This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever in Cuba.

Kean recounts Reed's sickness, death, and funeral.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Gorgas recommends King as superintendent of Yellowstone Park. He discusses the functions and administration of the Sanitary Department.

Gorgas offers his opinion on the organization of the Sanitary Department in the Canal Zone. He also comments on his candidacy for the office of Surgeon General.

Gorgas writes about the management of the Sanitary Department. He comments on his relationship with his superior officers in the government.

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about a planned increase in the Canal Zone medical force, and encloses correspondence recommending physician Alexander Murray for service in Panama.

Bushnell recommends physician Alexander Murray to Gorgas for service in Panama and explains Murray's difficult circumstances owing to his wife's illness.

Gorgas informs Bushnell that his medical staff is full at present, but that he will consider adding physician Alexander Murray if there is an increase in staffing.

Gorgas writes about his reconciliation with Magoon, remarking that Magoon will probably recommend him as his successor in Panama. He also comments on the state of disease in Panama, noting that pneumonia remains primary problem.

Gorgas discusses career and salary issues and concerns. Gorgas supports James Carroll for the Nobel Prize.

Kean argues that Carroll deserves more recognition for his service. The last page includes Kelly's reply, dated September 10, 1906. Kelly writes that he will help to secure cooperation of Congressmen and write an article in support of Congressional action on behalf of the survivors and their families.

Gorgas refers to his previous letter soliciting suggestions for the Chief of Laboratory. He offers additional names from which to choose. He mentions other departmental news, including the use of drugs and chemical compounds.

[Gorgas] writes about political maneuverings for staff appointments and promotions, and recognition for James Carroll.

Ramos writes about the yellow fever work in Cuba. He encloses a table showing charting fatalities from yellow fever smallpox.

This table charts deaths from smallpox and yellow fever in Havana, from 1870-1879.

Kean sends Magoon the report of the Chief Sanitary Officer of Cuba for the past year and comments extensively on sanitation and the yellow fever.

[Morejos?] writes about mosquito eradication and other sanitary measures in various Cuban locations.

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

The Provisional Governor of Cuba grants Kean's request for another medical officer.

Gorgas is convinced that mosquito eradication is the only method to keep yellow fever from developing into an epidemic.

Guiteras disputes Gorgas' theories about immunity to yellow fever and eradication of the disease.

Kean suggests that a case of yellow fever was contracted not in Santiago di Cuba but in Daiquiri.

Thomason discusses a yellow fever patient, Manuel Casas.

Guiteras discusses his hesitancy to publicize yellow fever cases.

Kean protests against the American quarantine of all Cuban ports.

Guiteras reports to Kean regarding the possible yellow fever cases of Manuel Casas de la Mina and Jesus Torres.

Finlay outlines measures taken to ensure that a case of yellow fever, in Havana, does not develop into an epidemic.

Del Valle discusses yellow fever cases in Havana and sanitation measures.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Lebredo discusses the diagnosis of a possible yellow fever case.

Finlay reports on recommendations for prophylactic measures against yellow fever in Felton.

[Kean] requests additional experiments using wire mesh as a mosquito control.

Guiteras writes that he will conduct further experiments using wire mesh and additional species of mosquitoes.

[Kean] informs Ellis about the military service of John R. Kissinger and gives details of Kissinger's participation in the yellow fever experiments. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean denies a rumor that he has been chosen to succeed General Torney. He informs Gorgas that the 10th Infantry has been ordered to Panama.

Kean requests Agramonte's photograph for a publication about the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte informs Kean of Finlay's declining health. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean acknowledges that Agramonte should get proper credit for his yellow fever work. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte demands that Kean correct the injustice done to him regarding his unfair portrayal in the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean states that Carroll was responsible for the injustice done to Agramonte. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Miller informs Kean that he is unable to supply a list of commissioned officers in Allentown.

[Kean] questions Birmingham about the organization of the Ambulance Corps in France.

Gorgas informs Kean that he has already appointed officers for the Ambulance Corps in France. Kean may fill other places when he arrives.

Kean discusses the command structure of the Ambulance Corps in France.

Gorgas discusses the manning of ambulance sections in France.

Gorgas relays further information about the manning of ambulance sections in France. He mentions a possible misunderstanding between the French and American authorities.

Kean describes disagreements within the command of the Ambulance Corps on how to organize the ambulance service in France.

Gorgas describes to Kean further communication difficulties in constituting the Ambulance Corps in France.

Kean provides a detailed description of Ambulance Corps problems; including supply, accommodation, and pay difficulties.

Gorgas writes that he will comply with Kean's requests concerning the organization of the ambulance service in the United States.

Kean discusses logistical issues concerning supplies, assignments, and personnel in the Ambulance Corps.

Gorgas reports to Kean that he will be receiving reinforcements shortly.

Gorgas reports to Kean that Pershing recommends sending the remaining men at Allentown to France. Gorgas approves of Kean's administration.

Kean informs Gorgas of his transfer to post of Deputy Chief Surgeon of American Expeditionary Forces. He also describes command reorganizations and the status of ambulance service.

Gorgas informs Kean that he has had good reports from the Medical Department in France. Gorgas feels confident that Kean is leaving the Ambulance Corps in good order.

Kean seeks information on J.F. Binnie, an old acquaintance and a patient in Truby's hospital.

Truby relates Binnie's condition. He enjoyed his trip to Europe with the Keans in 1921. He discusses upcoming assignments to Panama or the Philippines.

Kean informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that his son Robert is graduating from MIT in chemistry. He discusses the role of Sternberg and Gorgas with the Yellow Fever Commission.

Marie Gorgas thanks Kean for his informative letter. She is currently collaborating with Hendrick on a biography of Gorgas.

Kean expresses his disapproval of the claims made by Marie Gorgas' in her biography of William Crawford Gorgas.

Kean writes to the editor in order to dispute the claims made by Marie Gorgas in her article on her husband. He requests that a letter of clarification be published in the journal.

Kean informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that he wrote to the editor of World's Work to dispute the claims made by Marie Gorgas as regards the Yellow Fever Commission.

Burton informs Kean that the piece published in World's Work, by Marie Gorgas, was an excerpt of her larger work in which Reed does receive credit.

Kean expresses doubt that the statements already published in the excerpts of Gorgas' biography can be corrected in the final publication without contradiction.

Hendrick agrees to publish Kean's letter, which challenged Marie Gorgas' account of her husband's yellow fever work, in the journal World's Work.

Kean informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that Hendrick will print a correction to an earlier article. This letter is written at the bottom of Hendrick's letter to Kean, dated April 16, 1924. Hendrick writes that the corrections will be made and regrets any offense given Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Kean informs McCaw that Hendrick has agreed to publish his rebuttal to Marie Gorgas' article.

Kean offers an explanation of how his rebuttal letter to Marie Gorgas' article came to be published in New York Times.

Howard responds favorably to Kean's letter published in the New York Times, and offers supporting evidence for Kean's claims in the form of quotations from a letter of Reed.

Hendrick informs Kean that he had planned to publish his rebuttal letter in the June issue of the World's Work, but withdrew it when he saw it published in the New York Times.

Kean mentions Howard's letter, which offers proof of Reed's awareness of the practical effects of his yellow fever experiments.

Kean informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that the manuscript of Gorgas' biography might be corrected to reflect Reed's role. He will retire to Washington this summer.

Howard encloses correspondence with L.H. Baekeland, who proposed sending a letter to the New York Times emphasizing Kean's role in mosquito eradication in Cuba in 1901.

Howard informs Baekeland that he does not wish to be involved in the controversy between Marie Gorgas and Kean.

Baekeland inquires if Howard objects to him writing a letter to the New York Times.

Baekland refers to the recent publication of a letter and Howard's response regarding Kean's role. He includes a direct quote from Howard's letter.

Kean refers to the Marie Gorgas and Hendrick biography of William Crawford Gorgas.

Marie Gorgas writes to Kean that she regrets his disapproval of her biography of William Crawford Gorgas. [Kean] appends a note chastising the authors of the biography for failing to correct errors called to their attention six months before publication.

Edsall requests Kissinger's address. A fund has been established in his name, Harvard University Medical School, which would provide a pension to Ida Kissinger upon John Kissinger's death.

Kean requests that Kissinger's address be given to the dean of Harvard Medical School.

Clark provides Edsall with Kissinger's address.

Richardson, Edsall's assistant, seeks confirmation that Kissinger was a volunteer in the yellow fever experiments.

Kean confirms that Kissinger was a volunteer in the yellow fever experiments.

Edsall thanks Kean for identifying Kissinger.

Kean offers his opinion on the accuracy of the Gorgas biography. He requests Birmingham's recollection of Gorgas' decision to retire.

Birmingham believes that Gorgas withdrew his request for retirement because of World War I, not because there was opposition to his retirement from other sources.

Black discusses the relationship between Gorgas and Ludlow.

Kean discusses the Gorgas biography and requests that his review of it be published.

Kean encloses a reprint of his review of the Gorgas biography for publication in "Science."

Howard informs Kean that he will forward his review of the Gorgas biography to the editor of "Science."

Kean thanks Howard for contacting "Science" on his behalf.

Howard informs Kean that his review of the Gorgas biography was reprinted, but not in "Science."

Howard expresses interest in Kean's review of the Gorgas biography. He comments on Hendrick's writing and factual accuracy.

Delaney congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography.

Strong congratulates Kean for his review of the Gorgas biography.

West thanks Kean for reprints of his review of the Gorgas biography.

Howard informs Kean that the editors of "Science" want him to write another review.

Cattell expresses interest in Kean's review of the Gorgas biography, but notes that "Science" does not publish reprints.

Walker congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography.

Kean declines to write new review of Gorgas biography for "Science."

Alderman, the President of the University of Virginia, congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography.

Amador congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography. He discusses his own plans to write a popular history of the yellow fever story for Panama.

Kean approves of Amador's idea for a popular history of yellow fever. He relates his recollections of the X.Y. yellow fever case.

Kean sends Cushing reprints of his review of the Gorgas biography.

Cushing congratulates Kean for his review of the Gorgas biography. An autograph note by Kean reveals sales statistics of both the Osler and Gorgas biographies.

McCaw sends Kean a critique of Mark Sullivan's article on Gorgas, and tells Kean that he believes Sullivan wants to present a truthful account of Gorgas' yellow fever work.

McCaw offers comments on Sullivan's draft chapter about Gorgas and yellow fever.

Patterson sends Kean a letter he has written to William Duffield Robinson, correcting a statement about Gorgas that Robinson made in a paper.

Patterson corrects Robinson's statement that Gorgas discovered the means of transmission for yellow fever.

Kean compliments Ravenel on his review of the Gorgas biography and presents his own view of the errors in the book.

Ravenel offers his opinions about Gorgas.

Kean discusses Gorgas and the yellow fever work in Cuba. Ireland responds in a note at the bottom of the letter.

Ravenel refers to an article by Russell concerning the sanitation campaign in Havana (1900). In an autograph note, [Kean] writes that Ravenel has misunderstood Russell.

Kean agrees that Russell should be unambiguous in his statements regarding Gorgas.

Ravenel informs Kean that he has written a review of a biography of Carter for "The American Journal of Public Health."

Kean makes corrections to Sullivan's manuscript for a book chapter on Gorgas, including a memorandum for Ireland concerning Gorgas' military record and honors.

Ravenel comments on factual errors in the Russell article about Gorgas' sanitation work.

Kean discusses Russell's article on Gorgas and comments on the errors in the Marie Gorgas biography of her husband. Included is an autograph note by Kean.

Alvare writes about Finlay and Camp Lazear.

Kean requests the addresses of Mabel Lazear and Jennie Carroll.

Kean provides his analysis of the date of the initiation of anti-mosquito efforts in Havana. He cites a report by William Crawford Gorgas, which was written in 1904.

Kean expresses his disappointment in the competition between Cuba and America regarding the credit for the yellow fever work. According to Kean, it was Reed who demonstrated Finlay's theory and Gorgas who applied it.

Siler comments on Kean's defense of Finlay.

LeRoy y Cassa defends Finlay against the claims of the Rockefeller Foundation and others. He refers to Marie Gorgas and Burton J. Hendrick's biography of William Crawford Gorgas.

Kean informs Agramonte that he would like to publish his recollections of the yellow fever experiments in "The Military Surgeon."

Kean thanks Lamb for information on Reed's last days.

Russell writes about current work on yellow fever, mentioning Dunn, Klotz, Beeuwkes, Noguchi and Carter. He discusses Carter's belief that yellow fever came to the Americas with slaves from West Africa.

Kean expresses his continued interest in the status of yellow fever investigations, experimentation on monkeys, and Carter's book on the history of yellow fever.

Kean mentions the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace and ongoing yellow fever work. He offers his opinion on the Reed-Finlay debate.

Agramonte appreciates Kean's balanced report of the yellow fever work. He comments on current yellow fever work.

Sen. Tydings requests a copy of Kean's article.

Howard comments on Kean's account of the yellow fever experiments.

Kean thanks Howard for praising his speech on Walter Reed.

De Niedman offers his recollections of yellow fever work in Cuba, including investigations of Sanarelli's bacillus and sanitary measures undertaken.

Kean informs de Niedman that he will testify on behalf of a pension bill to recognize the work of the yellow fever commission and volunteers, including Agramonte.

Kean sends Ireland a letter from Frank McCoy concerning Gen. Summerall's statements about the roles played by Sternberg and Wood in the work of yellow fever commission. On the bottom of the letter, Ireland adds an expression of interest and his initials.

McCoy comments on Gen. Summerall's statements about the roles of Sternberg and Wood with regard to the yellow fever commission.

Kean provides Morin with a comprehensive review of the yellow fever experiments. He includes the names of the personnel, their birth places, their enlistment and discharge locations, and present addresses.

Kean informs Moran about efforts to enact pension bills for yellow fever commission families and volunteers.

Russell refers to questions and a statement concerning yellow fever published in "The Tropical Diseases Bulletin," March 1928. He cites the work and writing of Carter as having proven yellow fever can be eliminated without knowing its causal organism.

Kean sends Agramonte a Congressional committee report on the yellow fever pension bill and gives his opinion in regards to compensation amounts. Kean also comments on the Rockefeller Foundation yellow fever work in West Africa.

Taylor sends Kean a booklet on Reed.

Kean thanks Taylor for the booklet on Reed.

Kean responds to Peabody's questions about the work of the Yellow Fever Commission, offering his view on the contributions of various men and commenting on illustrations Peabody has selected for his article.

Kean comments on photos to be used by Peabody in his article and supplies Moran's address. He has a high opinion of Moran.

Russell suggests that Peabody donate his papers related to his yellow fever research to the Johns Hopkins Hospital Library.

Kean asks Laura Carter if her father's papers indicate the dates he arrived at and departed from Cuba, in 1900.

Laura Carter provides Kean with the dates of Henry Carter's service in Cuba, in 1899 and 1900.

Beveridge, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, requests a reprint of Kean's speech, which was given at the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace.

Kean sends a reprint of his speech, given at the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace, to Beveridge.

Kean apologizes for not recalling that Lambert was the nurse who cared for him when he was sick with yellow fever. Kean tells Lambert he should be proud of his service in connection with the yellow fever experiments.

Kean relates news of the pension bill and notes the recognition of Agramonte's work in the bill.

Agramonte thanks Kean for news of the pension bill, and expresses appreciation for Ireland's influence.

Kean responds to Ames' inquiry about the pension bill and offers reasons why Roger Ames is not included.

Kean describes to Moran the attempts made to expand the list of people qualified for yellow fever pensions, and explains how the criteria were set.

Kean congratulates Emilie Lawrence Reed on the establishment of her annuity.

Kean seeks donations of artifacts or letters of Jesse Lazear for the Vanderbilt University Medical Museum.

Kean inquires about Agramonte's father and explains the delay of Agramonte's medal and pension, approved in February 1929.

Agramonte writes to Kean about his family, the pension delay, and his health.

The interview centers on Kean's reluctance to give credit to the work done by Roger Ames during the yellow fever experiments.

Kean informs Jessie Ames that physicians other than Roger Ames treated yellow fever patients at Camp Lazear.

Kean does not believe that Roger Ames had yellow fever, in 1901.

Hagedorn relates a conversation with General McCoy concerning Wood's announcement of the Yellow Fever Commission's findings, in 1900. He also comments on Gorgas' sanitary work in Havana.

Truby's recounts his memories of the yellow fever experiments, and his anger with Agramonte for making what he feels are unjustified claims.

Kean congratulates McCoy on his appointment to Manchuria and comments on Hagedorn's biography of Leonard Wood.

Frances Agramonte gives Kean her new address and discusses her health.

Kean thanks Moran for sending him his immunity certificate signed by the Yellow Fever Board members. Kean comments on the political situation in Cuba.

Kean accepts Moran's offer to send him his yellow fever clinical chart and comments on conditions in Cuba and the U.S.

Truby writes to Kean concerning a bust of Reed.

This is an invoice to Kean for the return of a marble bust of Reed from the Smithsonian Institution to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

Baker sends Kean his recollections of yellow fever work in Havana from 1898 to 1900.

Baker's recollections of yellow fever in Havana from 1898 to 1900 include a description of deaths among the American military officers.

Truby's memorandum and attached documents concern the marble bust of Walter Reed that was removed from the Smithsonian Institution and placed at the Walter Reed Army Hospital.

On behalf of the Walter Reed Memorial Association, Darnall requests that the Reed bust be kept in its present place at Walter Reed Hospital.

Dabney requests a copy of the Commanding Officer's letter acknowledging the Walter Reed Memorial Association's request to house the Reed bust at the hospital.

Truby comments on the text of the inscription displayed with the Reed bust.

Kean inquires about Truby's recollections of the circumstances of Lazear's contraction of yellow fever. He informs Truby that the Cubans intended to memorialize the room at Las Animas where Lazear was said to have been bitten. Kean informed them that this was not true.

Kean discusses the unjustified claims in the Gorgas biography by Burton Hendrick and Marie Gorgas, relates news of an old acquaintance and of his health, and expresses his sympathy for Cuban sensitivity about Finlay.

Truby provides his recollections of the yellow fever experiments, including Lazear's infection, Carroll's and Agramonte's claims, Dean's infection, Kean's leadership, and the memorial plaque for Lazear at Las Animas Hospital.

Kean thanks Truby for his kind words, and for supporting the "true" story of the yellow fever experiments.

Kean describes the centennial celebration of the Army Medical Library and his award of the Order of Finlay from the Cuban Government.

Truby writes to Kean concerning identification of the men in a photograph of the Detachment of the Hospital Corps at Camp Columbia, Cuba.

Kean's writes about his surgery for cataracts and provides news of friends and acquaintances.

Lampson solicits information about Gorgas for an upcoming book on the conquest of yellow fever.

Kean describes the 1900 Havana Finlay-Reed dinner, which celebrated the conclusive proof of Finlay's theory by Reed's work. He feels that Finlay has not received a fair share of the credit.

Hench discusses his interest in the story of the conquest of yellow fever and asks for Kean's involvement.

Kean discusses a future meeting with Hench, his relationship with Reed, and his experiences with the yellow fever experiments.

Hench expresses appreciation for Kean's collaboration in preparing the story of the yellow fever experiments.

Dabney provides Kean with a chronological listing of Reed's service in the U.S. Army Medical Corps.

Kean chronologically lists the events related to yellow fever in Cuba, for Hagedorn.

Hench discusses various meetings he had in Cuba to acquire biographical information.

Kean discusses an upcoming meeting with Hench and the honoring of Moran and Kissinger by the Cuban government.

Kean mentions that his manuscripts related to Reed and yellow fever are at the University of Virginia.

Hench contacts Kean to arrange a meeting. He also encloses a list of questions and comments and requests some addresses.

Kean is eager to meet with Hench to discuss yellow fever work.

Hench is eager to hear more of Kean's recollections regarding his stay in Cuba and lists specific questions.

Kean is upset over efforts to get Poucher's name added to the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.

Hench explains that he is trying to get Lazear his share of the credit.

Kean lists various Senate documents dealing with the yellow fever investigation. He offers his opinion on the role of Lambert.

Kean promises that he will assist Hench in his research. He suggests that Hench contact Truby for more information.

Hench requests permission to study Kean's diary in depth. He poses a large number of questions concerning yellow fever work.

Kean comments on Truby's manuscript about the yellow fever experiments. He complains that some "rank candidates" are lobbying to be included in the Roll of Honor.

Kean comments on Truby's paper about his service in Cuba. He feels that Truby's narration is of immense value and fears that most of Reed's papers are lost. He mentions that the University of Virginia is honoring Moran with a dinner.

Hench expresses great interest in reading Truby's paper. He requests the address of Emilie Lawrence Reed and Blossom Reed. He discusses the dinner honoring Moran at the University of Virginia, and he invites Kean to attend the dedication of the Lazear Memorial Building.

Kean responds in detail to Hench's letter concerning the yellow fever experiments. He sends his diary from late 1900 and a copy of a speech at the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace.

Kean describes answering Hench's questions about the yellow fever experiments. Kean mentions that his wife is upset about his diary being sent through mail for Hench's research, and is afraid it might get lost. He reminisces about his stay in Cuba.

Kean compares the two methods of testing for yellow fever: mosquito bites and sleeping in the infected bedding. He claims that at the time of the experiments, the latter was considered more dangerous.

[Hench] informs Kean that he has found proof that a rental fee was paid by the U.S. military to use the Rojas family farm. He is thinking of purchasing Building No. 1 at Camp Lazear.

Kean reports that Reed requested $10,000 to conduct the yellow fever experiments. However, he is uncertain about where the financial records for the yellow fever study are being kept. He discusses an article written by Truby and encourages Hench to contact Thomas M. England, a former yellow fever volunteer.

Kean discusses his health and the dinner at the University of Virginia honoring Moran. He speaks about Finlay's mental condition during his later years. He also describes the dinner given in Havana celebrating the confirmation by the Yellow Fever Board of the Finlay theory.

Hench mentions Carlos E. Finlay's comments about his father during his later years. He describes in detail the dedication ceremony for the Jesse Lazear Building and mentions Mabel Lazear's opinion of her husband's work. He offers his opinion of Moran and Kissinger.

Hench discusses plans to finance and erect a memorial at the site of Camp Lazear. He describes it as a place where Finlay's concept was proven correct by the work of the U.S. Army. Hench includes sketches of the site.

Kean talks about Lazear's family and the location of his boyhood home. He also discusses the biography of Finlay.

Hench attempts to finish the Rheumatism Review, allowing little time for yellow fever research.

Kean answers Hench's questions regarding the yellow fever experiments.