladly have appointed him Ensign in the regiment, had not the vacancies been disposed of, in the following manner, before it came to hand, vizt.:
Capt. Lt. Bullet, to Joshua Lewis's company, Mr. Duncanson, oldest Ensign, to the Lieutenancy occasioned by this removal: and Mr. Thomas Gist and Mr. Allen, volunteers, and John McCully and John Sallard, worthy Sergeants, (all of whom had served a considerable time with credit and reputation) to be Ensigns. I had likewise before the receipt of yours, promised Major Hire, 15 of this County, a gentleman of good
[Note:Probably John Hite, of Frederick County, Va., referred to as Colonel Hite. ]
Dear Sir: I am this day favored with yours of the 4th instant, and would have thought myself extremely culpable and deficient in my duty, had I delayed one moment in transmitting to the General any intelligence I could procure; much less such a material one as that he has had information of. I must, therefore, beg that you will, from me, assure the General, the Catawbas have not this year brought in one prisoner or scalp to this place, nor indeed to any other that I ever heard of. There hath been no prisoner taken by any of our friendly Indians this season, and no scalps, except the two taken near Fort Duquesne by Ucahula, of which, and all the intelligence of the enemy in that quarter, which that young warrior was able to give, I, by the last post, sent to the General a full and circumstantial account. Nor would I have failed to have kept him duly informed of every interesting occurrence, even had it not been recommended to me.
It gave me no small uneasiness when I was informed of there solution which some of the Cherokees had made of wandering towards the Indian settlements in Maryland and Pennsylvania, clearly foreseeing the bad consequences such a peregrination would produce. I therefore represented the matter to Captain Gist in the strongest manner, and must do him the justice to say, that nothing in his power was left unessayed to prevent it.
I and my officers constantly have, and always will pay, the strictest regard to every circumstance, that may contribute to put and keep the Indians in a good humor. But, as Governor Dinwiddie ordered me not to meddle or interfere with Indian affairs on any pretence whatever, the sole management of them being left to Mr. Atkin and his deputy Mr. Gist, and those orders never having been countermanded, neither I, nor my officers, have adventured to do any thing relative to them, but in a secondary manner through Mr. Gist.
The Raven warrior was on a scout, 16 in which he was unsuccessful. On his return hither, he produced two white men's scalps, which he brought from his own nation, and wanted to pass them for the enemy's, taken in his unsuccessful scout. In this villany he was detected by the other warriors, who were highly offended at so base a deceit, and threatened to kill him for it. A consciousness of his guilt, and a dread of being called to a severe account by his own countrymen, were the reasons which many of them assigned for his going away in so abrupt (but by no means dissatisfactory) a manner to the English. As Captain Bosomworth was here transacting Indian affairs, under the immediate orders of the Commander-in-chief, when the Raven warrior returned and was detected, I only wrote in mine to General Forbes superficially on the subject, referring
[Note:From Fort Frederick, in Maryland. -- Ford. ]
It gives me infinite pleasure, that the General seems (by the great pains he takes) to be so well satisfied of the importance their services will be of; but cannot help being under some uneasiness that it will be almost impracticable to keep them until they will be wanted. They say that they did not leave home with an intention of staying any considerable time, that they can see no appearance of our being soon able to take the field, that staying any time for our assembling, and afterwards for our slow motions, would detain them too long from their own nation; but that they would go home and be back again by the time they are wanted. These and many things to the same purpose are used by must of the parties that come in from war, as reasons for going off; and altho' we have (here) done every thing in our power to remove these objections and to prevent their going, yet a party of 25 Cherokees went off this morning. But on receipt of your letter I followed them, told them it was from the General, and by its assistance at last prevailed on them to return. Yet I dread that unless they see the troops assemble soon, it will be very difficult if not impossible to retain any number of the Cherokees, altho' nothing in my power will be wanting to prevent their leaving us, which might be of the most fatal consequences to this part of the continent.
Enclosed is my return for April, but you will please to observe that Captn. Woodward's is made out from his last, as his great distance from hence puts it out of his power to send it in due time.
I beg you will inform the General, that I shall, with great alacrity, obey all the orders, with which he may honor me with. In the mean time, I am, with unfeigned regard, dear Halkett, yours, &c.
Your favor of the 7th. from York, I had the pleasure of receiving last night.
The Raven Warrior, with 30 others (some of whom afterwards returned) left this place for their nation about the 24th. or 25th. of last month. I took no notice of it in my letters, because Capt. Bosomworth was here, a Superintendant (as he said) of Indian Affairs, when that party came in. He was in consequence made acquainted with the motives of their returning home, and set out the next day to report distinctly the situation of Indian Affairs (at this place) to the General; and proposed seeing you in his way.
You yet seem to be unacquainted with the villainy of the Raven warrior and his Party. I shall therefore inform you, that he brought two white mens scalps from his nation, and after making a small excursion from Fort Frederick in Maryland, endeavoured to impose them upon us for the enemy's scalps; but being detected, by the rest of the warriors, in this deception, and fearing the effects of their resentment (as it was a reflection upon their nation) he thought it proper to march off; but not before the Deputy-agent, who wou'd not seem to credit the account, gave him some Presents, to prevent bad talks (as they term evil reports) among his People.
Every kind of business which I have had with the Indians since June last, has been transacted thro' the Agent or his deputy. Because, first, I thought it might be attended with bad consequences for more than one to confer with them. And next, because I had Governor Didwiddie's express Orders, not to interfere in any shape, with their Affiars: but, upon receiving the General Orders on several matters relative thereto; I
I have, for a considerable time past had an Armourer to work repairing our Arms; and those you send will be a great assistance to him. I have engaged Lodgings for you at Mr. P. Buchby's, much the best House in this Town.
The Gentlemen at this Garrison, offer their Compliments and wishes to you. I am, etc.
Sir: Immediately upon receipt of this, you are to put a stop to Recruiting, and to call in all your Officers, who are employed on this Duty. You are not to receive any but good Men; and those to be according to the Instructions I sent to you.
I was in hopes that, by this time, your Companies would have been relieved, and you on your march for this place. I beg that you will not delay one moment after the Militia get to you. In the mean time, if you were to make out a list of such necessaries as (perhaps) may be wanted for your Companies, and send it by Captn. McNeill, or some other Officer to this place, the Things might be providing against your arrival, and prevent further delays when you shall get here.
I am sensible that your own good sense has sufficiently prompted you to study the nature of your Duty; but at the same time permit me (as a duty incumbent on myself) to
If you have any advice, or knowledge of the time you are to be relieved, inform me of it. I offer my Compliments to all the Gentlemen of your Command, and am, etc.
Sr. John St. Clair having, by virtue of a Power from the Commander in Chief for the Southern district, put the Troops of this Colony under marching Orders; and at the same time thought it necessary, that I should wait upon the President, to settle the Affairs of the two Virginia Regiments. You are therefore if no contradictory Orders come from a Superior Officer, to remain at this place; ready to execute any Instructions that may arrive for me.
For this purpose, you are to open all Letters that may come directed to me, on His Majesty's Service.
I expect you will be very diligent in having the Mens Arms and Clothes put in the best repair: and that every other necessary step, which time and circumstances will admit, be taken to equip them for the Field. As I expect the Detachment from the Prince William Militia (who were ordered to relieve this Garrison, but forgot their Arms ) with which they will be furnished in a few days. You are, rather than suffer them to be idle, to send them toward Stoney-Creek (or any other distressed Settlement not very far off) until the Troops are ready to march from this place.
The Companies of the 1st. Regiment, as they arrive at this Garrison, are, every morning to be exercised by Battalion, with those now here, the remainder of the Day to be employed in mending their own Clothes, &c. if they can not get Taylors to do it for them fast enough. Perhaps a number of Taylors might be hired out of the Second Regiment, to assist in this Work.
You will see by my Orders (a copy of which I shall leave with you) what is expected from me by the General, and will regulate your conduct accordingly.
You are to cause the New Barrack to be covered in, and rough floors laid, as expeditiously as possible, for Lodgments to the Companies expected at this place. And you are to see that the Exercise we now use, be followed strictly.
I expect Sir Jno. St. Clair will send a parcel of Powder-horns and shot-pouches to this place. Out of these, all the Soldiers of the first Regiment (who are not already supplied) must be furnished, and laid under stoppages to pay for them.
You are to get 40 men from the Second Regiment, to supply the places of the like number to be taken out of the First, to assist in forming a Troop of Light Horse: And, to prevent, the evil consequences of forcing men out of one Regiment into the other; you are, with Colo. Mercer (who will assist you in the undertaking) to use your best endeavours to persuade the number of men wanted, to offer themselves voluntarily.
Since writing the above I am informed that there will not be powder-horns &c. enough for the New Regiment.
You are therefore, to take no concern about them.
Sir: I can not Order your march to this place in more effectual Words, or in a more effectual manner, than by enclosing you a Copy of my Orders from Sir John St. Clair.
You will see by these, that not a moment shou'd be lost in beginning your march, nor the least delay in prosecuting it to this; you will also see, the necessity of providing for your Companies wants, in time, as there will be so little time allowed you to stay here, before we begin our march to join the Main Body of the Army.
I expect 1,000 pair of Indian Leggings every hour from Philadelphia. I also expect to get Spatterdashes made for the whole Regiment, by the time you join: Those are Articles, therefore which you need not provide.
You will lose no time in sending these Orders to Captn. Woodward; write pressingly to him, to march forthwith to this place.
I have the pleasure to tell you, that I have got Ensigns commissions for Mr. Allen, and Sergt. McCully, 17 but shall keep them until they arrive here. They may, however, in the mean time, act as Officers. I am, etc.
[Note:Ensigns John Allan and John McCully. ]
Honble. Sir: I came here at this critical juncture, by the express order of Sir John St. Clair, to represent in the fullest manner the posture of our affairs at Winchester, and to obviate any doubts, that might arise from the best written narrative. I shall make use of the following method, as the most effectual I can at present suggest, to lay sundry matters before you, for your information, approbation, and direction. And I hope, when your Honor considers how we are circumstanced and how absolutely necessary [is] despatch, that you will please to give me explicit and speedy answers, on the several points which are submitted. For without the latter the service will be
1st. Sir John St. Clair's letter will, I apprehend, inform your Honor of our principal wants, namely, arms, tents, and other sorts of field-equipage, articles so absolutely and obviously necessary, as to need no argument to prove, that the men will be useless without them, and that the vast sums of money which have been expended in levying and marching them to the place of rendezvous, will be entirely lost, besides impeding if not defeating the expedition, and losing every Indian now on our frontiers by delay.
2. The officers will be entirely unprovided with the means of taking the field, till they have an allowance made to them of baggage, forage, and bat-money. Governor Dinwiddie, from what cause I could never yet learn, thought proper to discontinue this allowance to the companies that remained in Virginia, at the same time that he allowed it to those who went to Carolina, although I produced [evidence] under General Stanwix's hand, (the then commanding officer on this quarter) that all officers were entitled to it, and that it was indispensably necessary to equip them for, and enable them to take the field. General Forbes has obtained this allowance for the Pennsylvania troops, and desired Sir John St. Clair (who has given me a copy of it signed) to urge it strongly on this government also. See the copy.
3. The different pay of the two Virginia regiments will, I conceive, if a stop is not put to it, be productive of great discontent, and many evils. For the soldiers of the first regiment think their claim upon the country equally good, if not better than that of the second, because their services are not limited. 18 They
[Note:The second regiment was raised for the campaign only, and, by the terms of the act of assembly, it was to be disbanded, and the men discharged on December 1; whereas the soldiers of the first regiment were enlisted to serve during the war. -- Sparks. ]
4. As our regimental clothing cannot possibly last the campaign, will it not be advisable to send for a supply against next winter? I have sent to Philadelphia for one thousand pair of Indian stockings, (leggings), the better to equip my men for the woods; and should be glad to know whether I am to pay for them in behalf of the country, or deduct the cost out of their pay. As they have not received the clothing they are entitled to, they may think this latter rather hard.
5. Should not the pay of the surgeon's mates in the first regiment be equal to that of those in the second? The latter have four and the former only three shillings per day, and should there not be the same number of surgeon's mates allowed to the old as are to the new regiment?
6. It will cause great dissatisfaction in the regiment, if Lieutenant Baker is put over the heads of older officers. It is granted, that Mr. Baker is a very deserving officer, but there are others equally deserving, and have adventured equally to seek glory, and to merit applause. Ensign Chew, for instance, was with him when the scalps were taken; Capt. McKenzie, Lt. Gist, Mr. Woodward and many others have adventured as far into the enemy's country, tho' with less success. I therefore hope (to prevent the disorders consequent upon his advancement) that your Honor will suffer Colo. Mercer's company to be given to Mr. Stewart, the oldest Lieutenant, as Captn. Lewis' in the like case was to Mr. Bullet.
7. Sir John St. Clair directs in consequence of orders from the General, that the first Virginia regiment shall immediately be completed, and leaves the mode of doing it to your Honor. I should be glad of direction in this affair. The season, I fear, is too far advanced to attempt it now by recruiting.
8. Lt. Steenbergen, having been guilty of several irregular and ungentlemanly practices, and finding his conduct was about to be inquired into, begged leave to resign, which I granted so far as depended upon me; because the crimes he was then accused of, were not sufficient to break him, altho' quite sufficient to give the whole corps the most indifferent opinion of his morals. This resignation, and Captn. Lt. Stewart's promotion will cause two vacancies in the regiment; to fill up which, and to make the several promotions hereby occasioned will require five blank commissions.
9. I should be glad to know if the works at Fort Loudoun are still to go on? In what manner to be forwarded? and under whose direction? Nothing surely will contribute more to the public weal, than this fort when completed; because it will be a valuable repository for our stores, if the event of our enterprise prove successful, and an asylum for the inhabitants, (and place of retreat for our troops,) in case of a defeat.
10. Great advantages must consequently arise, by appointing Lieutenant Smith to that direction, and to the command of Fort Loudoun. First, because he has had the overlooking of the works for nearly two years, is, by that means, become perfectly well acquainted with every thing intended to be done, and is exceedingly industrious. Secondly, because there must necessarily be many sick and lame soldiers left at that garrison, who may require the eye of a diligent officer to keep them together. Thirdly, because all the regimental stores and baggage must be left at that place, and ought to be under the care of an officer, who can be made accountable for his conduct; and not left to the mercy of an ungovernable and refractory militia. And fourthly, it is necessary, if for no other reason than to preserve the materials for finishing the works that are now lying there.
11. I conceive we shall be ordered to take with us the greatest part of the ammunition now at Fort Loudoun. It will be necessary, therefore, to have a supply laid in there for the use of the frontier garrisons.
12. I did in a late letter endeavor to point out, in what manner the service would be benefited, by continuing Rutherford's rangers in the parts they now are, and sending the militia of Prince William to the Branch in their stead, and I again recommend it, for the reasons then given, and for many others, which might be given.
I must now conclude, with once more begging, that your Honor would come to some speedy determination on these several matters. From what Sir John St. Clair has wrote, from my orders, and from what I have here set forth, I conceive it must sufficiently appear, that the greatest dispatch is absolutely necessary, the success of our expeditions, in a manner, depending upon the early commencement of it. Every delay, therefore, may be attended with pernicious consequences.
The Indians, glad of any pretence for returning home, will make use of delays for a handle; and a spirit of discontent and desertion may spring up among the new levies for want of employment.
These are matters obvious to me, and my duty requires, that I represent them in this free and candid manner. 19 I am, etc.
[Note:As the government in England had determined to prosecute offensive operations on the southern frontiers, great preparations had been contemplated for a vigorous campaign under General Forbes against Fort Duquesne. William Pitt had, on December 30, written a circular to the Governor of Pennsylvania and the several Colonies at the south, requesting a hearty cooperation from the assemblies in aid of General Forbes's expedition. He stipulated that the colonial troops raised for this purpose should be supplied with arms, ammunition, tents, and provisions, in the same manner as the regular troops, and at the King's expense; so that the only charge to the Colonies would be that of levying, clothing, and paying the men. The governors were also authorized to issue commissions to provincial officers, from colonels downward, and these officers were to hold rank in the united army according to their commissions. Had this liberal and just system been adopted at the outset, it would have put a very different face upon the military affairs of the Colonies. Maj. Gen. James Abercromby, who had succeeded Lord Loudoun to the command in America, assigned 6,000 troops to Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland as their quota for the expedition to the Ohio. Of this number the Pennsylvania Assembly resolved to raise 2,700. (See Votes and Proceedings of the Assembly, vol. 4, p. 799.) The Maryland Assembly voted 1,000, but their bill was defeated by the usual quarrel with the governor, who refused his assent to their proposed mode of levying the tax to defray the expense. (See Votes and Proceedings, March, 1758.) The troops actually employed under General Forbes were 1,200 Highlanders, 350 Royal Americans, about 2,700 provincials from Pennsylvania, 1,600 from Virginia, 200 or 300 from Maryland who had been stationed in garrison at Fort Frederick under Colonel Dagworthy, and also two companies from North Carolina; making in all, including the wagoners, between 6,000 and 7,000 men, -- Sparks. ]
Dear Sir: I found upon my return to this place, last Night, the Letters Inclos'd. I shou'd hardly have opened them, notwithstanding you desir'd it had not Col. Byrd advis'd it as necessary, thinking there might be something contain'd that we might be preparing to execute.
I greatly fear that we shall be in want of Arms. at all events we have but a Scanty allowance; and if those from Williamsburg shou'd be in bad Order, as we have reason to apprehend they are from the Inclos'd Letters; I don't know what we are to do: delay'd we must be at least till they are clean'd, and made fit for Service. There will be a difficiency of Bayonets when the Maryland Arms are returned; and there is not a possibility of my supplying Byrds Regiment with Cartooch Boxes, as the Arms which Mr. Henry is repairing are entirely without these Appendiges. My regiment will I expect, be compleat in both these Articles.
Mr. Cunningham 20 in a P S to me adds "McSwaine this moment tells me the two Waggoners have escap'd from Colo. Lewis; so that the Blankets will not be up so soon as I wrote Sir John".
[Note:Capt. James Cunningham. ]
Among the Inclos'd, you will find a Letter from Mr. Strother, 21 concerning the French Negro I wrote to him for at
[Note:Anthony Strother. ]
[Note:This and most of the subsequent letters up to September 12, inclusive, are from what is known as the "Bouquet Expedition Letter Book," a small folio of 80 pages containing 51 letters in Washington's writing. The original covers are missing and one leaf, containing two letters, has been abstracted by an unknown spoilsman. Two or three of the letters are in the hand of John Kirkpatrick, but they are signed, with one exception, by Washington. This record "Letter Book," like the one of the Braddock expedition (1755), was revised by Washington in 1784 -- 85 for his copyist, and, as revised, the letters were entered in "Letter Book No. 2" and "Letter Book No. 4," 27 years later. The texts here printed follow the letters as written in 1758 and ignore the later alterations, which are not nearly so numerous as those made in the 1755 letters and are, generally speaking, of little consequence. Ford notes that the original letters of 1758, as sent, are in the British Museum, and he uses the text of William Henry Smith, who printed 26 of these 53 letters in the Magazine of American History (February, 1888). In that magazine Smith published a facsimile of Washington's letter of Aug. 7, 1758, to Bouquet, and a comparison of this letter, as sent, with the record copy made by Washington at the time shows minor transposition of words but no alteration of meanings. The editor uses the text of these record copies m Washington's writing rather than the printed text of Smith's publication or the transcriptions of 1784 -- 85. Where Smith's print shows additional matter this is noted. As both Ford and Sparks printed such of these letters as they used in the revised form of 1784 -- 85, the curious, who wish to compare Washington's later idea as to phraseology, can easily do so by consulting the Ford and Sparks editions It would be difficult to present both versions (1758 and 1784 -- 85) with clearness in type on the same page. ]
Sir: As you have been long under Marching Orders, I can't doubt your readiness to depart from your present Station. I shall leave this the 23d. Inst't with three Companies of my Regiment; one of the Second Regimt.; and the Troop of Light Horse; and expect to be at Pearsalls the 25th., if not delay'ed by
If possible, I shall get the Prince William Militia up in time, to relieve your Parties; but if this shou'd be found impracticable, you are not to delay y'r Marching waiting for them.
Use your best endeavours to procure all the Horns you can for carrying your Powder. You cannot get two many of them, nor of Shott Pouches; as the first, as well as Second Regiment, are in want of them.
You will receive Sundry necessaries from Lt. King for the use of the two Companies on the Branch, you will also receive by him the Country's allowance of Forage and Bat-money for yourself and Ensign; the other Officers of your Company will be paid these Art'ls here.
Have an exact review of the two Companies with you, and let me know by express, the names, and number of Men unfit for Service; and which ought to be discharg'd, also of those who, tho not able to March, may do Garrison duty. I likewise desire that you will send me at the same time an exact report of the bad Arms; and of the Arms wanting repair in these Companies. I am Sir, etc.
[Note:Of Rutherford's Rangers. ]
Sir: Captn. Stephen assuring me, that so soon as the Prince William Militia are taken from his House the Families there, and in the Neighbours also will immediately remove; I am oblig'd, having it no otherways in my power to Order a few of your Men to be station'd there in their place: you are not to
[Note:Capt. Van(?) Swearingen. ]
[Note:Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. ]
Hon'ble Sir: Although but a poor hand at Complimenting, but permit me, nevertheless to offer your Hon'r my congratulations on your appointment; and safe arrival to a Government which His Majesty has been Graciously pleas'd to entrust to you with the Administration of, and to assure you, that I most sincerely wish your Administration may be attended with pleasure to yourself and strength to the People Governed.
I flatter'd myself with the pleasure of seeing your Honour in Williamsburg, when I was down, but the business that carried me there was of too Urgent a Nature to admit of delays, when I had once got it accomplish'd. Mr. President Blair has, no doubt, inform'd you of that business and of the State of the Troops here, and situation of other Affairs in this Quarter; I will not therefore, trouble your Hon'r with a repetition of them; but Enclose you a Copy of my last Orders, which I am preparing to execute with the greatest exactness. Sir John St Clair set out from hence for Connegocheague the 11th. Inst't, to which place I accompanied him by Summon's from Colo. Bouquet. 26 He proceeded on to Carlyle and I return'd here; where at present I have the Hon'r to Command.
[Note:Col. Henry Bouquet had command of the advance guard of the expedition against Fort Duquesne. ]
I shall transmit your Honour, so soon as I leave this place (I can't well do it before, as alterations are continually
When I was down, the President was pleas'd to promise me 5 blank Commissions to compleat my Regiment with Officers; by mistake I got one less, and must therefore beg the favour of your Honour to send me one now; or, that you wou'd be pleas'd to take the trouble yourself, of appointing Mr. Jno. Lawson (who is the oldest Ensign in my Regiment) to be Lieutenant in Lieut't Colo. Stephen's Company, where there is a Vacancy. This wou'd have been clone before, had not the above mistake happen'd.
I enclose your Honour the Pay Rolls of Captn. Rutherford's Company of Rangers, and beg the favour of you to send the money to Mr. Thos. Rutherford of this place, and he will pay them of in behalf of his Brother; who, being in an ill state of health, got leave to visit Doct'r Brown 27 of Maryland, to consult him in the case, and is not yet return'd.
[Note:Dr. Gustavus Brown, of Port Tobacco, Md. He was one of the attending physicians during Washington's last illness. ]
When I was in Williamsburg last, I endeavour'd to make Mr. President Blair and the Council, sensible of the great want of Cloaths for the first Regiment; and how necessary it is to send to England for a Supply. They declin'd doing any thing in the case at that time, because the Funds granted by the late Act of Assembly were almost exhausted. But I hope it will not escape your Hon'rs notice if an Assembly shou'd be call'd. Field equipage of all kinds will also be wanting and will come better and much cheaper from there. Colo. Byrd is fearful of wanting Cloaths for his Men, if we shou'd be late taking the Field; but his redress must be immediate or else useless, as
Sir: Pardon the liberty I am going to take; a liberty, that nothing but the most disinterested regard for the safety and welfare of these Colonies wou'd cause me to take. How far my notions on what I am going to observe is compatable with Reason, and how far they may corrispond with your Sentiments on the matter, I shall candidly submit to your [Excellency's determination]. 28
[Note:The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784 -- 85. He has erased the 1758 phrase with a knife so thoroughly as to defy deciphering. ]
The unfortunate arrival of the Cherokees into these Goverments so early in the Spring, and the unavoidable Accidents that have hitherto prevented a junction of the Troops, intended for the Western Expedition, has caus'd the Indians (who naturally are of a discontented Tempers) to be tired of waiting, and all, except those who came with Colo. Byrd, and a few others that have promised to join him, to return home; how long these can be prevail'd upon to remain with us, I won't absolutely affirm; but this I can venture to say not 6 Weeks, if it requires that time to form our Magazines and prepare for our March, as Colo. Bouquet seem'd to think it will. Now, in this event, we are left to perform a March of more than 100 Miles from our most advanc'd Post, before we shall arrive at Fort Duquesne; a great part of which over Mountains and Rocks, and thro' some such defiles as will enable the Enemy, with assistance of their Indian's and Irregulars; and their Superior knowledge of the Country, to render our March
>From what has, and might be said on this [occasion it would] 29 appear that Indians, to Us, are of the utmost Importance; and as I understand your Excellency proposes to keep open the Communication with the Inhabitants, and secure a retreat by the construction of Posts at advantageous situations, and proper distances, as the Army advances; (a work truly of the greatest Importance, especially as we will too probably begin our March with a handfull of Indians) I think it wou'd be practacable by the prosecution of this plan, to get a Number of the Indians, (by sending a person of abilities and adress immediately for them) before we cou'd approach Fort Duquesne; and I think it is not likely we shall meet with any formidable attack till we get pretty near that place.
[Note:The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784 -- 85. He has erased the 1758 phrase with a knife so thoroughly as to defy deciphering. ]
Another great advantage that might be deriv'd from sending such a such a Person instantly to the Cherokee Nation, wou'd be making up ('tis to be hop'd) those differences that lately happen'd between them, and some of the natives of the Southern Frontiers of this Colony; which unhappy broils, if not properly, and timously attended to, may be productive of the most destructive consequences to the british Affairs in America, and terminate in the ruin of our Southern Settlements.
There is now a large Cargoe of proper Goods for Trading with them just arriv'd from England, in this Colony, necessary supplies might be drawn from thence and laid at proper places for them, which wou'd prevent those delays and disappointments which they have had too much reason to complain off.
It wou'd, I confess, require a considerable time before the Indians that are (yet to be sent for) cou'd join Us; but, as the inevitable obstructions to be met with in forming Magazines, erecting the Posts, and marching on, must require much time, it may be effected, and the farther the Summer is advanced, the Operations of the Campaign for many obvious Reasons, cou'd be executed with the greater security, unless there shou'd, e'er then, happen a decisive action to the No. ward and the Enemy prove successful; in that case they wou'd pour in their Troops upon Us to the Southward. At all events they cou'd easily prevail upon many of their Northward Indians, by promises and the views of Plunder, to join their Troops upon
What time the French may require to Assemble a formidable Body of Indians at Fort Duquesne; how they are provided for victualling such a body there, and how far they are able to prevail upon these Indians to wait the uncertain March of our Army which they have Assembled them; are matters I profess myself ignorant in. But if we may draw any inferences from our own difficulties in these cases, we may in the first place conclude I think, that our Preperations &ca. have sufficiently alarm'd them, and that they have got together what Indians they can; next, that those Indians will require the same Provisions and humoring that ours do; and lastly, that they may also get dissatisfied at waiting, and return home like ours have done; thinking our Preparations a feint only to draw of their Attention and from the Northward.
My Sollicitude on account of Indians sufficiently appears throughout all I have said. Your Excellency is the best judge of the Plan you have to execute and the time it will require to bring your operations to bear; you are also a proper judge of the time it will take to accomplish the Scheme I have propos'd of getting Indians to our Assistance, and how far it may corrispond (in point of time) with other measures; and therefore it wou'd be impertenent after I have endeavour'd, tho' a little incoherently, to shew the necessity of Indians, and the advantages and disadvantages of a late Campaigne, to say any thing more unless it be to apologize once more for the freedom I have taken of mentioning matters which I suppose you are equally, if not better acquainted with than I am; and to assure your Excellency that I am, with greatest respect, etc.
Hon'ble Sir: The Letter herewith Inclos'd, wou'd have been sent according to the date, but I have been waiting till now for Captn. Rutherfords Pay Roll, his Company being much dispers'd in the Ranging Service.
This day the Prince William Militia are to March for the South Branch, to relieve two Companies of my Regiment, agreeably to Orders. Inclos'd is a return of their present strength. I shou'd think myself difficient in my duty were I to pass over in Silence the transactions of and State of this Company from their first coming out, about the 20th. Ulto.
One hundred Militia then, were Order'd from Prince William County (but at what time I can't exactly say by Mr. President Blair) instead of that number, they sent 73 and every one of them unprovided with either Arms or Ammunition, as the Law directs; by which means they were useless but burthensome to the Country, as they receiv'd true Allowance of Provisions and had their Pay running on. This matter was represented to Colo. Henry Lee, Lieut't of that County, by Sir Jno. St. Clair then Commanding Officer here. The Consequence of this representation was; that about the first of this Inst't, near 100 Arms were sent up by his order out of which number Scarce 5 were Serviceable; and not more than 30 cou'd possibly be made to Fire. This was also represent'd to Colo. Lee who after professing a Concern for it said, they expect'd Arms from England, (I think) every day, and took no further Acct. of the matter that I have yet heard of. I immediately set Smiths to repairing their Arms, and have at last, with the Assistance of 35 old Muskets which I caus'd to be deliver'd out of the Store here, got this Company, which shou'd consist of 100 Men, (tho' there is but 68) at last compleated.
'Till this time, they have been a dead expence to the Publick, and no Service to the Inhabitants. This Sir, are serious Facts, and really merits [reprehension] 30 for, if such behaviour is suffer'd to escape unnoticed, the most destructive Consequences may accrue to the Country, as in the present case for Instance, if the Troops had March'd agreeable to my first Orders, the Companies on the South Branch wou'd have been drawn off, and the Inhabitants left either destitute of relief, or have come off with them, which they determin'd to do. This I understand actually happen'd in Augusta County, when Maj'r Lewis came from thence, by the negligence, I suppose, of the County Lieutenants. I am etc.
[Note:This word was added in 1784 -- 85. The original word has been erased with a knife and is indecipherable. ]
Sir: The bearer Captn. McClanaham comes up to relieve you, you are therefore to give him Orders where to Post his Men; in the manner that will best promote the Interest of the Service, and give the most satisfaction to the generallity of the Inhabitants in that Quarter. You are likewise to deliver him a necessary supply of Ammunition; I am Sir, etc.
[Note:Of the Prince William, Va., militia. ]
You are forewith to March with all convenient Expedition to the Fort on the South Branch; at which Captn. Thomas Waggener Commands, to relieve him and follow such Orders as he may judge most conducive to the Interest of the Service with regard to the different Posts in that Quarter, to be
You are to keep an exact daily return of your Command, that you may be able (at any time its requir'd of you) to give an Acct. of the Number of your Men you have on Duty, and that pay may be drawn only for your effectives. You are to keep a particular acct. of the Ammunition you may use, and for what Service Expended.
Sir: I have receiv'd your favours of the 18th. and 20th. Inst., and beg leave to refer you to Captn. Stewarts Letter, knowing he writes fully, on Matters relative to the light Horse.
I expect to March tomorrow, agreeably to my Orders; Woodwards Company of the first Regiment, cover'd the Artificers of the 2d., and left this the 22d. to open the Road from hence to Pearsalls; which, by information, is almost impassable.
Colo. Byrd will be sadly distress'd for Arms when those from Maryland are deliver'd up. The Arms from Williamsburg came here in such bad Order, that they cannot possibly be repair'd in time; Colo. Byrd writes to you on this subject himself, it will therefore be needless for me to enlarge upon or repeat His complaints.
I have receiv'd no Hatchets from Connegocheague, the Canteens came up according to Expectation; and I have written to the Commanding Officer there, desiring to know why the former, the following contains his answer; "I have made Inquiry concerning the 200 Hatchets mention'd in yours, but have got no information concerning them"; sign'd Jno. Kidd, dated 21st. Inst. I am with very great regard, etc.
Sir: Herewith you will receive a Copy of my last Orders from Sir John St Clair, dated the 13th. Instant; such parts of them as regard yourself, and Regiment, you are desir'd to observe, and act litterally up to them.
I have directed half the Provisions and Ammunition intended for Fort Cumberland to follow me, under your escort. Mr. Walker will take care that the former of these Articles comes, and I hope you will observe that your Quarter Master brings the latter.
You will want Provision's at Edward's and Pearsalls, for that Company of y'r Regiment Order'd to be left at those places; and you will no doubt order them being supplied accordingly.
Take an exact Acct. of the No. of Arms rec'd from Williamsburg, and how they have been dispos'd of: if any remain you may lodge them in the Stores here, and take Lt. Smiths receipt for them.
Sir; You are to take an exact acct. of all the Virginia Stores at this place; for which you are to pass your receipt to Mr. Kennedy, Quarter Master and to deliver none out after my departure but by Letter from me, or Orders from the Governor, or Commander in Chief; except it be Ammunition &ca. for the use of the Garrison; and for supplying the Ranging Companies; in doing which, you are to observe the greatest Oeconomy.
You must get an exact Acct. of all the Arms that have been deliver'd out by Mr. Kennedy to the Armourer; endeavour also to get an Acct. of those which Mr. Henry rec'd from Fredericksburg, and see how the whole have been dispos'd of; taking care to receive into the Stores all that are in his hands after
I have directed Captn. Rutherford to detach 20 Men of his Company to strengthen this Garrison (which is to be your principle concern); you will take care therefore to keep up Discipline at the same time use lenity, to prevent discontent and Desertion. Be vigilent, and keep your Men Sober observe Order and Regularity in the Garrison; which keep clean and wholesome; and as your numbers will be few, keep a regular and strict watch; place two Sentrys in opposite Bastions, and one in the Front Porch; and I believe it will be sufficent.
The place now used for an Hospital, you are to give up to the owner, and appoint a Room in some of the Barracks in the Fort, for your Sick.
If any Deserters shou'd be brought to this place by Country People, you are to pass receipts for them, and send them on to their respective Regiments, or Companies if any oppertunity Offers; if there shou'd not, you are then to employ them at this Garrison, or elsewhere, that they can be found useful; in passing y'r receipts you are to specify the Regiment and Company such Deserter belongs to.
Expresse's on the Kings Service, whose Horses may tire, or otherwise be unfit to proceed, you are to get others for; giving receipts in all these Cases mentioning for what they were Press'd, for what particular Service and how long they were employ'd in it; and take particular care always to have them deliver'd up to the owners so soon as they are return'd.
Sir: You are to appoint 20 of your worst Rangers, to do Duty at Fort Loudoun, under Lieut Smith; who is charg'd with the Command of this Place. They may be kept constantly there or
If any Inception shou'd be made into the County by the Enemy, or mischief done; it will be your duty to consult with Lieut. Smith on the most effectual means of assisting the Inhabitants, and giving the earliest, and best Intelligence thereof to the Governor.
Sir: So soon as you have Compleated Colo. Byrd's Regiment, and Captn. Stewarts Troop of Light Horse with Arms, you are to set about cleaning and putting all the Virginia Arms in the best repair you can, till further Orders.
Take care that they are well pack'd up in cases, 25 in each, and deliver'd into the Magazine now under the care of Lieut't Smith. The principal design of this is to keep the Arms from receiving hurt, by lying in Rust. You will therefore direct your managem' of them accordingly.
Such Pieces as want Locks, or in other respects much repair, let be your last care. and when you may be call'd away you are to deliver in a faithful Acct. of all the Arms that have pass'd thro your hands, from the first of your coming, to the Store keeper Lt. Smith, and bring, or send, another Copy to me.
Sir: Last night the Inclos'd March Rout came under cover to me for you, with this Paragraph from Sir Jno. St. Clair; "I have inclos'd you a March Rout for a hundred of the No. Carolina
As your March from hence depends upon the readiness of the Convoy, you are to consult Mr. Commissary Walker on that head. I am Sir, etc.
Sir: I was last night favour'd with yours of the 22d., and have Inclos'd your Orders for Marching to the Commanding Officer of the Carolina Troops and left it with Mr. Walker, who, in consequence of some Letters he receiv'd from Mr. Hoops, does not think of sending a second Convoy of Provisions; but as he writes you fully on that Subject begs leave to refer you to him; he has Provided a Months Provisions which will be escorted up by Colo. Byrd and myself.
I have inclos'd you a Copy of the Orders I have given Mr. Henry, the Armourer; if you shou'd find any thing amiss, or omitted, be pleas'd to send him others. I am just going to March, and beg leave to subscribe myself, Y'r most Obedt. etc.
Sir: I have just encamped at this place on my march to Ft. Cumberland, with a weak escort to a large convoy of Provisions, &c.
The intent of this, therefore, is to desire, that you will immediately upon receipt of it, detach 100 men, and 3 waggons to our assistance; do not suffer the least delay.
I order the waggons upon a supposition that you have some at Pearsalls in pay; but if I am wrong in this, be pleased to engage any you can, in time for this service, as we are plagued in a most extraordinary manner, with bad Teams. I am, etc.
Mr. Wilper: You are to remain at this place with a Corporal and 12 men for defence of the Post, and such of the People as may resort to it: as also for security of the Stores, &c. that now are or may be lodged here: taking care to pass your Receipts for them, and to produce proper vouchers for their delivery again.
You are to observe strict discipline; suffer no Soldier to straggle from the Fort, without leave; nor any liquor to be sold to your men without your permission. Make regular returns of your command to me while I am at Fort Cumberland, and to Lt. Smith after I shall have marched from that place (unless you receive Orders to the contrary) and apply to him for what ammunition you may want.
In every respect you are to conform to the Rules and Discipline of war, in the like cases.
[Note:Col. Henry Bouquet served in the Dutch Army as lieutenant colonel of Swiss Guards. Entered the English Army in 1756 and became colonel of the Sixtieth Foot in 1762 and a brigadier general in 1765. In 1758 Bouquet commanded the Royal American Regiment, and was ordered by Secretary William Pitt to move from its station in South Carolina to join General Forbes in Pennsylvania. Bouquet was energetic in pushing the building of a new road from Raystown (now Bedford), Pa., toward Fort Duquesne rather than have the British expedition take the old Braddock route, favored by Washington. He died in Pensacola, Fla., in 1766. ]
Sir: Your favours of the 27th. Ulto. and first Inst't I have had the honour to receive.
According to Order, I march'd from Winchester the 24th., and arriv'd at this place Yesterday in the Afternoon, with five Companies of the first Virginia Regiment, and a Company of Artificers of the 2d., as you may observe by the Inclos'd return.
My March, by bad Teams and bad Roads (notwithstanding I had sent the Artificers and a Covering Party on three days before) was much delay'd.
I herewith send a return of the Provisions and Forage that came up under my Escort: we lost three Bullocks, and that in driving. I can't absolutely say for what purpose the Forage is intended, or where to be lodg'd. It was engag'd by Mr. Walker at Sir Jno. St. Clair's request, and I believe for the light Horse. The Principal part of it met us at Pearsalls on the South Branch; and neither myself, nor any Person else was empower'd, or even desir'd to receive and pay for it. I was at a loss how to act, but thought it most advisable to bring it on; if it is not intended for the light Horse as I apprehen'd I shou'd be glad of your directions concerning it; for Captn. Stewart, who possibly may be Instructed for this purpose, I left equipping his Troop at Winchester, and has not yet join'd me.
As I can't suppose you intended to order any part of my Men upon the Roads till join'd at this place by Colo. Byrd, I shall decline sending any upon that Service till his arrival; which I suppose may be to-morrow, as he was preparing to March the 26th after me.
I enclose you an exact return of the Maryland Troops in Garrison, at this place, also of their Provisions; and of the King's stores, 33 and shou'd be glad to know what strength you wou'd have this Garrison consist of, how many days Provisions left for them, and what quantity of Ammunition. I brought one half of all that was order'd from Winchester by Sir Jno. St. Clair, and left the other half to follow with Colo. Byrd --
[Note:These returns, dated July 2, 1758, are in the Washington Papers. ]
Mr. Walker, in consequence of Instructions from Mr. Hoops (who I believe purpos'd to supply us from Rays Town) put a stop to a further purchase of Provisions: You will see by the Returns for what number of days I am supplied, and I desir'd Colo. Byrd to bring as much to this place as wou'd serve his Men a fortnight, at least. I am at a loss to know whether Officers' Serv'ts, that are not Soldiers, are allow'd to draw Provisions; and shou'd be thankfull for your directions, as I have had many applications on that head.
There are few Tools for the Services requir'd; but before a supply cou'd be got to this place from Sir Jno. St. Clair, or Govnr. Sharpe the Work (with what few we have) I hope may be near finish'd. Rum too, I fear will be a scarce Article with Us.
Pray what will be done with that Company of Byrd's Regiment order'd to take Post at Edwards's and Pearsalls? shall they continue there, or join their Regiment? I left in consequence of your Orders an Officer and 30 Men Invalids at Fort Loudoun for safety of the Stores &c., lodg'd there, and also a Sergeant and 12 at Pearsalls to secure that Post, and keep open the Road for Expresses (for no more can be expected from so small a Command). Byrd I hope will leave 6 or 8 of his Invalids or bad Men at Edwards's for the same purpose.
There came 28 waggon's to this place with me, and I believe if they were wanted, 10 more might be had upon the South Branch, strong and good; but carrying Horses are certainly more eligible for the Service we are destin'd.
I have us'd my best endeavours to get my Men equip'd with Powder Horns and Shott Pouches, and have procur'd 330 of
I have receiv'd a very Scanty allowance of Tents for the 5 Companies with me, vizt., sixty-nine only; out of these most of the Officers must either be supplied, or lye uncover'd; they will readily pay for what they receive, if requir'd. No. Bell Tents were sent to Us.
My Men are very bare of Cloaths (Regimentals I mean), and I have no prospect of a Supply; this want, so far from my regretting during this Campaigne, that were I left to pursue my own Inclinations I wou'd not only order the Men to adopt the Indian dress, but cause the Officers to do it also, and be the first to set the example myself. Nothing but the uncertainty of its taking with the General causes me to hesitate a moment at leaving my Regimentals at this place, and proceeding as light as any Indian in the Woods. 'T is an unbecoming dress, I confess, for an officer; but convenience rather than shew, I think shou'd be consulted. 34 The reduction of Bat Horses alone, is sufficient to recommend it; for nothing is more certain than that less baggage will be requir'd, and that the Publick will be benifitted in proportion.
[Note:The frontiersmen, or woodsmen garb, of hunting shirt and leggings, sometimes described as Indian dress. Bouquet wrote (July 14): "I am extremely obliged to you for this extraordinary dispatch [the arrival of Maj. Andrew Lewis's detachment]. Their dress should be our pattern in this expedition." ]
I was desirous of being thus full in my Letter to you; how far it may be consistent with good Policy, as there is at least a possibility of its falling into the Enemy's hands, I know not: but I shall be directed in these affairs by you. I am, etc.
Sir: Since closing mine of this date, a dispute has arisen between Mr. Joseph Gailbraith (an Assistant Victualler of Mr.
There is one Jno. McCullough here, who wou'd make an exceeding good Waggon Master, and we shall certainly want one, or two, if all the Waggon's that I have together with those which Colo. Byrd may bring, shou'd be detain'd in the Service.
I shou'd be glad to know if such Persons are allow'd? and if they are, how many Waggons each takes charge of?, and their Pay pt. Day? I am Sir, etc.
Sir: Colo. Byrd with 8 Companies of his Regim't arriv'd here yesterday, he left many sick Men behind him, as may be seen by the Inclos'd report; which, with the Company he Posted at Edwards's and Pearsalls, reduces our strength Considerably.
I am a good deal at a loss therefore, to know how to Act for the best, since your last Orders for joining you at Rays Town were not positive, and seem'd to be given on a supposition that Mr. Walker either cou'd not, or was not to supply us with Provisions here. Your doubts will in some measure be obviated when you see Mr. Walker's Letter to me on this head; and the returns of our Provisions; which I now send. If this therefore was your motive for desiring a Garrison to be left at this place, and for me to March on to Rays Town with the remainder of the Virginia Troops, you will, I presume, countermand our March to that place, for the following Reasons: first, because
I was advis'd to hint these things to you, and wait the result of your answer before I put the whole in Motion. Whatever you direct under the Circumstances I shall execute with the greatest punctuality, and Expedition in my power. I enclose a return of the No. of Waggons now at this place, that you may be judge of the Expence.
Captn. Dagworthy telling me that Governor Sharpe is to open the Road to the Town Creek (which is within 15 Miles of this place) and as Maryland has near 200 Men here fit for Duty, I hope you will be of opinion that they are sufficiently strong to proceed on the Fort Frederick Road, without needing a reinforcement from us; especially if you will please to consider at the same time, that they are in a manner cover'd by the Troops at this place, and those which may be employ'd on the Road to Rays Town, on which I shall send a detachment to Work tomorrow.
I had wrote thus far when your Letter of yesterday came to hand; as we lye so contiguous, and can hear in so short a time from you, I shall only be preparing to obey your Orders; but shall not actually March till I hear from you again.
A pretty good stock of Liquor came up with the last convoy. We have no Hay at this place; 'twas Corn I call'd forage. We shall have Tools sufficient for opening the Road to Rays Town among the Artificers of Colo. Byrd's Regiment, and I enclose a list of what is here, belonging to Maryland, that you may be able to judge of their wants.
I am sorry to hear that the Cattawbas have so egregiously misbehav'd. When I write to Govr. Fauquier, which I expect may be in a few days; I shall touch on this subject. I am etc.
Sir: Your favour of yesterday was deliver'd me last Night. I immediately directed all your Orders to be executed. The Waggons (save those attending the Road Cutters) go of to day. Three Companies under Colo. Mercer proceed on the Rays Town Road, which we began to open Yesterday; they carry 6 days Provisions with them, and Orders to apply to you for more, if that don't suffice. Captn. Dagworthy and the Marylanders begin to open the Road to Morrow toward Fort Frederick; and are furnish'd with 10 days Provisions for that purpose; but an extraordinary Affair has happen'd in regard to their Provisions; I mean that having no Flour, notwithstanding 6000 lbs. and better, was included in a return which I sent you Sign'd by their Commissary, I have been oblig'd already to supply them with 2000 w't. of this Article, and shou'd be glad to know if they are entitled to any part of the Provisions laid in here by Mr. Walker for the use of the Virginia Troops; under the Circumstances they were; I was oblig'd to deliver out the above Flour, or see them starve, or desert, the latter they yet seem very Inclinable to do.
Maj. Lewis of the first Regiment attends you with 200 Men with whom I have Order'd Captns. Frazer and Walker to proceed to you. I am Sir with great regard, etc.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 25th. past, I had the Honour to receive Yesterday. I am oblig'd to you for the blank Commission you sent me, your honour may depend, I shall have regard to strict justice in disposing of it.
I March'd from Winchester the 24th. Ulto. according to Orders, and Incamp'd at this place the 2d. Inst., Colo. Byrd follow'd the 26th. and arriv'd here 4 days after me; before I left Winchester I appointed Lieut't Smith of my Regiment and 30 Invalids to remain at Fort Loudoun to take care of our Stores; and I order'd him to continue the minor at Work in the Well, and to proceed in covering the Barracks till your Honour shou'd be pleas'd to direct him further in this matter. The Works wou'd have sustain'd considerable damage if these small but essential parts of it, were neglected. I left Mr. Smith £25 for this purpose, which he is to account for.
Inclos'd is an account of the Stores left at Winchester; the Arms are not Included; because they were then repairing at the Armourers. I have however directed Mr. Smith to transmit your Honour an Acct. of them by this Express. I have also Inclos'd an Account of the Tools deliver'd out of our Stores, to the Artificer's of Colo. Byrds Regiment, by Order of Sir Jno. St. Clair; and have directed Mr. Ramsay (Contractor for supplying the Troops of Virginia with Provisions) to render your Honour an exact account of all the Provisions that has been expended, of his purchasing, since the time of Sir John St.
A letter from Colo. Bouquet of the 6th. which I have just receiv'd Contains this Paragraph.
"The Cuttawba's under the Command of Captn. Johnne are gone to Winchester; they have behav'd in the most shamefull manner, and run away as a parcell of thieves rather than Warriors without seeing me; they have never kill'd a deer, and there is the strongest suspicians that the Scalp they pretend to have taken was an old one.
I think it wou'd be very necessary to send a message to their Nation to complain of their Conduct and know at once if they are Friends or Enemies. if you approve of it, I shou'd be oblig'd to you to proprose the thing to the Governor of Virginia: I write to General Forbes on the subject."
We have no advice of the General, and there is the greatest uncertainty when we shall move from this place. I am etc.
Sir: Your Letter came to hand just as I was seeking a Messenger to go to you, with an acct. of the murder of two People by a Party of the Enemy on the Road, a Mile from this. I dare say I need not recommend watchfulness to a Person so sensible of the necessity of it as your are, but I hope notwithstanding, that you will cause the greatest vigilance to be observd. by all under your Command as we are certain the Enemy are about and have taken a Prisoner from Us.
It is not in my power to assist you with any of those Tools you ask for, I shall how ever acquaint Colo. Bouquet this Night
[H.L.]
Sir: Your favour of the 11th., I had the pleasure to receive the same day by Doct'r Johnston, 35 nothing extraordinary since my last has occurr'd.
[Note:Dr. John Johnston. ]
By a party from Colo. Mercer, to this place for Provisions; I find they have open'd the Road 6 Miles only; and that they proceed much slower in this Service than I expected: this possibly may arise from the pains they take to make the Road good, and from the width of it (30 Feet) which I directed, that two Waggons might go a brest conveniently; if you don't open yours in this manner, I shou'd be oblig'd to you to direct Captn. Mercer otherwise, as it will be useless to have one part wide, and the other narrow.
It gives me great pleasure to find you approve of the dress I have put my Men into. It is evident, Sold'rs in that trim are better able to carry their Provisions; are fitted for the active Service we must engage in; less liable to sink under the fatiegues of a 36 March; and by this means, get rid of much baggage that wou'd consequently, if carri'd protract our line of March; this, and not whim or caprice, are really my reasons for ordering them into it.
[Note:The letter as sent, which is printed by Smith in the Magazine of American History, reads: "a long March besides the advantages of contracting by this means our line of March which must extend always in proportion as we are incumber'd with carriages or horses." Washington also omitted, in copying his letter into the "Bouquet Expedition Letter Book," "I beg pardon for the liberty I have taken in recommending a letter for Majr. Halket to your care." The letter to Halkett was that of July 16. ]
I have heard nothing from Captn. Dagworthy since he March'd; but expect the Waggons are at Winchester by this time, that I dispatch'd the same day.
With most sincere regard I am. etc.
Sir: About 4 Oclock this Afternoon, after I had clos'd my letter to you, I receiv'd Intelligence that two Men were kill'd and a third taken prisoner on the Road about a Mile from this place. I got the Indians to go, and sent a Command of 50 Men immediately to the spot, where they took the Track of six Indians, and followed them till near dark; when the Indians return'd, as did our Party also.
They discover'd that one of the Men kill'd was a Soldier of the second Regiment; and that the other two were herders going to our Grass Guards 37 in the most careless, stragling manner, contrary to repeated Orders and positive orders given, to prevent Soldiers stragling from camp, or small Parties going out.
[Note:A guard stationed at the grazing grounds to protect the cattle. ]
The Mischief was done about 8 this Morning. Our discovery of it too late to give us a chance to overtaking the enemy. I thought it advisable nevertheless to give you Information that the Enemy are abt., and that I expect we shall be pester'd w'h them all this Moon; haunting our Camps; and watching our Motions.
I have appriz'd Colo. Mercer, Captn. Dagworthy and all our out Parties of this Murder, that they may be strictly upon their Guard Marching; and vigilant in their Camps.
The Inclos'd I this Inst't receiv'd from Captn. Dagworthy; if it is not in your power to afford him assistance; as it is
Sir: I was favoured with yours of the 14th. Inst't, at 11 Oclock last Night, the Express who brought it, informs me, that he was twice fired at by six Indians, and oblig'd to abandon his Horse
There's three Parties gone from hence towards the Enemy's Country within these few days. The largest of them, (consisting of an Officer and 18 Cherokees,) March'd 3 days ago. I always send out some white people with the Indians, and will to day or to morrow, send an Officer and some alert white men, with another Party of Cherokees as you desire it; tho' I must confess, that I think these Scalping Parties of Indians we send out, will more effectually harass the Enemy (by keeping them under continual Alarms) than any Parties of white People can do; because small parties of ours are not equal to the undertaking, (not being so dexterous at skulking as Indians;) and large ones will be discover'd by their spies early enough to give the Enemy time to repell them by a superior Force; and at all events, there is a great probability of loosing many of our best men, and fatiguing others before the most essential Services are enter'd upon and am afraid not answer the propos'd end.
You are pleas'd to desire my Opinion with regard to making an Irruption into the Enemy's Country with a strong Party. As such an Enterprize, at this juncture, when we may suppose the Enemy have, or are collecting their principal force in that Vicinity, wou'd require a formidable party, the supplying of which with Provisions, &ca, immediately might be difficult and
I shall direct the Officer that Marches towards the Enemy to be at particular pains in reconnoitring General Braddock's Road; tho I have had repeated accounts of it wanting such small repairs as can with ease be done as fast as the Army can March; it is impossible for me to send out any Men to repair it, as Colo. Mercer and Captn. Dagworthy got every Tool for that purpose I had. If we had Tools to go upon the Roads, the 2d. Company of Artificers wou'd no doubt be wanted here, but as it is, I imagine they will be better employed with you.
The malbehaviour of the Indians with you, gives me great concern; 38 if they were hearty in our Interest their Services wou'd be infinitely valuable, as I cannot conceive the best white Men to be equal to them in the Woods; but I fear they are too sensible of their high Importance to us, to render us any very acceptable Service.
[Note:The Cherokees had gone away with stolen goods. Bouquet wrote (July 14): "It is a great humiliation for us to be obliged to suffer the repeated insolence of such rascals. I think it would be easier to make Indians of our white men, than to cox [coax] that damned tanny race." ]
As the Par of Exchange between Virginia and Pensylvania is, by the Laws of the two Provinces, settled at 25 pr. Ct. in favour of the former, I apprehend we can have no right to settle on any other footing; especially as any material deviation therefrom might be productive of very bad consequences.
Since writing the above, the Warrior of the Party of Cherokees insisted on Marching Instantly, and that but one white Man shou'd go, they are gone, and I have given the white Man necessary Orders relative to the Road &c.
Inclos'd is a return of our Provisions; since the making out of which, the Marylanders drew 10 days Prov'n for 200 Men. I am etc.
Dear Halkett: Last night I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the 8th. Inst't from Carlyle, covering general Orders; from the General. I have all along acted agreeble to the greatest part of them; and shall obey with the utmost exactness, so far as I am able, the others; but there are some things contain'd there which the Nature of the disagreeable Establishment I am on, renders impractacable; for how Impossible that Men; who only receive Pay once in two Months; and sometimes not so often, and then have a £5 or 10£ Bill (for we seldom get any small ones) given amongst several of them, can pay ready money for every little necessary they may want; nor can any money procure prickers and Brushes in this Country, brushes especially.
With regard to a return of those that draw Provisions; the first Regiment is at present so much dispers'd that it is now Impossible for me to send you an exact return but will loose no time in collecting those from the different Detachments, and sending you a general one of the whole by the first oppertunity afterwards.
It gives me a great deal of pleasure to find that I have in a great measure, anticipated the Generals Sentiments and Orders, in regard to dress. And reduction of Baggage; I am sensible that I have by this means lessen'd the appearance of the first Virginia Regiment, but I beg the General will think that, I have render'd them more fit for the active Service they are to engage in, by this means; now give me leave to say that I ever must be Yrs. most Affectionately,
Sir: Your favours of the 13th. and 14th. lye before me to answer, I have Order'd the Paymaster, and Quarter Master, to make use of the Escort that attends Governor Glen, 39 and desire you will cause them to return to this place as soon as possible. The Quarter Master brings you all the stuff he has for Breech Clouts: if the quantity falls short you must purchase more, and charge the Publick with the cost (if he has not oppertunity of doing it himself while there).
[Note:James Glen, former Governor of South Carolina. ]
I have directed the adjutant to transmit you a Copy of several Orders that I have Issued at this place for regulating the Mens dress; and beg that you will cause them to be punctually observ'd by that part of the first Regiment under your Command. It gives me great pleasure to find this Dress; or undress as you justly remark; so pleasing to Colo. Bouquet, and that therein I seem to have anticipated the Generals Orders. If my Orders shou'd be a little unintelligable in any Instance you will make the dress of the Officers and Soldiers of Maj. Lewis's Company a guide to come at my meaning; that we may, even in this trim, have some regard to uniformity.
Leaving all our Cloathing at once place is certainly right, and I shou'd be glad if you cou'd contrive yours here least you shou'd take some other Rout.
You have doubtless heard the Generals Orders of the 5th. publish'd at Rays Town, I expect therefore, that you will pay strict regard to them.
I offer my Compliments to all our Officers with you, and am Sir, etc.
Sir: Your obliging favour of this date, I just now had the pleasure of receiving. You make me quite happy by your coinciding on opinion with me, relative to the propos'd Expedition.
Captain Dagworthy's Party return'd hither yesterday in consequence of Orders from Sir Jno. St. Clair, forwarded by the Commanding Officer at Fort Frederick. I have directed him to finish a Bridge at this place, which I imagine he will effect by to morrow Night, with his Tools; I will next day send out a Party on General Braddock's Road, which I shall be able to reinforce when Colo. Mercer returns.
I am excessively oblig'd by the very handsome and polite manner by which you are pleas'd to give me leave to attend the Election at Winchester. Tho' my being there on that occasion, wou'd, at any other time, be very agreeable to me, yet at this juncture I can hardly perswade myself to think of being absent from my more immediate Duty, even for a few days. I will not however come to any absolute determination in this matter till I receive answers to some Letters on that subject (which I expect this Night, or to-morrow) 40 in the meantime, I beg you will allow me to Subscribe myself with great truth and sincerity, etc.
[Note:Washington had decided to offer himself to the electors of Frederick County, Va., as a candidate for the House of Burgesses. Some opposition was aroused that seemed to his friends to require his presence to allay during the poll, and Colonel Bouquet gave him leave to attend the election, a permission of which he did not avail himself. In his absence, Col. James Wood, the founder of Winchester, represented him, being "carried round the town in the midst of a general applause and huzzaing for Colonel Washington." "We have dull barbacues," wrote his former secretary, John Kirkpatrick, "and yet duller dances. An election causes a hubbub for a week or so, and then we are dead a while." The vote was taken on July 24, and resulted in the election of Washington and Col. Thomas Bryan Martin, the poll standing as follows: Washington, 307; Colonel Martin, 240; Captain Swearingen, 45; and Hugh West, 199. Colonel Martin was a nephew of Lord Fairfax and afterwards agent of the Fairfax estates. A copy of the poll in Washington's writing is in the Washington Papers.Lieut. Charles Smith handled the election expense accounts for Washington. There are five accounts in the Washington Papers showing the items of Washington's expenses for entertaining the voters at this election:
]
1. To 40 gallons of Rum Punch @ 3 / 6 pr. galn. 7 0 0 15 gallons of Wine @ 10 / 0 pr. galn. 7 10 0 Dinner for your Friends 3 0 0 2. 13½ gallons of Wine @ 10 / 6 15 3½ pts. of Brandy @ ⅓ 4 4½ 13 Galls. Bear @ ⅓ 16 3 8 qts. Cyder Royl. @ ⅙ 0 12 0 Punch 3 9 3. To 30 gallns. of strong beer @ 8d. pr. gall. 1 4. To 1 hhd. & 1 Barrel of Punch, consisting of 26 gals. best Barbadoes rum, 5 / -- 6 10 0 12½ lbs S. Refd. Sugar ⅙ 18 9 6 galls. best Madeira Wine 10 / 3 5. To 3 galls. and 3 quarts of Beer @ 1 / pr. gall. 3 9 10 Bowls of Punch @ 2 / 6 each 1 5 0 9 half pints of rum @ 7½ d. each 5 7½ 1 pint of wine. 1 6
We have begun our march for the Ohio. A courier is starting for Williamsburg, and I embrace the opportunity to send a few words to one whose life is now inseparable from mine. Since that happy hour when we made our pledges to each other, my thoughts have been continually going to you as another Self. That an all-powerful Providence may keep us both in safety is the prayer of your ever faithful and affectionate friend. 41
[Note:The text is from Ford. The location of the original is not given. Ford states that it was written near Fort Cumberland and is one of the few letters to Martha Custis that have escaped destruction. A granddaughter of Mrs. Washington is authority for the statement that Martha Washington, shortly before her death, destroyed the letters that passed between George Washington and herself. ]
Sir: I had, before Colo. Stephen came to this place, abandon't all thoughts of attending Personally at the Election in Winchester; choosing rather to leave the management of that
Colo. Byrd has given me your Letter of Yesterday; in consequence, I send you a return of the Forage, and he writes to Mr. Gist for Vermilion for the Indians.
We participate in the joy felt for the success of his Majesty's Arms at Louisburg, &ca.; and sincerely lament the loss of that brave and active Nob'n Lord Howe. 42
[Note:George Augustus, Viscount Howe, brigadier general in America. He was killed near Ticonderoga, N.Y., on July 6 He was well liked throughout the Colonies. ]
We have got the bridge finish'd at this place, and to morrow Maj'r Peachy, with 300 Men, proceed to open Genl. Braddock's Road. I shall direct their going to George's Creek, 10 Miles advanc'd; by that time I may possibly hear from you; if they go further, it may be requisite to reinforce the Party, but this matter I suppose will be Order'd according to the Route determin'd on by the General; for it will be needless to open a road that no use is made of 43 afterwards.
[Note:"The general has sent my brother George to Reas' Town, with orders to take with him a hundred men, in order to find out and mark a road from Reas' Town as near to Fort Duquesne as he can possibly go, leaving General Braddock's road and the Yohiogaine entirely to the left." -- Col. John Armstrong to Governor Denny, July 20, 1758. This letter is in the Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 2, p. 483. ]
Colo. Stephen gives me some room to apprehend that a Body of light Troops may soon move on. I pray your Interest, most Sincerely, with the General, to get my Regiment and myself Included in the Number. If there needs any Arguments to obtain this favour, I hope, without vanity, I may be allow'd to say that from long Intimacy, and frequent Scouting in these Woods, my Men are as well acquainted with all the Passes and difficulties, as any Troops that will be employ'd, and therefore may answer any purpose intended by them, as well as any other Body.
The General directs, that the Troops be provided with covers to their Locks. Where to get these I know not; there is but one
[Note:The letter as sent, printed by Smith in the Magazine of American History, adds "Please to offer my compliments to Mr. Glen and forward a letter herewith to Majr. Halket." ]
Dear Halkett: Inclos'd are two returns, one of the number of Persons we draw Provisions for; the other of the strength of the Regiment, made out from those lately receiv'd from the several Detachments. I hope they will please, but if any other form is required to be kind enough to advertise me of it, and I shall execute the Orders.
It is morally impossible to get at this place, covers for our Gun Locks having nothing but Neats Hydes to make them of; and an insufficiency of those to answer the purpose. The Commissaries ask 18/ a piece for them; pray give me your advice in this case.
I find by the Generals Orders that a Brigade Major is appointed pointed to the Pensylvania Troops, if any is allow'd for Ours, give me leave to sollicit your Interest in favour of Captn. Robt. Stewart (if it shou'd not be found incompatable with his duty as a Horse Officer). His Military knowledge is Second to none in our Service and his assiduity I can greatly confide in. I can't use the freedom of mentioning it to the General, nor shou'd I
farewell my dear Halkett. I heartily wish you every perfect enjoyment your Soul can desire, and am most Affectionately, etc.
Sir: The Inclos'd came to my hands a few hours after I dispatch'd my last by Frazier. I did not know but it might enable you to determine what had best be done with the Waggons, and therefore I send it. If we are to lye at this place any time, perhaps you may think it advisable to send the Waggons down for another Convoy. I shou'd not choose to propose any thing that might seem officious; but wou'd it not facilitate the Operations of the Campaigne if the Virginia Troops were Order'd to proceed as far as the great Crossing and construct, Posts at the most advantagious situations; opening the Road at the same time as they go, if any use is intended to be made of this Road, great advantages will be diriv'd from such a procedure, certainly. In such an event, I shou'd be glad to be joined by that part of my Regiment at Rays Town.
Major Peachy, who Commands the Working Party on Genl. Braddocks Road, writes me, that he finds little repairs wanting; I shall however Order him to Night, to proceed as far as Savage River and then Return, as his Party is rather too Weak to adventure it further.
All the Indian Parties that went out, are now return'd (save one, consisting of three only) without making any discoveries.
I beg leave to assure you that I am most Sincerely, Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: I wrote you by Colo. Stephen, since which I have been favor'd with your kind, and agreeable favour of Yesterday.
We have advice that our Second Convoy of 70 odd Waggons (contents I enclos'd you Yesterday) will be at the South Branch to day, where I expect they will be join'd by some Waggons with forage, the number I can't ascertain, and all proceed to this place immediately, on Friday I shall look for them.
I shall most chearfully proceed on any Road; pursue any Rout; or enter upon any Service; that the General or yourself can think me usefully employ'd in; and shall never have a Will of my own, when a duty is required of me: but since you desire me to speak; permit me to observe this that after having convers'd with all the Guides, and been convinced by them and every other who has knowledge of the Country, that a Road comparable to General Braddocks (or indeed fit for any Service at all even for carrying Horses) cannot be made, I own I say after this, I shou'd sollicit that rout with less Warmth; not because difficulties appear in it; but because I shou'd much doubt giving satisfaction in the executive part; I don't know what reports you may have got from your reconnoitring Parties but I have been told on all hands that if any thing is expected there must be disappointments; for nothing can be taken that way without destroying our Horses.
I shou'd however be extremely glad of one hours conference with you and that when the General arrives. I cou'd then better [explain myself] 45 and think I cou'd demonstrate the advantages of pushing out a Body of light Troops on this
[Note:The words in brackets were added by Washington in 1784 -- 85 after erasing the 1758 words with a knife so thoroughly as to be indecipherable. ]
We shall need no Provisions from you, this Second Convoy added to what we have, will furnish us with a tolerable good stock.
If Maj. Livingston, or any other Officer at this place draws more than one Ration, it is contrary to Orders, and my knowledge; and must be attributed to the Commissary, whose fault chiefly it must be for delivering it.
We have been oblig'd, for the sake of our Cattle, to move our Grass Guard to Cresaps, 15 Miles from [hence], 46 there the Provisions is slaughter'd and serv'd out to the Guard; and to the Troop of light Horse also at that place); it is therefore necessary that Mr. Dow, or an attendant of the Commissarys shou'd be present and see to the Issuing of it. There were two Commissaries at this place, besides a numberless train of Butchers, Herders, &ca., so immensely Lazy that I was under a necessity of Ordering some of them to attend the Guard, for the Commissaries looking upon the Cattle to be at the Kings risque, was under no concern what went with them, and gave themselves no trouble on that Score about them.
[Note:The word in brackets was added by Washington in 1784 -- 85 after erasing the 1758 word with a knife so thoroughly as to be indecipherable. ]
I send you a return of Colo. Byrds Regiment, 47 and of the Maryland Troops at this place. I shou'd also have sent you one of the first Regiment, but the Adjutant got leave to accompany Colo. Stephen to Ray's Town on some business of his own, and lock'd up the Returns; I can therefore make out one only for the Companies present and this I send to him to compleated for your use.
[Note:This return, dated July 24, 1758, is in the Washington Papers. ]
Kelly and Stalnaker (two guides) are on the Road with Maj. Peachy; all the rest, at this place, I directed to attend you.
It wou'd be extremely Inconvenient for me, at this time, to Garrison the Block House on Rays Town Road, having such large Commands already out, and the Camp Duty very hard upon us. I am with most sincere Regard etc. 48
[Note:In reply Colonel Bouquet wrote (July 27): "Nothing can be greater than your generous dispositions for the Service and the candid Exposition of your Sentiments; I See with the utmost Satisfaction, that you are above the Influences of Prejudice, and ready to go heartily where Reason and Judgment Shall direct. I wish, Sincerely, that we may all center in one and the Same opinion; therefore I desire to have an Interview with you at the houses built half Way betwixt our Camps. I will communicate all the Intelligence, I was able to collect; and, weighing impartially the advantages and disadvantages of Each Communication We shall I hope be able between you and I, to determine what is most eligible, and Save to the General trouble and loss of time." The interview took place, but Forbes was not convinced by Washington. ]
Dear Sir: Your favour of yesterday I had the pleasure of receiving last Night. I detain'd the Party till my Adjutant's return from Rays Town (which I hourly Expected) imagining something by him, might arrive that wou'd require answering by it.
I have given Captn. Dagworthy Orders to March to Rays Town so soon as he can draw in his Grass Guard. Inclos'd is a return of the Tents wanting to compleat the first Regiment and I have desir'd Colo. Byrd to send one for the 2d. Regiment also.
I will agreeable to your direction's, send the Waggons back to Winchester, having receiv'd no Orders to the Contrary from the General or Sir John.
Forty Six of Colo. Byrds Indians have left this for their Nation; 16 Only remain. I was greatly surpris'd to hear of a Report spread, and believ'd in your Camp, that a Party of Delawares were come into this place; there never has been the least distant cause for such a report.
As I shall have the great pleasure of seeing you to morrow, will till then, defer entering upon the most important parts of
Dear Sir: Permit me to return you my sincerest thanks for your great assistance at the late Election, and to assure you that I shall ever return a lively sense of the favour. I am extreme sorry that you neglected your own Election in Augusta by this means, but I hope you are secure in Hampshire.
Our Expedition seems overcast with too many Ills to give you any satisfaction in a transient relation of them. God knows what's intended; for nothing seems ripe for Execution; backwardness, and I would (if I dard) say more, appears in all things. 49
[Note:Suspicion of Pennsylvania's effort to prevent the use of the old Braddock road. ]
Tomorrow I am summon'd to a conference with Col. Bouquet on the Ray's Town Road, when I shall warmly urge the advanced Season and every other Argument that the Important Matter requires to hurry things forward and shall endeavour to obtain leave (if possible) to advance on with the Virginians to the Crossing at least, opening the Road and Constructing Posts as we go. I am, &c.
[H.S.P.]
[Note:Washington and Bouquet met on July 30, and it is probable this letter was written at that time, although it may belong to an earlier date, referring to the expedition mentioned in the letter of July 19. -- Ford. ]
Dear Sir: You will be surprisd (till I give you a reason for it) at receiving a letter from a person in the same camp with you, and who has free access at all times to your tent. -- But when I tell you that we were interrupted while conversing on a very
How far then do you believe our stock of provisions -- to say nothing of other matters -- will allow you to execute this plan? Will it last 'till we could reduce Fort Duquesne and march back to the inhabitants -- or receive a supply elsewhere? -- If it would do this, the measure may be right; but if it will not, what is the consequence? Is it not neglecting the strengthening of this place, consuming the provisions that should support a garrison here, and abandoning our artillery either to the enemy or a general destruction? It appears to me in that light.
Now suppose the enemy gives us a meeting in the field and we put them to the route, what do we gain by it? Perhaps triple their loss of men in the first place, tho' our numbers may be greatly superior (and if I may be allowed to judge from what I have seen of late) we should not highten much that "good" opinion they seem to have of our skill in wood fighting. Therefore to risk an engagement when so much depends upon it, without having the accomplishment of the main point in view, appears in my Eye, to be a little imprudent -- Could we suppose the Enemy would immediately evacuate their Fort in case of a defeat in the wood, -- or, as I before observd, could
[Note:The text is from Ford, who does not note his source, but may have used the letter as printed in the Magazine of American History, vol. 19, p. 141. ]
My Dear Colonel: If thanks flowing from a heart replete with joy and Gratitude can in any Measure compensate for the fatigue, anxiety and Pain you had at my Election, be assured you have them. 'tis a poor, but I am convinced welcome tribute to a generous Mind; such, I believe yours to be.
How I shall thank Mrs. Wood for her favourable Wishes? and how acknowledge my Sense of Obligations to the People in General for their choice of me I am at a loss to resolve on; but why; Can I do it more effectually than by making their Interests (as it really is) my own, and doing everything that lyes in my little Power for the Hon'r and welfare of the County; I think not; and my best endeavours they may always Command. I promise this now, when promises may be regarded, before they might pass as words of Course.
I am extreme thankful to you and my other friends for entertaining the Freeholders in my name. I hope no Exception were taken to any that voted against me but that all were alike treated and all had enough; it is what I much desir'd; my only fear is that you spent with too sparing a hand.
I don't like to touch upon our Public Affairs; the Prospect is overspread by too many ills to give a favourable Acct. I will therefore say little, but yet say this, that backwardness appears in all things but the approach of Winter; -- that joggs on apace. 52
[Note:This letter, which was written after the Fairfax election (Ford dates it July), was drafted by Washington on the address leaf of Colonel Wood's letter to him of July 7. William Sprague appropriated the Wood letter, tore off this address leaf, and left it, with a copy of Wood's, in the Washington Papers. He either did not recognize Washington's handwriting or else had no interest in the drafted answer because it is unsigned. ]
Sir: Those matters we talk'd of relative to the Roads has since our parting been the object of my closest attention, and so far am I from altering my opinion that the more time and attention I give thereto, the more I am confirm'd in it; as the validity of the reasons for taking the old Road appear in a stronger point of view. To enumerate the whole of these Reasons wou'd be tedious: and to you who is become so much master of that Subject, unnecessary; therefore I will only briefly mention a few which I conceive so obvious in themselves, as must to any unbiass'd mind effectually remove what is objected to General Braddock's Road, and urg'd in favor of a Road to be open'd from Rays Town.
Several years ago the Virginians and Pensylvanians commenc'd a Trade with the Indians settled on the Ohio, and to remove the many Inconveniences a bad Road subjected them to, they, after reiterated efforts to discover where a good one might be made were found ineffectual, employ'd several of the most intelligent Indians who in the course of many years hunting acquired a perfect knowledge of these Mountains to attempt it, but these Indian's after having taken the greatest pains to gain the Rewards then offer'd for this discovery declared the Path leading from Wills Creek was infinitely preferable to any
But supposing it was practicable to make a Road from Rays Town quite as good as General Braddock's, I ask if we have time to do it? certainly not, Surmounting the vast difficulties to be encounter'd in making it over such monstrous Mountains, covered with woods and Rocks wou'd require so much time as to blast our otherwise well grounded hopes of striking the long wish'd for and Important Stroke this Season; and deferring it to another year wou'd, I am morally certain, be productive of the most destructive Consequences to the Southern and middle Colonies; for they have to make a noble push towards ending those Calamities under which they so long have groan'd, granted supplies beyond their abilities. These Funds will, in a few months be exhausted; the Troops of course disbanded. Their inability and discouragement from so great a disappointment will prevent their attempting a similar effort against another Season, and experience evinces, that Expence and Numbers must be encreas'd in proportion to our Delays.
The Southern Indians have from our bad Success, and inactivity, long look'd upon us in a despicable light, have already committed Hostilities on our Frontiers, and only wait the result of this Campaign to unmask themselves; which wou'd be such an acquisition to the Enemy as might terminate in our Destruction.
The favourable accounts some give, of the Forage on the Rays Town Road being so much better than the other is certainly exaggerated, greatly, as every unprejudiced person who are acquainted with both, agrees that the only difference between the Mountains here and there is, that those are more inaccessible; And it is well known that in both, the rich Valleys, between the Mountains abound with good food, and those that are Stony and Brushy are destitute; Colo. Byrd and the Engineer that accompanied him confirm this truth; And surely the Meadows on this Road wou'd greatly overbalance the advantage of having Grass to the foot of the ridge on this side the Mountain on the Rays Town Road and all agree that a more barren Road is no where to be found than from Rays Town to the Inhabitants which is likewise to be consider'd with the badness of the Road.
And the Principal objection made to Genl. Braddock's Road is that of the waters to pass; but these very rarely swell so much as to obstruct the Passage. The Yaughyaughgane which is the most rapid and soonest filled I with a Body of Troops, have cross'd after 30 odd days almost constant Rain. In fine any difficulties that may arise therefrom are so trivial that they are really not worth mentioning. The Monongahela the largest of all these Rivers may, if necessary, be easily avoided as Mr. Frazer, (the principal Guide) informs me by passing a Defile which I cannot conceive to be so bad as commonly represented; but even that he tells me, may be shunn'd.
It is said again that there are many Defiles on this Road, I grant there are some, but know of none that cannot be travers'd if found necessary; and I shou'd be glad to know where a Road can be had over these Mountains not subject to this Inconvenience; unless they kept the heights always, and that is impracticable.
The shortness of the Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne by Loyal hanny, 53 is us'd as an argument in disfavor of this Road, and bears some thing in it unaccountable to me, for I must beg leave to ask here, if it requires more time, or is it more difficult and expensive, to go 145 miles in a good Road already made to our hands, or to cut 100 miles in length, great part of which over almost inaccessible Mountains, and, to say, or think, we can do nothing more this Fall than to fortify some Post on the other side of the Mountains and prepare against another Campaigne I must pray Heaven, most fervently, to avert! till we find it impracticable at least to prosecute with prudence the Enterprise in hand. We have yet time enough to Transport Provisions to last the Siege and to support the Troops that may Winter there, as I shall endeavor hereafter to shew, at any rate it never can be an argument for opening the other Road at this time, because supposing we are not able to do no more than construct a Post on the other side the Mountains, that Post undoubtedly must be on a Road that has the easiest and nearest Communication with the Settlements where supplies are to be drawn from; for to say nothing of the great advantage of water Carriage this way which certainly is immense (as you will find by Doctr. Ross's Estimation that you shewed me) or of the infinite odds in the goodness of the Roads w'ch is very evident to all who have travelled both, either from the Inhabitants to the advanced Posts or from the advanced Posts to Fort Duquesne, I say to put these reasons aside (altho' they ought to have their due weight) yet this way as being so much nearer the Settlements has much advantage. That it is nearer Winchester in Virginia and Fort Frederick in Maryland by
[Note:Loyalhanna, Pa. Fort Ligonier was afterwards built on this spot. In the New York Public Library is a manuscript map, made by Washington, of a section of Bouquet's new road, from the thirty-second to the forty-third mile tree. It includes a road area of approximately 12 miles, but the exact location is difficult to fix. ]
>From Carlyle to Fort Duquesne by Rays Town.
From Carlyle to Shippensburg 21 miles.
From Shippens g to Fort Loudoun 24 "
From Ft. Loudoun to Ft. Littleton 20 "
From Ft. Littleton to Juneatta Crossing 14 "
From Juneatta to Rays Town 14 "
93
From Rays Town to Ft. Duquesne 100 193.
From Carlyle to Ft. Duquesne by Ft. Fredk. and Cumberland.
From Carlyle to Shippens g 21 miles.
From Shippens g to Chambers 12 "
From Chambers to Paulins 12 "
From Paulins to Ft. Frederick 12 "
From Ft. Fredk. to Ft. Cumberland 40 "
97
From Ft. Cumberland to Ft. Duquesne 115 212.
By this Computation there appears to be a difference of 19 miles only, were all the Supplies oblig'd to come from Carlyle it is well known that the goodness of this Road is a sufficient compensation for the shortness of the other, as the wreck'd and broken waggons clearly demonstrate.
I shall next give you my reasons against dividing the Army in the manner you propose, and after that endeavour to shew how the Grass on the other road can be made proper use of.
First then by dividing our Army we divide our strength, and by pursuing quite distinct Routs put it entirely out of the
Secondly to March in this manner will be attended with many Inconveniences; as first if we depart from our advanc'd Posts at the same time and make no Deposits by the way, those troops who goes from Rays Town as they will be lights having Carrying Horses only, will arrive at Fort Duquesne long before he others, and must if the Enemy are strong there, be expos'd possibly to many Insults in their intrenchments from the Cannon of the Enemy which they may draw out upon them at their pleasure: if they are not strong enough to do this to that Division we have but little to apprehend from them go which way or how we will. Thirdly if that Division that Escorts the Convoy is permitted to march first, we risk our all in a manner, and are ruin'd if any accident happens to the artillery, to the Stores &ca.; and lastly if we advance on both roads by Deposits we must double our number of Troops over the Mountains, and distress ourselves by victualling of them in these Deposites, besides losing the propos'd advantage, that of stealing a march; For we cannot suppose the French who have their Scouts constantly out, can be so deficient in point of Intelligence as to be unacquainted with our motions when we are advancing by slow Degrees towards them.
Now Sir, the advantage I wou'd propose to make of the Forrage along the other Path is, to support all the Carrying Horses that can possibly be collected, and sent that way after we are fortunate enough to lie before Fort Duquesne; here not only the carrying Horses that were to be us'd out as such, but officers' horses, and even the waggon Horses also, may be employ'd in this Service, if saddles or packs are provided in the meantime at Rays Town for them to return with.
Great advantages may be Derived from such a measure, because as the food of the old Road wou'd be entirely eaten up
>From what has been said relative to the two Roads it appears I think very clearly, that the old one is infinit'ly better than the other can be made; and that there is no room to hesitate a moment which to take, when we consider the advanced Season and little time left to execute our plan. I shall therefore in the last place offer (as desired) my Sentiments on advancing by Deposites; the first of which I should have been for getting at the Little Meadows wou'd time have permitted, but as the case now stands, I suppose at the Great Crossing, or great Meadows our first must be form'd. The great Crossing I esteem the most advantageous Post on several accounts, especially that of water, and Security of the Passage, but then it does not abound in food as the Meadows, nor has not so much level land about it fit for Culture.
To this latter place a Body of 1500 Men may March with 300 Waggons or Carrying horses (which wou'd be much better,) equivalent; allowing each Waggon to carry 800 lbs of flour, and 400 of Salt meat you carry 40 days' of the former and 20 of the latter for 6000 men; besides your live Cattle, any number of which might, but ought not to be carried for these two Reasons, first they wou'd destroy your Pasturage, and next, your
Our next Deposite probably will be at Salt Lick about 35 miles from the Meadows, to this place I conceive it necessary to send 2500 men to construct some Post, taking 6 days Provisions only which is sufficient to serve them till the Convoy comes up; against which time, an Entrench'd Camp or some other kind of defensible work may be effected, and from hence I conceive it highly expedient to Detach 3 or 4000 of the best Troops to Invest the place, and prevent if possible an Ingagement in the woods, which of all things ought to be avoided. The Artillery and Stores may be up in 4 days from Salt Lick, and from that time I will allow 18 days more for the Carrying horses to make a Trip to Rays Town for Provisions passing along the old Path by Loyal Hanny, In this time they may do it, as the horses will go down light, but what quantity of Provisions they can bring up I cannot say, that depending on the number of horses fitted out with Saddles &ca.
>From this State of the matter (which is really a candid one) and from my Calculations, in which large allowances are made for the quantity of Provisions, as well as for the time of Transporting them, it appears that from the time the Front Division
I have offered nothing but what to me appears beyond a Probability: I have nothing to fear but for the General Service, and no hopes but the advantages it will derive from the Success of our operations, therefore cannot be suppos'd to have any private Interest or sinister views by any freedom my regard for the benefit of the Service on this occasion has induced me to use. I am, &c. 54
[Note:This letter is in the "Bouquet Letter Book" in the writing of John Kirkpatrick, with a word here and there in Washington's writing. ]
My dear Halkett: I am just return'd from a Conference held with Colo. Bouquet. I find him fix'd, I think I may say fix'd, upon leading you a New way to the Ohio; thro a Road, every Inch of it to cut, at this advanced Season, when we have scarce time left to tread the beaten Tract; universally confess'd to be the best Passage through the Mountains.
If Colo. Bouquet succeeds in this point with the General, all is lost! All is lost by Heavens! Our Enterprise Ruin'd; and we stop'd at the Laurel Hill this Winter; not to gather Laurels, by the by, desirable in their effects. The Southern Indians turn'd against Us, and these Colonies become desolated by such an Acquisition to the Enemy's Strength.
These are the Consequences of a Miscarriage; and a Miscarriage the Consequence of the Attempt; I have drawn my Reasons out at large and now send them to Colo. Bouquet. He
I am uninfluenced by Prejudice, having no hopes or fears but for the General Good. That be assur'd of, and my Sincere Sentiments are spoke on this occasion. I am, Dear Halkett Most Affectionately yours,
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 20th. Ulto. I was honour'd with the day before yesterday. I am sorry to find Mr. Smith 55 has not sent you a return of the Arms, nor Mr. Ramsay 56 one of the Provision's. I will write to both those Gentlemen on this reason. Inclos'd is a return of the first Regiment.
[Note:Lieut. Charles Smith. ]
[Note:William Ramsay, a commissary. ]
I neglected till now, purposely, (since my last of the 10th. Ulto.) to give your honour any acct. of Our Expedition; hoping at last to be furnish'd with something agreeable; being disappointed in this, I am sorry to inform you that we are still Incamp'd here, and have little prospect of de-camping, unless a fatal Resolution take place of opening a New Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne, in this event, I have no doubt but we shall be honour'd with a full share of the Labour; as we have already been in opening a Communication from hence to Rays Town; and doing the principal part of the Work at that place.
I am just return'd from a Conference held with Colo. Bouquet on this occasion. The General lyin indispos'd at Carlyle. In this conference I urg'd, in the most persuasive terms I was Master of, the advanc'd Season as an argument against new discoveries I press'd also; the difficulties of cutting a Road over these Mountains; the length of time it must require to do it; the little time left for that Service, the moral certainty of its
I have now drawn up a Representation of real Facts to be presented to the General; in which I think the advantages of going the old Road, and the Moral certainty of failing in the new are so clearly demonstrated, that it must strike every unbiass'd Mind, as the greatest perspicuity, and impartiallity runs through the whole account.
The small Pox getting among the Troops, is another unpromising Circumstance attending the Expedition. An Officer and two Men of my Regiment are now down with it at Rays Town; from this short narrative of our Affairs your Honour may draw conclusions: you may depend upon the acct. being geniune, free from exagerations; and flowing from a Mind deeply affected at the prospect before Us. I hope, as I once before said, that I see matters in a false point of view; and, that my Apprehensions for the Consequence of opening a new Road, are Groundless, my next perhaps may declare. I am with all due Respect, etc.
P.S. I was this moment presented with a Letter from Colo. Bouquet telling me, that the General had directed the other Road to be open'd; I expect therefore to be Order'd that way immediately; Order's are not yet arriv'd.
Dear Sir: The Generals Orders, or the Orders of any Superior Officer, will, when once given, be a Law to me. I shall never hesitate in obeying them; but, till this Order came out, I thought it incumbent upon me to say what I cou'd to divert you, (the Commanding Officer present ) from a Resolution of opening a new Road, of which I had the most unfavourable reports, and believ'd from the hight of the Hills, the steepness of them, the unevenness of the Ground in general, and, what above all principally weigh'd with me the advanc'd Season, that it was impossible to open a Road in time to answer our purpose. I am still of this opinion; partly from my own observations of the Country, and partly from the Information of as good judges as any that will be employ'd. 57 My duty therefore to His Majesty, and the Colony whose Troops I have the Honour to Command, oblig'd me to declare my Sentiments upon the occasion with that candour and freedom of which you are witness. If I am deceiv'd in my opinion, I shall acknowledge my Error as becomes a Gentleman, led astray from judgment, and not by prejudice, in opposing a measure so conducive to the Publick Weal as you seem to have conceiv'd this to be. If I unfortunately am right my conduct must acquit me of having discharg'd my Duty on this Important occasion; on the good Success of which, Our All, in a manner Depends. 58
[Note:"The road up the Allegheny Mountains so far as cleared (by information), is steep, stony, and of very difficult access, even alpine difficulties attend the lightest carriages. How the artillery, &c., will be got up this and Laurel Hill, must be left to better judges and time to determine." -- William Ramsay to Washington, Aug. 17, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers. ]
[Note:The question of the road by which the troops were to reach the Ohio occasioned great uneasiness in Washington, and gave rise to a belief on his part that Lord Loudoun had been unduly influenced by Pennsylvania in his decision. In March, 1757, General Forbes had called for a description of the frontiers, and Pennsylvania promptly replied, showing that through the county of Cumberland was "a great and good wagon road thro' this Province to Virginia and Carolina, on which are Harris Ferry, the towns and forts of Carlisle and Shippensburg, the magazine at McDowell's Mill, and Forts Loudoun and Lyttleton; to this fine valley there is an easy access from the Ohio by several good passes in the mountains." Through one of these passes ran a path through Raystown, 65 miles from Shippensburg, and through another a path leading to Frankstown, situated about 30 miles north of Raystown, and affording a bad passage by reason of swamps and broken hills. "A new road was opened and cleared thro' Rays Town over the Allegheny Hills, for the use of General Forbes, and is now a good one." (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 7, p. 445.) In June Sir John St. Clair asserted the necessity of opening one or more roads on the frontiers of Cumberland County, and it was doubtless to his efforts that an attempt to cut a new road was determined upon. This new route instead of passing through Carlisle was to be directed through York, Fort Frederick, and Fort Cumberland, making the distance from Lancaster to Fort Duquesne about 245 miles, or no longer than the existing road, but easier to get over, and allowing some use of the Potomac for transport of goods. Not only would the passage of the troops carry advantage to the colony through which it was made, but the rich lands of the Ohio would attract settlers, and it was the wish of Virginia to possess the main road to that region. This was one of the reasons for Washington's insistence, and he was certain of a support from the colony. "The Virginians are making great interest that our Rout may be by Fort Cumberland, but I hope they will not succeed." (See letter of James Young to R. Peters, July 23, 1758.) "The Virginians are much chagrined at the opening of the road through this government, and Colonel Washington has been a good deal sanguine and obstinate upon the occasion." (See letter of Armstrong to Peters, Oct. 3, 1758.) Such was his insistence that General Forbes took offense, and in writing to Bouquet advised him to consult with Washington, "though perhaps not follow his advice, as his behaviour about the roads was no ways like a soldier." General Forbes had good reason for delay, as the Indian allies of the French were in council with the English Colonies, and should they be weaned from their hostility a serious blow would be given to French influence and French power in that quarter, a success far greater than mere force of arms could attain. It was Bouquet's opinion after the fall of Duquesne that had the Braddock road been taken at first, as Washington wished, the expedition would have been doomed. (See letter of Bouquet to Allen, Nov. 25, 1758.) As it was, the treaty of Easton deprived the French of their main strength, and when it was perceived that the season was too advanced to complete the new road, the troops employed upon it were recalled, and an advance ordered by way of Turkey Creek, with ultimate success. (See Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. 2, n. 133 et seq. ) -- Ford. ]
I have repair'd the Road over the Mountain, at this place as Sir John St. Clair desir'd. I had also sent the Second Company of Artificers to make Bridges on the Rays Town Road according to your Orders, transmitted me thro' by Colo. Stephen; twas yesterday before I cou'd get them in: and to day they March.
Nineteen Waggon's came here Yesterday Loaded with Musket Ball from Fort Frederick; 18 more left their loads at the old Town, and are gone back, the first 19 Waggons, and an Escort are gone to bring up their Loads, and will be here to day. I can't send you a return of the Contents having receiv'd none.
The Waggoners are constantly applying for Grain to give their Horses. I shou'd be glad if you wou'd direct how I am to act in this Case.
Inclos'd is a Return of Provision's wanting to serve Us till our next Convoy arrives from Winchester, We have not above 5 days Flour upon hand, I shall therefore send the Waggons to Rays Town to Morrow for this Article, &ca., after they return from the old Town.
Twelve Tents was the number I return'd for, and they are safe arriv'd.
If you approve of it, I wou'd send 50 Men the length of the Great Crossing to way lay the Road thereabouts: I conceive to be the most eligible method of taking a Prisoner for Intelligence. The Enemy about our Garrison's are watchful and near their own are difficult to be brought of with safety, the distance is so great and relief always at hand. I am, etc.
Dr. Sir: Captn. Waggoner and 50 Men with 19 Waggons wait upon you for Provision's agreeable to a return sent you yesterday.
A Letter which I have just received from Mr. Walker, tells me, that the Convoy may be expected at Pearsall's the 15th. Inst., and desires that the Escort (already consising of 75 Men) may be augmented, as the Waggons and Cattle will cover a long space of Ground.
Pray what will you have done with these Waggons when they come up ? and those now going to Ray's Town, when they Return with Provision's?
I was this Inst't favour'd with your's pr. Express; I am not surprized to hear the Enemy are about, but have really been astonished at the calm that has prevail'd so long. I shall this
Inclos'd is a return of the Shott &ca. that have been brought to this place since my arrival here. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: I receiv'd a Letter from Colo. Bouquet last Night containing the Paragraph following.
"Please to write to Mr. Walker to send Us as soon as possible a supply of Cattle: The Calculation upon Paper will starve Us."
I have lost no time in transmitting this to you. I expect Orders every moment for Marching the Virginia Troops to Rays Town, that being the Rout Determin'd on for the Army. They have already work'd on the Road to be open'd from thence to Fort Duquesne and flatter themselves with getting a better than Genl. Braddocks; they may do so, and I shall believe it when I am an eye witness to it. 59
[Note:In 1784 -- 85 Washington added to this sentence "not before." The recollection of his struggle over the Raystown road was still vivid that long afterwards. ]
In my last I gave you my thoughts of the Expedition, they are not alter'd from any thing I have since seen. I wish you were well and among Us. none wou'd be more rejoic'd to see you than Dr. Sir, Y'r etc.
P.S. I shall send a Party to meet the Convoy at Pearsalls the 15th.
My clear Stewart: I am sorry to transmit an Order that will give you pain; but must nevertheless tell you, that the following came in a Letter from Colo. Bouquet to me last Night.
"As our Troop of light Horse is too much harrass'd by continual Service; I desire you will send me half of Captn. Stewarts Troop, with one or two of his Officers, as you may think necessary to take care of them."
As the Colo. gives me a discretionary power to send one or two, one must be his Lot; and that I think shou'd be your Cornet; as Mr. Crawford is appointed to the Troop pro-tempore only, he shou'd be put to little Inconvenience.
It will be scarce worth your while, to confine yourself with the other half of the Troop; I shou'd be glad therefore to have your Company at this place, as I think you may Trust to Mr. Crawfords care; however, in this case, pursue your own Inclinations.
Your Letter to Majr. Halkett got to Rays Town in less than 24 hours after you writ it. I shall appoint no Person to do Brigade Majrs. Duty till I hear more from that Gentleman, as you may be assur'd in this, as in all things else, I have the strongest inclination to serve you; being Dr. Stewart with most unfeigned truth. Y'r Affect'e Friend, etc.
Dr. Sir: Your favour of the 9th. I was honour'd with the 11th.: 39 Waggons are loaded with Stores according to your Orders. 8 other Waggons contain 160 Bushels of Indian Corn which with 94 deliver'd to the 47 Waggoners returning to you (two Bushels to each) and 18 more to the Maryland Waggon Master, takes all the Grain we have, save about 60 Bushel reserv'd for the light Horse; Captn. Stewart telling me it was your orders he shou'd have grain.
The Maryland Waggons under Mr. Long, will go with an Escort (intended to reinforce that with the Convoy from
We have neither Grindstones or Intrenching Tools at this place.
I offer you my sincere congratulation's upon your safe return from Loyalhanning; and upon the discovery of a good Road which I hear you have made; I am with very great Regard, Dr. Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: The Waggons met with all possible dispatch in loading, but being assur'd that the Horses were not able to return till today, I did not Order them of sooner.
My Soldiers Cloathing, unluckily, are sent to this place. If I march that way I shall take them along, with those of that part of the Regiment now with me. Since we are like to make so late a Campaigne of it.
I sent Orders to Captn. Stewart to detach half his Troop under an Officer to you. They are not yet arriv'd from the Grass Guard 15 Miles of.
I wish with all my Soul you may continue to find little difficulty in opening your Road. I am certain if you find much, you will not have time for any other Service this Campaigne.
I detach'd Captn. McKenzie with 4 Officers and 75 Rank and file to way-lay the Road at the great Crossing; from him a Sergeant and four active Woodsmen of my Regiment is to proceed to Fort Duquesne so that I am in great hopes we shall be able to get some Intelligence of the strength of the Enemy at that place.
I cou'd wish most sincerely, that our Accounts from the No. Ward were clearer, and more favourable than they appear to be. If you have any Intelligence from Ticonderago, I shou'd be extreme thankful for the acct. We have expected hourly, to hear that Louisburg is in Our hands, pray Heaven we may not be disappointed at last.
I transmitted your request of Cattle to Mr. Walker pr. Express. No Tools are yet arriv'd from Fort Frederick, nor have we any Minors at this place. There were one or two pretty good one's in my own Company, and where that Company is you best can tell. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Dear Sir, I am favour'd with yours of Yesterday, intimating the probability of my proceeding with a body of Troops on G -- B -- R -- d and desiring my retaining for that purpose a Months Provisions at this place, a thing which I shou'd be extreme fond of, but as I cannot possibly know what quantity of Provisions may be necessary for that time, without knowing the Number of Men I may probably March with, and when it is likely I may leave this, I hope you will be pleas'd to give me the necessary Information on this head. As also how this place is to be Garrisoned, and what Provision's and stores shou'd be left in it.
I have talk'd a good deal with Kelly upon the Nature of the Intervening Ground from the New R -- d to B -- s, and from what he says, I apprehend it impracticable to effect a junction with the Troops on the new R -- d till we advance near the Salt Lick which is no great distance from F -- D -- Q and how
With Regard to keeping out a Succession of strong Parties on his R -- d from the Troops here, 60 I must beg leave to remark that we have not so much as one Carrying Horse to take Provision's out upon, being under a necessity t'other day of pressing 5 Horses from some Country-men, (that came to Camp upon Business) before I cou'd equip Captn. McKenzie's Party for a 14 days March. That we have not an Oz. of Salt Provision's of any kind here, and that it is impossible to preserve the Fresh (especially as we have no Salt) by any other Means than Barbacuing it in the Ind'n manner; in doing which it looses near a half; so that a Party who receives 10 days Provision's will be obliged to live on little better than 5 days' allowance of meat
[Note:"As it is highly necessary to keep the enemy in doubt about our roads, the General desires that you continue sending strong parties along, with orders to reconnoitre where the junction of the two roads could be made. I hear by Kelly, who is gone from Loy: H. -- to the Salt Lick, that it is about 16 miles across from that post to the end of Chestnut Ridge, where this path goes; and the woods so open that without cutting, carrying horses may easily go through, all pretty level." -- Bouquet to Washington, Aug. 17, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers. ]
Captn. McKenzies Party is not yet Return'd, 61 I will advertise you of his discoveries if any are made by him.
[Note:In Smith's publication in the Magazine of American History is the following paragraph, which Washington omitted in his "Letter Book" copy: "The convoy from Winchester has been detained much longer than was expected. Mr. Walker desired a party to reinforce the escort at Pearsalls (30 miles distant), the 15th Inst. which was accordingly sent; but I have since been informed that the waggons did not leave Winchester till a few days ago." ]
We have Reason to believe that Parties of the Enemy are likewise at this place, about us, a waggoner being shott at yesterday afternoon, and his horse kill'd under him abt. 3 Miles from this place.
We have no Indian Goods of any kind here. It gives me great pleasure to hear that the General is getting better, and expected soon at Rays Town. 62 Colo. Byrd joins me in his Compliments to you. I am etc.
[Note:According to Sparks, General Forbes had been detained at Carlisle, Pa., by illness. ]
Dear Sir: This afternoon the Party Commanded by Captn. McKenzie returning without being able to discover any thing
Some of their advanc'd Sentries had nearly kill'd a small Party of 3 Cherokee Indian's, returning from War. This small Party went from hence upwards of Six Weeks ago and this is the 4th. day since they left Fort Duquesne, the Environs of which they long watch'd and at length was oblig'd to Cross the Ohio where they kill'd two Squaws whose Scalps they brought in here.
They say there are a good many Women and Children on that side the River, but very few Men, either French or Indians at the Fort.
Captn. McKenzie says there is no signs of the Enemy's having been in General Braddocks Road, so far as he proceeded on it; Sergeant Scott and 4 privates of his Party went on to Fort Duquesne; so soon as they return will transmit you any Intelligence they may procure.
I shou'd be extremely glad to receive some Bacon or Salt Prov'n of some kind, without which it will be Impossible for any Party I can send out to answer the propos'd end.
The Convoy from Winchester was yesterday at the No. River (five days March for them, from hence) so that we cannot expect them in less than 5 or 6 days, especially as they have lost their Horses.
This Moment an Officer came in to inform me, that Captn. Beale and a Party of abt. 90 Marylanders were escorting some store Waggons, and wou'd be in immediately, I shall forward them to you to Morrow, agreeable to Sir Jno. St. Clairs Order's. I am Dr. Sir. etc.
Dear Sir: Twenty five Cuttawbas came here this Evening; and the Convoy may be expected the day after tomorrow, as it was at Pearsalls last Night.
Governor Sharpe may be expected here in a day or two. I am at a loss to know how he Ranks, and whether He is entitled to the Command. In the Army his Rank is that of Lieut't Colonel only; but what it may be as Governor in his own Provence I really don't know; or whether it is any thing or not. I shou'd therefore be glad of your Advice, being unwilling to dispute the point with him wrong fully, or to give up the Command if I have a right to it; neither of which wou'd I do knowingly. 63 I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note:"The Governors in America have no command of the troops even of their own Province as soon as they are joined with any other of his Majesty's forces, unless they have a commission from the Commander-in-chief for that purpose. I have commanded the forces at Philadelphia and at Charles Town, tho' the Governor was Captain General in his Province, and was entirely independent from them. Governor Sharpe will not expect to have the command as governor; and as Lieut. Col. he cannot, and would not, I suppose, choose to serve in that rank. Therefore, you are very right in keeping it." -- Bouquet to Washington, Aug. 23, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 46. ]
Dear Sir: Your favour of the 21st. Inst't accompanied by the 20 Pack Horses with about 3000 w't of Salt Pork came safe to hand, as likewise did your Letter of the 23d. The General's happy recovery, affords me vast satisfaction; and I am glad the New Road turns out so much to your liking.
The Convoy from Winchester arriv'd here the 23d. Inst't they set out with 468 Beeves, 9 were kill'd on the Road, and
As only 26,000 W't of Flour came up; (which is not quite a Month's Provision's for the Troops here) I have according to your Orders detain'd it, and likewise 90 Beeves, the rest sets out early to morrow morning for Rays Town, as does all the Forage except 60 Bushels of Corn.
When the Convoy got within 6 Miles of this garrison 3 Cuttawba men and 2 Squaws (contrary to the advice of the Officers) set on before the Convoy for this Camp, and soon after were fir'd upon by about 10 or 12 of the Enemy; who kill'd Captn. Bullen, and Captn. French, and wounded one of the Squaws; the loss we sustain by the death of these two Indians, is at this juncture very considerable, as they were remarkable for their bravery, and attachment to Our Interest; particularly poor Bullen whom (and the other) we buried with Military Honours. The Rest of the Cuttawbas, and what Nottoways and Tuscarora's that are here set out to morrow with the Waggon's for Rays Town.
As we had Intelligence of several Parties of the Enemy being about, I detach'd Parties different way's in hopes of coming up with them, or cutting of their Retreat, but without any Effect. at the same time, I reinforced the Convoy w't 50 Men.
There are several Waggons which came up here with the Flour, that I am at a loss what to do with.
Sergeant Scot (mention'd in a late Letter) return'd this day; he, when within two Miles of Fort Duquesne, unfortunately came upon a few fresh Tracks making Inwards which he follow'd apprehending they were just at hand, till his Provisions were expended, and was thereby oblig'd to Return without making any discoveries worth mentioning. I am glad Mr. Chew and Mr. Allen has been able to give you accts. so agreeable.
Captn. Woodward of the first Regiment 3 Subs and 75 Rank and File Marches tomorrow with 12 days Prov'ns to way lay the Road in the same manner that Captn. McKenzie did.
Inclos'd is an exact Account of Our Strength at this place. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: Your favour by Mr. Hoops has in some measure reviv'd a hope that was almost extinguish'd, of doing something this Campaign. We must doubtless expect to encounter many difficulties in opening a new Road thro' bad Grounds in a woody Country, of which the Enemy are possed; but, since you hope our point may be carried, I would fain expect the Surmounting these Difficulties;
Tis a melancholy reflection tho' to find there [has] even [been] a doubt [with you ] of Success when so much is depending; and when, in all human probability we might have been in full possession of the Ohio by now, if rather than running ourselves into the difficulties and expense of cutting an entire new Road the distance we have first and last [done] Braddock's had been adopted.
Every one knows what could have been done [on] the old road -- few can guess what will be [done on] the new there being not only the Difficulties of the Road to encounter, but the chance of a French Reinforcement also; but it is useless to add on this head I should rather apologise for what I have said.
All the waggons at this place fit for service, come to you under the Escort Ordered for Mr. Hoops.
Any Troops not of Virgina, shall be forwarded to you according to Order; and I could wish most sincerely that our Rout
A letter which Colo. Byrd recd. from the Genl. of the 19th Inst: gives room to imagine that the Destination of the Virg'a Troops will be fix't on so soon as he arrives at Rays Town, as he there expresses a desire of Colo. Byrd and I there immediately.
Frazer having left this with the Convoy must be with you e'er now. I am very glad to hear that your artillery pass the Allegany with so much ease. I am etc. 64
[Note:This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick in the Washington "Letter Book," but is there signed by Washington. The words in brackets are in Washington's writing. An additional paragraph appears at the end of Smith's print in the Magazine of American History. Washington evidently thought it too inconsequential to have copied into his records: "Mr. Waller was along time as he enformed me, under doubtful Orders in regard to his purchase of cattle, so that he was oblig'd at last to pick up what he cou'd get at a short warning; which is I believe, the real reason of the cattle not having [been] so good as they other wise might be." ]
My dear Sir: We are still Incamp'd here, very sickly; and quite dispirited at the prospect before Us. 65 That appearance of Glory once in view, that hope, that laudable Ambition of serving Our Country, and meriting its applause, is now no more! Tis dwindled into ease; Sloth, and fatal inactivity, and in a Word, All is lost, if the ways of Men in power, like the ways of Providence are not Inscrutable; and, why [are] they not? for we who view the Action's of great Men at so vast a distance can only form conjectures agreable to the small extant of our knowledge and ignorant of the comprehensive Schemes intended; mistake, plaugily, in judging by the Lump;
[Note:On the next day Washington received orders to march by the Braddock road and take position at Salt Lick. -- Ford. ]
We seem then, to act under an evil Geni, the conduct of our Leaders (if not actuated by superior Orders) is temper'd with something, I don't care to give a name to, indeed I will go further, and say they are d -- ps, or something worse to P -- s -- v -- n Artifice, to whose selfish views I attribute the miscarriage of this Expedition, for nothing now but a Miracle can bring this Campaigne to a happy Issue.
In my last I told you (I think) that I had employ'd my little abilities in opposing the measures then concerting. To do this I not only represented the advanc'd Season, the difficulties of cutting a new Road over these Mountain's; the little time left for that Service, the Moral certainty of its obstructing our March, and the miscarriage of the Expedition consequent thereupon, but endeavour'd to represent also the great struggle Virginia had made this year in raising a Second Regiment at so short a notice and great expence, and her inability of a future exertion in case of need; I spoke my Fears concerning the Southern Indians in the event of a miscarriage; and in fine spoke all unavailingly, for the Road was immediately begun, and since then, from one to two Thousand Men have constantly wrought upon it. By the last Accts. I receiv'd they had cut it to the Foot of Lawrel Hill about 35 Miles and I suppose by now 1500 Men have taken post at Loyal hanning about 10 Miles further, where our next Fort is intended to be constructed.
We have certain Intelligence that the French Strength at Fort Duquesne the 13th. Ulto. did not exceed 800 Men, Indians Included; of whom there appear'd to be 3 or 400 this Acct. is corroborated on all hands; two Officers of the first Virginia Regiment in different Parties and at different times, having
See therefore how our time has been mispent; behold the golden oppertunity lost; and perhaps never regain'd. How is it to be accounted for? can G -- l F -- s have Orders for this? Impossible: Will then our Injur'd Country pass by such abuses? I hope not. Rather let a full Representation of the matter go to His Majesty. Let him know how grossly his Hon'r and the Publick money have been prostituted. I wish I was sent immediately home as an Aide to some other on this Errand. I think without vanity I cou'd set the Conduct of this Expedition in its true colours, having taken some pains, perhaps more than any other to dive into the bottom of it. But no more, adieu my dear Sir. It has long been the luckless Fate of Poor Virginia to fall a Victum to the views of her Crafty Neighbours; and yield her honest efforts to promote their common Interest, at the expence of much Blood and Treasure; while her sincerety justified her Measures. We now can only bewail that blindness, and wish for happier times, which seem at so remote a distance, that it is rather to be wish'd than expected.
Colo. Byrd who is really unwell joins me in Compliments to you, the Attorney and the rest of Our Friends, I am with the Utmost Sincerety, etc.
Hon'ble Sir: Your favour of the 17th. Ulto. I had the hon'r to receive the 30th. following. If you are surpriz'd to find us still Incamp'd at this place I shall only remark that your surprize prize cannot well exceed my own.
In my last I inform'd your Hon. that a Resolution was taken to open a new Road from Rays Town to Fort Duquesne, 'twas
[Note:The omitted sentences are the same as those in the letter to Speaker John Robinson, September 1, ante. ]
What time it will require to Build a Fort at Loyall Hanning, and after that is accomplish'd, what further time is necessary to cut the Road thro' very rugged Grounds to Fort Duquesne (Grounds of which the Enemy are actually possessed and know every advantageous Post to harass and dispute with us in) I say what time is required for the completion of all this, I must leave to time that faithfull expositor of Events to reveal, not caring even to guess at it myself.
The first Division of the Artillery has past the Allegany Hill and I suppose may be now be got up with the advanced Working Party, the 2d. Division I believe may have March'd by this; and they talk of putting all the Troops in motion immediately.
We have not in our Stores at Rays Town two Months Provisions visions for the army; and if the best judges are to be credited, the nipping Frosts will soon destroy the [Herbage] 67 on the Mountains, and then, altho' the Communication be not quite stopp'd, the subsistence for horses is render'd very difficult till Snows and hard Frosts prevents all intercourse w'h the Ohio and these sets in early in November.
[Note:This and the words in brackets throughout the letter were added by Washington. ]
The Road from Reas Town to Carlyle whence the Provisions and Stores chiefly come is perhaps worse than [any] other upon the Continent, infinitely worse than any part of the Road from hence to Fort Duquesne along General Braddocks Road, and hath already worn out the greatest part of the horses that have been employ'd in Transporting the Provisions, the Carriage of which only it is said and from good authority, I have it, stands the Crown upwards of 40/ every hundred weight.
We have certain advice's that the French on the 13th. ulto. had rec'd no new Reinforcements at Fort Duquesne from
[Note:The omitted sentences are the same as those in the letter to Speaker John Robinson, September 1, ante. ]
Their accounts exactly agree and have given great satisfaction to the Commanding Officer being corroborated also by Indian Intelligence, a Party of Cherokee's having been out there and some Delawares come in. What a Golden opp'y have we lost! but this is past, irretrievably gone I fear.
A party of our Troops 75 in num. is now 40 miles advanc'd, way laying the Road, from whom I hope a Prisoner if the Enemy [should be] passing or repassing; I sent out also the day before yesterday a Sergeant and 5 Men to Fort Duquesne for Intelligence; they will be back in fourteen days.
I can give your Hon. no satisfactory acct. of the General. He lay ill at Carlyle a long time of a Flux, from thence getting a little strength he mov'd to Shippensbourg where his Disorder return'd and he continues. By a Letter the other day he hopes soon to be at Rays Town where he desires to see Colo. Byrd and I, but alas! the Expedition must either stand or fall by the present Plan. 69
[Note:General Forbes arrived at Raystown on the 15th, and Colonel Washington was called to that place. -- Ford. ]
In the conference I had with Colo. Bouquet and of which I gave your Hon. an acct. in my last I did among other things to avert the resolve of opening a new Road, represent the great Expence the Coloney of Virg'a had been at to support the War, the Charge of raising a 2d. Regt. at so short a notice; the time limited for the Service of it; and the Cruelty therefore of risking the success of an Expedition upon such precarious Measures when so much depended on it; and our inability to do more. I then exprest my apprehensions of the Southern Indians Case of a miscarriage, and the encrease of French strength in new Alliances; and after this demonstrated very clearly the
The Contractor has Orders to lay in at Loyall Hanning for 4000 Men the Winter from whence it is imagin'd that our Expedition for this Campaign will end there: shou'd we serve to make up the Number of Troops which Garrison that place our Frontiers is thereby not only expos'd but the Soldiers for want of Cloathing and proper conveniences absolutely perish; few of them having a whole Coat to their backs and many none at all; this is a matter I fully and repeatedly wrote about these 12 Months past: I hope it will now merit the Assembly's notice.
A Major of Brigade to the Virginia Troops is an Officer absolutely necessary, while there is more than one Regt., the General has repeatedly urg'd this matter; and Colo. Byrd who once Recommended another Gentleman that is now found to be too deeply engag'd in Indian Affairs; Joins me in proposing Capt. Robt. Stewart for this office; a Gentlemen whose assiduity and Military Capacity is second to none in our Service; we beg
The First Virg'a Regt. have August's Pay due to them and no money in the Pay Master's hands; this he will inform your Hon. off more particularly, as desired.
Capt. Bullen and Capt. French two Catawbas much esteem'd for their Bravery and steady attachment to our Interest, were kill'd about ten days ago on their way from Winchester to this Camp by the Enemy we got very early notice of it at this place (it happening within 3 Miles) and sent out several Partys to pursue which they did fruitlessly.
I have wrote to Mr. Gist who had the Direction of Indian Affairs to make out such a Return as your Hon. requires and forward it to you; he is now at Rays Town. Inclos'd is a Return of my Regiment I believe it is exact but as six of the Com'pys are upon the new Road I can not absolutely say what alterations have happened there since my last advices.
Thus Sir, I have given your Hon. a full and impartial Acct. of the present posture of our affairs here of which any use may be made you think proper. I may be blam'd possibly for expressing my Sentiments so freely; but never can be asham'd of the Truth; and none but obvious Facts are Stat'd here. The General I dare say; from his good Character; can acct. fully for these Delay's that surprize all that Judge from appearances only, but I really cannot.
Colo. Byrd being very unwell has desired me to offer his Complements to your Hon. and excuse (which is Sickness) for his not writing. I am etc.
P. S. Upon Second thoughts I have transmitted Copies of some of the Letter's I wrote to Colonel Bouquet (who Commands in the Generals absence upon the Posture of our
[Note:This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick, with the words in brackets and the postscript in that of Washington."The Assembly met the 12th of September, and from the long delay of the march of the forces, and the partiality they imagined shewn to Pennsylvania, were not in a very good humor; and not thinking any attempt would be made on Fort Duquesne so late in the year, they passed an act to withdraw the first regiment from the regulars after the first of December, and station them upon the frontiers of this colony for the protection of the inhabitants. But upon some letters that the Governor received about a fortnight after that Assembly broke up, assuring him that an attempt would be made, he thought it proper to call the Assembly again, and they accordingly met on Thursday last, when he laid the letters before them, which they immediately took into consideration, and that no blame might be laid to this Colony, for the failure of the expedition which they imagined some people would be glad of having an opportunity of doing, they proceeded with a despatch never before known, and in three days passed an act to empower the Governor to continue the forces in the pay of this Colony on that service till the first of January, if the expedition was not over before that time." -- Robinson to Washington, Sept. 13, 1758.
Governor Fauquier hoped that "the ardor this Colony has shewn to support the war will continue for another year, the flame being a little stifled by the inactivity of this campaign." (See letter of Fauquier to Washington, Sept. 16, 1758.) The speaker's letter gives an impression that he was describing the proceedings of two assemblies, but Ramsay shows it was the same.
"The 1st Virginia Regiment had like to have been broke by a vote of the House, but the old and judicious carried it against the young members by a majority of five. However, they have so far prevailed, that unless the regiment return into this Colony by the 1st of December next and guard our frontiers, they are to be no longer in the pay of this Colony. There is to be no Lieut. Colo., Quarter Master, Adjutant nor Chaplain, and the yearly allowance for your table is voted away." -- Ramsay to Washington, Oct. 17, 1758. (The act is printed in Hening's Statutes at Large, vol. 7, p. 171.)
"Some other saving schemes were obliged to be complied with, for fear the whole should be given up. By a letter I received from Col. Byrd I find the army will be in the heat of action, and the fate of Du Quesne depending at that time [Decem. 1.] I have therefore summoned an Assembly to meet on Thursday the tenth inst. in order to prolong the time for both the regiments to remain in the field in conjunction with the rest of his Majesty's forces. This is the only step I could take to prevent the ruin of the whole expedition, and save this colony from the censure they would lie under as being the sole cause of the miscarriage of the whole, if the fort should not be reduced by that Day." -- Fauquier to Washington, Nov. 4, 1758.
These letters are in the Washington Papers and are printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, pp. 94, 103, 117, 125. ]
Sir: Colonel Bouquet desires 100 Waggons, if possible, may be Engag'd in Virginia; and that as many of them as can, may be sent to this place loaded with Flour, and the remainder with Indian Corn (Oats I suppose will do) where they will receive further Orders.
I beg you will, therefore, use your utmost diligence to Comply with this request; and let me know also, immediately, how far you think you shall be able to comply with it; first in regard to the No. of Waggons, next the q'ty of Flour and Corn; and lastly, what time you think they may be got to this place. Such Waggon's as cannot get Loads, must come up empty.
You must not expect an Escort from hence; I shall certainly be March'd before you can need one. You must therefore apply to His Lordship [Fairfax] who I flatter myself will Order you one from the Militia, or from Captn. Rutherfords Rangers, if they can be spar'd. I am Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: Your letters of the 30th. and 31st. Ulto. I was favour'd with in the Evening yesterday, not time enough tho' to prepare my answer till to day, and for safety I have detain'd the Express for the Cover of night.
I enclose you an exact Return of all the ammunition and Provisions; which we have at this place that you may Judge what
If it was possible I could March with Carrying horses only, and those good I cou'd be at the place you mention in six days; but if I am incumber'd with Waggons, it will probably be ten days; and if the Teams shou'd be bad there is no guessing at the time.
The Sick most certainly must go to the General Hospital, for we can neither afford Surgeons nor Medicenes from the Regiments to be left for their benefit and many are not in a Condition to move.
I have wrote to Mr. Walker, or person acting in his place for the Waggons you desire: they cou'd easily have been had on timely notice but now I cannot promise; in case he succeeds I have desir'd him to apply to Lord Fairfax for an Escort of the Militia, but I cannot promise he will get one.
I am extremely sorry to hear of the miscarriage of your Letters; it may be attended with bad consequence. We have rejoc'd here on the happy occasion of Louisburg's Reduction and I most heartily wish the same success may attend His Majesty's arms in other parts.
I shall be very desireous of a Conference with the General before I March, as there may be many things necessary to settle, I shall loose no time in attending him when I have notice of his arrival.
The Officer that Commanded the Escort from Winchester is Detach'd 15 Miles from hence (at our Grass Guard) so that I cannot now get the Certificate you desire. I have no Person here who can give me any satisfactory accts. of the way and Distance between the two Roads as you desire.
I have heard nothing yet from Captn. Woodward's Party; on Wednesday last Sergeant Scot with five men went out once more to try their Success at Fort Duquesne. I can answer for his good endeavours, but it is not more tedious than dangerous bringing a Prisoner such a Distance.
Colo. Byrd is very ill but desires nevertheless that his Complem'ts may be made to you. I am, etc. 71
[Note:This letter is in the writing of John Kirkpatrick in the Washington "Letter Book," but is signed by Washington. The words in brackets were added by Washington. ]
Sir: I this moment receiv'd notice from the Commissary, that only three day's Flour remain upon hand for the Troops at this Incampment. Mr. Hoops is wrote to on the occasion, and I must beg the favour of you to facilitate any measures he shall propose to supply us in time; by affording an Escort &ca. Not knowing how soon we may be order'd to join you, I can't tell how much Provisions is wanted; possibly, ten days will serve till, the Generals pleasure be known. We have no Waggon's at this place, otherwise I wou'd have given you no trouble in this affair. I am Sir, etc.
Sir: In consequence of a Letter from Colo. Bouquet, I wrote to Mr. Walker, or Person acting in his behalf, for all the Waggons
I am extreamely sorry to hear of your Excellency's Indisposition, but hope to have the pleasure shortly of seeing you at Rays Town much amended, if not quite recover'd. I am Yr etc.
Dear Madam: Yesterday I was honored with your short but very agreeable favor of the first inst. 72 How joyfully I catch at the happy occasion of renewing a correspondence which I feared was disrelished on your part, I leave to time, that never failing expositor of all things, and to a monitor equally faithful in my own breast, to testify. In silence I now express my joy; silence, which in some cases, I wish the present, speaks more intelligently than the sweetest eloquence.
[Note:"I have this instant rec'd yours of the 23d and 27th ultimo. The first Mrs. Fairfax undertakes to answer." -- George William Fairfax to Washington, Sept. 1, 1758. This letter is in the Washington Papers. ]
If you allow that any honor can be derived from my opposition to our present system of management, you destroy the merit of it entirely in me by attributing my anxiety to the animating prospect of possessing Mrs. Custis, when -- I need not tell you, guess yourself. Should not my own Honor and country's welfare be the excitement? 'Tis true, I profess myself a votary of love. I acknowledge that a lady is in the case, and further I confess that this lady is known to you. Yes, Madame,
You have drawn me, dear Madame, or rather I have drawn myself, into an honest confession of a simple Fact. Misconstrue not my meaning; doubt it not, nor expose it. The world has no business to know the object of my Love, declared in this manner to you, when I want to conceal it. One thing above all things in this world I wish to know, and only one person of your acquaintance can solve me that, or guess my meaning. But adieu to this till happier times, if I ever shall see them. The hours at present are melancholy dull. Neither the rugged toils of war, no the gentler conflict of A -- B -- s, 73 is in my choice. I dare believe you are as happy as you say, I wish I was happy also. Mirth, good humor, ease of mind, and -- what else -- cannot fail to render you so and consummate your wishes.
[Note:"Assembly Balls" are probably the words intended. -- Ford. ]
If one agreeable lady could almost wish herself a fine gentleman for the sake of another, I apprehend that many fine gentlemen will wish themselves finer e'er Mrs. Spotswood is possest. She has already become a reigning toast in this camp, and many there are in it who intend (fortune favoring) to make honorable scars speak the fullness of their merit, and be a messenger of their Love to Her.
I cannot easily forgive the unseasonable haste of my last express, if he deprived me thereby of a single word you intended
Col. Mercer, to whom I delivered your message and compliments, joins me very heartily in wishing you and the Ladies of Belvoir the perfect enjoyment of every happiness this world affords. Be assured that I am, dear Madame, with the most unfeigned regard, your most obedient and most obliged humble servant.
N. B. Many accidents happening (to use a vulgar saying) between the cup and the lip, I choose to make the exchange of carpets myself, since I find you will not do me the honor to accept mine. 74
[Note:The only authority for this letter that has so far appeared is the text printed in the New York Herald (Mar. 30, 1877), and in Welles's Pedigree and History of the Washington Family (New York: 1879). The letter was sold by Bangs & Co., auctioneers in New York, and the Herald, after printing this letter the day before, merely reported the sale as disposing of two Washington letters, one at $13 and one at $11.50, leaving it a matter of guess as to which one of these prices belonged to this much discussed epistle. The letter drops from sight after this sale, and its present whereabouts is unknown. Constance Cary Harrison, in Scribner's Monthly (July, 1876), wrote: "Mrs. George William Fairfax, the object of George Washington's early and passionate love, lived to an advanced age, in Bath, England, widowed, childless, and utterly infirm. Upon her death, at the age of eighty-one, letters (still in possession of the Fairfax family) were found among her effects, showing that Washington had never forgotton the influence of his youthful disappointment." But these conclusions are by no means unquestionable. The editor debated for some time the inclusion of this letter and finally concluded to use it after thus noting its unsettled status. ]
Honble. Sir: I think it incumbent upon me to give you the following account; altho' it is with very great concern I am furnished with the occasion.
The 12th instant Major Grant, of the Highland-battalion, with a chosen detachment of 800 men marched from our advanced post, at Loyal Hannan, for Fort Duquesne; what to do there (unless to meet the fate he did) I can not certainly inform you. However, to get intelligence and annoy the Enemy, was the ostensible plan.
On the 13th, in the night, they arrived near that place, formed upon the hill in two columns, and sent a party to the fort to make discoveries, which they accomplished accordingly, and burned a log-house not far from the walls without interruption. Stimulated by this success, the major kept his post and disposition until day, then detached Major Lewis and part of his command 2 miles back to their baggage guard and sent an Engineer with a covering party in full view of the fort, to take a plan of the works, at the same time causing the revilé to beat in several different places.
The enemy hereupon sallied out, and an obstinate Engagement began, for the particulars of which I beg leave to refer your Honor to the enclosed letters and return of the Regiment. Major Lewis it is said met his fate in bravely advancing to sustain Major Grant. Our officers and men have acquired very great applause for their gallant behavior during the action. I had the honor to be publickly complimented yesterday by the General on the occasion. The havock that was made of them is a demonstrable proof of their obstinate defence, having 6 officers killed, and a 7th wounded out of 8. Major Lewis who chearfully went upon this Enterprise (when
[Note:In the Washington Papers, in Washington's writing, is a list of officers and soldiers missing, wounded, and returned from the action near Fort Duquesne September 14. Grant was captured and sent as a prisoner to Canada. ]
What may be the consequence of this affair, I will not take upon me to decide, but this I may venture to declare, that our affairs in general appear with a greater gloom than ever 76 ; and I see no probability of opening the road this Campaign: How then can we expect a favorable issue to the Expedition? I have used my best endeavors to supply my men with the necessaries they want. 77 70 blankets I got from the General upon the promise to return them again. I therefore hope your Honor will direct that number to be sent to Winchester for his use. I must also beg the favor of having blank-commissions sent to me, it will take near a dozen for the promotions and vacancies. I must fill up the vacancies with the volunteers I have, and some of the best Sergeants. I marched to this Camp the 21st instant, by order of the General.
[Note:"The Major [Grant] conducted the march so that the surprise was compleat, and the enterprise must have succeeded, but for an absolute disobedience of orders in a provincial officer, the night they reached the Ohio; and by this man's quitting his post next morning, the party was in a manner cut to pieces. Major Grant, as he was unfortunate, may be blamed, but from his letter to General Forbes…you will not only see he was not in fault; but from the behaviour of the provincial officer, you will be satisfied that a planter is not to be taken from the plough and made an officer in a day." -- Letter from an officer who attended Brigadier General Forbes, printed in the Gentleman's Magazine (1759). ]
[Note:Three days later General Forbes threatened to draw off the army into the more populous districts unless provisions were supplied at Raystown. (See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vol. 8, p. 167.) ]
Having little else of moment to relate; I beg leave to assure your Honor that I am, &c.
Dear Madam: Do we still misunderstand the true meaning of each other's Letters? I think it must appear so, tho' I would feign hope the contrary as I cannot speak plainer without, But I'll say no more, and leave you to guess the rest.
I am now furnished with News of a very Interesting nature. I know it will affect you, but as you must hear it from others I will relate it myself. The 12th past, then, Major Grant with a chosen Detachment of 800 Men, March'd from our advanced Post at Loyal Hannah against Fort Duquesne.
On the Night of the 13th he arriv'd at that place, or rather upon a Hill near to it; from whence went a Party and viewd the Works, made what observations they could, and burnt a Log'd House not far from the Walls. Egg'd on, rather more satisfied by this Success, Major Grant must needs Insult the Enemy next Morning by beating the Reveille in different places in view, this caus'd a great Body of Men to Sallie from the Fort, and an obstinate Engagement to ensue, which was maintained on Our Side with the utmost efforts that bravery could yield, till being overpowered and quite Surrounded they were obliged to Retreat with the loss of 22 Officers kill'd, and 278 Men besides wounded.
This is a heavy blow to our Affairs here, and a sad stroke upon my Regiment, that has lost out of 8 Officers, and 168 that was in the Action, 6 of the former killd, and a 7th Wounded. Among the Slain was our dear Major Lewis. This Gentleman as the other Officers also did, bravely fought while they had life, tho' wounded in different places. Your old acquaintance Captn. Bullett, who is the only Officer of mine that came of untouch'd, has acquired immortal honour in this Engagement by his gallant behaviour, and long continuance in the field of
What was the great end propos'd by this attempt, or what will be the event of its failure, I can't take upon me to determine; it appears however (from the best Accts.) that the Enemy lost more Men then we did in the Engagement. Thus it is the Lives of the brave are often disposed of -- but who is there that does not rather Envy, than regret a Death that gives birth to Honour and Glorious memory.
I am extremely glad to find that Mr. Fairfax 78 has escap'd the Dangers of the Seige at Louisburg. Already have we experienced greater Losses than our Army sustained at that place, and have gained not one obvious Advantage. So miserably has this Expedition been manag'd, that I expect after a Month's further Tryal, and the loss of many more Men by the Sword, Cold and Perhaps Famine, we shall give the Expedition over as Impractacable this Season, and retire to the Inhabitants, condemned by the World, and derided by our Friends.
[Note:Wilham Henry Fairfax. ]
I should think my time more agreable spent believe me, in playing a part in Cato, with the Company you mention, and myself doubly happy in being the Juba to such a Marcia, as you must make.
Your agreable Letter contained these words. "My Sisters and Nancy Gist who neither of them expect to be here soon after our return from Town, desire you to accept their best Complimts. &c."
Pray are these Ladies upon a Matrimonial Scheme? Is Miss Fairfax to be transformd into that charming Domestick -- a
[Note:Miss Fairfax married Warner Washington, and not Mr. Martin. Soon after this letter was written Elizabeth became the wife of Bryan Fairfax, subsequently the eighth Lord Fairfax. Captain Cocke was then in service. ]
One thing more and then have done. You ask if I am not tired at the length of your Letter? No Madam I am not, nor never can be while the Lines are an Inch asunder to bring you in haste to the end of the Paper. You may be tird of mine by [ sic ] this.
Adieu dear Madam, you possibly will hear something of me, or from me before we shall meet. I must beg the favour of you to make my Compliments to Colo. Cary and the Ladies with you, and believe me that I am most unalterably. 80 Yr. Most Obedt. & Oblig'd.
[Note:This letter was first published by Mr. Everett, who supposed it had been written to Mrs. Martha Custis. Doctor Neill reprints it in his Fairfaxes of England and America, but believes the recipient to have been Miss Mary Cary. -- Ford.The above text is taken from a facsimile of the original owned by Frederick S. Peck, Barrington, R. I., in 1927. ]
Honble. Sir: I forgot to notice in my last of the 25th instant that a flag of truce was sent to Fort Duquesne by Colo. Bouquet. It is now returned, and we learn with certainty (tho' few things have yet transpired) that Major Grant with two other Highland officers, and Major Lewis, with two officers of the Royal Americans, and one belonging to Pennsylvania, together with 2 Sergeants and 30 private men, were made prisoners in the late action, and sent immediately to Montreal. From all the accounts I have yet been able to collect, it appears very clear, that this was either a very ill-concerted or very ill-executed plan: perhaps both : but it seems to be generally acknowledged
The troops were divided: which caused the front to give way, and put the whole into confusion, except the Virginians, commanded by Captn. Bullet, who were (in the hands of Providence) a means of preventing all of our people from sharing one common fate. 81
[Note:Bouquet's letter to Amherst (September 17) states that the loss would have been greater "had not Captain Bullet of the Virginians, with 100 men, sustained the combat with all their power, until, having lost two-thirds of his men, he was driven to the shore of the river." ]
This mistake, I fear, may be productive of bad consequences to the common cause!
The promoters of opening a new road, either do believe (or would fain have it thought so,) that there is time enough to accomplish our plan this season: but others who judge freer from prejudice, are of a quite contrary opinion. As the road is not yet opened half-way, and not 20 days' provision for the troops got the length of this place, which cannot be attributed to a juster cause than the badness of the road ; altho' many other reasons are assigned for it. We find that the frosts have already changed the face of nature among these mountains. We know there is not more than a month left for enterprize, we know also that a number of horses can not subsist after that time, on a road stripped of its herbage, and very few there are who apprehend that our affairs can be brought to favorable issue by that period, nor do I see how it is possible, if every thing else answered, that men half-naked can live in Tents much longer. I am, &c.
Sir: In consequence of your request of the Colonels assembled at your Lodgings the 5th Inst. I offer the Plans on the
[Note:See diagram. Sparks printed only the "First Plan" and Ford followed Sparks. The "Second Plan" and explanation were ignored by both. The original is now in the J, P. Morgan Library. ]
The First Division must, as the 2d. and 3d. ought likewise to be, subdivided for the Captains; these subdivisions to be again divided for the Subalterns; and the Subalterns again for the Sergeants and Corporals, by which means every Non Commissioned Officer will have a Party to Command under the Eye of a Subaltern as the Subalterns will have, under the direction of a Captain, &c.
N. B. I shall, tho I believe it is unnecesary, remark here, that the Captain's, when their subdivisions are again divided, are to take commd. of no particular part of it but to attend to the whole subdivision as the Subalterns are to do with theirs; each Captain and Subaltern acting as Commandant of the Division he is appointed to under the field-officer, visiting and encouraging all parts equally alike, and keeping the Soldrs. to their Duty. This being done, the first Division is, so soon as the Van-gd. is attackd (if that gives the first notice of the
[Note:This paper was reproduced in facsimile and published in Monuments of Washington's Patriotism (1841). -- Ford.Sparks stated that the plan was not preserved. It is here reproduced from a tracing made from the 1841 facsimile. The original finally found its way to the Huntington Library, California, where it now is. Spark prints a diagram which is a curious combination of Washington's two plans and conveys a wrong impression. Ford reproduced Sparks's diagram. ]
[Note:On the 14th the army was divided into three bodies, to be commanded by Colonels Bouquet, Montgomery, and Washington, acting as brigadiers. To Washington was assigned the command of the right wing, consisting of the First Virginia Regiment, two companies of artificers, and men from North Carolina, Maryland, and the lower counties. "Our army in its approach, was divided into three brigades, one commanded by Col. Bouquet; another by Col. Montgomery; and the third by Col. Washington. These brigades marched in columns to shorten their lines, and enable them to form expeditiously. Flanking parties of the best gunmen marched on the flanks; Indians and light horse reconnoitred the ground as we advanced; and parties had been out the night before all round; a strong guard was advanced before the army, in the rear of which the General was in his litter with an officer's guard, a little advanced before Col. Montgomery, who commanded the center brigade. A strong rear guard was likewise ordered, as also a guard for the artillery." -- Ford. ]
The whole is Submitted to Correction with the utmost Candour, by Sir, &c.
Camp, at Loyal Hanna, 85 October 30, 1758.
[Note:An orderly book of 1758, in the Washington Papers, shows the following course of the advance troops, by encampments:
Octo 13. Reas Town.
Octo. 14 Shawnese Cabins.
Octo. 15 Edmonds Swamp
16 Stoney Creek
17 -- 19 Muddy Run
Octo.20 White Oak Ridge
21. S. E. side Laurel Hill
22 N. W. side Laurel Hill
23 Loyal Harmon
Here they remained until November 15, when they removed to Chestnut Ridge.
Nov. 16 N. Bush Run
17 Bullock Camp
18 New Camp
19 N. Turtle Creek
20 Turtle Creek
21 Washington's Camp.
22 cross Turtle Creek
23 Bouquet's Camp
]
Honble. Sir: Colo. Byrd promised to apologize to you for my not writing by Jenkins; since which I have been honored with your second favor of the 7th instant, both of which now lie before me for acknowledgement. My sudden march 86 from Raystown (the intent of which I presume you are already informed of) allowed me no time to furnish Mr. Boyd with proper estimates for drawing the pay of our regiment, and I was the less anxious on that head, as the officers equally with myself considered that our affairs would some how or other come to a conclusion before he could return, and that it might be difficult and very unsafe for him to follow us. I am very much obliged to your Honor for the commissions you were pleased to send. Be assured, Sir, the confidence which you have reposed in me shall never be wilfully abused. I am not less obliged to your Honor for the favor of returning so readily the blankets which I borrowed of the General. I am, however sorry to inform you, that, upon reviewing the six companies of
[Note:Colonel Washington had been sent forward, in advance of the main body, to take command of a division employed in opening the road. -- Ford. ]
Governor Sharpe in person commanded a garrison of militia, (from his province,) at Fort Cumberland, when the magazine was blown up, and had, I believe, his store-keeper included in the blast. I have desired Mr. Smith to furnish any express which he may have occasion to send your Honor, with money to bear their expences. The want of three months, and the unavoidable expence that an officer is continually exposed to, while on duty (rather than a doubt of repayment) was, I apprehend the cause of Davis's distress. Mr. Smith might however have borrowed money on such an extraordinary occasion.
My march to this post gave me an opportunity of forming a judgment of the road; and I can truly say, that it is indescribably bad. Had it not been for an accidental discovery of a new passage over the Laurel Hill, the carriages must inevitably have stopped on the other side. This is a fact nobody here takes upon him to deny! The General and great part of the troops, &c, being yet behind, and the weather growing very inclement, must I apprehend terminate our expedition for this year, at this place. But as our affairs are now drawing to a crisis, and a good or a bad conclusion of them will shortly ensue, I choose to suspend my judgment, as well as a further account of the matter, to a future day. 87
[Note:When the general reached Loyal Hanna a council of war was called, and it was determined to be inadvisable to proceed further that season. But the report of three prisoners, who were shortly afterwards brought in, and who communicated the weak state of the garrison at Fort Duquesne, induced a change of opinion, and the enterprise was prosecuted. -- Sparks. ]
Hon'ble Sir: Being unwilling to omit any opportunity that offers of writing to your Honor, I embrace the present, that serves the General. I have, however, very little to say, as I wrote fully on the 30th. ultimo; and have received no letter from your Honor since the 7th. of the same month. Our affairs, as I observed in my last, are drawing to a crisis. The Genl. being arrived, and most of the artillery and troops, we expect to move on in a very few days; encountering every hardship, that an advanced season, want of clothes, and indeed (no great stock of Provisions) will expose us to. But it is no longer a time for pointing out difficulties; and I hope my next will run in a more agreeable strain.
In the mean time I beg leave to assure your Honor that, with very great Respect, I am, etc.
Sir: An Express from Colo Armstrong, 88 affords me an opportunity of informing you that we marched hither about 4 o'clock this afternoon, and that I found Mr. Basset 89 and 30 men here late as it was, Immediately ordered working parties on the road, that no time might be lost in opening it, but apprehend I shall not proceed so fast as you could wish, since after all my delays, and waiting for Tools to-day, Capt. Fields 90 was able to get only 42 falling axes. These however, added to
[Note:Col. John Armstrong, of the Pennsylvania troops. ]
[Note:Lieut. T. Bassett, an engineer. ]
[Note:Capt. John Field. ]
I shall write again in the morning, enclosing Returns of my Brigade; in the mean time permit me to add that I am, etc.
Sir: I was not so explicit last night, on the head of Mr. Basset's Party, as I ought to have been.
I conceived an idea (on what ground founded I really can not say) that Mr. Basset was to have joined Colo. Armstrong with the Party and Tools which I found here. But, upon enquiring into his orders it appears he was only to repair some bad places on the Road between this and Loyal-hannon; and was desired afterwards by Mr. Gordon (as he passed by) to remain here till I came up. Now, if Mr. Basset really was intended for Colo. Armstrong the disappointment on the part of the latter, will be very great; as he will have no Tools to throw up any works with. But, as Colo. Armstrong does not complain of any want of this kind, it is possible he is otherwise provided: I shall therefore keep the Tools, &c. to assist in opening the Roads, until I join him, or am better informed.
The enclosed is a Return of my Division that marched yesterday. There has been, I am told, a considerable desertion in the lower County troops, so that I can not ascertain the exact number that is left: The other Corps are quite right. Five men
The keeping Fort du Quesne (if we should be fortunate enough to take it) in its present situation, will be attended with great advantages to the middle Colonies; and I do not know so effectual a way of doing it, as by the communication of Fort Cumberland and Genl. Braddock road; which is in the first place good, and in the next, fresh, affording good food if the weather keeps open, which is more than a road can do as much used as this has been. If, when these supplies of Provisions reach Ft. Cumberland, it should be found impracticable (or unnecessary) for them to proceed farther; by reason of the weather or other causes; the transportation of them to Raystown will be found very easy. Every useful tool is employed in opening the Road, and I hope we shall proceed to your expectation. I am, etc.
P.S. We have but 4 days of meat; and our 6 Bullocks are not yet come up.
Sir: After the most constant labour from day-break till night, we were able to open the Road to this place only, about 6 miles from our last Camp. Here it was that Capt. Shelby overtook us, and presented me with yours and Colo. Bouquets letters, enclosing one to Colo. Armstrong; all of which were forwarded to that Gentleman last night by Shelby, as soon as the last of the enclosed came to my hands.
A junction with Colo. Armstrong this morning would have prevented the good effects of a fortified Camp to night and
If Indians ever can be of use to us, it must be now, in the front, for intelligence. I therefore beg you will order their conductors to bring them at all events, and that we may get our Bullocks immediately up; otherwise, as our meat will be out to-morrow, we shall possibly be delayed the next day in serving it out, when we should be marching to the next Post.
There was a Sergeant (Grant) 91 of mine, confined for insolent behavior to an officer of Pennsylvania, and tried at the last General Court martial; but the sentence was not known when I came away, altho' the Court sat 5 days before. I applied (thro' Major Halkett) to get him released, but could not. He is a very fine fellow, and I am as desirous of getting him, as he is to come.
[Note:William Grant. ]
I should be glad, therefore, if the nature of his offence will admit of it, with propriety, that he was sent on accordingly. I am, Sir, etc.
Sir: Colonel Bouquet's letter came to my hands, (just as the bearer was passing by,) from Colonel Armstrong. I shall punctually observe all the directions contained therein, altho' I shall
I have opened the road between seven and eight miles to day, and am yet three miles short of Colonel Armstrong, who marched at eight o'clock. I understand by Captain Shelby, who is just come from him, that Col. Armstrong is not yet begun entrenching his camp, which must again retard us tomorrow. Forwarding provisions is highly necessary; hard labor consumes it fast; but all the men are in high spirits, and are anxious to get on.
I shall be much pleased to see the Indians up, and am very glad to hear that Mr. Croghan is so near at hand. The number with him is not mentioned. I wish they were in our front also.
I was extremely sorry to hear of your indisposition to day, being, Sir, yours, &c.
Dear Collo: I have not time to write you fully for which reason I enclose the Generals Letter to you; please to read, Seal, and deliver it if you are together, and forward it on, if you are Marchd. You will see my anxiety on Acct. of Indians and my Bullocks; employ your Interest therefore my Dr. Sir in dispatching them to me. I have been sadly puzzled for want of
If my Bullocks are with Colo. Montgomery 92 he I expect will forward them. I have wrote to him to that purpose. Colo. Armstrong's 93 shd come on also. 94
[Note:Col. Archibald Montgomerie (Earl of Eglinton). He came to America at the end of 1757 in command of a Highland regiment. ]
[Note:Col. John Armstrong, of Pennsylvania. ]
[Note:From the original in the British Museum. Add. Ms. 21641. ]
Sir: I came to this camp about eleven o'clock to-day, having opened the road before me. I should immediately have proceeded on, but, as the bullocks were to slaughter, and provisions to be dressed, I thought it expedient to halt here till three in the morning, when I shall begin to march on with one thousand men, leaving Colonel Armstrong and five hundred more in this camp, until Colonel Montgomery joins. I took care that the road should not be delayed by this halt, for I ordered out a working party, properly covered, before I came here, to cut it forward till night should fall upon them, and then return back again.
I fear we have been greatly deceived with regard to the distance from hence to Fort Duquesne. Most of the woods-men, that I have conversed with, seem to think that we are still thirty miles from it. I have sent out one party that way to ascertain the distance, and the kind of ground between; and two others to scout on the right and left, for the discovery of tracks; &c. To-morrow, Captn. Shelby and Lt. Gist of my regiment, will go off on the like service that the former of these parties has done this day, under Lt. Ryley.
I found three redoubts erecting for the defence of this camp. Mr. Gordon 95 thinks, that it will be sufficiently secured by this means; but, for my own part, I do not look upon redoubts alone, in this close country, to be half as good as the slightest breastwork; indeed, I do not believe they are any security at all where there are no other works.
[Note:Gordon, of the British Engineers. ]
I enclose you a return of the total strength of this place, 96 and for what time they are served with provisions, by which you will see how much a supply is needed, and I must beg, that commissaries and stillards 97 may be sent forward, otherwise a continual dissatisfaction will prevail, as well on the part of the contractors, as on that of the soldiers, who think they have injustice done them in their allowance, notwithstanding the fifteen bullocks, which were received as provisions for four days, were issued out for three only, by the judgment of an officer of each corps, as well as my own, for I took pains to examine into it myself.
[Note:This return is in the Washington Papers, under dates of November 16, 18, 20, and 21. ]
[Note:Steelyards. -- Ford. ]
I had wrote thus far, when your favor of this morning came to hand. I shall set out at three o'clock, as above, leaving the Highlanders to finish the redoubts, according to Mr. Gordon's plan, and to secure the tools, until Colonel Montgomery comes up, leaving it then to Colonel Bouquet's option to bring or leave them.
We shall, I am apprehensive, have a great space between this post and the next, as I have before observed, tho' I shall be a better judge to-morrow night.
The enclosed return shews what provisions each corps ought to have upon hand; but few can make it hold out, so that I must again urge the necessity of a commissary and weights, also of provisions, for were we all completed properly
Your chimney at this place is finished. I shall take care to put up one at the next post. 98
[Note:The general had ordered a chimney to be built for his use at each of the entrenched camps. -- Sparks. ]
I shall use every necessary precaution to get timely notice of the enemy's approach, so that I flatter myself you need be under no apprehensions on that head. A scouting party is just returned, and reports, that, five miles advanced of this they discovered the tracks of about forty persons making towards Kiskamanetes. 99 The tracks appear to have been made to-day, or yesterday. I am, &c.
[Note:The name Kiskaminities was applied to Loyalhanna, Pa. Toner states that it was later restricted to the country at the "forks of the Loyalhannan and Conemaugh Rivers." A stream called the Kiskaminities flowed into the Allegheny. ]
Honble. Sir: I have the pleasure to inform you, that Fort Duquesne, or the ground rather on which it stood, was possessed by his Majesty's troops on the 25th instant. The enemy, after letting us get within a day's march of the place, burned the fort, and ran away (by the light of it,) at night, going down the Ohio by water, to the number of about five hundred men, from our best information. The possession of this fort has been matter of great surprise to the whole army, and we cannot attribute it to more probable causes, than those of weakness, want of provisions, and desertion of their Indians. Of these circumstances we were luckily informed by three prisoners, who providentially fell into our hands at Loyal Hannan, at a time when we despaired of proceeding, and a council of war had determined, that it was not advisable to advance
The General purposes to wait here a few days to settle matters with the Indians, and then all the troops, (except a sufficient garrison which will I suppose be left here, to secure the possession,) will march to their respective governments. I therefore give your Honor this early notice of it, that your directions relative to those of Virginia may meet me timely on the road. I cannot help premising, in this place, the hardships the troops have undergone, and the naked condition they now are in, in order that you may judge if it is not necessary that they should have some little recess from fatigue, and time to provide themselves with necessaries, for at present they are destitute of every comfort of life. If I do not get your orders to the contrary, I shall march the troops under my command directly to Winchester; from whence they may then be disposed of, as you shall afterwards direct.
General Forbes desires me to inform you, that he is prevented, by a multiplicity of different affairs, from writing to you so fully now, as he would otherwise have done, and from enclosing you a copy of a letter which he has written to the commanding officer stationed on the communication from hence to Winchester, &c. relative to the Little Carpenter's conduct, (a chief of the Cherokees). But that, the purport of that letter was to desire, they would deprive him of the use of arms and ammunition, and escort him from one place to another, to
This fortunate, and, indeed, unexpected success of our arms will be attended with happy effects. The Delawares are suing for peace, and I doubt not that other tribes on the Ohio will follow their example. A trade, free, open, and upon equitable terms, is what they seem much to stickle for, and I do not know so effectual a way of riveting them to our interest, as sending out goods immediately to this place for that purpose. It will, at the same time, be a means of supplying the garrison with such necessaries as may be wanted; and, I think, those colonies, which are as greatly interested in the support of this place as Virginia is, should neglect no means in their power to establish and support a strong garrison here. Our business, (wanting this) will be but half finished; while, on the other hand, we obtain a firm and lasting peace, if this end is once accomplished.
General Forbes is very assiduous in getting these matters settled upon a solid basis, and has great merit (which I hope will be rewarded) for the happy issue which he has brought our affairs to, infirm and worn down as he is. 1 At present I have nothing further to add, but the strongest assurances of my being your Honor's most obedient and most humble servant. 2
[Note:General Forbes died a few weeks afterwards in Philadelphia. -- Sparks. ]
[Note:The French account of the later events of this campaign may be found in the Papers Relating to the French Occupation in Western Pennsylvania, published in the Pennsylvania Archives, Second Series, vol. 6. Extracts from a few of the more important letters are here quoted:"M. de Ligneris has written me from Fort Duquesne on the 30th of last month; he continues to have parties out, who brought him two prisoners on the 30th, from whom he learned that General Forbes was immediately expected at Royal Amnon; where there were more than 2,000 men, under the command of Colonel Bouquet, with 8 pieces of cannon on field carriages and several mortars; that a fort had been built there of piece upon piece, and one saw mill; as for the rest, they are ignorant whether Fort Duquesne is to be attacked this fall; that the Provincials had orders to go into winter quarters; that they had been since countermanded, but that people still spoke of dismissing them; that there are no more horned cattle at Royal Amnon, but plenty of provisions of flour and salt meats; that the English suppose us to be very numerous at Fort Duquesne. I am not sure, my Lord, whether the enemy will organize any expedition this fall, or wait until spring; the advanced season and the two advantages we have gained in succession over them, would lead me to hope that they will adopt the latter course. 'Tis much to be desired, for 'twould not be possible for M. de Ligneris to resist the superiority of the enemy's forces. Meanwhile, he will use all means in his power to annoy them; embarrass their communications and intercept their convoys. It is a great pity that he has been absolutely obliged, by the scarcity of provisions, to reduce his garrison to 200 men; fortunately, the messages he has delivered in my name, to the Delawares and Chawenons of the Beautiful river, have confirmed these nations in their attachment to the French. The Delawares of the mountains have also favorably received the messages sent to them, and are beginning to remove their villages to our territory. I have renewed my orders to all the posts to procure for M. de Ligneris, early in spring, all the assistance in their vicinity. I beg you, my lord, to be pleased fully to assure his Majesty that I will neglect nothing to procure for him the possession of the Beautiful river, and of this colony in general; that it will not be my fault, should our enemies make, eventually, any progress, but in fact and strict truth, the salvation of this colony will depend on the prompt arrival of the succors of every description, which I have had the honor to demand of you." -- M. de Vandreuil to M. de Massiac, Nov. 28, 1758.
"We obtain[ed] some new advantages on the Beautiful river, at the close of the month of October. The English repaired in force, on the 23d of November, to within three leagues of Fort Duquesne, which was abandoned after having marched out of, and burned it; the artillery has been sent to the Illinois, by descending the Beautiful river which empties into that of the Onias, the latter flowing into the Mississippi, which is ascended thirty leagues to reach the fort of the Illinois; and the garrison retreated to Fort Machault, where it still remained on the 8th of March, according to intelligence received on the day before yesterday…Scarcity of provisions and the bad position of Fort Duquesne have compelled its abandonment. The consequences may become unfortunate, if the Indians pronounce in favor of the English. Although they hesitate, they appear still attached to us; 'tis to be hoped that they will remain at least neutral. M. de Ligneris, who commands at Fort Machault, writes that the English are constructing forts at Attiqué and Loyal Hannon; that the Indians are become very familiar with them; he flatters himself, however, that he will induce them to strike, if he receives reinforcements capable of controlling them; the greatest part of them are on the way." -- M. Malartie to M. de Cremille, Apr. 9, 1759. ]
Sir: It has been represented to the Genl. that it will be very inconvenient for the Virginia Troops to March along Genl. Braddocks Road as their necessaries of every kind are at Loyal hannon (Men as well as Officer's) and that the advantages proposd on pursuing the old Road; viz that of opening it, are very trivial, as this can always be done faster than a Body of Men can March (a little repair being wanted only) the General from these considerations seems now Inclind to Order Us down by Loyal hannon. I thought it expedient to inform you of this being Sir, Yr. etc. 3
[Note:From the original in the British Museum. Add. Ms. 21641. ]
Sir: The enclosed was wrote with the intention to go by an express of the General's, but his indisposition prevented that express from setting out for three days afterwards; and then the General thought, that my waiting upon your Honor would be more eligible, as I could represent the situation of our affairs in this quarter more fully, than could well be done by letter. This I accordingly attempted; but, upon trial, found it impracticable to proceed with despatch, for want of horses, (now having near two hundred miles to march before I can get a supply,) those I at present have being entirely knocked up. I shall, notwithstanding, endeavor to comply with the General's request, as I cannot possibly be down till towards the 1st of next month, (and the bearer may much sooner).
The General has, in his letters, told you what garrison he proposed to leave at Fort Duquesne, 4 but the want of provisions rendered it impossible to leave more than two hundred men in all there. These, without peculiar exertions, must, I fear, abandon the place or perish. To prevent, as far as possible, either of these events happening, I have by this conveyance wrote a circular letter to the back inhabitants of Virginia, setting forth the great advantages of keeping that place, the improbability of doing it without their immediate assistance, that they may travel safely out while we hold that post, and will be allowed good prices for such species of provisions as they shall carry. Unless the most effectual measures are taken early in the spring to reinforce the garrison at Fort Duquesne
[Note:General Forbes had determined to leave at Fort Duquesne 200 of the provincial troops of Pennsylvania, with a proportionable number of Virginia and Maryland forces. -- Ford. ]
That the preparative steps should immediately be taken for securing the communication from Virginia, by constructing a post at Red-stone Creek, which would greatly facilitate the supplying of our troops on the Ohio, where a formidable garrison should be sent, as soon as the season will admit of it. That a trade with the Indians should be upon such terms, and transacted by men of such principles, as would at the same time turn out to the reciprocal advantage of the colony and the Indians, and which would effectually remove those bad impressions, that the Indians received from the conduct of a set of rascally fellows, divested of all faith and honor, and give us such an early opportunity of establishing an interest with them, as would be productive of the most beneficial consequences, by getting a large share of the fur-trade, not only of the Ohio Indians, but, in time, of the numerous nations possessing the back countries westward of it. And to prevent this advantageous commerce from suffering in its infancy, by the sinister views of designing, selfish men of the different provinces, I humbly conceive it absolutely necessary that commissioners from each of the colonies be appointed to regulate the mode of that trade, and fix it on such a basis, that all the attempts of one colony undermining
[Note:While the capture and destruction of Fort Duquesne, and the occupation by the English removed for the time the fear of a French invasion, the western and northern tribes of Indians were still too closely bound to the French, and offered a more dangerous and insidious weapon of offense against the frontiers of the Colonies than any line of French forts or number of French troops could have supplied. French influence still controlled among the Indians of the upper country, though shaken by the retreat from Fort Duquesne; French missionaries were more active in maintaining and extending French interests; French traders divided with the English the rich fur trade of the western country; and a greater liberality and a more intelligent exercise of authority gave the French a hold upon the tribes that the English in vain long sought to break. The high utility of Indian allies, and the importance of maintaining their influence over the tribes, were clearly recognized by Montcalm, de Vaudreuil, and other of the French commanders, and no effort was spared to establish that influence the more firmly. To counteract these endeavors the Colonies sought, first, to so intimidate the openly hostile tribes as to induce them to break with the French and become allies of the English, or, at all events, neutral in case of war; and, secondly, to remove all causes of complaint by prohibiting settlement on lands claimed by the Indians and by regulating the system of conducting trade with the Indians.To accomplish these ends effectually the united action of the Colonies was desirable No single colony would be able to cope with the Indians in war, and the different measures adopted by the different Colonies presented serious obstacles to the proper control and regulation of relations with the Indians in time of peace. The organ of communication between the Crown and the Indians had been the governors of the respective Colonies. The engrossing and multifarious duties of the governors in other directions led to a neglect of Indian affairs, while the want of proper agents, of system and uniformity of treatment, arising from this neglect, and a conflict of interest among the Colonies, induced great abuses and kept the Indians and settlers perpetually at difference and oftentimes at war. The Colonies licensed traders, but the character of these privileged persons was not inquired into, and the contempt which Washington had for them was in general the uniform sentiment, north as well as south. Franklin ( Works, vol. 2, p. 467) called them "the most vicious and abandoned wretches of our nation." Sir William Johnson spoke of the Albany commissioners for Indian affairs as "persons of very little capacity, who were all devoted to their own interest and trade, and by whose means the French were constantly supplied with Indian and other goods, thro' the channel of Canada Indians." (See letter to the Lords of Trade, Nov. 13, 1763.) Massachusetts was successful in bettering her relations with the Indians by constructing "truckhouses" where the natives could purchase at stated prices, or exchange their peltries, and were assured of the quality of the goods sold. Such houses for Indian trade were "a more effectual bar against private trade than all the laws that can be invented." (See Governor Bowdoin's letter to Franklin, in Franklin's Works [Bigelow edition], vol. 2, p. 316, note.) Pennsylvania adopted the Massachusetts idea at the treaty of Carlisle (1753), and it was the place of deposit constructed by the Ohio Company that led to the Indian war in which Washington served. Franklin urged the framing of some uniform policy of direction before the Albany congress of 1754.
The plan of union was not adopted, and in default of action by the Colonies the Crown introduced a new system. The Colonies were divided into two districts, the northern and the southern, and over each was placed a superintendent or agent for the affairs of Indians, holding his commission from the Colonies and independent of the colonial government. The Indian outbreak of 1763 directed attention to certain inconveniences of this arrangement, and the English Government called upon the agents to suggest alterations. The reply of Sir William Johnson, one of the ablest and most successful Indian agents of that period, may be found in the second series of the Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 6, p. 600. The royal proclamation of October, 1763, appears to have anticipated in a measure his recommendations. (See note 74, Washington's letter to Crawford, Sept. 21, 1767, post. ) The policy thus introduced, of confining the trade to certain posts and places, was advantageously applied to the Southern Colonies, but was not so effective in the north, principally because of the easy connection the Indians could have with Canada, and the number of posts necessary and the expense of maintaining them. In 1769 the commissioners of trade proposed to entrust the entire management of the Indian trade to the Colonies themselves. (See Pennsylvania Archives, vol. 4, pp. 319, 320.) -- Ford. ]
Although none can entertain a higher sense of the great importance of maintaining a post on the Ohio than myself, yet, under the unhappy circumstances my regiment is, I would by no means have agreed to leave any part of it there, had not the General given an express order for it. I endeavored to shew, that the King's troops ought to garrison it; but he told me, as he had no instructions from the ministry relative thereto, he could not order it, and our men that are left there, are in such a miserable situation, having hardly rags to cover their nakedness, exposed to the inclemency of the weather in this rigorous
Sir: I arrived at this place last night, and was just setting out (tho' very much indisposed) for my own House, when I was honored with your obliging favour of the 3d. instant. My last letters would fully inform your Honor of the success of His Majesty's Arms under General Forbes; of the march of the Virginia Troops to Winchester, and the condition (the very distressed condition ) the 1st. Regiment is in: It is needless therefore, to recapitulate facts, or trouble your Honor further on this head.
Reason, nay, common humanity itself points out that some respite should be granted to Troops returning from every toil and hardship that cold, hunger and fatigue can inflict: and I hope your honors sentiments correspond therein.
If I easily get the better of my present Disorder, I shall hope for the honor of kissing your hand, about the 25th. instant. The want of almost every necessary for the journey; and a still greater inducement if possible, the want of my Papers, requisite to a full and final settlement with the Country oblige me to take my own house in the way down. 6
[Note:Before this date Washington had determined to resign, and his determination was known. On December 31 the officers of the Virginia Regiment signed an address to Washington in which occurs these sentiments: "Your steady adherance to impartial Justice, your quick Discernment and invariable Regard to Merit, wisely intended to inculcate those genuine Sentiments of true Honor and Passion for Glory, from which the great military Achievements have been deriv'd, first heighten'd our natural Emulation, and our Desire to excel…Judge then, how sensibly we must be Affected with the loss of such an excellent Commander, such a sincere Friend, and so affable a Companion. How rare is it to find those amable Qualifications blended together in one Man?…Adieu to that Superiority, which the Enemy have granted us over other Troops, and which even the Regulars and Provincials have done us the Honor to publicly acknowledge. Adieu to that strict Discipline and order, which you have always maintained. Adieu to that happy Union and Harmony, which has been our principle Cement!…our unhappy Country will receive a loss, no less irreparable, than ourselves. Where will it meet a Man so experienc'd in military Affairs?…Who has so great knowledge of the Enemy we have to deal with?…Who so much respected by the Soldiery?…" The original of this address is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol. 3, p. 143.Washington's accounts with Virginia, balanced to Dec. 30, 1758, bear the attestation of the auditors -- William Prentis, James Cooke, and Thomas Everard -- as to their correctness. ]
Those matters which your honor has glanced at in your letters, have been fully communicated to me. That you had not the least share in causing it, I am equally well satisfied of; and shall think myself honored with your Esteem: Being, with the greatest Respect, etc.
Sir: The Governor's writing fully to [you] upon the posture of affairs here, and the present system of management, leaves me no room to add. I was in hope a General Assembly would have been called immediately; but the Council were of opinion, that, as they had met so lately, and were summoned to attend some time in February, it would be inconvenient to convene them sooner; so that no measures for securing the communication between Fort Cumberland and Fort Duquesne, or, in short, any thing else, can be effectuated, or even attempted, until their resolutions are known thereupon.
Captain McNeill, (who commanded the first Virginia regiment in my absence,) committed an error, I am informed, at Raystown, in confining Mr. Hoops, the commissary. I am not thoroughly acquainted with the particulars of that affair, but believe, from the accounts which I have received, that Mr. Hoops was equally culpable in detaining the provisions from half-starved men. This piece of rashness, I am told, is likely to bring McNeill into trouble. I therefore beg the favor of you, Sir, as I am well convinced McNeill had nothing in view but the
I should be extremely glad to hear of your safe arrival at head-quarters, after a fatiguing campaign, and that a perfect return of good health has contributed to crown your successes. 7 I am, etc.
[Note:Washington was married on Jan. 6, 1759, to Martha Custis, widow of Daniel Parke Custis, and daughter of John Dandridge. Ford states that the ceremony was performed by the Rev. David Mossurn in St. Peters Church, a few miles from the Gustis White House, which was on the Pamunkey River, in New Kent County, Va., but documentary evidence that the ceremony was performed in St. Peters is not available.Being now a member of the House of Burgesses, he joined that assembly when it was next convened. The house resolved to return their thanks to him, in a public manner, for the services which he had rendered to his country, and this duty devolved on his friend the speaker. Mr. Wirt, in his Life of Patrick Henry (p. 45), relates the anecdote in the following words, on the authority of Edmund Randolph: "As soon as Colonel Washington took his seat [in the assembly], Mr. Robinson, in obedience to this order, and following the impulse of his own generous and grateful heart, discharged the duty with great dignity, but with such warmth of coloring, and strength of expression, as entirely to confound the young hero. He rose to express his acknowledgments for the honor; but such was his trepidation and confusion, that he could not give distinct utterance to a syllable. He blushed, stammered, and trembled. for a second; when the Speaker relieved him, by a stroke of address, that would have done honor to Louis the Fourteenth, in his proudest and happiest moment. 'Sit down, Mr. Washington,' said he, with a conciliating smile, 'your modesty is equal to your valor, and that surpasses the power of any language that I possess.' " -- Sparks. ]
Jno: I have sent Miles on to day, to let you know that I expect to be up to Morrow, and to get the Key from Colo. Fairfax's which I desire you will take care of. You must have the House very well cleand, and were you to make Fires in the Rooms below it w'd Air them. You must get two of the best Bedsteads put up, one in the Hall Room, and the other in the little dining Room that use to be, and have Beds made on them against we come. You must also get out the Chairs and Tables, and have them very well rubd and Cleand; the Stair case ought also to be polishd in order to make it look well.
Enquire abt. in the Neighbourhood, and get some Egg's and Chickens, and prepare in the best manner you can for our coming: you need not however take out any more of the Furniture than the Beds and Tables and Chair's in Order that they may be well rubd and cleand. I am, etc. 8
[Note:Owned by the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, to whom the editor is indebted for a copy. ]
Gentln. The Inclos'd is the Ministers Certificate of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis, properly as I am told, Authenticated, You will therefore for the future please to address all your Letters which relate to the Affairs of the late Danl. Parke Custis Esqr. to me, as by Marriage I am entitled to a third part of that Estate, and Invested likewise with the care of the other two thirds by a Decree of our Genl. Court which I obtain'd in order to strengthen the Power I before had in consequence of my Wiles Administration.
I have many Letters of yours in my possession unanswered but at present this serves only to advise you of the above Change and at the same time to acquaint you that I shall continue to make you the same Consignments of Tobo. as usual, and will endeavour to encrease it in proportion as I find myself and the Estate benefitted thereby.
The Scarcity of the last years Crop, and the high prices of Tobo. consequent thereupon wou'd in any other Case, have induc'd me to sell the Estates Crop (which indeed is only 16 Hhds.) in the Country but for a present, and I hope small advantage only I did not care to break the Chain of Corrispondance that
On the otherside is an Invoice of some Goods which I beg of you to send me by the first Ship bound either to Potomack or Rappahannock, as I am in immediate want of them. Let them be Insur'd, and in case of Accident reshipp'd witht. Delay; direct for me at Mount Vernon Potomack River Virginia; the former is the name of my Seat the other of the River on which 'tis Situated. I am, &c.
1 Tester Bedstead 7 ½ feet pitch, with fashionable bleu or bleu and White
Curtains to suit a Room lind w't the Ireld. paper. --
Window Curtains of the same for two Windows; with either Papier
Maché Cornish to them, or Cornish cover'd with the Cloth.
1 fine Bed Coverlid to match the Curtains. 4 Chair bottoms of the same;
that is, as much Covring suited to the above furniture as will go over
the seats of 4 Chairs (which I have by me) in order to make the whole furniture of this Room uniformly handsome and genteel.
1. Fashionable Sett of Desert Glasses, and Stands for Sweet Meats Jellys
&ca. together with Wash Glasses and a proper Stand for these also. --
2 Setts of Chamber, or Bed Carpets -- Wilton.
4. Fashionable China Branches, & Stands, for Candles.
2 Neat fire Screens
50 lbs Spirma Citi Candles
6 Carving knives and Forks -- handles of Stain'd Ivory and bound with
Silver.
A pretty large Assortment of Grass Seeds -- amongst which let there be
a good deal of Lucerne & St. Foin, especially the former, also a good
deal of English, or bleu Grass Clover Seed I have. --
1 Large, neat, and easy Couch for a Passage. 50 yards of best Floor Matting. --
2 pair of fashionable mixd, or Marble Cold. Silk Hose.
6 pr. of finest Cotton Ditto.
6 pr. of finest thread Ditto
6 pr. of midling Do. to cost abt. 5/.
6 pr. Worsted Do of ye best sorted -- 2 pr of w'ch. to be White.
N. B. All the above Stockings to be long, and tolerably large.
1 piece of finest and most fashionable Stock Tape.
1 Suit of Cloaths of the finest Cloth, & fashionable colour made by the
Inclos'd measure. --
The newest, and most approv'd Treatise of Agriculture -- besides this,
send me a small piece in Octavo -- call'd a New System of Agriculture,
or a Speedy Way to grow Rich.
Longley's Book of Gardening. --
Gibson, upon Horses the latest Edition in Quarto --
Half a dozn. pair of Men's neatest Shoes and Pumps, to be made by one
Didsbury on Colo. Baylors Last; but a little larger than this and to
have high Heels.
6 pr. Mens riding Gloves rather large than the middle size.
One neat Pocket Book, capable of receiving Memorandoms & small
Cash Accts. to be made of Ivory, or any thing else that will admit of
cleaning. --
Fine Soft: Calf Skin for a pair of Boots --
Ben leathr. for Soles.
Six Bottles of Greenhows Tincture.
Order from the best House in Madeira a Pipe of the best Old Wine, and
let it be Secur'd from Pilferers.
Dear Sir: Your Letter of the 9th. of Septr. Inclosing a Copy of your former of the 5th. July preceeding came to my hands about the first of March last: I am glad that the several Bills remitted you were accepted; I had no Cause to doubt their goodness, but we notwithstanding are often deceiv'd. I now Inclose you one for £40.9. as I find Mr. Knox has sold my Tobo. for about one third part of its value, and Mr. Bacon that which
The Short Crops last year puts it out of my power to Ship you any Tobo. this; I made very little myself, and none is to be bought Under 50/pr. ct. I shall shortly take an oppertunity of remitting you another Bill as I don't know how our Acct. stands Ballanc'd.
'Till I hear from you, I have nothing worth mentioning, I have quit a Military Life; and Shortly shall be fix'd at this place with an agreable Partner, and then shall be able to conduct my own business with more punctuality than heretofore as it will pass under my own immediate Inspection; a thing Impractacable while I discharg'd my Duty in the Publick Service of the Country, I am, etc.
Gentn: In a Letter which I wrote you the first of last Month was Inclos'd an Invoice of Sundries which I then was, and still am, much in need of. If those Goods shou'd not be Ship'd before this Letter gets to hand pray add to your purchase the things which you will find on the other side and send them as there directed.
I shall find occasion to write you fully by the Fleet and Inclosing a list of Sundries that will be wanted for the Estates use, and till then I shall forbear to trouble you with particulars, as I shall expect also by that time to get some Acct. of the Sales of the Estates Tobo. sent you, and an Acct. Currt. as this last is necessary for me to compare with my own Accts. in order to a satisfactory Settlement with our Genl. Court I entreat you to be punctual in sending me one Spring and Fall yearly.
I shall keep the Estate under the same direction as formerly, neither altering the managers, kind of Tobo. or manner of
In my last among other things I desir'd you wou'd send me (besides a Small Octavo volume) the best System now extent of Agriculture; since which I have been told that there is one lately publish'd; done by various hands, but chiefly collected from the Papers of Mr. Hale 9 If this is known to be the best pray send it but not if any other is in higher Esteem. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note:Probably Thomas Hale's A Compleat Body of Husbandry, published by T. Osborne (London: 1758-59). ]
Gentn: It will be needless I presume, unless it be for Formsake, to tell you so long after the thing has happen'd, of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; you doubtless have heard of it before this can reach you, but as I thought proof might be requisite I sent over the Ministers certificate (which I was told was sufficient testimony) to Messr. Cary & Compa. and to that I also refer you for your further satisfaction on this point.
I must now desire that you will please to address all your Letters which relate to the Affairs of the Deceas'd Colo. Custis to me as by Marriage I am entitled to a third part of that Estate, and invested with the care of the other two thirds by a Decree of our Genl. Court which I obtain'd in order to strengthen the power I before had in Consequence of my Wiles Administration.
Your several Letters of last Year that are unanswer'd bearing date the 6th. July, 12th. Septr. and 26th. Deer. now lye before me, and I shall take notice of them accordingly; but give me leave in the first place to condole with you, and I do it very sincerely, on the Death of your Relation and Partner, John Hanbury Esqr. The 28 Hogsheads Tobacco Ship'd you pr. the King of Prussia has not only fallen short very greatly of the Sales of those Consign'd Mr. Cary, but even of your own Sales in other years which I am the more surpriz'd at as Tobo. was scarce that year and I assur'd by the Manager of that belonging to the Estate that it pass'd thro their hands in the same good Order as usual, and that it was of the same kind and Quality.
I hope your next will Account for the Tobo. taken in the Anna Pink which I think has long remain'd in an undeterminate state.
Dunbars Lawsuit is again brought to Virginia; what the Reports might be that were spread to your prejudice I really know not for my own part I shou'd never harbour a Suspicion of any Gentlm. who is charged with the management of a Suit of that Importance. It wou'd be very disengenuous, and dishonourable; give it no worse a name, first to undertake, and then neglect a Cause that so nearly Affects the Interest of a distant friend, and Antient Corrispondant and therefore you stand fully acquitted in my Eye.
The exceeding short Crops of Tobo. last year render's it impractacable for me to Ship you any this Summer; next, as things wears a favourable aspect at present I shall possibly have it in my power to do it; but give me leave to add here, that Duty to the charge which I am entrusted as well as self Interest will induce me to abide by the Merchants who shews the greatest Exertion in the Sales of my own and the Estates Tobo. which will be made under the same direction, and without altering the kind or manner of treating unless you can advise a better method of making it sell well.
I cannot help expressing some little Surprize at not receiving your Acct. Currt. with the Estate when I find it requir'd in almost every Letter that has been wrote you since Colo. Custis's Death and as often promis'd by you. I must once more require in the strongest terms that it may be sent half yearly from the time of that Gentlemans Death, that by comparing these with his Books I may be able to make out clear and Satisfactory Accts. to Our Genl. Court and that they also be punctualy sent Spring and Fall for the time to come, I am, etc. 10
[Note:On September 20 Washington again wrote Hanbury practically a duplicate of this letter of June 12. and on November 30 another of practically the same tenor. ]
Sir: Doubtless before this you have heard of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; but the Inclos'd is the Ministers certificate of that Marriage, and will serve to evince it, be pleas'd therefore for the future to address all your Letters which relate to the Estate of the late Danl. P. Custis, Esqr. to me, as I am, besides my property therein invested by a Decree of Our Genl. Court w' the care of the rest.
Before me now lye your fav'rs of the 13th. of June 1758 and 21st. Feby. following Inclosing an Invoice of Sundrys which have been all deliver'd except the Crate of Stone Ware, and this I don't know as yet who to look to for; in your former you Speak of Accts. of Sales being sent for 16 Hhds. Tobo. Ship'd you by the Gildart Captn. Mulloy and five others by the Hare but whether you forgot to Inclose them, or they have been misplac'd since their arrival I can't take upon me to determine but certain it is, that neither of them are to be found I must therefore desire you will transmit me Copies of them by the first Vessell and at the same time send me the Accts. Currt., this you have in several Letters promis'd to do but none has ever yet appear'd. I want them every half yearly since Colo. Custis's death that by comparing them with his Books I may render Satisfactory Accts. to Our Genl. Court of my Wifes Administration and I hope for the future you will be punctual in observing it.
I cant imagine how it happens that the last Tobo. Ship'd you sh'd be of a worse quality than formerly; the Overseers all Affirm to me that the Tobo. was of the same kind and quality here, however I am perswaded you have before this made the most of it and we must therefore be satisfied. The exceeding short Crop last year in genl. and the little made by this Estate in particular puts it out of my power to Consign you any Tobo. this Summer, but the promising appearance that the present Crop assumes may enable me to do it next if your Sales will justifie me in it. I apprehend an occasion of writing to you as formerly [for] Goods for the Estates use and I shall take an oppertunity of doing so accordingly sometime this Summer, at present I have only to add that, I am Sir, etc. 11
[Note:On September 20 Washington wrote to Gildart practically a duplicate of this letter of June 12. ]
Gentln: By the Fair American William Thompson Master a Ship belonging to -- I send you fifteen Hhds. Tobo. the whole Amount of the Estates Crop this Year; one tho only excepted, which I cou'd not get on board in time as it lay up Pamunky River. Be pleas'd therefore to Insure the above fifteen Hhds. in the usual manner for the Estates Interest, and being perswaded you are the best Judge of this, I leave it to your Descretion to fix upon a Sum. I am, etc.
Gentn: I shall draw upon you in a few days to the Amount of about £150 in two setts of Exchange: the one payable to Messrs. Champe and Hunter of Virginia and the other to Mr. Richd. Washington of London. I did not think it amiss to give you this earliest Advice (via Whitehaven) of my Intentions but shou'd not have doubted your Acceptance of my Bills without it as I in a former of the 12th. June advertis'd you of my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis Relict of Danl. P. Custis Esqr. deceas'd by which I am empower'd to draw for the Estates money in your hands. I am Gentn., etc.
Gentn: This will make the fourth Letter I have wrote to you since my Marriage with Mrs. Martha Custis; the two first serv'd to cover Invoices of such Goods I wanted, and to advise you at the same time of the change in her Affairs, and how
I shall now endeavour to take notice of such parts of your Letters, as require answering, and then advise what is needful to be done as matters are Circumstanc'd at present. In regard to the former, there remains no great deal to be said, unless you will permit me to condemn your premature Sales of the Estates Tobo. by Whelden in wch I shou'd have thought a little delay w'd have appear'd absolutely advisable for another Reason besides that mention'd by you of an additional Duty taking place and th't was the great Demand of Tobo. and rising price in the Country of w'ch you cou'd not be unadvis'd from your Corrispondants in Virginia; however I dare say you did for the best, and we must therefore be satisfied; and in this place, as an Individual give me leave to offer you my thanks for the Opposition you made to this Duty, had all y'r Brethren in the Trade merited our acknowledgm'ts in the same manner this duty, probably, might never have been laid. I remark the pains you take to shew the Impropriety of pay'g the Duty of the Estates Tobo.; when money is want'g it can't be expected, but when a Sum lyes in your hands it sh'd certainly be applied that way as far as it will go. I likewise observe the Difficulties you have met with in settling for the Interest of the Bank Stock, but I hope that is now over, unless any part or the whole shou'd require transferring (when a division of the Estate is made) and then timely notice will be given, but till this happens, it may be receiv'd and plac'd to the Estates Credit in the usual manner.
>From this time it will be requisite, that you shou'd raise three Accounts; One for me, another for the Estate, and a third for Miss Patty Custis; or if you think it more eligable and I believe it will, make me Debtor on my own Acct. for Jno. Parke
The Tobo. per the Fair American will make its appearance I apprehend in a very irregular manner. Captn. Talman first engag'd it to be sent by the Cary, then by the Randolph; and being disappointed in both I had to seek for a Conveyance myself and by mere good luck got it on board Captn. Thompson but not till I had first been at the trouble and expence of Carting it across from York to James River for his Craft to take it in. The Vessel being upon the point of sailing at that time a Gentleman at Norfolk where she lay promis'd to receive the Bills of Lading and send them by different oppertunities under cover to you, but loosing my Memm. wrote to me a Month afterwards for fresh directions which I suppose did not reach him till some time after the Vessel had Sail'd. I shall endeavour to put what Tobacco I can on Board the Cary, as I understand she is to wait for the New Crop; it will be needless I am persuaded to bespeak your best care in the Sales of it as you must be sensible the present high price of Tobo. gives us room to expect extraordinary returns for this years produce so early Ship'd.
I am possess'd of several Plantations on this River (Potomack) and the fine Lands of Shenandoah, and shou'd be glad if you wou'd ingenuously tell me what prices I might expect you to render for Tobacco's made thereon of the same seed of that of the Estate's and manag'd in every respect in the same manner as the best Tobacco's on James or York River's axe. I ask this question for my own private Information, and my Shipping of these Crops will be govern'd in a great measure by the answer you may give; therefore you will excuse me I hope, if I again desire the favour of you to take some pains to inform yourselves exactly, because shou'd the prices differ from those of the Estate I might possibly think myself deceiv'd and be disgusted of Course.
Please to send the Goods contain'd in the Inclos'd Invoices and charge them as their directed. I flatter myself that particular care will be taken in choosing them, the want of which gives some Tradesmen an oppertunity of Imposing upon us most Vilely. The Coarse Goods for the Estates use are order'd from Liverpool this year, all but the Plaid Hose and these I beg you will cause to be sent from Glasgow in the usual manner and number directed to the care of Mr. Joseph Valentine or person managing the Estates business York River. I am Gentn. &c. 12
[Note:The letter sent is in the University of Chicago Library; the "Letter Book" copy, in Washington's writing, is in the Washington Papers, Library of Congress. ]
A Light Summer Suit made of Duroy
or &ca. by the Measure.
4 pieces best India Nankeen.
2 best pln Beaver Hats, at 21 s.
1 ps. of Irish Linnen at 4 s.
4 ps binding Tape.
6 [M ] Miniken Pins.
6 [M ] Short Whites.
6 [M ] Corking Pins.
1 [M ] hair Ditto.
1 ps. black 60. Sattin Ribbon.
1 Sword Belt, red Morocco or Buff; no buckles or Rings.
4 lb. Ivory Black.
2 best two bladed Knives.
2 pr good Horse Scissars.
½Rheam good Post Paper, cut.
½Rheam good Do. 4to. do.
A Salmon-coloured Tabby 13
[Note:Tabby was a watered silk material, or an imitation thereof. ]of the Inclosed Pattern, with Sattin Flowers, to be made in a Sack and Coat.
1 Cap, handf, Tucker, and Ruffles, to be made of Brussels Lace, or Point, proper to wear with the above negliglee, to cost £20.
1 ps. Bag Holland at 6 s.
2 fine flowered Lawn Aprons.
2 dble handkerchiefs.
1 pr. Woman's white Silk Hose.
6 pr Do. fine Cotton Do.
4 pr thr. Do. 4 thd.
1 pr bla; and 1 pr white Sattan Shoes, of the Smallest fives.
4 pr. Callimanca Ditto.
1 fashil Hatt, or Bonnett.
6 pr Women's best kid Gloves
6 pr Ditto Mitts.
½dozn Knots, and breast Knots.
1 dozn round silk Laces.
1 black Mask.
1 dozn most fash: Cambrick Pockt Handfs.
2 pr neat Small Scissars.
1 lb. Sewing Silk Shaded.
¼lb. Ditto., cloth colourd, Ditto.
6 lb. perfumd Powder.
3 lb. best Scotch Snuff.
3 lb. best violette Strasburg.
8 lb. Starch.
2 lb. powderd Blue.
2 oz. Coventry thrd, 1 of wch to be very fine.
1 ps. narrw white Sattan Ribbon, Pearle Edge.
1 Case of Pickles, to consist of Anchovies, Capers, Olives, Salid Oyl, and 1 Bottle India Mangoes.
1 large Cheshire Cheese.
4 lb. Green Tea.
10 groce best Corks.
25 lb. best Jarr Raisons.
25 lb. Almonds in the Shell.
1 Hogshead best Porter.
10 loaves dble and 10 Single Refind Sugar
6 Strong Halters, Hempen Reins.
3 best Snaffle Bridles.
3 best Girths.
25 lb. Crown Soap.
12 lb. best Mustard.
2 dozn packs playg. Cards.
2 Sacks of best English Oats.
1 dozn painter's Brushes.
1 Bushel of Tares.
12 bst hard Padlocks.
1½ dozn Bell Glasses for Garden.
1 Mahogany Close Stool Case in the Newest taste wt. place for Chamber pot &ca.
2 more Chair Bottoms, such as were written for in a formr In.
1 more Windw Curtn and Cornish.
100 lb. white Bisquett
3 Galn of Rhenish in pt. Bottles.
2 Lanthorns.
8 Busts, according to the Inclosd directin and Measure.
25 yds. broadCloth, of the Inclosd Colour, to cost abt 7/6
15 yds. coarse thick dble, some Colr.
6 yds. Scarlet brdCloth, @ 8/6.
30 yds red Shalloon.
20 dozn white Washd Coat Buttns.
12 dozn Waistt. Ditto.
Twist, thread, Silk, &c. Sufft. to make up the above Cloth.
40 Yds. of coarse Jeans or fustian, for Summer Frocks for Negroe Servts.
1 ps. Irish Linnen @ ⅓.
1 ps. Dowlas, 14
[Note:A coarse linen cloth, supposed to have been named from Doullens, in the Somme Department, France. In the eighteenth century Yorkshire and southern Scotland furnished the greatest quantity. ]at 10 d.
1 ½ dozn pr strong Coarse thrd. Hose fit for Negroe Servts.
6 Caster Hatts, at abt 5/.
2 Postilian Caps.
1 dozn pr coarse Shoe and knee buckles.
450 Ells Osnabrigs.
4 ps brown Rolls.
350 yds. Kendall Cotton.
100 yds. Dutch Blanketts.
2 ps fearnought 15
[Note:A thick cloth with a long pile used for winter clothing. That woven at the Leeds mills was well known. It was also called dreadnought. ]
8 dozn pr Plaid Hose sorted.
1 Jointer.
4 dozn Monmouth Caps.
20 lb. brown thread.
15 lb. best Shoemaker's Ditto.
20 Sacks Salt.
2 Casks 8 d. Nails 2 Ditto 10 d. Ditto
10 [M ] . 20 d. Ditto; 20 M. 8 d. Ditto
20 [M ] . 4 d. Ditto
6 Spades.
200 lb. German Steel.
2 dozn best Sickles.
6 best White's handsaws.
6 best Broad Axes.
6 House Adzes.
2 dozn box Gimblets.
6 pr Steel Compasses.
1 dozn Augers sorted, from 2 Inches to half an Inch.
1 Cowper's Taper Bitt.
1 Ditto Croe.
1 Ditto doweling Bitt.
1 Ditto Wimble Ditto
1 Ditto Vice.
1 Ditto pr large Compasses.
1 Ditto Jointer; 1 Ditto Adze.
1 Ditto Round Shave.
1 Ditto Howell.
1 Wheel Rights Buz.
1 Ditto large Gouge.
1 Ditto Centre Bitt.
2 dozn pr HL. Hinges.
25 lb. Glen.
2 xcut Saws.
12 Inch Chissels.
3 lb. Bird Lyme.
2 long Plains; 2 Jack Ditto.
4 Smoothing Do.
10 pr Hollows and Rounds.
4 two Square Asticles
6 Ogees.
3 pr of Groving Plains.
1 Snipes Bill.
4 Quarter Rounds.
4 Sash Plains; 3 bead Ditto.
6 Ovelos; 1 Plow and Irons.
1 moving Philester.
1 Screw Rabbit Plain
1 Square Ditto.; 3 raising Ditto.
1 Spring Brase and Bits Compleat.
1 Turkey Oyl Stone.
1 Panell Saw; 1 Tenant Ditto.
1 Compass Ditto; 1 Sash Ditto.
1 dozn firmers.
1 dozn gouges.
6 Morticing Chissels.
1 Adze; 1 Drawing knife.
2 pr Compasses; 2 Rules.
2 Chalk lines.
1 Small hatchett.
2 punches; 2 Saw Setts.
2 dozn Gimblets.
3 dozn Plain Irons.
6 Rasps, 2 of a Sort.
2 dozn handsaw Files.
2 Ditto. of Tenant Ditto.
6 Bottles Turlingtons Balsam.
8 Oz. Spirit of Lavender.
½lb. Ipecacuane powderd.
½lb. Jallop powderd.
12 Oz. Venice Treacle.
4 Oz. best Rhubarb.
12 Oz. Diascordium.
6 lb. Oyl Turpentine.
2 lb. Spirits of Ditto.
5 lb. White Sugar Candy.
10 lb. brown Ditto.
1 lb. Barley Sugar.
2 lb. Linseed Oyl, cold drawn.
4 lb. Allam.
1 lb. Spirma. Citi.
4 Oz. Tincture of Myrrh.
4 Oz. Balsum Sulpher.
4 Oz. Pulvus Basilic.
2 Oz. Mer. Dulcis.
4 Oz. Salvolatic.
10 Oz. Hartshorne Shavings.
2 Quarts strong Cinamon Water.
2 Ditto Weak Ditto. N.B. All Liquids in dble flint B:
40 s. Worth of Medicines for Fariery, among wch let there be
4 lb. flower of Brimstone.
4 lb. Anniseeds.
4 lb. Carthamus.
5 lb. Syrup of Colts foot.
2 lb. Diapente.
5 lb. black Soap.
4 lb. Cummin Seeds.
4 lb. Fenugreek.
2 lb. juice of Liquorace.
4 lb. long Pepper.
Directions for the Busts.
4. one of Alexr the Great; another of Julius Cæsar; anr. of Chs. 12. Sweden; and a 4th of the King of Prussia.
N.B. these are not to exceed 15 Inchs in hight, nor 10 in width.
4 lb. Pearl Barley.
4 Sago.
4 Oz. Balsam Capevi.
5 Oz. Liquid Laudanum.
5 Oz. Spirits Sal Armoniac.
5 Oz. Spirits Hartshorn.
4 Oz. Spanish Flies.
2 other Busts, of Prince Eugene and the Duke of Marlborh, somewhat smaller.
2 Wild Beasts, not to exceed 12 inches in hight, nor 18 in length.
Sundry Small Ornaments for chimy piece. 16
[Note:In March, 1760, a vessel brought over the following statuettes and ornaments, and Washington copied the invoice accompanying them into his "Invoice Book":
A Groupe of Aeneas carrying his Father out of Troy, with four statues, viz. his Father Anchises, his wife Creusa and his son, Ascanius, neatly finisht and bronzed with copper,
£3. 3
Two Groupes, with two statues each of Bacchus & Flora, finisht neat, & bronzed with copper, £2, 2 each
4. 4
Two ornamented vases with Faces and Festoons if Grapes and vine Leaves, finished neat & bronzed with copper
2.2
The above for ye Chimney Piece.
Two Lyons after the antique Lyons in Italy, finished neat and bronzed with copper, £1. 5 each
2.10
These is the best ornaments I could possibly make for the chimney piece, And of all the wild beasts as coud be made, there is none better than the Lyons. The manner of placing them on ye chimney piece should be thus:
A groupe of --
Flora
Vase --
Aeneas --
Vase --
Groupe of
Bacchus
There is no Busts of Alexander ye Great, (none at all of Charles 12th of Sweden,) Julius Cæsar, King of Prussia, Prince Eugene, nor Duke of Marlborough, of the size desired; and to make models would be very expensive -- at least 4 guineas each. But I can make Busts exactly to the size wrote for (15 inches) and very good ones, at the rate of 16/each of: Homer, Virgil, Horace, Cicero, Plato, Aristotle, Seneca, Galens, Vestall, Virgin Faustina, Chaucer, Spencer, Johnson, Shakespear, Beaumont, Fletcher, Milton, Prior, Pope, Congreve, Swift, Addison. Dryden, Locke, Newton.
William Cheere was the London art dealer of whom the busts were ordered. ]
1 ps. Irish Holland @ 4/.
2 yds fine Cambrick @ 10/.
6 pockt Handf, small and fine.
8 yds. fine printed Linnen at 3/6.
1 pc Irish Holland @ 4/.
2 Ells fine Holland @ 10/.
6 pr. Gloves; 2 Lacd Hatts.
2 ps. India Nankeen.
6 pr. fine thrd Stockings..
4 pr. Courser Ditto.
6 pr Worsted Ditto
4 pr. strong Shoes; 4 pr Pumps.
1 Sumr Suit of Cloathes, to be made of something light and Thin.
3 fine Ivory Combs; 2 horn Do. and 2 Brushs.
1 ps. black hair Ribbon.
1 pr handsome Silver Shoe and knee Buckles.
10/. worth of Toys.
6 little books for Childn begg. to Read.
1 Oz. 8 d. thread; 1 Oz. 12 d. Ditto
1 Oz. 2/. Ditto; 1 Oz. 3/. Ditto
½lb. Whited brown thrd.
1 light duffel Cloak with Silver Frogs.
8 pr kid Mitts; 4 pt. Gloves.
2 pr Silk Shoes.
4 pr Callimanca Do.; 4 pr Leathr Pumps.
6 pr fine thread Stockings.
4 pr. Worsted Do.
½ ps. flowerd Dimety.
2 yds. fine Cambrick @ 10/.
2 Caps, 2 pr. Ruffles, 2 Tuckers, Bibs, and Aprons, if fashionable.
2 fans; 2 Masks; 2 Bonnets.
2 [M ] . large Pins; 2 [M ] . short Whites.
2 [M ] . Minekins; 1 Cloth Cloak.
1 Stifened Coat of Fashl. Silk, made to Pack thread Stays.
6 yds. Ribbon; 2 Necklaces.
1 pr. Silvr Sleeve Buttns, with Stones.
1 Fash.-drest Baby 10/.; and other Toys 10/.
6 Pocket handkerchiefs, 17
[Note:In March, 1759, Washington received, among other things, from Unwin & Co., toy maker, of London:
A Childs Fiddle
1/
No. 3 A Coach and
6 in a box2/
5 A Corn'r Cupboard
2/
7 A filligree
Watch &ca.2/6
9 A Childs Huzzitt
2/
No. 2 A Stable w' 6
horses2/6
4 A Neat Walnut
Bureau5/
6 A Toy Whip
6d
8 A Neat Enamld
Watch box3/6In August of the same year he received from Philip Bell, London upholsterer:
A Neat Mahay. Marbl: Couch with a Roll head and
Leather. Casters to Ditto, stufft up in the best
mannr. and Covd. with black Leathr., quilted, best
princes Metal Nails, Boulster and 2 pillows, fittd
w' Goose Feathers.£7and from Richard Farrel & Co:
1 pair Branches and Candlesticks with flowers
1/10
1 pair ditto ditto
/21 pair Seasons, and 1 pair Music's figures for Ditto
1/11 Sweet meat stand
10/All of these were shipped through Robert Cary & Co. ]
[Note:Widow of John Dandridge and mother of Martha Washington. ]
1 Piece of handsome purples and White Calica
2 Yards of Cambrick to Cost15/pr. yd.
2 Millenet Lawn Aprons, 1 to cost 15/the other 10/.
3 Millenet Lawn Handkerchiefs dble. to cost each 6/.
2 yd. Millenet Lawna 6/.
7 yds. Edginga 4/.
6 yds. fashionable grave Ribbon.
6 purple and White printed Cambk. Pockt. Handf.
1 pr. black Satten Shoes -- small Sixes
2 pr. Woman's Kid Gloves.
2 pt. Ditto Mitts
The above things to be pack'd in a small Trunk and Consign'd to the above Lady with Invoice and Cost and a Copy thereof Inclos'd to Go. Washington.
Dear Sir: Inclos'd you will receive a Bill (promis'd in my last of the 7th. May) which please to receive and place to my Credit, Since mine of the above date your agreable favour of the 26th. March covering Invoice of Sundries pt. the desire is come to hand as has the Goods also in good Order which is more than most of the Importers by that Ship can boast great part of her Cargo being damagd; thro' the Negligence tis said of the Captain.
My Brother is safe arriv'd but little benifitted in point of Health by his Trip to England. The longing desire, which for many years I have had of visiting the great Matrapolis of that
The Scale of Fortune in America is turn'd greatly in our favour, and Success is become the boon Companion of our Fortunate Generals. Twoud be folly in me to attempt particularising their Action's since you receive Accts. in a Channel So much more direct than from hence.
I am now I believe fixd at this Seat with an agreable Consort for Life and hope to find more happiness in retirement than I ever experienc'd amidst a wide and bustling World; I thank you heartily for your Affectionate Wishes; why wont you give me an occasion of Congratulating you in the same manner? None wou'd do it with more cordiality, and true sincerity than, Dear Sir, &c.
Pay Mr. John Moory or Robt. Cary Esqr. all Dividends now due, or shall hereafter become due £1650 Bank Stock standing in the name Jno. Custis decd. and this shall be your Sufficient Warrant.
Go:
WASHINGTON
&
MARTHA WASHINGTON
late wife of
Danl. Parke Custis Decd. 19
[Note:The original is in the possession of the Bank of England. A photostat, obtained by Mr. E. E. Prussing. is in the Washington Papers. ]
Gentln: Sometime this Week I expect to get on board the Cary for your House Fifty Hhds. Tobacco of my own and John Parke Custis; which please to ensure in the usual manner. I shall also by the same Ship send you ten or twelve Hhds. more if I can get them on board in time, but this I believe will be Impractacable if Captn. Falman uses that Dispatch in Loading which he now has in his power to do. My Goods pr. Captn. Yates are arriv'd in James River and I am oblig'd to you for your Deligence in sending them. I am Gentln., etc.
Gentln: On Board a Ship of Mr. Mills's (Virga.) call'd the Deliverance I have Ship'd 20 Hhds. Tobo. for your House which please to Insure in the usual manner; and sell to the best Advantage of Gentln. Yr. etc.
Gentn: By the George andCaptns. Richardson and Nicks who saild with the Fleet in September last I sent Invoices of such Goods as were wanting for myself Estate &cta. but knowing that the Latter unfortunately founderd at Sea soon after her Departure from Virginia and that the former may probably have sufferd by that Storm or some other accident, by which means my Letters &cta would miscarry I take this oppertunity by way of Bristol of addressing Copies of them, and over and above the things there wrote for to desire the favour Page 339 of you to send me a neat Grait (for Coal or small Faggots) in the newest taste and of a Size to fit a Chimney abt. 3 feet wide and two Deep, and a fender suited to Ditto, Steel I believe are most usd at present; also send me a New Market Great Coat with a loose hood to it made of Blew Drab or broad Cloth with Straps before according to the present taste, let it be made of such Cloth as will turn a good Shower of Rain and made long, and fit in other respects for a Man full 6 feet high and proportionately made, possibly the Measure sent for my other Cloths may be a good direction to these. Please to add also to the things Orderd for Mrs. Dandridge 12 yds. of Silver cold. Armozeen or Ducape and cause it to be packd up with the Rest of her things chargd with them &ca.
Five Days ago I dropt a Letter at Williamsburg, to take the first Conveyance to you, desiring Insurance on 50 Hhds Tobo pt. the Cary since then I have got 4 more Inspected and all on Float ready to deliver at the Ships side You will therefore Insure that quantity and dispose of them in the best manner for Our Interest. If Captn. Talman uses that Dispatch in Loading of his Vessell which I am sure he now has in his power to do this Tobo. wl come to a very good Market I hope.
It is almost as much trouble and expence getting Goods from any of the Rivers round to Potomack as the Original Charges of Shipping them amounts to, unless they are committed to the charge of very careful Captains who has an Interest in forwarding. I should be glad therefore if you woud take the oppertunity of some Ship to that River of sending my Goods for the Future.
Your favour of the 6th. Augt. I have had the pleasure of receiving, and acknowledge myself particularly obligd to you for your polite Congratulations on my Marriage, as I likewise am for your Dispatch of my Goods. I am Gentn.
[Note:A shoemaker of London. ]
Sir: The first Shoes which I desir'd might be made by you for me, on Colo. Baylors Last are come in, and fit me tolerably well except that some of them are (if any thing) rather too short; as I imagine you will now be able to suit my foot exactly I beg you will for the future observe the following Directions in making the Shoes.
Let the hind Quarters always be high and very short so that they may Buckle high up on the Instep; the Heels midling high also.
Never more make any of Dog leather except one pair of Pumps in a Cargoe (which let be very neat) unless you send better Leather than they were made of before, for the two pair of Shoes scarcely lasted me twice as many days and had very fair wearing. If I shou'd find occasion to alter at any time these Directions you shall be timely advis'd of it, at present please to send me: 2 pair strong Shoes 1 pt. dble. Channel Pumps 2 pt. neat and fine Do. 1 pt. very neat turn'd Ditto
Mr. Cary will pay the Cost and I am Sir, etc.
[Note:From the Diaries of George Washington (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union (Boston: 1925).) The more important entries are here included. ]
January. Tuesday. 1. Visited my Plantations and receiv'd an Instance of Mr. French's 22 great love of Money in disappointing me of some Pork, because the price had risen to 22/6, after he had engaged to let me have it at 20/. Call'd at Mr. Possey's 23
[Note:Daniel French, of Fairfax County, son of Daniel French, of King George County. ]
[Note:Capt. John Posey owned land and lived just below Mount Vernon. A ferry ran from his place to that of Thomas Marshall, in Maryland, now known as Marshall Hall. Washington acquired Posey's land in 1769, and this part of the Mount Vernon estate was afterwards referred to as the Ferry farm. ]
Wednesday, 2d. Mrs. Barnes 24 who came to visit Mrs. Washington yesterday returnd home in my Chariot, the weather being too bad to travel in an open Carriage, which, together with Mrs. Washington's Indisposition, confind me to the House and gave me an opportunity of Posting my Books and putting them in good order. Fearing a disappointment elsewhere in Pork, I was fain to take Mr. French's upon his own terms & engagd them to be deliv'd at my House on Monday next.
[Note:Mrs. Sarah Barnes, wife of Abraham Barnes, daughter of Col. William Ball, of Northumberland County, Va. ]
Thursday, 3d. The Weather continuing Bad & ye same causes subsisting I confind myself to the House. Morris 25 who went to work yesterday caught cold, and was laid up bad again, and several of the Family were taken with the Measles, but no bad Symptoms seemd to attend any of them. Hauled the Sein and got some fish, but was near being disappointd. of my Boat by means of an Oyster Man who had lain at my Landing and plagud me a good deal by his disorderly behaviour.
[Note:Israel Morris, overseer at the Dogue Run farm. ]
Sunday, 6th. The Chariot not returng. time enough from Colo. Fairfax's we were prevented from Church. Mrs. Washington was a good deal better to day but the Oyster Man still continuing his Disorderly behavior at my Landing, I was obligd in the most preemptory manner to order him and his compy. away which he did not incline to obey till next morning.
Friday, February 15th. Went to a Ball at Alexandria, where Musick and Dancing was the chief Entertainment. However in a convenient Room detached for the purpose abounded great plenty of Bread and Butter, some Biscuits, with Tea and Coffee, which the Drinkers of coud not Distinguish from hot water sweetned.
Be it remembered that pockethandkerchiefs servd the purposes of Table Cloths & Napkins and that no Apologies were made for either.
The Proprietors of this Ball were Messrs. Carlyle, Laurie and Robt. Wilson, 26 but the Doctr. not getting it conducted agreeable to his own taste would claim no share of the merit of it. I shall therefore distinguish this Ball by the Stile and title of the Bread and Butter Ball.
[Note:Col. John Carlyle, at whose house the Washingtons stayed overnight; Dr. James Laurie, who denied responsibility for the ball; and Robert Wilson, also of Alexandria. ]
We lodged at Colo. Carlyles.
[Note:Washington was at Williamsburg when he wrote this letter. ]
Gentln: On Board the Russia Merchant Captn. Boyes I send you fifteen Hogheads of my own and Jno. P. Custis's Tobo. which please to Insure in the usual manner. By mistake four of the Fifty four Hhds intended you by the Cary were left out (serving now to make up the Fifteen Hogsheads) I suppose the Insurance of them may be withdrawn.
Please to send by the first Ship to York River 28 two Seins directed to the care of Mr. Joseph Valentine 29 and charge them
[Note:In the invoice of March, 1760, from Robert Cary & Co., is an item of --
2 Seins 35 fathoms long each, each 20 feet deep all through, made of the best 3
thd. laid twine, small Inch Meshes, hung loose on the lines and well
fixd with Leads and Corks.7 lb. of fine 3 thrd. laid Twine:
from Unwin & Wrigglesworth --
A Tunbridge Tea Sett
¼3 Neat Tunbridge Toys
1/A Neat Book lash Tea Chest
4/6A Bird on Bellows
5d.A Cuckoo
10d.A turnabout Parrot
⅓A Grocers Shop
5/
and from Mount & Page --
6 Small Books for Children
3/.A Box best Household Stuff
4/6A Straw patch box wt. a Glass
2/A Neat dressd Wax Baby
3/6An Aviary
⅓A Prussian Dragoon
⅓A Man Smoakg.
1/.
]
[Note:Joseph Valentine was overseer of the Custis York River plantation. ]
[Note:A merchant of Bristol, England. ]
Sir: Captn. Cawsey at the time he receivd my Tobo. wrote me, that he shoud be in these parts before he Saild in order to give Bills of Lading and receive Letters for your House. But I suppose the Captns. business render'd it inconvenient for him to do so, and my not seeing, nor hearing from him since; and getting no Bills of Lading at all, must plead an excuse for my silence till now.
He has doubtless informd you that I had Eight Hogsheads on Board the Tyger, which please to sell to the best advantage, and out of the proceeds pay Mr. Knox 31 the Sterling Sum of Fifty one pounds five Shillings and Eleven pence, balle. of my Account with him.
[Note:Thomas Knox, also a Bristol merchant. ]
I have once or twice in my Life been very sensibly disappointed in the Sales of some Tobacco's; and that in Bristol, which obliges me to add, that if these Eight Hhds dont fetch the Amount of Mr. Knox's Account I must nevertheless desire the favour of you to discharge it, and draw for the Balle. on Robt. Cary Esqr. and Corn. London, who will immediately pay what you may advance on my behalf. I am Sir, etc.
By the Nugent Only, Capt. Copithorn Copy, By Captn. Littledale, in the Hero
Dear Sir: Colo. Fairfax's departure for England in a Ship for London, affords me the best opportunity imaginable to acknowledge the Receipt of your favors of the 22d Novr., 12th. Decr. and 26 March, which are all the letters I have received from you since those taken notice of in mine of the 20th. of Septr. last.
I must confess that my disappointment in the Sales of my Tobo. per Couzens, was a very sensible one, having seen no Accts. of Tobaccos by that Ship (till then) under £12 pr. Hhd., and few, very few indeed, that did not averige 14, and from that to 15 and 16 pounds pr. Hhd: mine being all Sweetscented and neatly managed, left me no room to suspect coming in at the Fall of the Market. The discouraging Sales I have generally got for all Tobos. Shipped of my own growth, has induced me to dispose of my last year's Crop in the Country, the price being good and certain. but this may not always happen, and while I can Ship without loss I shall always be glad to have it in my power of consigning you a part. I dare say your Account Currt transmitted in Deer. last is very right, altho I shoud have understood it better had you credited me for £50 Insurd on my Tobacco pt. the Integrety, and made me debtor for the Premio, &ca. There is another Article of Interest short £12 which I should be glad to have explaind; if it is for Interest on the money you have lain in Advance for me I am extreamely willing to allow it, thinking it just and never intending to put you to the least Inconvenience on my Account. I hope, before this Letter can have reached you, that you have recovered my loss of Goods retaken in Captn. Down's.
The French are so well Drubd, and seem so much humbled in America, that I apprehend our Generals will find it no difficult matter to reduce Canada to our Obedience this Summer, 32 but what may be Montgomery's Fate in the Cherokee Country I wont so readily determine.
[Note:In the year 1759 Ticonderoga had been taken by General Amherst, Niagara by Sir William Johnson, and Quebec had fallen in consequence of the victory of Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham. ]
It seems he has made a prosperous beginning having penetrated into the Heart of the Country, and he is now advancing his Troops in high health and Spirits to the relief of Fort Loudoun. But let him be wary, he has a crafty, Subtil Enemy to deal with that may give him most trouble when he least expects it. 33 We are in pain here for the King of Prussia, and wish Hanover safe, these being Events in which we are much Interested.
[Note:Such proved, in fact, to be the fate of Colonel Montgomery. He marched from South Carolina with a party of regular troops and militia, and was at first successful in destroying several Indian towns, but fell at length into an ambuscade, where the Indians defeated him, with a loss of 20 of his men killed and 71 wounded. He was obliged to retreat and return to South Carolina without making any farther progress. Fort Loudoun (in Pennsylvania), situate on the borders of the Cherokee country, was reduced to the greatest extremity by hunger, and the garrison forced to capitulate on August 6 to the Indians, who agreed to escort the officers and men in safety to another fort. They were, however, made the victims of treachery, for the day after their departure a body of savages waylaid them, killed some, and captured the others, whom they took back to Fort Loudoun. (See Ramsay's History of South Carolina, vol. 1, p. 177, and Gentleman's Magazine (1760), pp. 393, 442, 541.) ]
My indulging myself in a trip to England depends upon so many contingencies, (which, in all probability, may never happen) that I dare not even think of such a Gratification, than which nothing is more ardently desired; but Mrs. Washington and I both woud think ourselves very happy in the oppertunity of shewing you the Virginia Hospitality, which is the most agreable entertainment we can give, or a Stranger expect to find in an Infant Woody Country, such as ours is. I am, &c.
Gentn: By my friend Mr. Fairfax 34 I take the oppertunity of acknowledging the receipt of your favour pt. Captn. Waker and once since of later date by Capt. Chew. I am very sorry for the Account (given in the latter of the Deliverance being lost. All the Tobacco I had on board her was ? and I dare say woud have disgracd no Market whatever, but accidents of this Nature are common and ought not to be repind at.
[Note:Col. George William Fairfax. ]
We had a very favourable prospect sometime ago of making large Crops of Tobacco, but a continued series of Rain for near 4 Weeks has given a sad turn to our expectations and now I verely believe that unless some very surprising change happens for the better again the Crops will be very short. A great deal of Tobo. being Drownd, and the rest spotting very fast, which is always a consequence of so much Wet Weather.
I hope you will have receivd for the Books retaken in Captn. Downs 35 before this Letter can reach you: they are not intended for ourselves, for which Reason I must get the favour of you to State an Acct. of the Costs with proper Credits that I may know how to settle for them here. I am Gentn. etc.
[Note:Captain Downs's ship had been captured by the French and again recaptured by the English. ]
Gentn: By my Friend Mr. Fairfax I take the oppertunity of acknowledging the Receipts of your several favours that have come to hand since mine of the 30th. of November last, and
Inclosd you are presented with the Memm. for receiving the Interest of the Bank-Stock signd as directed. 36 The Estate not yet being so amply settled as it ought, an entire division has not been made which leaves many matters upon an instable footing, and among the rest the money in your Hands which has not been Assignd to Individuals altho I believe it will Chiefly, it not all fall into my part since it best suits my purposes to have Money that can be Commanded, than money at Interest. However till matters comes to a more conclusive Settlement you may let the Accounts stand as you have stated them, charging each party with their own Drafts and Orders, and letting the Credits remain in favour of the Estate as a Common Stock till further Directions. The Tobacco Shipd pr. the Fair American, Cary, and Russia Merchant may be applied the same way but the present (growing) Crop will be Shipd on my own, and Jno. Parke Custis's particular Accounts (each having our Plantation's allotted Us) and must be applied to Our several Credits as you will be directed; so must all the remittances hereafter to be made.
[Note:See Order on Bank of England, Nov. 16, 1759, ante. ]
The Insurance on the Tobo. pr. Talman 37 was high I think, higher than expected; And here Gentn. I cannot forbear ushering in a Complaint of the exorbitant prices of my Goods this year all of which are come to hand (except those packages put on board Hooper). For many Years I have Imported Goods from London as well as other Ports of Britain and can truely say I never had such a penny worth before. It woud be a needless Task to innumerate every Article that I have cause to
[Note:Washington spells this both Talman and Falman. ]
I must once again beg the favour of you never to send me any Goods but in a Potomack Ship, and for this purpose let me recommend Captn. John Johnson in an annual Ship of Mr. Russels to this River. Johnson is a person I am acquainted with, know him to be very careful and he comes past my Door in his Ship: I am certain therefore of always having my Goods Landed in Good time and Order which never yet has happend when they come into another River: This year the Charming Polly went into Rappahannock and my Goods by her, recd. at different times and in bad order. The Porter entirely Drank out. There came no Invoice of Mrs. Dandridges Goods to me; I suppose it was forgot to be Inclosd.
I was owing Mr. Knox of Bristol a Balle. of £51.5.11 to discharge which, and be out of that Gentns. Debt. I Shipd Mr. Farrel eight Hhds. Tobo. in April last desiring him out of the proceeds to pay the above Sum but if in case (which I thought hardly possible) this Tobo. shoud be insufficient to answer this purpose then for him to draw upon you for what it might fall short; you will please therefore to notice this, and Mrs. Fairfax having kindly undertaken to purchase somethings for Mrs. Washington to the amount I suppose of Fifty or Sixty pounds I must likewise desire the favour of you to pay my Order in
As I shall write to you again by the Fleet I shall decline giving any directions about the Busts tilt then; sometime ago there was a prospect of making a large Crop of Tobacco this Summer but a Series of wet weather for near a Month, with little or no Intermission has causd general Complaints among the Planter and now it is feard that the Crops will be short. The Tobo. in many places being under Water and Drownd, and in other's suffering much by the Spot which is always a Consequence of such Rains.
My Steward on York River writes me that he has receivd the Goods Orderd from Glasgow. Inclosd I address you the Copy of a Letter wrote from Williamsburg in April last, and in a Letter of the 20th. June I advertisd you of two Drafts I had made upon you, the one in favour of Mr. Jno. Addison for £364.19.0 and the other of Mr. William Digges for £304.15.3. These payments were in part for a valuable purchase I had just made of abt. 2000 Acres of Land adjoining this Seat. There are more payments yet to make, and possibly I may have occasion to draw upon you for a further Sum; tho not more I am well perswaded than you have effects to answer. Yet if at any time a prospect of Advantage should lead me beyond this a little I hope their will be no danger of my Bills returning. I mention this rather for a matter of Information (in case of such an Event) than as a thing I ever expect to happen; for my own aversion to running in Debt will always secure me against a Step of this Nature, unless a manifest advantage is likely to be the result of it.
Since writing the foregoing I have added to my Landed purchase, and shall have occasion in a few days to draw upon you
Gentn: Your Letter of the 31st. May Via Bristol came to hand a few days ago; and I take the oppertunity by Captn. Johnston of Inclosing you my Second Bill of Lading, which is all that Captn. Talman gave; as my Steward inforind me. You will find by that there was only 50 Hhds Tobacco Shipd pr. the Cary, four by mistake being left out (as I wrote you in a Letter of the 28th. of April last) which went afterwards in the Russia Merchant with 12 others consignd to yourselves. I hope they are safe arrivd.
By this conveyance, and under the same cover of this Letter, you will receive Invoices of such Goods as are wanting, which please to send as there directed by Captn. Johnston in the Spring; and let me beseech you Gentn. to give the necessary directions for purchasing of them upon the best Terms. It is needless for me to particularise the sorts, quality, or taste I woud choose to have them in unless it is observd; and you may believe me when I tell you that instead of getting things good and fashionable in their several kinds we often have Articles sent Us that coud only have been usd by our Forefathers in the days of yore. 'Tis a custom, I have some Reason to believe, with many Shop keepers, and Tradesmen in Lodon when they know Goods are bespoke for Exportation to palm sometimes old, and sometimes very slight and indifferent Goods upon Us taking care at the same time to advance 10, 15 or perhaps 20 pr. Ct. upon them. My Packages pr. the Polly Captn. Hooper are not yet come to hand, and the Lord only, knows when they will without more trouble than they are worth. As
I now address Copies of my last by Mr. Fairfax, in the Ship Wilson Captn. Coolage; and take occasion again to assure you, that the Crops of Tobacco this year will be shorter than you seem to expect. A very Wet Summer was the Cause of a good deal of Tobacco's drowning in the low Grounds, and of its firing on the high Lands. My Steward on York River writes me that their Expectations in those parts are greatly fallen, mine here is not a little shortned; however, if the Frosts dont take what little I have remaining, I purpose to Ship you 40 or 50 Hhds. of my own Crop from this River, but how much I shall be able to send you from York River I really cant say till I go down there, which will happen in a very few days, and from thence I will write you again. I shall endeavour however to contribute something towards the dispatch of your Ship. The Bill which I thought I shoud have occasion to draw in favour of Mr. Clifton passed my hands the 20th. Ulto. for £30 Sterling. I have neither seen, nor heard, any thing concerning the Salt from Liverpool yet. I am Gentn., etc.
P.S. Since writing the foregoing Letter, I recollect the expediency of having the Bill of Lading mention'd to be Inclos'd in the first part recorded, before I part with it for fear of Accident, this will consequently prevent its going by Johnston; but the first outward bound Ship from York or James River after I get down shall carry it.
Mr. Lawrence: For two years past Messrs. Cary and Company have sent me a suit of Cloaths of your making, that dont fit me so well as I coud wish; this I attribute to some error in the measure that was sent.
Having now occasion for 4 pair Breeches as underneath (for which Mr. Cary will pay you) I have sent another measure for them, taken according to directions of a Taylor here: please to cut them out exactly by it, and if any faults shoud appear, I will endeavour to point them out in my next to you; be so good therefore to keep the Measure; and send me directions how to measure for a Coat. You will please to take Notice that the Inclosd measure is the exact size of the Thigh &ca. because it was taken over a thin, close pair of drawers, and no allowance made. I am Sir, etc.
1 pair Crimson Velvet Breeches
1 pair black silk Ditto
pair black Ditto worsted ditto
1 pair light colourd silk Shag Ditto
Gentn: This serves to cover a Certificate of the Tobo. I Shipd you in the Cary, which I hope will answer the end of a Bill of Lading. I am told it will do instead of recording the Bill, and as it is less expensive and soonest obtaind, I embrace the method.
Since my last I have past a sett of Bills in favour of Mr. George Brent (instead of Robt. Brent) for two hundred pounds Sterling which please to pay, and place to acct. of Gentn., etc.
Gentn: I forebore in my Letter of the 28th. Ulto. to mention what quantity of Tobacco you might probably receive from myself and Ward from our Plantation on York River till I came down here, and now I am almost as much at a loss, as I was then, to guess; so bad is the Tobacco, and so short are the Crops (where proper care is taken to cull it, and that I have strictly chargd all my Overseers to do, being determind never to Ship any but the very best sorts). However, this you may be assurd of, that the greatest share of what is made shall go consignd to you and I am not without hopes that I shall be able to Ship you about 30 Hhds. on my own Acct. and perhaps 40 or more on my Wards.
On the other side you will receive Invoices of such Goods as will be wanting for my own and Mr. Jno. Parke Custis's Plantations on this River which please to send as there directed, under distinct Marks, and chargd to our respective Accounts but both consigned to our Common Steward, Mr. Joseph Valentine with Copies of the Invoices (Originals to me) that he may commit no errors in appropriating the several Articles to our respective uses.
Your Letter of the 27th. of June Inclosing the Charge of Insurance of 15 Hhds. Tobacco pr. the Russian Merchant is come to hand, and my Letter of the 10th. of August last will direct how the proceeds of that, and all former Tobacco's should be applied. I hope the quantity of Tobo. mentiond by you, to be on hand, has not affected the Sales of the 15 Hhds. and I think I can venture to pronounce, your market will not be glutted with the present Crop. You have doubtless been fully informd by many of your Friends of the misfortune attending
I have at different times sent for Hale's Husbandry but never yet got it, which I begin to attribute to a wrong description of the Title, having never till lately seen the Book; you will know it now by "A Cornpleat Body of Husbandry compiled from the Original Papers of the late Thomas Hale Esqr., enlargd from the Collection of others, &ca.". If any oppertunty shoud offer into Potomack before Johnston may Sail in the Spring or, if any Ship shoud be bound for Rappanhannock River, please to send it to me; together with Hartlibs Legacy of Husbandry and if it shoud so happen, that the first oppertunity presents itself for the latter River, be pleasd then to address the Books, and following things to the care of Fielding Lewis Esqr. at Fredericksburg. viz. Circumferentor; Pocket Book; Garden Seeds, Accordg. to mine of the 28th. Ulto. and Hop Clover: let be 4 Bushels. and to them pray add abt. 20 Bushels of the best, and true Ray Grass Seed for all of them are Articles I woud gladly get to hand as soon as possible. I mentioned in a former Letter, and perhaps it may not be amiss to remind you here, of the necessity of putting all these Seeds in the Cabbin, or some place where the closeness, and heat of the Ship may not destroy the Vegetative virtue of them, which scarce ever fails to happen in a contrary Case. I am Gentn. etc.
Gentlemen: I am apprehensive, that by some mistake or other, my Letter of the 24th. Ulto. and the Duplicate were put on Board the same Ship; I therefore send other Copies under this Cover.
My Friend and Acquaintance Mr. Bartholomew Dandridge having purchasd an Entaild Estate in Lands of one Charles
Please to give my Acct. Credit for the Inclosd Bill when Receivd. I am Gentn. etc.
Dear Sir: Had your Letter of the 17th, [12th] of August come to my hands before the 18th. Inst., I should not have given you the trouble of perusing my answer to it at this late Season. I am sorry you shoud think it necessary to introduce a request that is founded upon Reason and equity with an Apology, to me; had you claimd that as a Right, which you seem rather to ask as a favour I shoud have thought myself wanting in that justice which is the distinguishing Characterestick of an Honest Man to have with-held it from you.
But how to answer your purposes and at the same time to avoid the Imputation of Impertinence, I am I confess, a little more at a loss to determine. That Genl. Amherst may have heard of such a Person as I am, is probable; And this I dare venture to say is the Ultimate knowledge he has of me; how then shoud I appear to him in an Epistalory way and to set down and write a Certificate of your behaviour carries an Air
For Sir, with not more pleasure than truth, I can declare to you, and the World, that while I had the honour of Commanding the Regiment, your conduct both as an Officer and Gentleman were unexceptionable good; and in every Instance, as far as I was capable of discerning, such, as to have merited applause from better judges. Since my time Colo. Byrd has been witness to your Behaviour and his Letter Recommendatory must I am perswaded do you more Service than my sanguine endeavours can. Altho he, nor no other Person, is more sensible of your worth nor more Inclind to contribute their best Offices towards the Completion of your wishes than etc. 38
[Note:McKenzie's request of Washington, dated Aug. 12, 1760, is in the Washington Papers and is printed in Hamilton's Letters to Washington, vol 3, p. 163. ]
Gentn: Before I left home I shipd 18 Hhds. of my Potomack Tobacco on Board the Bland Captn. Hugh Wylie now lying in Rappahannock River on which please to Insure £140 only. This Ship is a Letter of Marque, carry's 18 Six pounders and well Mand for which Reasons I do not secure the full value of my Tobacco by Insurance judging by the same parity of Reasoning that the Premio will also be moderate. The Ship will not Sail till the last of the Month at soonest you need be in no hurry therefore to make the Insurance unless a favourable Crises offers. I shall have about 10 or a dozen Hhds. more to send you from the same River which is all I can spare your House from Potomack this year so much short of expectation
I woud not have you be hasty in selling this or any of the Tobo. I may Ship you this year unless a very good Market presents itself, for confident I am that the small quantity of Tobo. made last year must command a very good price when the Fact once becomes well ascertaind. I wish heartily for Boyces arrival having kept my Tobo. longer than I chose in expectation of your sending a Ship; I suppose I shall have (as I once before wrote you) about 30 Hhds. of my own and 40 of my Wards ready to put on board him from York River, but of this you will be more fully Advertised after his. arrival if it happens while I am here. Your friends no doubt will endeavour to dispatch him as soon as possible but there are a great number of Ships in the Country at this time solliciting Freight (which is much fallen) many of which I am well convincd cannot get Loaded at any rate. I am at a loss to conceive the Reason why Mr. Wormeleys, and indeed some other Gentlemen's Tobacco's shoud sell at 12d last year and mine by Boyce only fetch 11½, (and that I am certain of for no more than a part having Accts. of only 4 Hhds). Certain I am no Person in Virginia takes more pains to make their Tobo. fine than I do and tis hard then I shoud not be as well rewarded for it.
Yours of the 12th. Decr. covering H. Churchills protested Bill is come to hand so is your other of the 26th. pt. Coolage who is safe arrived. I am very much obligd to you for the Notice taken of my recommendation of Mr. Dandridges Affair, I hope the matter will be accomplishd without much Difficulty. I am Gentn. etc.
Sir: Several of your favours now lye before me, but the last of Novr. 9th. I shall particularly take notice of. With astonishment then did I receive the Account of Sales of that Hhd. Tobo. pr. the Everton where only £8 4.1¼. is rendered for it at the sametime that Mr. Cary was selling the like Tobo. at £17 and 18£ a Hhd. As to the exceptions which for two or three years past you have made to the quality of the Tobacco, give me leave to say Sir 'tis altogether inconsistent. We continue the same management as usual, and the Tobo. Consignd you has been made at the same Plantations, by the same hands, and under the same Overseers as that sent Mr. Cary. No picking or choosing of Hhds has ever been allowd of, but promiscuously taken for both as the Ships had a demand for it; he never gives less than twelve but generally Sixteen pounds a Hhd. 'tis unreasonable therefore to expect I can continue a Corrispondance under such obvious Disadvantages. I am Sir, etc.
Mr. Stogdon's, 39 May 15, 1761.
[Note:Robert Stogdon. ]
Dr. Sir: At the Cock fight on Saturday last I promis'd to be at a Wedding at Mendenhall's Mill Yesterday, which together with an Affair that I had to settle on Bullskin (that detain'd me a day longer there than I expected) prevented my taking Shepherds Town and your House in my way, I intend this day to pass along the North Mountain, and to morrow attend a Meeting at McGills on the Cumberland Road, and from thence to Winchester in order to wait my doom on Monday.
I have made a just and proper use of the Inclos'd, and as I shall pretty near finish my Tour to day, I send to you, that you
I hope my Interest in your Neighbourhood still stands good, and as I have the greatest reason to believe you can be no Friend to a Person of Colo. Stephens Principles; I hope, and indeed make no doubt that you will contribute your aid towards shutting him out of the Public trust he is seeking, could Mercer's Friends and mine be hurried in at the first of the Poll it might be an advantage, but as Sheriff I know you cannot appear in this, nor would I by any mean have you do any thing that can give so designing a Man as Colo. Stevens the least trouble. I am, etc. 40
[Note:This election of burgesses for Frederick County, Va., was held May 18. Washington, Col. George Mercer, and Col. Adam Stephen were the candidates. The votes were cast at Winchester. Washington received 505; Mercer, 399; Stephen, 294; with Robert Rutherford, Col. John Hire, and Henry Brinker receiving 1 each. The record, by Thomas Wood, one of the poll takers, is in the Washington Papers. ]
Gentn: The Fleet is arrivd but some Ships are, missing among which number Captn. Jno. Johnston happens to be one, and a report prevails that he is taken, but from whence it arises I really cant say. I believe it is conjecture only, but at the
Receiving my Goods so late in the year as this is, is attended with many disadvantages, but it will proove a real misfortune to me if they shoud now be lost. In this Event I beg that you will upon the first certain advice of it, have others, exactly agreeable to my former Orders, Shipd by the first Vessell bound to this, or Rappa: River. I have no doubts of my Goods being Insurd; but this, altho it is some recompense in regard to the Expence it is none as to the Disappointment.
By Captn. Coverdale (the Ships name I really do not know, however She is in Mr. Bacons employ) I send you Eleven Hhds more of my Potomack Tobacco, on which please to ensure no more than Eighty pounds. In this you will perceive I follow the same Conduct as I did by the Bland Captn. Wylie, that is, to risque a part. I cannot say exactly when this Ship will Sail, but dare believe not till sometime in August perhaps the first of that Month.
The Sudden Notice I got of this oppertunity, and little time allowd to write in, will not suffer me to descend to particulars, I shall therefore inform you only, that Boyce arrivd sometime ago, and that I directed my Steward on York River to Order the Delivery of the Tobo. I promised you in my Letter of the 3d. of Apl. I dont doubt but they are on board by this time, and as soon as I get advice of it you shall be informd, that Insurance may be made thereon. I am Gentn., etc.
(Sent pr. Captn. Baynes, London)
Dear Sir: Since my last by Mr. Fairfax, I have had the pleasure of receiving your obliging layouts of the 16th October and
The entire Conquest of Canada, and dispossession of the French in most parts of North America becoming a Story too stale to relate in these days we are often at a loss for something to supply our Letters with.
True it is the Cherokee Nation by a perfidious Conduct has causd Colo. Grant to be sent once more into their Country with an Armd Force but I believe their Supplies from the French on Mobile River come in so Slack that they are more sincerely disposd to Peace now than ever they were before.
This Publick turn may be causd in some Measure too by another Regiment in the Pay of this Colony which is ordered to penetrate into their Country by another Passage, but it is generally thought their Submission will put a stop to any further progress of our Arms. 41
[Note:Colonel Grant had an engagement with the Cherokees, near the place of Colonel Montgomery's ambuscade, which lasted for several hours, but the Indians were repulsed, He then destroyed all the villages and provisions that came in his way and took post for some time in Fort Prince George. Here the Cherokees, through their chief, Attakulla-kulla, sued for peace, which was conceded to them, and which continued till the breaking out of the Revolutionary War. -- Sparks. ]
We have receivd the Account of Belleiles reduction, and hear of another Expedition Fleet destind for some Service of
Colo. Fairfax very much Surprizes his Friends in Virginia by not writing to any of them. Just upon his arrival at London he favourd a few with a short Letter advertising them of that agreable Circumstance and I have heard of no other Letter that has come from him since altho' I have seen some from the Ladies the Superscription of which has been in his hand-Writing. I am &c.
Sent by the Potomack via Glascow Copy pt. the Sarah -- Captn. Coverdale.
Gentn. When I wrote to you on the 14th Ulto. neither your Letters nor my Goods by Captn. Johnston were come to hand, now both are receivd; and I must beg leave to point out some mistakes which I have discoverd in them, and first in regard to the Accounts which you sent. In these there are several Errors which need rectifying as you will perceive by perusing the Inclosd Accounts. Copied from my Books, but taken in a manner altogether from your own writings; for it is to be observd here, that the Estate is debited for some Articles which ought to be placed to me, and for some others which shoud go to Account of Master Custis. You will likewise perceive that both the Estate and I, are chargd with the Goods sent by Captn. Yates amounting to £151.5.10 and that I have given you credit for a Draft in fav'r of Wm. Clifton for Thirty pounds imagining it was paid as the Bill passd my hands sometime before that of
| against G. Washington | £1871.8.8 | against Jno. P. Custis | 144.0.6 | against M. P. Custis | 54.7.2 | £2069.16.4 | and | in favour of the Estate | 2038.8.4 | so that the Ball'e due you upon the whole will be only | £ 31.8.0 |
After you have made these necessary alterations the Accts. may remain as stated till it be known in what manner the Estate Ball'e will be disposd of, and this I fancy will be determined at our next General Court in October; having some hopes of getting a finish put to these matters at that time; however you shall be timely advisd whenever any of these alterations happens.
I have now to inform you of a very great mistake which you have committed in sending me 2 dozn. Whip saws, when I only wanted, and wrote for two; what I shall do with the abundant overplus I really know not as I apprehend it will be a difficult matter to dispose of such a quantity in this part of the Country. And here while I am mentioning his Affair, another thing occurs which must not escape unnoticed; and that is, A Case bought of Phil Bell at the price of 17 Guineas. Surely, here must be as great a mistake, or as great an Imposition as ever was offerd by a Tradesman. The Case is a plain one, and such as I coud get made in this Country (where Work of all kinds is very dear) of the same stuff, and equally as neat for less than four Guineas; is it possible then that 16 Gall'n Bottles with ground Stoppers can cost 13 Guineas? I think I might safely answer No. I woud have sent it back immediately, but being convinced that there must be some mistake in the Case I have postpond that resolution till you can make a proper enquiry into it, and advice me thereon.
Please to order me a Pipe of good old Maderia from that Island, let it be well securd, and direct it to be sent by some Vessell bound to this River (Potomack). Your Corrispondants in Liverpool, I must beg leave to say, are a little negligent of your Orders and I am the Sufferer by it; for I have never receivd any Salt from thence notwithstanding my repeated Application's for these two years past. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by the Sarah Captn. Coverdale
Copy pr. the Phonex Captn. McGachin
Aug. 6 Postscript to the above Letter. Since writing the above, I have found occasion to draw a Bill upon you to the amt. of £259 Sterg., payable at Sixty days sight to Messrs. Chs. Graham, Win. Fitzhugh, and Benja. Fendall. It being the Consid'n Money of Sundry Slaves w'ch I bought of those Gentn. Yesterday. I hope the Bill will meet with due Acceptance and I am as before, Gentn. etc.
Rev'd Sir: I should think myself very inexcusable were I to omit so good an opportunity as Mr. Douglass's return from these Springs, of giving you some account of the place and of our approaches to it.
To begin then; -- We arrived here yesterday, and our journey as you may imagine was not of the most agreeable sort, through such weather and such roads as we had to encounter; these last for 20 or 25 miles from hence are almost impassible for carriages, not so much from the mountainous country, (but this in fact is very rugged,) as from trees that have fallen across the road and rendered the way intolerable.
We found of both sexes about 200 people at this place, full of all manner of diseases and complaints; some of which are much benefited, while others find no relief from the waters. -- Two or three doctors are here, but whether attending as physicians or to drink of the waters I know not. It is thought the Springs will soon begin to lose their virtues, and the weather get too cold for people not well provided to remain here. They are situated very badly on the East side of a steep Mountain, and inclosed by hills on all sides, so that the afternoon's Sun is hid by 4 o'clock and the fogs hang over us till 9 or 10 which occasion great damps, and the morning and evenings to be cool.
The place I am told, and indeed have found it so already, is supplyed with provisions of all kinds; good beef and venison, fine veal, lambs, fowls, &c. &c., may be bought at almost any time, but lodgings can be had on no terms but building for them; and I am of opinion that numbers get more hurt by their manner of lying, than the waters can do them good. Had we not succeeded in getting a tent and marquee from Winchester we should have been in a most miserable situation here.
In regard to myself I must beg leave to say, that I was much overcome with the fatigue of the ride and weather together. However, I think my fevers are a good deal abated, although my pains grow rather worse, and my sleep equally disturbed. What effect the waters may have upon me I can't say at present, but I expect nothing from the air -- this certainly must be unwholesome. I purpose to stay here a fortnight and longer if benefitted. I shall attempt to give you the best description I can of the stages to this place, that you may be at no loss, if after this account you choose to come up.
Toulson I should recommend as the first; Majr. Hamilton's or Israel Thompson's the 2d; ye one about 30, the other 35
I have made out a very long, and a very dirty letter, but hurry must apologize for the latter, and I hope your fondness will excuse the former. Please to make my compliments acceptable to Mrs. Green and Miss Bolan and be assured Revd. Sir that with a true respect I remain &c.
P.S. If I could be upon any certainty of your coming, or could only get 4 days previous notice of your arrival, I would get a house built such as are here erected, very indifferent indeed they are tho', for your reception.
August 30.
Since writing the above, Mr. Douglass lost his horse and was detained, but I met with a Fairfax man returning home, who is to be back again immediately for his wife. This person I have hired to carry some letters to Mrs. Washington, under whose cover this goes; by him you are furnished with an opportunity of honoring me with your commands, if you retain any thoughts of coming to this place. I think myself benefited by the waters, and am now with hopes of their making a cure of me. Little time will show now. 42
[Note:The text of this letter is from Ford; the location of the original is not cited. ]
Gentn: An Indisposition which I have been under 3 or 4 Months, inducd me to take a trip Northward to try the effects
The Intent of this Letter is to desire the favour of you to send me 12 Bushels of the true red Ray grass Seed; or more properly red Darnel. There is two or three different kinds of this Seed; that is to say, there be of it the red and white, of the Ray grass or Darnel kind; and there is another sort commonly calld (as the whole indeed is) Rye grass, this is a filthy kind and ought to be rooted out of all Places, and is the Reason why I am so particular in order to avoid getting it here because the similitude of the Names, and oftentimes the ignorance of the Seedsman is such, as to cause a good deal of confusion and disappointment in these matters. I must also beg the favour of you to send me two Bushels of Hop cloverseed, and the like quantity of Tares; please to direct that the Seeds be all fresh and good, and sent by the first Vessel bound to this River which I expect will be a convict Ship 43 of Stuarts and Compay. Commanded by Captn. McGachin, an Acquaintance of mine, who I am perswaded will readily take them in, and give them a proper birth upon a hint of the probability of their Spoiling in the Hold. I am Gentn., etc.
[Note:The old English law provided for confining convicts on ships which sailed the seas instead of lying at anchor as did the hulks and galleys. ]
N.B. Sent by Captn. Baker to Bristol
Copy by Captn. Marshall Liverpool
Gentn: Herewith you will receive sundry invoices for Goods wanted, those for my own and the Childrens use please to send by Captn. Johnston or the first Vessell bound for this River in the Spring. Mrs. Dandridges must go in a Ship for York. I cannot make out an Account of the necessarys which may be wanting for my own and Master Custis's Plantations on York River till I go down there which will happen in a fortnights time, and then I shall address you again.
Your Letter of June the 2d. I receivd a few days ago and Note the Contents of it. If my Tobacco, contrary to expectations, shoud not answer for the best Market please to point out the Reasons that I may regulate accordingly for I am more anxious about the quality than quantity of what I Ship I have directed Mr. Valentine to be very careful in the management of their present Crop, and in a particular manner have cautioned him in their Prizing that Bruising and other ill effects may be prevented for the time to come. 20 Guineas is a very great insurance, a Person had better risque the loss themselves than part with so large a proportion of the years produce to secure the rest and I believe I shall do it for the future shoud the War continue. I was very sorry for the Advantage obtaind by the Dutch in the Article of Stocks, I think they shoud have met with other guess treatment, not only on this but on many other occasion's for their conduct in the course of the War.
Mr. Magowan 44 Tutor to Master and Miss Custis having occasion of a small London Bill I drew upon you in his favour the 9th. Instt. for Sixteen pounds Sterling which when paid must be charged to their respective Accts. equally that is £8 to each. I hope by the time this gets to your hands you will be happy in
[Note:Rev. Walter Magowan. He, later, had a charge at Herring Bay, Md. ]
By the Unity Captn. Robson for London
Copy King of Prussia Glassford Glasgow
Sir: Inclosd you have my Measure for Boots; please there fore to send me two pair of them; one of which made of stout strong Leather for Winters use, the other pair to be light and thin for Summer; both pair Shoe Boots; likewise send me two pair of real turnd Pumps and four pair of neat, but at the sametime strong Shoes. Mr. Cary will pay the amount and I am Sir, etc.
1 handsome suit of Winter Cloaths
A Suit of Sum'r Ditto very light
2 pieces Nankeens with trimgs.
1 Silver lacd Hatt
6 pair fine Cotton Stockings
4 pair fine worsted Ditto
4 pair strong Shoes
4 pair neat Pumps
6 pair gloves
2 hair Bags
1 piece Ribbon for Ditto
1 pr. Silver Shoe and knee buckles
1 pair sleeve buttons
A stifned Coat made of fash. Silk
A fash. Cap or Fillet, with Bib
Apron Ruffles and Tuckes, to be laced 4 fash: dresses to be made of long lawn
2 fine Cambrick frocks
A Satten Capuchin hat and neckatees
A persian quilted Coat
1 pair pack thread stays
4 pair Callimo. Shoes 6 pr. Leather
Ditto and two pr. Satten Do,
with flat heels
A Small Bible neatly bound in Turkey,
and John Parke Custis wrote
in gilt Letters on the Inside of
the cover
A Neat small Prayer Book bd. as
above, with &ca.
1 piece of Irish Linnen a 1/
3 pr. Shoes for a boy 14 yrs. old
3 pr. course Stockings for Do
2 pr. Womans strong shoes siz 8s
2 pr. stockings for Do
50 Ells Oznabrigs
A Suit of Livery Cloaths for the
above boy of 14, a hat to Do
Note let the Livery be suited
to the Arms of the Custis Family
6 pr. fine Cotton Stockings 4 pr.
whe. Worstd Do.
12 pr. Mitts, 6 pr. Gloves, white
kid
1 pt. Silver Shoe Buckles
1 pt. neat Sleeve Buttons
6 handsome Egrets different sorts.
6 yds Ribbon Do 1 pr. little Scissors
3 [M ] large Pins 3 [M ] short Whites
3 [M ] Minikens
1 Fash. dressd Doll to costa Guinea
1 Do a 5/
A Box Ginger br'd Toys and Sugr.
Imags. and Comfits
A Neat Small Bible b'd in Turkey
and Martha Parke Custis wrote
on the Inside in gilt Letters
A Small Prayer Book neat and in
the same manner
12 yds. course green Callimanca
The above things to be put into
a Strong Trunk, seperate from
J.P. Custis's, whose may likewise
be put into a Trunk, each having
their Names.
1 Very good Spinit, to be made by
Mr. Plinius, Harpsicord Maker
in South Audley Street Grosvener
Square
Note, it is beg'd as a favour,
that Mr. Cary woud bespeak this
Instrument as for himself or a
friend, and not let it be known
that it is intended for Exportation.
Send a good assortment of
spare Strings to it.
Books according to the Inclosd List, to be chargd equally to both John Parke Custis, and Martha Parke Custis; likewise one Rheam of Writing Paper.
2 Copies of the Rudimt. of the
Latin F.
2 Ditto of Phædrus Fables
2 Do of Eutropius
2 Do of Salust
1 Do of Horace in Usum Delphini
1 Do of Terence in Usum Do
2 Copies of Rudimans Gram'r
2 Ditto of Cornelius Nepus
2 Do of the Gram'l Exercises
2 Do of Main Erasmus
1 Do of Littletons Latin and Eng'h
Dict'y
1 Do of Aynsworths Latin and
Eng'h do
Dear Sir: Since my last of the 14th. July I have in appearance been very near my last gasp; the Indisposition then spoken of Increased upon me and I fell into a very low and dangerous State. I once thought the grim King woud certainly master my utmost efforts and that I must sink-in spite of a noble struggle but thank God I have now got the better of the disorder and shall soon be restord I hope to perfect health again.
I dont know that I can Muster up one tittle of News to communicate, in short the occurrances of this part of the World are at present scarce worth reciting for as we live in a state of peaceful tranquility ourselves, so we are at very little trouble to enquire after the operations against the Cherokees who are the only People that disturbs the repose of this great Continent and who I believe woud gladly accommodate Differences upon almost any Terms not I conceive from any Apprehensions they are under on account of Our Arms but because they want the Supplys which we, and we only, can furnish them with. We catch the reports of Peace with gaping Mouths, and every Person seems anxious for a confirmation of that desirable Event provided it comes, as no doubt it will, upon honourable terms.
On the other side is an Invoice of cloathes which I beg the favour of you to purchase for me and to send them by the first Ship bound to this River. As they are designd for Wearing Apparel for myself I have committed the choice of them to your fancy, having the best opinion of your taste. I want neither Lace nor Embroidery; plain Cloathes with a gold or Silver Button (if worn in genteel Dress) is all I desire. I have hitherto had my Cloathes made by one Charles Lawrence in old Fish Street but whether it be the fault of the Taylor, or the Measure sent I can't say but certain it is my Cloathes have never fitted me well. I therefore leave the choice of the Workman to your care likewise. I enclose a Measure and for a further Insight I don't think it amiss to add that my stature is six feet; otherwise rather slender than Corpulent. I am sincerely, etc.
A handsome Suit of Cloth Cloaths, for Winter Ware
A handsome Suit of thin, Ditto, for Summer
A fashionable Cloke, for a Man 6 feet high and proportionable
Two best Beaver Hatts, Plain
Two Taylors Notch Bds.
Sent By the Unity Captn. Robson for London
Copy By the Ranger Capt. Bowman Liverpool
Gentn: I came to this place last Night, and find that the Articles contain'd in the Inclosd Invoices are wanted for mine
We have little or no News stirring, our Assembly is at present Convend to grant Supplies for carrying on the War against the Cherokee Indian's shoud they choose to continue it, but this I am perswaded they are by no means Inclind to do, nor are they prepard for it as they have been solliciting Peace for sometime past. I wish the Powers of Europe were as well disposd to an Accomodation as these poor Wretches are a stop woud soon be put to the Effusion of Human Blood and Peace and plenty woud resume its Empire again to the joy and content (I believe) of most Ranks and degrees of People. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent By the Liverpool Captn. Birch for Liverpool
Copy Gave Mr. James Hunter of Fredericksburg
[Note:Peter Stover was from Frederick County. He laid out the town of Strasburg, Va., in November, 1761, which was at first called Stovers Town. It was chiefly settled by Germans. ]
[Williamsburg], November 9, .
Mr. Peter Stover: I gave your Petition into the Assembly on Friday last which was received, and a Bill orderd. to be brought in for establishing a Town according to the prayer of it; this Bill was to have come into the House on Saturday but whether it did or not I can't certainly say, as I was too sick to attend the whole day, not withstanding I went there for that purpose; however as there was no danger of An Act passing in the manner you desird I left the names of the Trustees which you gave me as I likewise did the name of the Town with Mr. Israel
[H.L.]
Gentn.: A Relation and Friend of mine having desired me to send for a Post Chariot for him, I now do it in the Words of, his own Mem'm which are as follows.
Colo. Washington to send for a neat light Post Chariot for F.L. of a price not exceeding One hundred pounds Sterling and to have light Harness for Six Horses. To desire the favour of the Merchant not to let the Tradesman know it is to be sent abroad. To have it made of well Seasoned Wood and painted of a genteel and fashionable colour without any Arms; and to be Insured."
The Gentleman at the time of his giving me this Mem'm was not provided with an Impression of his Arms about him, but if I shoud receive it timously I will inclose it by the next oppertunity. You will please to order the Chariot so soon as finished by the first Ship bound to Rappahannock River, and direct it to be sent to Colo. Fielding Lewis at Fredericksburg who has promised to lodge a Bill of Excha: with me for the cost and Charges so soon as he is informed thereof which Bill I
By the Unity Captn. Couzens I am now Shipping Twenty Hhds. of my Potomack Tobacco on which please to Insure One hundred and Fifty pounds only. It is expected this Vessell will Sail with Convoy about the first of June next your Insurance therefore may be made Accordingly. I am, Gentn. etc.
[Note:Of New Kent County, Va. ]
Dear Sir: Soon after the Appraisment of the Decd. Colo. Custis's Estate it seemed to be a matter of doubt whether Davy (a boy) who was appraised among his Negroes belonged to him, or Mr. Dandridge your Father. Your Bro: then having, as I have understood, the Administration of his Affairs, conceived him to be the property of the latter and offered the boy to Mrs. Washington at the Appraisment price, which She agreed to, and I thought the thing had been concluded upon, but as it appeared to be a matter liable to dispute I intended to take the Courts direction's upon it (allowing John Custis in case they thought he ought to be given, for the loss he woud sustain by it) untill mentioning the Affair again to your Bro:, he told me that he now had nothing to do in it, and that I must speak to you about it. I was a little surprizd at this, yet nevertheless intended to do so when I was down last, but delaying it from time to time at length forgot it altogether. I therefore take this method of knowing if it is agreable to you for me to take the boy at the Appraisd price, provided the Court shall adjudge the Right to him to lye in your Father. Mr. Bassett and your Brother were consenting when I talked to them, and
Please to offer my Complim'ts to Mrs. Dandridge and your little Sister's; at all times I shall be glad to see you at this place, and am Dr. Sir, etc.
Gentlemen: Your unacknowledged favours of the 26th June; 10th. Augt.; 16 and 19th. Septn. and the 19th. of Octr. following now lye before [me]; in that one of Augt. 10th. I perceive you bring the shortness of some of the Bundles of the Tobo. Shipped in the Bland to acct. for the lowness of the Price. That some of the Tobo. was small I shall not undertake to dispute, but at the sametime I must observe that it was clean and neatly handled which I apprehended woud have rendered the other objection of very little weight. As to stemming my Tobo. in the manner you recommend I woud readily do it if the returns woud be equivalent to the trouble, and loss of the stem, and of this I shall be a tolerable judge as I am at no small pains this year to try the quality with the advantages and disadvantages of deferent kinds of Tobos. and shall at the sametime find out the difference between a hhd. of Leaf and a hhd. of stemrod Tobo., by comparing then the loss of the one with the extra price of the other I shall be able to determine which is the best to pursue and follow that method which promises the most certain advantages.
Some of the Tobo. which I put on board the Unity Captn. Cuzzens got damaged in carrying to the Warehouses for
As I have ever laid it down as an established Maxim to believe, that every person is, (most certainly ought to be) the best judges of what relates to their own Interest and concerns I very rarely undertake to propose Schemes to others which may be attended with uncertainty and miscarriage; this will at once acct. for my being among the last who shoud advise your sending a Vessell into Potomack for the accomodation of your Friends there. That I have often thought of it as a desirable thing for the Shippers, I will readily confess and have as often concluded that so soon as you found an established consignment formed here you woud do it of course; and sooner we ought not to expect it. Since you have proposed the matter yourself to me, I certainly must approve of it, and as you are so obliging to write that you shall direct the Master to be under my notice I hope you will be petswaded to believe that I shall readily contribute my best advice and assistance towards his dispatch. The Tobacco's most of your friends upon Potomack (or that Ships from thence) lyes within 15 Miles above and below this place, and as good, or the best harbour (Piscataway) is within sight of my Door. It has this great advantage besides good Anchorage and laying safe from the Winds that it is out of the way of the Worm which is very hurtful to Shipping a little lower down and lyes in a very plentiful part of the Country. I thought it incumbant upon me to mention
My Letter of the 25th. of Jany. will inform you how the Interest of the Bank stock is to be applied, as that fund was appropriated towards the payment of Miss Custis's Fortune I am informed that the Stock ought to be transferred to her, you will please therefore to have done accordingly and what ever charges may arise in so doing place to her own Acct. I hope Messrs. Hill and Co. will send the Wine into this River for I had rather have it in Madeira than York.
Thus far had I wrote and was going to conclude when your favour of the 18th. Jany. was presented to me; I am sorry to hear the Accts given of the Tobo. Shipped in Boyes but as you don't particularize the proprietor's names who suffered most I am in hopes my 70 hhds. have pretty well escaped the genl. complaint. If it has not I confess it to be an Art beyond my skill, to succeed in making good Tobo. as I have used my utmost endeavours for that purpose this two or 3 years past; and am once again urged to express my surprize at finding that I do not partake of the best prices that are going; I saw an Acct. rendered by Mr. Athaws of some Tobo. which he sold for Mr. Fairfax at 12½d. the Tobo. went from this River and I can aver was not better than 12 hhds. of my Mount'n Crop which you receivd in the Sarah and Bland last Summ'r. In fact Mr. Fairfax's Plantation's and mine upon Shannondoah lye in the same neighbourhood. The Tobo brought to the same Inspection, and to be short, is in all respects exactly alike, none of mine however sold for more than 11d. or 3½, which you please while his went of a little before at the price of 12½ aforesaid;
Gentn.: The other side contains a Copy of my last, since which I have received from Messrs. Hill, Lamar and Hill a pipe of Wine price in Madeira £30.16. Sterl: for which they value upon you, I have also received advice of Seventy Sacks of Salts coming into Rappa. River from Mr. Backhouse on my Acct. Mr. Lewis who gives this Information has promised to send it round but the expences and trouble attending this is so great that I had almost as soon have Goods in any part of Great Britain as in any River except the one on which I live.
We have had one of the most severe Droughts in these parts that ever was known and without a speedy Interposition of Providence (in sending us moderate and refreshing Rains to Molifie and soften the Earth) we shall not make one oz of Tobacco this year. Our Plants in spite of all our efforts to the contrary are just destroyed, and our grain is absolutely perishing, how it may be in other parts of the Country I can not postively say, yet I have heard much complaining, shoud it be with Reason of which you can guess by the Letters of your different corrispondants I am perswaded you will be in no haste to dispose of the Tobo. I have put on board the Unity shoud it get safe to hand, with the Convoy with whom (the Chesterfield) She is to Sail sometime this Month. The London fleet is not yet arrived nor have we any Accts. of it. I shall take the first oppertunity that offers of writing to you again on these heads, In the meantime I remain, Gentn. etc.
Sent by the Alexandria, Captn. Cranford, Glasgow
Gentn: The Inclosed is a Copy of my last for Insurance on Tobacco's as therein mentioned. I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your favours of April the 10th. and 1st. of May following, accompanying my Goods in the Unity which came regularly to hand (and without damage) except the box of Shoes (said to be sent to Portsmouth) these have never yet appeared, nor do I know to whom to apply for them, as no Bill of Lading was forwarded, nor mention made in what Ship they were put; Captn. Robson disavows any such coming to him. There must likewise have been a mistake in Shipping the Plows, for many of, the most material parts being wanting, the rest, according to the Bill of Parcells, is entirely useless, and lye upon my hands a dead charge.
I am sorry to find that in spite of my utmost care and caution we fail in the Sales of our Tobaccos, and that the ? & D. P. C. is brought into such low esteem as to sell for export at 3½ pr. lb., a practise and price never known till now. True I cannot, at the distance I live from York River, see to the management of the Tobacco in all its process, but as it is made under the usual director, and in the usual manner, and moreover as I am assured by the Inspectors that it is of the same quality and kind as formerly, I own I am a surprized at the alteration of price indeed I shoud be more than a little so did I not know, that the Crops made in 1760 of which the 70 hhds. pr. Boyes was part were generally mean, occasioned by the incessant Rains that fell in the course of that Summer. You now Gentn. have Thirty two hhds of mine, and fifty nine of Master Custis's Tobacco Shipped in the Nautilus and Brunswick, which I hope will come to a better Market than the last and before I quit this Subject I must beg the favour of you to direct the
With certainty I think I can venture to assure you now, that the Crops of Tobacco made in the Country this year must be
My Letter of the 11th. will inform you of Captn. Cuzzens return, please therefore to judge of the expediency of making fresh Insurance or not, and act accordingly. I apprehend that your Insurance woud run with Convoy, being so advised, and of course stand for nothing as She was obliged to Sail with out, after waiting a considerable time for the Chesterfield Man of War. Among the Goods sent in for Miss Custis (by the Unity there came a black Callimanca Petticoat and full trimmed Night Gown of a straw coloured Lustring marked MPC. but as they were of Womens size, and not charged in her Account we concluded they must bepacked up by mistake; and as some expence and risque woud accompany a return of them Mrs. Washington will keep them herself, and the cost please to place to my acct.
I cannot Inclose my Invoices at this time because I have not yet got an acct. of the necessaries wanted for our Plantation's on York River, so soon as this comes to hand, and I every day expect it, the whole shall be forwarded. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent Via New York by Colo. Carlyle.
[Note:A merchant in New York City at this time. ]
Dear Sis': Collo. Carlye, the bearer of this, going to New York to dispose of some English Horses which he has been encouraged to carry thither, affords me the best of oppertunity's
I have been told that refined Sugar and Spirma-ceti Candles come at very easy rates from New York if you will please therefore to accept of a small Corn: from me I woud beg the favour of you to send me
200 weight of Sugar
2 Boxes Spirma-ceti Candles
2 Boxes white Bisquet -- not buttered and
3 Barrels of best Apples
few oppertunitys I conceive will happen directly to Alexandria (near to w'ch place I live) but many probably may offer to Norfolk with which place we have a constant Intercourse be so good then Sir as to direct them to the care of Collo. Tucker, or any of your corrispondants there, and let me know the method in which it woud be most agreable to pay you and it shall be punctually observed.
We have little or no domestick News; none however at this time that can give entertainment, and all other kinds which comes to our knowledge is thro' your Chan'l. I have only to desire therefore that you will please to accept of my sincere good wishes for yourself and Family and that you will make a tender of my best respects to Mrs. Philips, and Mrs. Morris 48 when you see her. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note:Mrs. Philipse, mother of Mary Philipse, who was then Mrs. Roger Morris. ]
Gentn: Since mine of 18th. the Latitia is arrived, and the box of Shoes for Miss Custis come to hand; but of so small a size as not to fit her.
I have already directed Thirty one Hhds. of my Tobacco to be put on board of that Ship, on which please to make Insurance in such a manner as to receive eight pounds pt. hhd. in case of loss. Her arrival at the juncture she did, was fortunate (since she did not come sooner) for Collo. Lee 49 it seems had just Chartered a Vessell for the accomodation of himself and Friends which, had the Contract gone into execution, might have been hurtful in many respects: I have not yet seen Captn. Hammond, nor do I know what may be his dependance on that Gentleman; but this I am confidant of, that much Tobacco which he might have commanded at a proper time is now disposed of in other bottoms; for his coming was so late, and arrival so precarious, that few People chose to risque the advantages of the expected Convoy the 20th. past. A Convoy which seems now to have vanished as the Man of War did in June last; and our Ships left to depart by themselves, or wait upon Charges and uncertainty, for what never may happen. It is hoped however, that the Latitia can meet with no great delay since Collo. Lee in consequence of his Chartering the Peggy, and asking my Tobacco for her, wrote me, that if Hammond shoud arrive, which he did not expect, there woud still be Tobacco enough left to Load him; this I suppose he advanced upon good foundation, and therefore no disappointment one woud think, coud happen in his dispatching of one Vessell.
[Note:Col. George Lee, who married Ann Fairfax Washington. ]
In a Letter of the 6th. of August to Messrs. Mayne, Burne and Mayne's, Merchts. in Lisbon I desired them to send me a Pipe of that Wine, and draw upon you for the value; I expect also to have occasion for another Pipe of Madeira in a very little time, but as I shall write to a different house (than Hill's) for it, you will be advised of my order so soon as it Issues for the Wine.
Yours of the 31st. of May, Inclosing the Sales of 21 hhds. D. P. C. is come to hand, and your next will probably transmit an acct. of the remaining ? , and D. P. C. 50 ; what you have done in regard to the 2 hhds. of G. W. is very agreable, and I hope Mr. Giles the purchaser will be a gainer by it.
[Note:These letters ( ? . D. P. C., and G. W.) were merely arbitrary invoice marks that distinguished certain hogsheads of tobacco. ]
Upon the Important Conquest of the Hayanna, I heartily congratulate you; a stroke so signally given at the commencement of a War must ever prove the sure means of humbling a proud People and settling Peace upon an honourable and Permanent footing; that this soon may happen is a sincere wish of Gentn., etc.
Sent to the Northward -- to go by Packet
Copy by the Hudson -- Via Whitehaven
Dear Sir: I am sorry to be the Messenger of ill news, but it is incumbent upon me to inform you of the Death of the Mare you committed to my care; how she died, I am able to give you but a very unsatisfactory acct., for on the 3d. Instr. I set out for Frederick and left her to all appearance as well as a Creature coud be (Mr. Green and I observing a day or two before, how fat and frolicksome She seemed) and on my return in 8 days time, I got the News of her death. She discovered no visible Signs of ailment as I am told in the morning of the 7th. when let out of the Stable, but before Night was swelled to a monstrous size and died in a few hours. Bishop (my old Servant) opened her but coud perceive no hurt, bruise, or other apparant cause of so sudden a death, which Inclines me to think it
You will feel the loss of this accident more sensibly, but cannot be more concerned at the acct. than I was, for I had pleased myself with the thoughts of delivering her to you in fine order when you returnd to Belvoir.
We receive the News of your return with a great deal of pleasure, and if there is any thing previous to it, in which I cart be serviceable I hope you will command me; you did me singular Services in a like case, and why wont you give me an oppertunity of making a grateful return. Mrs. Washington writes to Mrs. Fairfax under this cover, to whom, and Miss Fairfax please to offer my best wishes. I am Dr. Sir, etc.
[H.S.P.]
Gentn: As I got to this place after the Fleet Sailed, I am obliged to make use of a Scotch Ship bound to Glasgow to forward the Inclosed Invoices for Goods, which please to send, and charge as there directed.
I am left in a very odd situation in regard to the Tobacco which I kept for, and expected had gone in, the Latitia, many oppertunities I refused of putting it on board other Ships that
I find my own Crops (and those of my Ward) on this River something better than I was given to expect and hope the Tobacco, what there is of it, will proove exceeding good this year; but my Tobacco on Potomack as formerly mentioned will fall greatly short of the usual Quantity. I was not a little surprized to find, upon coming to this place, that there was nothing in the report of the Unity's putting back by distress of Weather, as I had informed you in two or three Letters. The advice of her doing so came to me through such a Channel, that I coud not conceive a posibility of doubting it; and therefore gave you the earliest notice I coud of it. I shall expect soon to hear what has become of that Tobacco, and to get the Sales of all such as was Shipped last year.
I have drawn upon you (the 9th. Instt.) for Twenty pounds Sterling, payable to Mr. Walter Magowan Tutor to Master and Miss Custis, which Sum is to be paid by the Children equally, and to them respectively charged. I am Gentn., etc.
Dear Sir: I will take the best care I can of your Letters, that for Mr. Waite shall be sent to him, and an answer got, if he works for Mr. Page near Fredericksburg. Anthony and I have examined your Wheels, and find one of them so decayed in the Knave that it woud sink under the first load; I have therefore forbid his wasting time in making an Axle, but to get a pair of Wheels from one of my Plant'n Carts, and fix to the Tumbrel he is making for you 'till a new pair can be provided; I have also directed Miles to call for my Waggon Harness (Cart Harness I have none, but what are at my Plant'ns used with the Plows) which will answer your purpose very well, as it is for a single Team.
I directed a Man to you on Saturday last with Shells, they were not very good, but I did not know how far they might be necessary; my Boat will be at your Service when ever you choose to call for her, and I shall enquire as you desire where Paint and Oil may be had, for I believe I shall want of them myself, especially of the latter.
I shall beg leave to say a little now in regard to Jno. Askew. 51 That he went to Work at your House, was not only with my knowledge but by my express desire, and had he stayd there 'till this time it woud have been perfectly agreable to me, but as you know when he left your Work, so I can assure you that, he never came to mine untill Wednesday or Thursday last; I then asked him if he did not think himself one of the most worthless, and ungrateful fellows that lived for his treatment of me; for you must know Sir that so small a job as making
[Note:John Askew's first agreement with Washington is dated Sept. 1, 1759. It is in the Washington Papers. ]
This as I before said he neglected, and I was from that time untill a day or two before Mr. Carlyle asked for him to go to Belvoir, e'r I coud get him to work again; so that you may partly judge from this of the provocation he has given me, but you will be more convincd of it when I tell you, that the Balle. he owes me is for Tools Imported for him, and money actually lent to keep him from starving and from a Goal, from whence (at least the Sheriffs Custody) I have once or twice redeemed him; and lent him money to Cloath and by necessaries for his Family. This is the real truth of the case, and it is so far from my wanting to keep him (longer than he will finish the Gate, and repays 7 days Work due to my Carpenters, and now about) that I never desire to see his Face again, if he can fall upon any method of paying what he owes me in money.
I have made an exchange of Plantation's with old Saml. Johnson, giving the place where Clifton lived for the Lots he held in the Neck, otherwise I sh'd have been glad to have obliged Doctr. Cockburne. 52 Mrs. Washington will be very glad to see Mrs. Fairfax &ca. at Mount Vernon, as I shoud have been, to whom please to tender our Complim'ts and believe me to be Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note:Dr. James Cockburne. ]
[H.S.P.]
A List of Lands for which I paid Quit-Rents, in the
year 1761…to…Tomison Elzey.
In King George County viz 1250 Acres. 1 year due
Fairfax Mount Vernon 2126
bot. of Darrel 500
Ditto of Clifton 1806 4432 Ditto. 1 Ditto
Frederick taken up 760
bot. of Johnston 552
of McCraken 550
taken up 453 2315 Ditto. 1 Ditto
Hampshire Do 240 Do 1 Do
Total amount 8237 Ditto. 1 Ditto a 2/6 pr. Ct. £10.6.0
Note…on the 20th. of July 1762 I paid Mr. Tomison Elzey the above Sum of £10.6.0 in full for the QUIT RENTS of the above Lands untill Michaelmas 1761.
Go: Washington
A List of Lands &ca. given into the Clerk of Fairfax County 1762…to pay Taxes in the year…1763
In Fairfax Cty. Mt. Vernon Tract 2626 Acres
bot of Mr. Clifton 1806
of Mr. Brent 238
of Wm. Ashford 135
of Geo: Ashford 135
of Sim'n Pearson 178 5118
King George Ditto 125O
Frederick Ditto 2315
Hampshire Ditto 240 8923
1 Chariot…
1 Chair
Sir: At your request I [have searched] for the remarks [among] my Papers and found the remarks I made upon the Navigation of Potomack in the year 1754 and found that…a Letter which I wrote to a gentn. of our Assembly at that time in Aug. 1754 the followg. is an extract thereof. 53
[Note:At this point Washington copies verbatim his letter to Thomas Lee, dated August, 1754, ante. This draft is badly mutilated, and the missing portions are denoted above by dots(…). The words in brackets are supplied from surviving portions of the text. ]
These Sir are the Observns…year 1754 when I hoped (upon seeing the practicability of the thing) that the expediency of…this Comn. wou'd have been attended to and that…our future operations wd. have been conducted thro this most national and po'mted Channel but Genl. Braddocks…late coming in Spring 1755 and hurry of business immediately upon his arrival allowed no time for…attemps of this sort and afterwards our Affairs as everybody knows took quite another and a very different turn and was conducted from a very difft. Quarter.
I cannot charge my Memory with any…further knowledge but you are welcome to make what use you…please of the Informn.
Gentn: Your favours of the 24th. of April 29th. July and first of December now lye before me, and I coud heartily have Wished that the last had brought an Acct. of the Tobaccos lost in the Deliverance and Joseph which remains along while I think in an underterminate manner.
You will please to observe that the 20 Hhds pr. the Deliverance is part of the Estate of Danl. Parke Custis Esqr. deceasd, because it was made and Shipped before a Devision of it took place therefore when that matter is adjusted must have credit for the Tobacco, and made chargeable with the Costs; but the 14 hhds in Easton were made after the said Division and was the Sole property of Master John Parke Custis, for whom you are to raise an Acct. beginning with the premium of Insurance and other charges of this 14 hhds, and to be credited by the proceeds; the other 12 hhds pr. Captn. Lewis you have already been informed were the young Gentlemans and I shall take care at all times to advise you in this particular that no mistakes may arise.
Business brot. me to this place a few days ago and havg. seen Captn. Easton I have given directions for putting Twelve hhds Tobo. on board his Ship to your address on which please to Insure Ten pounds pr. Hhd in behalf of Mastr. Custis whose Tobo. it is, and to whose acct. it must go.
We are much pleased with the assurance of Peace, things it is hoped will now fall into an easy and regular Channel to the mutual advantage of both Mercht. and Planter. I am Gentn., etc.
By the Betcy Captn. Car.
Gentn: My Letters of the 18th. and 30th. of Septr. and 15th Novr. following fully explains my sentiments relative to the Tobacco's lately Shipped, and other matters therein mentioned, but I have your favours of the 10th. and 25th. of August 30th. of Octor. and 4th. of Decr. now lying before me, and shall remark upon; and answer such parts of them as require it.
In regard to the Estates Ball'e then in your hands, I must observe, that it was not in my power to direct the Application of it sooner, because some of those Tobaccos lay in Messrs. Hanbury's, and other's in Mr. Gildarts hands unaccounted for; the want of which Sales, and some other Ballances due to and from the Estate not coming in so soon as might have been expected kept open the Accts. and prevented an exact dividend of the money; and is a Reason why that Ball'e has remained so long undisposed of on your Books; indeed there is yet 34 hhds of Tobo. which was lost in the Deliverance and Joseph (Ships of Messrs. Hanbury's) of which no Accts. are rendered and retards a final Devision, but I have now caused the money so far as it can be ascertained, to be divided, and a Sum of £1440 -- 19s.11 Sterlg. fall'g to Master Custis's part I shall allot it to him out of the money in your Hands, you will please therefore to give his Acct. credit for the said Sum of £1440.19s. 11 Ster: and carry the residue thereof to my Acct. which will Ball'e the Estates Acct. on your Books. My debt is greater than I expected to have found it, owing in some measure to the short prices of my Tobacco but I shall endeavour to discharge it as fast as I can conveniently make remittances.
In your Letter of the 30th. of Octr. I find you have entirely mistaken the meaning of mine of the 28th. of May giving an Acct. of the qualities of the Tobacco Shipped in the Unity: if you will be at the trouble of reading that Letter over again, you will perceive that I take notice of 3 sorts of Tobo. under such and such numbers, for Instance, from No. 1 to No. 6 Inclusive I tell you is of one kind, from 9 to 14 of another, and 15 to 16 are of a third; and then observe, that the rest of the Tobacco is of the same sorts of these 3, only made on different Plantation's; this I did with a view of getting your opinion on the several sorts, that by comparing the produce of each kind here.
I do not like to recriminate on a Subject and shall therefore observe in few words, that Collo. Fairfax's Tobo. which Mr. Athaws sold at 12d. was no more than leaf, and of the same kind exactly with No. 15 and 16 of mine by the Unity; I coud conceive no reason therefore why his Tobacco shoud so far out sell mine, even that of York River which has always been esteemed for its quality, however I shall dwell no longer on the matter, but rest perswaded that you will exert your best endeavours for my Interest, more especially as you must be sensible, that I have in a manner confined my corrispondance to your House alone, and with this assurance, that I am not fond of change and want nothing but justice; so long then as I meet with good Accts. and neighbourly fare I shall continue my Consignments, and farther I dare say you cannot expect.
The Ship which carried the Tobacco that was reserved for Hammond was called the Thomas one Captn. Agar, Master but whether she is arrived or not I cannot tell, for She missed the Convoy; before I leave this place I shall direct my Steward in what manner he is to dispose of his Tobacco, and from myself and Ward I suppose you may expect about 75 Hhds.; near 30 of which will be Shipped on my own Acct. but of this you will be more particularly informed when I get advise of the arrival of the Ship, what qty of Tobo. I may have on Potomack is yet uncertain, but in a little time I shall be able to determine.
By the first oppertunity to Madeira I shall Write to Messrs. John and James Searles for a Pipe of Wine, directing them to draw upon you for the amount, and hope their Bills will be honoured. The Inclosed to Mr. Lawrence is for a suit of Cloaths which please to send me by the first Ship to either of the Rivers Potomack, York or James; if to one of the two last named, be so good as to direct the Package to the care of Mr. Jos. Valentine at Williamsburg. Mrs. Washington also begs to have 4 yds. of Silk sent according to the Inclosed pattern w'ch was bought in the year 1759 of Palmer & Co. and made into a suit of Cloaths by I Scherberg, but now having occasion to turn it into a Sack and Coat it cannot be effected with't more of the same; this (if to be had) may be sent with my Cloaths.
We are much rejoiced at the prospect of Peace which 'tis hoped will be of long continuance, and introductory of mutual advantages to the Merch't and Planter, as the Trade to this Colony will flow in a more easy and regular Chan'l than it has done for a considerable time past. The Inclosed Excha on Mr. Thos. Usher for one hund'd pound Sterl. please to receive and place to the Credit of Gentn., etc.
By the Betcy Captn. Car. from Jas. River.
Mr. Lawrence: Be pleased to send me a genteel suit of Cloaths made of superfine broad Cloth handsomely chosen. I should have Inclosed you my Measure, but in a general way they are so badly taken here that I am convinced it woud be of very little Service. I woud have you therefore take measure of a Gentleman who Wares well made Cloaths of the following size: to wit, 6 feet high and proportionablymade; if any thing
Note. for your furth'r governm't and knowledge of my size, I have sent the Inclosed, and you must observe that from the Coat end -- To No 1 & No 3 is the size over the Breast and Hips; No 2 over the Belly, and No 4 round the Arm and from the Breeches end To No a is for waistband. b thick of the Thigh c upper button hole. d kneeband and e for length of Breeches therefore if you take measure of a
Person abt 6 feet high of this bigness I think you can't go amiss. You
must take notice that the Inclosed is the exact size withr. any allow'e for
Seams, &ca.
My Dear Stewart: Your Letters of the 18th. Jany. and 2d. of Mar. came to my hands at the same time about the 10th. Instr. I knew of no ship then on the point of Sailing for any part of Great Britain, and therefore have been unavoidably silent till now; indeed I coud have given but a very unsatisfactory answer before this. I participated in the pleasing prospect which seemed to flatter your wishes about the time of writg. your first Letter, as much as I felt for its reverse in the next, but human Affairs are always chequered, and Viscissitudes in this Life are rather to be expected than wondered at.
I wish my dear Stewart that the circumstances of my Affairs woud have permitted me to have given you an order upon any
This upon my Soul is a genuine Acct. of my Affairs in England, here they are a little better because I am not much in debt. I doubt not but you will be surprized at the badness of their condition unless you will consider under what terrible management and disadvantages I found my Estate when I retired from the Publick Service of this Colony; and that besides some purchases of Lands and Negroes I was necessitated to make adjoining me (in order to support the Expences of a large Family), I had Provision's of all kinds to buy for the first two or three years; and my Plantation to stock in short with every thing; Buildings to make, and other matters, which swallowed up before I well knew where I was, all the money I got by Marriage nay more, brought me in Debt, and I believe I may appeal to your own knowledge of my Circumstances before.
I do not urge these things my dear Sir in order to lay open the distresses of my own Affairs, on the contrary they shoud forever have remained profoundly secret to your knowledge did it not appear necessary at this time to acquit myself in your esteem, and to evince my inability of exceeding £300 a sum I am now labouring to procure by getting money to purchase Bills of that amt. to remit to yourself, that Mr. Cary may have
I am exceedingly obliged to you for your kind offer's of Services in London, but I have nothing to give you the trouble of. I write in very great haste, and know I may depend upon your Friendship to excuse any thing and every thing amiss in the Letter. With the most perfect regard, I remain, etc.
Gentn: At the recommendation of Fielding Lewis Esqr. I am induced to give you the trouble of sending me a Pipe of the best Maderia Wine for the amount of which please to draw on Robert Cary Esqr. and Co. Mercht. in London who are advised thereof. I woud choose a rich oily Wine, and if the present vintage shoud not be good, to have it of the last, or in short of any other which you can recommend. You will be so good as to send this Wine pr. the first opp'ty addressed to me on Potomack River in Fairfax County Virga.; I shoud choose
Note the above sent by Collo. Field'g Lewis.
My dear Stewart: With some difficulty I have at last procured the Inclosed which you will please to make use of as occasion may require. I was upon the point of forwarding these, and my Letters to you, by the Betcy a Ship from James River bound for London when Collo. Hunter arrived and informed me that he left you the 15th. or 16th. Ulto. at New York and that your Imbarkation for England seemed to be matter of doubt. I have therefore changed the Route of these Letters now sending them to New York to the care of Beverley Robinson Esqr. who is desired to forward them in case of your departure from thence to London.
The Bills as you may perceive are drawn on Messrs. Lydes of London and Backhouse of Liverpool to the mount of £302 Sterl'g that is to say: On Messrs. Lyde for and Mr. Jno. Backhouse for
£222.0.0
80 £302.0.0
Signing of the Definitive Treaty seems to be the only piece of News w'ch prevails here at present, and diffuses general Joy. Our Assembly is suddenly called in consequence of a Memorial of the British Merchts. to the Board of Trade representing the evil consequences of our Paper emissions, and their Lordships report and order's thereupon which I suppose will set the
Dear Sir: The Inclosed for my friend Collo. Stewart is of some consequence, and I take the liberty of recommending of it to your care; if he shoud be Imbarked for England as I must suppose he is before this (by his Letters) pray be so good as to forward the packet to him by a safe conveyance; if in York you will do me a favour in delivering of it; and in either case of hearing by Post whether it got safe to your hands or not.
Mr. Peter Robinson has been paid the amt. of your Acct. as I doubt not but he has advised you. We have little News stirring, the Definite Treaty of Peace at last seems concluded and gives general Joy to the People of this part of the World.
I parted with the Speaker 54 (who is in a way of adding to his Family) about four days ago in perfect health. I beg you will make a tender of my Compliments to Mrs. Robinson and your Family and do me the favour to believe that with very great esteem I remain Dr. Sir, etc.
[Note:John Robinson, father of Beverley. ]
Dear Sir: So good an oppertunity as Turner Crump on a visit to his Father (affords) I coud not omit of asking how you do; for I have nothing to require, and as little to communicate in this Epistle, as it cannot be News to inform you, that the
Our Wheat in this part of the Country is in a great measure destroyed by the Rust, and other defect in the ear; and our Crops of Indian Corn and Tobacco in a manner lost in Weeds and Grass, occassioned by continual and excessive Rains, that has not only forced these out in very uncommon abundance, but prevented all sorts of tillage where our Lands lay flat. I brought down your Colt, and a little run in my pasture will give him a good Coat of flesh, at present he is in low ease to what cause owing I cannot tell, as he has never been broke. If Capt. Boyer is arrived please to advise me of it, for we are at a loss to acct. for the delays of the London Ships. You will be so good as to present my Love to Mrs. Bassett and the little ones, and accept of the best wishes yourself of Dear Sir Yr. Most Affect. and Obed.
[M.L.]
[Note:Probably George Mason. ]
Dear Sir: Were were a good deal disappointed in the promised Visit. A constant Watch was kept untill the accustomed Bell gave the signal for Dinner, and said it was time to look no
[Note:Mr. and Mrs. George William Fairfax. ]
[H.S.P.]
My Dear Stewart: By Captn. Walter Stuart I am favoured with an oppertunity of acknowledging the receipt of your Letter of the 6th. of June, and at the same time of forwarding the Copy of my former (which was in readiness before that came to hand, and) which I incline to send notwithstanding the original is got to hand, because it contains the Second Bills, and other matters entire as they ought to have been sent, and as I dare say Mr. Stuart will be so good as to deliver.
Another tempest has arose upon our Frontiers, and the alarm spread wider than ever; in short the Inhabitants are so apprehensive of danger that no Families stand above the Conogocheage road and many are gone of below it; their Harvests are in a manner lost, and the distresses of the Settlement appear too evident and manifold to need description: In Augusta many people have been killed, and numbers fled, and confusion and despair prevails in every Quarter. At this Instant a calm is taking place, which forebodes some mischief to Collo. Bouquet at least
[Note:Pontiac's conspiracy. The Shawnees, Delawares, Senecas, and other Ohio tribes of Indians had made a general and almost simultaneous attack upon all the remote frontier settlements and posts. They had committed many murders, and taken the forts at Le Boeuf, Venango, Presqu'Isle, and others on Lake Michigan, the Miami River, the Wabash, at Sandusky, and Michilimackinac. Fort Pitt (formerly Duquesne) was in imminent danger of falling into their hands. In July, Colonel Bouquet was dispatched by General Amherst with 500 men and a supply of military stores for the relief of that fort, He marched through Pennsylvania, following the same route that had been pursued by General Forbes's army. The Indians, who were then besieging Fort Pitt, heard of his march and came out to meet him. They attacked his army on the 5th and 6th of August in a defile near the headwaters of Turtle Creek (Bushy Run), and the contest was kept up during the two days with considerable loss on both sides. Colonel Bouquet maintained his ground and, routing the Indians, marched without further molestation to Fort Pitt. The news of this action seems not to have reached Washington when he wrote the above letter. -- Sparks.Ford quotes from General Amherst's letter to Sir William Johnson (August 27): "Some random shots were fired on the army between Bushy Run and Fort Pitt; but this seasonable check I believe will put an effectual stop to any further mischief being done on that communication; particularly as Colonel Stephen with 4 or 500 men of the Virginia militia is advanced as far as Forts Cumberland and Bedford, with a view not only of covering the frontiers, but of acting offensively against the savages. This public spirited colony has also sent a body of the like number of men under the command of Colonel Lewis for the defence and protection of their southwest frontiers. What a contrast this makes between the conduct of the Pennsylvanians and Virginians, highly to the honor of the latter, but places the former in the most despicable light imaginable." The King signified his displeasure at the "supine and neglectful conduct" of the Pennsylvania Legislature, and urged more vigorous measures upon all the Colonies except Virginia and Maryland.
Francis Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac presents the complete picture of this Indian outbreak. ]
It was expected that our Assembly woud have been called in such exegencies as these but its concluded (as I have been informed) that an Assembly without money coud be no eligable plan; to comprehend the meaning of this expression, you must know, the Board of Trade at the Instance of the British Merchants, have undertaken to rebuke us in the most ample manner for our Paper Emission's; and therefore the Governor and Council hath directed 1000 Militia to be employed for the protection of the Frontiers 500 of which are to be Drafted from
I think I have now communicated the only News which these parts afford; it is of a melancholy nature indeed and yet we cannot tell how, or when it is to end. I hope you have got matters settled to your liking before this time. I shoud rejoice to hear it, as I shoud do at every thing that gives you pleasure or profit.
Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments, and you may be assured that I am with great sincerity Dr. Sir, etc.
Gentn: Your Letters of the 13th. and 23d. of April last are all that have come to hand since mine of the 13th. of June. I am sorry to find that my Tobacco which was intended by Hammond, and which he ought to have taken (after runn'g me to the expence of Insurance &ca.) is likely to come to so unfavourable a Market as your Letter of the 13th. seems to bespeake, under such manifest disappointments and losses. I am affraid it is very improbable that I shall acquire much benefits by Shipping; however you will this year have Consigned you on my Account 19 Hhds. pt. the Nautilus 10 by the Luckey (from James River) and 48 by the Tryal. Captn. McGachin 14 whereof are of my Rent Tobacco sent to make up the difficiency
My Goods by Johnstown came in good order but Miss Custis looses a Trunk No. 2 containing Linnen and other things to the amount (pr. Invoice) of £25.2.8; the Trunk is included in Captn. Johnstowns Bill of Lading who says when he put his hand to those Bills there were some things yet to prepare and put in the Trunk and that he never got it afterwards, I was in hopes then that it might have been sent by Captn. Boyes but in this we were also disappointed for I have got round those Goods and Captn. Boyes whom I have seen knows nothing of any such thing. I do not doubt but you will have this matter enquired into and see that Miss Custis is no looser; but disappointed she greatly is.
The Goods from York River Mr. Valentine complains most heavily of, especially the narrow Hoes which he says are so
Inclosed you will receive several Invoices; 58 the Goods for Potomack may be Shipped by Captn. McGachin who returns to this River again, and on whose care and punctuality I can much depend; and those for Mrs. Dandridge you will be so good as to send by Captn. Boyes into York River. I cannot just now make out Invoice for our Plantation's on York, but so soon as I go down there (which will be in a very few days) I shall be able to do this and will forward the order without delay. The Inclosed to Mr. Didsbury contains measures, and orders for all the Shoes mentioned in the Body of my Invoice you will have no occasion therefore to be at further trouble about the Shoes than just to send the Letter. Be so good as to direct your Seed Merchant to let me have those Seeds I have required new and good, especially the St. Foine w'ch is a tender Seed and difficult to get here safe.
[Note:Among other articles in these invoices are: "1 compleat sett. Chariot Harness for Six (middle sized) Horses, to be strong, yet light and to have my crest. 1 Neat silver Pencil -- exactly Six Inches long, to have the Inches and parts of an Inch marked thereon and to be open at both ends. 1 travelling Razor case -- to contn. two Razors (of the very best kind) Strop, brush, box, Powder, &ca. To be bought of Mr. Shelbey in Dean Street, Soho. 1 White lutestring Sacque & Coat sprigd with white -- all to be made by Mrs. Fairfax's Measure. 1 Coffee Mill; best sort." ]
The Inclosed Bill (if my first of the same Tenor is not come to hand) please to receive and give my acct. credit for the amount. Mr. Digges the bearer of this, and a Gentleman of merit, I beg leave to recommend to your notice, and am Gentn. etc.
Sent by Mr. Charles Digges
Copy -- By the Tryal Captn. McGachin
Sir: The last Cargoe of Shoes you sent me, fit very well, and I hope you will continue to preserve my Last. You will please to send me (with the Goods Mr. Cary will forward) the following Shoes and according to the Inclosed measures, to wit: 2 pr. Mens neatest Shoes 2 pr. nearest stitched and 6 d. 6 pr. Serv'ts Shoes on my Last 1 pr. strong Shoe Boots
For myself.
Pumps
1 pr. bla: Satten Pumps
1 pr. white embroidered Do.
3 pr. bla: Callimanca Do
4 pr. bla: Everlast'g Shoes pr.
Meas'e
4 pr. Pumps pr. mease.
4 pr. Shoes for himself
3 pr. strg. Shoes for Serv't 16 yrs. old
2 pr. Womens course Do large 7s
2 pr. bla: Satten Pumps
6 pr. bla: Callimanca Ditto
pr.
Meas'e
3 pr. Leather Ditto
2 pr. strg. course Womens Shoes 6s.
The above Shoes you will please to charge to the Persons for whom they are intended (except Mrs. Washington's which must be placed to my Bill) and the whole amount will be paid you by Mr. Cary; they must also be put into different Packages, and Mr. Cary will see that they are properly forwarded. I am Sir, etc.
Dear Sir: In July -- 62 I received the Copy of your Letter of the 27th. of April preceding. By Captn. Braisse it came, and
In the Event of your ever visiting America, I am in hopes you will not think a little time ill spent in a small Tower to Virginia. We have few things here striking to European Travellers (except an abundant Woods); but a little variety, a welcome reception among a few friends, and the open and prevalent hospitality of the Country in general, might perhaps proove agreable for a while; and I must be permitted to add, that I shall think myself very happy in seeing you at Mr. Vernon where you might depend upon finding the most cordial entertainment.
The Indians at a time when we thought ourselves fixed in the utmost tranquility, have, in open violation of the Treaty recommenced Hostilities, and (by a sudden Irruption) thrown
I dined at Belvior yesterday, and left the Family in perfect health; as also Doctr. Cockburnes, Mrs. Washington makes a tender of her Compliments and I am Dr. Sir, etc.
By the Tryal -- Captn. Wm. McGachin.
Gentn. Since mine of the 27th. Ulto. Captn. McGachin who will do me the favour to deliver this, and who for several years past has commanded a Convict Ship into this River (a service neither consistent with his Inclinations or Health to perservere in) has expressed a desire of being recommended to the Command of the Ship which you have given us Reasons to expect into Potomack. A Request I do most readily comply with, because a personal acquaintance with Mr. McGachin added to his general good Character enables me to introduce him to you as a Gentleman of known skill, deligence and Integrety; and who by a long use to the Trade, and this River in particular, has contracted a general acquaintance and mutual friendship with the best Gentlemen on it; as such then he has my warmest wishes to your employ; and I am petswaded if you are not preengaged, you cannot light upon a Master who will act more for your Interest, or will give more universal satisfaction to your corrispondants on the River than he will; shoud he be so fortunate to succeed then, I think I can venture to assure you that he will stand in no need of particular Addresses; his knowledge of the Business, and acquaintance with the Gentlemen rendering it not only unnecessary but perhaps detremental to
By Captn. McGachin.
[Note:This account of the Great Dismal Swamp is entered by Washington, in pencil, dated October 15, in front of his "Diary for 1763," and is continued on the last pages of same. The pencil entries are very faint, almost indecipherable from having been gradually rubbed off. The same account, dated Oct. 15, 1763, is recopied by Washington in ink in the front of his "Diary for 1764." The journey into the swamp was really made May 26 -- 28, 1763. Washington did visit the swamp in October of this year, but his record of this journey shows that he did not then go into the Great Dismal as far as the above notes show. ]
>From Suffolk 60 to Pocoson Swamp 61 is reckoned about 6 Miles, and something better than 4, perhaps 5 miles, from Colo. Reddick's 62 Mill run (where the road x's it). The land within this distance, especially after passing Willis Reddick's, is Level and not bad. The banks down to this (Pocoson) Swamp declines gradually, and the Swamp appears to be near 75 yds over, but no water in it at present. Note. -- Willis Reddick's Plantn. seems to be a good one, the land being level and stiff, so does Henry Reddicks, above.
[Note:Suffolk is the county seat of Nansemond County, Va. ]
[Note:Pocoson is defined by Webster as a reclaimed marsh; but Bartlett's Dictionary of Americanisms calls it "low wooded grounds or swamps in eastern Maryland or Virginia, mostly dry in summer and covered with water in winter," which is a better description. ]
[Note:Edward Reddick, of Nansemond County, Va.; his brothers are mentioned. ]
>From Pocoson Swamp to Cyprus Swamp (which conducts more Water into the great Dismal than any one of the many that leads into it) is about 2½ Miles. This also is dry at present, but appears to be 60 or 65 yards across in the wettest part.
The next Swamp to this is called Mossey Swamp, and distant about 3 Miles near this place lives John Reddick on good land; but hitherto from Pocoson Swamp, the land lyes flat, wet and poor. This Swamp is 60 yards over and dry.
Between Cyprus Swamp, and the last mentioned one, we went on horseback not less than ½ mile into the great Swamp (Dismal) without any sort of difficulty, the horse not sinking over the fetlocks. The first quarter, abounding in Pine and Galebury bushes, the Soil being much intermixed with Sand, but afterwards it grew blacker and richer with many young Reeds and few pines, and this, it may be observed here, is the nature of the Swamp in general.
>From Mossey Swamp to a branch, and a large one it is, of Oropeak (not less than 80 yards over) is reckoned 4 Miles; two Miles short of which is a large Plantation belonging to one Brindle, near to which (on the South Side) passes the Carolina line. 63
[Note:The Virginia-Carolina line passes through about the middle of Great Dismal. ]
The Main Swamp of Oropeak is about ½ a Mile from this, where stands the Widow Norflets, Mi[ll] & Luke Sumner's Plantations. 64 This Swp cannot be less than 200 yards across, but does not nevertheless discharge as much water as Cyprus Swamp.
[Note:In Nansemond County; Somerton, Va., is named after this family. ]
At the Mouth of this Swamp is a very large Meadow of 2 or 3000 acres, held by Sumner, Widow Nortier, Marmaduke Norflet, 65 Powell and others, and valuable ground it is…
[Note:This Dismal Swamp company, formed by Washington and five partners, bought land from him. The scheme was to drain the swamp, which, strangely enough, is higher than the surrounding country. The company acquired about 40,000 acres of the best land in the swamp; and though it never made the venture a success, Washington appraised his landholdings there, two years before his death, as being worth £5,000. The complete notes on the swamp are printed in the Diaries of George Washington (Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union). A surviving fraction of a letter from Washington to John Page (owned by David C. Reid, New Rochelle, N. Y.) indicates some difficulty encountered in the plan of draining the swamp. ]
Gentn: Captn. Mather whom I met with at this place a day or two ago, seeming to be pretty much distressed to compleat his Loading before the lay days are out, I shall, in order to facilitate his dispatch, give him all the Tobacco I have ready upon York River amounting to Fifty two Hhds, or which please to make Insurance and proportion the charge hereafter for I cannot at this Instant tell what part is mine, nor have I time to enquire, as Captn. Whiting by whom I now write, is just ready to Sail. I expect we shall have Seventy, perhaps Eighty Hhds more on this River and these shall be reserved for the Nautilus; but my Crops upon Potomackare vastly deficient, in short a wet Spring, a dry Summer, and early Frosts have quite demolished me.
At our next April General Court I expect I shall have occasion to draw upon you in behalf of Master John Parke Custis to the amount of Seven, eight, or more hundred pounds, £500 certainly, and take this oppertunity of giving you advice of it.
Shoud this Letter get to your hands before the Shipping Sail for Potomack, please to send me over and above what are mentioned in my Invoice, 25 [ M ] 8d 25 [ M ] 10d and 25 [ M ] 20 d. nails. I shall write to Mr. Jno. Searles of Madeira for another Pipe of Wine directing him to draw upon you for the Costs which I hope will be paid. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. Jno. Whiting.
Sir: Your favour of the 22d. of August last I have had the pleasure to receive, as also the Wine accompanying of it which lyes yet untasted, but from your recommendation of it I shall
If no oppertunity shoud offer soon to Potomack River you will please to send the Wine to Norfolk recommended to the care of Collo. Tucker as the last was. I am Sir, etc.
Sent by Collo. Lewis's Vessell to Madeira
Gentn: The Inclosed is a Copy of my last of the 22d. Ulto. We have been curiously entertained of late with the description of an Engine lately constructed (I believe in Switzerland, and undergone some Improvements since in England) for taking up Trees by the Roots; among other things it is related that Trees of considerable Diameter are forced up by this Engine, that Six hands in working one of them will raise two or three hundred Trees in the space of a day; and that an Acre of Ground may be eased of the Trees and laid fit for Plowing in the same time. How far these assertions have been amply reallized by repeated experiments it is impossible for me at this distance to determine but if the Accounts are not greatly exaggerated such powerful assistance must be of vast utility in many parts of this Wooden Country when it is impossible for our Force (and labourers are not to be hired here) between the finishing of one Crop and preparations for another to clear Ground fast enough to afford the proper changes either in the Planting or Farming business. The Chief purport of this Letter therefore is to beg the favour of you Gentlemen to make minute enquiries into the Tryals that have been made by Order of the Society and if they have proved satisfaction, to send me
Mrs. Washington woud take it as a favour if you woud direct Mr. Shelby to send her a fashionable Summer Cloak and Hatt, a black Silk Apron, x pr. of penny and one pr. of two penny Ribbon (white) and a pair of French bead Earhags and Necklace; and I shoud be obliged to you for sending me a dozen and an half of Water Plates (Pewter with my Crest engraved). I am Gentn., etc.
By Captn. Dawson for London.
Gentn: The Copy of your Letter of the 13th. of February, by Falman, is come to hand, but for want of the Account Inclosed in the Original I am at a loss to conceive how my balance can possibly be so much as £1811.1.1 in your favour, or Master Custis's so little as £1407.14.7 in his; however as the several
Your observation's in regard to the money which Master Custis has in your hands are most certainly just, for his Acct. and mine altho' both under my directions, are become very distinct things since the Settlement of the Estate and on his behalf I now draw three Bills upon you, two of them in favour of Fielding Lewis Esqr. for £100 and £500 and the 3d. in favour of Mr. James Gibson for £200 mak'g in all £800 for which Sums your Acct. will have credit not doubting the due acceptance of the Bills.
As to my own Debt I shall have no objections to allowing you Interest upon it untill it is discharged and you may charge it accordingly from this time forward, but had my Tobacco sold as I expected and the Bills been paid according to promise I was in hopes to have fallen very little in Arrears; however as it is otherwise I shall endeavour to discharge the Ball's as fast as I can, flattering myself there will be no just cause for compl'ts of the Tobacco this year. What little I make upon Potomack, which indeed will not exceed 30 or 35 Hhds., will I hope be of a better quality that the last, and from this River (York) there remains 81 Hhds. which I am told will proove good, 21 of which belongs to me and the other 60 to Master Custis. Of the 52 which went in Mather, 15 were mine and 37 Master Custis's.
I wish my fears may not proore true, but I am very apprehensive Boyes will stick long upon hand here, however what Tobacco I have both on this River and Potomack shall be applied in loading of him and I wish a better dispatch to the Ship than many of your Corrispondants seem Inclined to give to it being, Yours, etc.
Gentlemen: Since my last of the first of May I have received the Goods by Boyes, likewise the Nails pr. Watson, with Letters, Accounts of Sales Accounts Current &ca., which accompanied them; as also another Letter of the 28th. of March by Captn. Hooper.
It might possibly answer very little purpose were I to enter into a minute detail of the Reasons that have caused me to fall so much in arrears to you and therefore I shall not trouble you fully with the particulars at this time but content myself with observing in as few words as the nature of the Subject will admit of that in whatsoever light it may appear to you, it is not less evidently certain that Mischances rather than Misconduct hath been the causes of it; For it was a Misfortune that Seasons and chance shoud prevent my making even tolerable Crops in this part of the Country for three years successively and it was a misfortune likewise when they were made that I shoud get little or nothing for them. It may also be looked upon, as unlucky at least, that the debts which I thought I had collected and actually did remit to you shoud be paid in Bills void of credit, and as things have turned out (and you have such occasion for your money) it is unlucky likewise that I made some purchases of Land and Slaves in this Country since it obliged me to apply more of the Curft. money (which was due to the Estate here) towards the payment thereof than I expected and of consequence more of the Sterlg. Balle. in your hands to the credit of Master Custis in order to Assign him his full dividend of the personal Estate not conceiving in the least degree that I should have occasion for more of it than woud remain after such application was made; because, had these Bills been
I shoud be glad to receive an Acct. of Sales for the rest of the Tobaccos which Master Custis and myself have in your hands that I may see more fully how the Ballances stand. All the Tobacco which I had ready upon this River I have given to Boyes amounting to 20 Hhds on which please to make such Insurance as you shall judge most advisable; in like manner do upon 21 Hhds of my York River Tobacco in the same Ship; and upon Sixty of Master Custis's which accompanies it. I have about 8 or 10 Hhds more on this River which shall be Shipd by the first Vessell I can obtain liberty in after it is got from the Mountains where the disturbances that have been occasiond by the Indians renders it difficult to procure Waggon's for the transportation of it.
Some pains have I taken to satisfie myself of the equity of Mrs. Pasavents claim of £5.8.6 or to convince you of the Injustice of it the latter of which I conceive can easily be done from the Inclosed papers and from Mrs. Washingtons assertion's who will if required give testimony that she never sent for such Goods as Mrs. Passavent Charges, the delivery of in 1758 (for the eviction of which it is only having recourse to the order's of the preceeding year) and moreover that She never did receive any such. Inclosed is Mrs. Pasavents Note of Sundrys sent by
Miss Custis's Trunk which was missing last year is at length received: the contents in good order. Inclosd are Invoices of such Goods as I stand in need of for my Family's use and shoud be glad to receive by the first good oppertunity that offers to this River (Potomack): The usual quantity of Goods for our Plantation's on York River are yet to be added but untill I see or hear from Mr. Valentine I cannot form the Lists in the meantime am unwilling to slip the present occasion of forwarding my own.
Equally in behalf of Master and Miss Custis, and in favour of Mr. Walter Magowan (their Tutor) I drew upon you the 6th. Instt. for £45.13.9 which is to be charged to them in equal proportion's. Miss Custis may not perhaps just at the time of offering this Bill have as much money in your hands arising from the Interest of Bank Stock as will fully pay her half of it, and answer the order for Goods at the sametime, but as the half
[Note:One of the quarterly days for settling accounts; Lady Day was the Feast of the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. ]
Mr. Lawrence: The things following you will send for the purposes required and charge them as their directed.
A Livery suit to be made of worsted Shagg of the Inclosed colour and fineness lined with red shalloon; and made as follows. The Coat and Breeches alike with a plain white washed button; the Button holes worked with Mohair of the same col'r. A collar of red shagg to the Coat with a narrow lace like the Inclosed round it; a narrow Cuff of the same colour of the Coat turn'd up to the bent of the Arm and laced round at that part; the waistcoat made of red Shagg (worsted Shagg also) and laced with the same lace as that upon the Collar and Sleeves. This Suit to be made by the largest measure sent, and charged to George Washington. 67
[Note:Washington altered this livery in an unimportant degree in a letter to Lawrence, written shortly after this date. ]
Also one other Livery Suit made exactly as the above and of the same coloured Shaggs and Lace by the other measure but charged to Master Custis along with the following things which you are des'd to send for his own wear'g Apparel -- viz
A Suit of fashionable Cloth Cloaths
A Suit of thin Summer Do, and
3 pr. Nankeen Breeches. Note these are to be sent for a boy of Eleven years of age; those sent last year to him were rather too large but you are to consider he is growing.
I cannot conclude this Letter without observing that your charges are most exorbitantly high insomuch that it will be impossible for me to continue my corrispondance and dealings with you unless I am to experience some alteration for the
Gentn: Captn. McCabe has prevaild on me to believe, that you will render me an agreeable Acct. of Sales for a Ton of Tobacco; to try the event therefore and oblige him I now Inclose you a Bill of Loading for four Hhds, which you will please to dispose of to the best advantage.
In return, I shoud be obligd to you for sending me one of the Rotheram (or Patent Plows). If the construction of them are not thoroughly understood in Liverpool you woud do me a singular favour in getting it from a place of that name in Yorkshire (where I suppose they were first Invented and now are made) for none but the true sort will answer the end of my sending for it and I had rather be at the expence of the Carriage from thence than not have the right kind or be disappointed. You will please to order it to be made exceeding light as our Lands are not so stiff as your's nor our Horses so strong. At the sametime I shoud be glad to receive
1 dozn. 8/4 Diaper Table Cloaths a 6/
½ dozn. 10/4 Do Do Do a 10/
60 Ells of strong white sheeting at about 20d.
25 Sacks of Salt (best twisted Sacks) or what remains of the nett. proceeds of the Tobacco in this last Articles.
As I woud willingly receive these things by the Return of Captn. McCabe and you may not by that time have disposed of my Tobacco possibly you can judge nearly what it will fetch, and make the Returns accordingly, I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. McCabe.
[Note:John Carlyle and Robert Adam, Alexandria, Va., merchants. ]
Gentn: So soon as Mr. Lund Washington returns from Fredk. I shall cause my Wheat to be delivered at your landing on Four Miles Run Creek, if Flats can get to it conveniently: but previous to this I shoud be glad to know determinately upon what terms you expect to receive it that is whether by weight or measure. I once thought I had agreed with Colo. Carlyle at 58 lbs. to the Bushel but it seems it was otherwise be that as it will you may believe me sincere when I tell you that it is a matter of very great indifference to me whether it is fixed at this or suffered to stand as it is Consequently at any greater weight you may be assured I never shall it being a thing extremely doubtful from every trial I have been able to make with Steelyards whether I shoud gain or lose by a Contract of this kind. The Wheat from some of my Plantations by one pair of Steelyards will weight upwards of 60 lbs., by another pair less than 60 lbs.; and from some other places it does not weigh 58 lbs. and better wheat than I now have I do not expect to make during the term of our Contract at least whilst I continue to sow a good deal of Ground.
The only Reason therefore which Inclines me to sell by weight at a medium which I think just and equitable is that it may be a means of avoiding all kinds of Controversy hereafter
You were saying that the Standard for Wheat at Philadelphia was 58 lbs., and at Lancaster 60 lbs. I have taken some pains to inquire likewise into this matter and am informed, that 58 is a much more general weight than the other all over Pensylvania and Maryland (where there wheat is better than ours can be till we get into the same good management) and Colo. Tucker's Miller, a Man from the Northward upon high Wages, who I saw whilst I was last below assured me that very few Bushels out of the many thousands of Wheat which he receives for Colo. Tucker reached 58 lbs However that you may not think I have other motives than those declared for mentioning these things I shall only observe that as you are sensible by my present Contract I am not restricted to Weight but obliged only to deliver clean Wheat and as good as the year and Seasons will generally admit of I will nevertheless in order to remove every cause of dispute which can possibly arise fix the weight, if it is agreeable to you at fifty eight pounds per Bushel and to be paid a penny for every pound over that weight and deduct a penny for every pound it is under. If you do not choose this the Contract 69 must then remain as it now stands. I am, &c.
[Note:Washington's contract, dated Jan. 18, 1763, is in the Washington Papers. ]
Dear Sir: By a craft sent around by Capt. Boyes we had the pleasure to hear you were all well, but suffering with the drought as we are. We have never had the ground wet in this neighborhood since the heavy rains which fell about the first of May. In June early we had a shower that refreshed the corn and gave a little start to hemp, but the dry weather which followed, and hath since continued, renders our prospects truely melancholy. However, not 10 miles from hence in the forest, they are perfectly seasonable, and have promising crops of corn and tobacco, which is a favorable circumstance for us, as our wants of bread may be supplied from thence. To render my misfortunes more compleat, I lost most of my wheat by the rust, so that I shall undergo the loss of a compleat crop here, and am informed that my expectations from below are not much better.
I have not yet heard how you succeeded in electioneering, but there was little room to doubt of yours; I changed the scene from Frederick to this county and had an easy and creditable poll, 70 and was preparing to attend, when the proclamation for proroguing the assembly came to hand (on the 28th ult.). I am convinced at the same time that the governor had no inclination to meet an assembly at this juncture. The bearer waits; I have only time therefore to add my compliments to Mrs Bassett and family.
[Note:In the Washington Papers, under this election date (July 16), in Washington's handwriting, is a list of freeholders of Fairfax and for whom they voted at the general election; also a copy of a poll taken at an election of the burgesses for Fairfax County. From these documents it appears that Washington and John West were elected with 201 and 148 votes, respectively; and John Posey, the defeated candidate, 131. ]
Sir: If you will permit me after six years silence, the time I have been married to your Niece, to pay my respects to you in this Epistolary way I shall think myself happy in beginning a corrispondance which cannot but be attended with pleasure on my side.
I shoud hardly have taken the liberty Sir, of Introducing myself to your acquaintance in this manner, and at this time, least you shoud think my motives for doing of it arose from sordid views had not a Letter which I receivd sometime this Summer from Robt. Cary & Co. given me Reasons to believe that such an advance on my side woud not be altogether disagreeable on yours before this I rather apprehended that some disgust at the News of your Nieces Marriage with me, and why I coud not tell, might have been the cause of your silence upon that event, and discontinuing a corrispodance which before then you had kept up with her; but if I could only flatter myself, that you woud in any wise be entertaind with the few occurances that it might be in my power to relate from hence I shoud endeavour to attone for my past remisness, in this respect, by future punctuality.
At present few things are under notice of my observation that can afford you any amusement in the recital. The Stamp Act Imposed on the Colonies by the Parliament of Great Britain engrosses the conversation of the Speculative part of the Colonists, who look upon this unconstitutional method of Taxation as a direful attack upon their Liberties, and loudly exclaim against the Violation; what may be the result of this and some other (I think I may add) ill judgd Measures, I will not
As to the Stamp Act, taken in a single view, one, and the first bad consequences attending it I take to be this. Our Courts of Judicature must inevitably be shut up; for it is impossible (or next of kin to it) under our present Circumstances that the Act of Parliam't can be complyd with were we ever so willing to enforce the execution; for not to say, which alone woud be sufficient, that we have not Money to pay the Stamps, there are many other Cogent Reasons to prevent it; and if a stop be put to our judicial proceedings I fancy the Merchants of G. Britain trading to the Colonies will not be among the last to wish for a Repeal of it. 71
[Note:"Government is set at defiance, not having strength enough in her hands to enforce obedience to the laws of the community. The private distress which every man feels, increases the general dissatisfaction at the duties laid by the stamp act, which breaks out, and shews itself upon every trifling occasion." -- Governor Fauquier to Earl of Halifax, June 14, 1765. ]
I live upon Potomack River in Fairfax County, about ten Miles below Alexandria and many Miles distant from any of my Wiles Relations; who all reside upon York River, and who we seldom see more than once a year, not always that. My wife who is very well and Master and Miss Custis (Children of her former Marriage) all join in making a tender of their Duty and best respects to yourself and the Aunt. My Compliments to your Lady I beg may also be made acceptable and that you will do me the justice to believe that I am, etc.
Sent by Captn. Jno. Johnstown
Gentn: It cannot reasonably be imagined that I felt any pleasing Sensations upon the receipt of your Letter of the 13th. of February covering Accts. of Sales for 153 Hhds of Master Custis's Tobo. and 115 of mine.
That the Sales are pitifully low, needs no words to demonstrate; and that they are worse than many of my Acquaintance upon this River, Potomack, have got in the Out Posts, and from Mr. Russell and other Merchants of London for common Aronoke Tobo., is a truth equally as certain. Nay not so good as I myself have got from Mr. Gildart of Liverpool for light Rent Tobaccos (Shipd him at the same time I did to you) of the meanest sort; such as you once complaind of as the worst of Maryland and not Saleable. Can it be otherwise than a little mortifying then to find, that we, who raise none but Sweetscented Tobacco, and endeavour I may venture to add, to be careful in the management of it, however we fail in the execution, and who by a close and fixed corrispondance with you, contribute so largely to the dispatch of your Ships in this Country
I might take notice upon this occasion also, that my Tobo. netts a good deal less than Master Custis's, and why it should do so, I am really at a loss to discover: his 153 Hhds averaging £7.7.7 and my 115 only £5.17.6, perhaps it may be urged that some of mine was Potomack Tobacco, I grant it, but take these out and the Yorks then average £6.6.5 only. If you had allowed him the benefit of the Bonded Duties I shoud not have wonderd at the difference, but this I perceive is not done, and certain I am, my Tobacco ought not to have been inferior to his, in any respect; the Lands being the same, and my directions for making it good equally as express.
Tobacco I well perceive for a year or two past, had fallen in its value, from what causes I shall not take upon me to determine and I am not so extravagent as to believe that my own and Master Custis's Crops shoud fetch their usual prices when other good Tobacco met with abatements; but I am really selfish enough to expect that we ought to come in for a part of the good prices that are going, from a belief that our Tobacco is of a quality not so much inferior to some that still sells well, and that so considerable a Consignment, when confined in a manner to one House, as ours is, woud lay claim to the best endeavours of the Merchant in the Sales, and in the return of Goods; for many Articles of which I pay exceeding heavily;
These Gentlemen are my Sentiments, fully, and candidly expressd, without any design, believe me, of giving you offence; but as the selling of our Tobacco's well, and purchasing of Our Goods upon the best Terms, are matters of the utmost consequence to our well doing, it behooves me to be plain and sincere in my declaration's on these points, previous to any change of measures, that I may stand acquitted of the Imputation of fickleness if I am at last forced to a discontinuance of my corrispondance with your House.
Twenty Hhds of my Tobacco from this River makes up Forty eight which I have in Boyes; the remainder (which is trifling) shall be sent by the first Ship that gives liberty; and as I have not been able to discover any advantages we obtaind by
By this conveyance you will receive Invoices of Goods wanted for our Plantation's on York; and those for this River, will no longer I hope, be sent in by Boyes for when they come into that River we really suffer by the strange mistakes that continually happen; Last year several parcels of Goods designd for York River were sent to this place and others for me left down there and in going backwards and forwards some were lost (things too of no inconsiderable value, for one of the parcels was a Bale of Linnen) and this year all my Plaid hose for this River came in a package to Mr. Valentine and I have them to send for 150 Miles. These mistakes and Inconveniencies woud necessarily be avoided if the Goods were to come by Ships to the respective Rivers; and they woud also escape those frequent damages which is the consequence of shifting them from one Vessel to another, and transporting them from place to place. Oppertunities of doing this cannot be wanting as many Vessels comes to this River annually (from London) some which lye at my Door.
It appears pretty evident to me from the prices I have generally got for my Tobacco in London, and from some other concomitant Circumstances, that it only suits the Interest of a few particular Gentlemen to continue their consignments of this commodity to that place, while others shoud endeavour to substitute some other Article in place of Tobacco, and try their success there with: In order thereto you woud do me a singular favour in advising of the general price one might expect for good Hemp in your Port watered and prepared according to
The Stamp Act… 72 may be left to yourselves, who have such large demands upon the Colonies, to determine, who is to suffer most in this event, the Merchant, or the Planter.
[Note:The omitted portion is nearly a verbatim repetition of Washington's strictures on the stamp act which he wrote to Francis Dandridge, this same day, q. v. ]
I am very much obliged to you for your kind advice of corrisponding with Mr. Dandridge, it is a piece of respect due to so near a Relation of my Wifes, and therefore I give you the trouble of the Inclosed; but I have not the least expectation of deriving any advantages from it for tho' he has no nearer relatives than her, there are some to whom I believe he has given stronger proofs of his Inclinations of serving; but to you my thanks are equally due, and I return them with cordiality for the goodness of your Intentions. I am Gentn., etc.
Sent by Captn. John Johnstown
Gentlemen: By the Fauquier Captn. Nicks you will receive 12 Hhds of Master Custis's Tobacco which please to sell to the best advantage and carry the nett proceeds to the credit of his
According to the usual and annual Custom, I expected to have recd. copies of his and the Estates Accts. curr't with you before now, but have been disappointed two years running; your next Letters I hope will furnish me with these, as it is a satisfaction to receive and compare them with my own once a year. Sundry of your favours lying before me, I perceive in one of them you ask if D. P. Custis's Estate was to be debited for the 14 Hhds Tobo. pr. the Joseph, and J.P. Custis credited for the proceeds. My letter of the 26th. of April 1763 did fully direct in this matter; but as you may have forgot the cont'ts I there mentioned that D. P. Custis's Estate was to have credit for the 20 Hhds pr. the Deliverance because it was Shipd before any Division of the said Estate took place, but that Mastr J.P. Custis was chargeable with the Insurance and other Costs of the 14 Hhds pr. the Joseph, and entitled to the proceeds (this Tobo. being made after that event happend and upon his own Estate) and that you were thence forward to open an acct. with the young Genteman, beginning with that very Tobo., the property being his.
The Parliament by the Bounty given for American Hemp and Flax seem desirous of encouraging the growth of them in the Plan'tns but as they are Articles altogether new to us and I believe not much of our Lands well adapted for them, and as the proper kind of Packages, Freight, and accustomd charges, are little known here I shoud be much obligd to you for advising me of the genel. prices one might expect in your Port for good Hemp, and flax (rough and undressd) Watered, and
Sent pr. Captn. Johnston
Sir: Your favour of the 20th. May last, with the Goods pr. the Francis, is just come to hand. The Goods I believe are in good order, but I wish the Chair bottoms may last as I had a tryal of hair once before which were of no duration and from thence determined to have no more; but perhaps all may not be alike and these will answer your recommendation of them, if so, they will do exceeding well.
On board of the Johnston were put eight Hhds of Master Custis's Tobacco (instead of Six which I promised Captn. Mulloy) the proceeds of which you will please to carry to his credit.
The Parliament, by the Bounty given for American Hemp and Flax seem desirous of encouraging the growth… 73 I have already made some little Essays in raising of both this year, and altho I have sufferd by the attempt owing principally to the severity of the Drought and my inexperience in the management, I am not altogether discouraged from a further prosecution of the Scheme, provided I find the bounty is easily obtaind, and the Sales not clogd with difficulty and expence, you will please to excuse this trouble, I am Sir, etc.
[Note:The omitted portion is the same as that written to Capel and Osgood Hanbury, this same day, q. v. ]
Sent by the Potomack, Captn. Thompson, via Glasgow.
Gentn: My last of the 28th. of March servd only to advise you of a draft which I made in behalf of Master and Miss Custis in favour of Walter Magowan for £55.8.4 and desiring it might be charged to them equally. Since my Letters of November last by Captn. McGachin (in the Thornton) I have receivd your favours of the 30th. of September, 7 and 18th. of November, 23d. December, and 31st. of January with the Goods pr. Johnstown which came to hand in good order.
I was sorry to find by the last of the above Letters that our Tobacco by Boyes shou'd suffer such damage as is there spoken of, and that the whole shoud not be of equal quality with the few first landed; this I suppose, for I know of no other reason, shoud be attributed to there laying near the Ships bottom and consequently receiving greater damage for I am informed the Ship was an excessive bad one and with difficulty was kept above Water. However the Tobacco I hope by this time is all sold off and that we shall soon receive agreeable Accts. of Sales for it having met with many discouraging ones of late.
Captn. Boyes has just received 10 Hhds of my Potomack Tobac: which with about 20 from York River makes the whole of my last years Crop; the Sales of which I flatter myself will in some measure recompense me for the smallness of quantity the whole being good and that from York River nearly half stemmed notwithstanding the Tobacco woud have been clean and well receivd without, so determined I was to remove the very ground work of complaints; this is also the case with Master Custis's Tobacco and the quantity you will receive from him will be about 50 Hhds but for want of hearing from our Steward I cannot ascertain the exact Number of his nor mine but these two quantities you may venture to make Insurance on, i.e. fifty Hhds for him and Thirty for me.
I cannot while I am upon this Subject avoid mentioning a circumstance which I have been but lately informed of, and which has, and will still more hurt your Interest in the Tobacco Consignment if the fact be true, and practice continued. It is this, The Ship which comes into York River in your Interest and under your address after receiving all the Tobacco She can get from your fixed, and principal corrispondants at £8 pr. Ton fill up the rest of the Load, or as much as Tobacco can be procured for, at a much lower freight by which means those who make a point of keeping their Tobacco for your Ship, and are ready, willing, and do actually contribute largely to her dispatch, are put upon a more disadvantageous footing than casual Corrispondants and others who obtain liberty of Consignment. The matter therefore when stripd of its colouring and exposed to view in naked dress will appear in no other light but this. A Vessel carrying 200 Tons of Tobac. is content with a freight of £1400 (allowing £7 pr. Ton the average of Eight and Six) a few People therefore who Ship one half of the quantity (and if any favour were shown have the best right to expect it) pays £800; the Shippers of the other half pay only £660. Does it not become evident then from hence that the former pays a £100 more than their just proportion and the latter as much less, and that the Charges of the Ship are Taxed upon those who offer their Tobacco freely, and with out conditioning for the freight depending altogether upon the Custom of the Ship for this charge. I do not pretend to say that this information is literally fact, but I have it from those who confidantly affirm it.
In your letter of the 23d. of Decemb'r past, you observe that unless the names of the Shopkeepers (who charge heavily for their Goods) are pointed out you are left without a footstep of enquiry and me without the means of redress. I grant it, and therefore contrary to a natural aversion of recapitulation I will give you one or two Instances (where the price does not