Photo by US Army Medical Museum.

Ross discusses the parasites that cause malarial fevers. A note on the article indicates that it was published in Nature in 1901.

These selections from Rojas' notebook concern the rent for Camp Lazear.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

This is a list of twelve U.S. Army Hospital Corps members who were stationed at Camp Lazear.

Excerpt details orders, letters, and requests regarding Walter Reed's assignments from January 17, 1901 through November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

These three notes list the human-experiment volunteers who were exposed to fomites, infected by injections of blood, and infected by mosquitoes.

This report details the expenses of Camp Lazear.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes that the yellow fever experiments have answered his prayers to do some good for mankind.

Mattingly acknowledges receiving Kean's note of purchases.

Reed mentions the sixth case of experimental yellow fever, and that volunteers have gone thirty-five days without contracting yellow fever in the infected clothing test. He describes the condition of a yellow fever case and an experiment with blood injection.

Kean describes the round of New Year's parties, his children, and studying for his promotional exam. Kean also details the success of the mosquito experiments and the army's efforts to eliminate mosquitoes.

Reassures her; date of his return; safety of experiments; difficulties attendant on her visiting; he will return soon, in about five weeks.

Howard forwards to Reed a suggestion from Woldert regarding experimentation on mosquitoes. The actual suggestion, which was originally enclosed, is not included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses finances, and Emilie Lawrence Reed's loneliness. He reviews logistical questions regarding her possible visit to Cuba, and teases her.

Sternberg writes about the importance of scientific investigation. Sternberg orders Reed to return to Washington. He also discusses Carroll's planned promotion and the necessity of Carroll's continued assignment in Cuba.

Howard informs Reed that Woldert recommends using kerosene to eradicate mosquitoes, and includes a postscript regarding the genus of the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carry Yellow Fever Germs

Special Orders #10 orders England and Sonntag to experimental camp with Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas encloses and explains a map of the cases of yellow fever in the City of Havana for the year 1900. Two endorsements are included, January 14 and January 22, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Mosquitoes

Lawrence Reed responds to family news. His friend Cooke visits Washington.

Reed thanks Howard for sending him Woldert's suggestion about how best to use kerosene in eradicating mosquitoes, and asks for more information concerning the genus of the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent back to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard congratulates Reed on the success of his work and mentions he will quote Reed's work favorably in his upcoming lectures. He asks Reed to use care in saying anything about his connection with the kerosene remedy. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This bill would award a pension to Mabel Lazear.

Jackson lists all the properties that make up the Post of Columbia Barracks, along with their rental information. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Valuable Discoveries in Havana

Sternberg orders Reed to proceed to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. The letter and order are dated January 17 and January 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the army reorganization bill. He has finished his paper and remarks that the last experimental yellow fever cases are recovering.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. She complains about the appearance of their house in Washington.

Scott informs Jackson that a $2 per diem allowance has been approved for Reed and for Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses the health of friends back in the United States. He includes a satirical paragraph on the health of acquaintances.

Howard indicates that he is not certain of the grounds for believing that there is another species of mosquito to be considered, but he makes a guess, and agrees that the distinction is important to Reed's work. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special orders #22 specify that Kean is to travel to Washington, D.C. for an examination for promotion, and then to return to his post at Quemados, Cuba, when no longer required by the board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. His colleague McConnell will be visiting her. Reed mentions a drawing of mosquitos.

Reed reports he is on duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba for January 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #27 orders Cooke to Camp Mackenzie for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He will be leaving for Cuba in a week. Lawrence Reed's battalion has been ordered to move, either to the United States or to the Philippines, and he mentions that Lawrence has a Cuban girlfriend.

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean is in Washington, D.C. for his promotion exam. She mentions that Ames has contracted yellow fever and that she attended a memorial service for Queen Victoria.

Reed gives permission for Kissinger to leave Camp Lazear for a visit to Havana from 6 AM until 5 PM on February 4, 1901.

Reed describes the triumph of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, and a Congressional resolution of appreciation.

Special Orders #27 elects Stark to a board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters Department of Cuba, directs Neate and Carroll to Washington, D. C. for duty in the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31 orders Carroll to report to Washington, D. C. for duty in the pathological laboratory of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters of the Army, assigns Ross to duty in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #32 details Springer to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D. C. and Colby to Camp Mackenzie, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard reports that he has lobbied Congress to acknowledge Lazear's service. He believes Lazear was a martyr.

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Questions of the Day

Vivimos de Milagro; La Habana-Intervenida-en 1901

Carroll notifies Howard that he is sending him a bumblebee, and he regrets that there are no flies available to send, as the place where he is has been completely sewered and disinfected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Latest About Yellow Fever

Howard identifies the bee that Carroll had sent to him earlier, giving specifics about its range and habits. He looks forward to talking with Carroll and Reed about the success of the yellow fever experiments, and wishes them success in identifying the organism that causes yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 specifies Walter Reed as a member of the board of medical officers for the examination of candidates for admission to the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

Reed writes a letter of recommendation for Moran.

Our Duty in Cuba

The Mosquito and the Frost

Kean requests funds for Camp Lazear. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed appreciates Carter's support. He admires Carter's work in Mississippi.

Reed asserts Carter's work in Mississippi contributed more to his belief in the theory of an intermediate host than anything else.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of February 1901. He reports that he has returned from Havana and has resumed his duties as Curator of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes about his return to Cuba after a trip to the United States. Louise Kean has been active in charitable work around the Camp.

Moran acknowledges receipt of a check.

Special Orders #54 directs Kean to Columbia Barracks in order to relieve Stark. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes just after his return from Cuba. He informs Blincoe of the results of the yellow fever experiments and the reception of the work by the scientific community. He quickly relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

The Questions of the Day

The Yellow Fever Experiments

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of March 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

Reed sends a reprint that Carter has requested, along with some other literature. He expresses interest in reading two articles, written by Carter, that have been recently published.

The Yellow Fever Commission examines Ole A. Jensen and pronounces his illness as yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Yellow Fever Commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Morro 58. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about the use of fumigation against yellow fever, the quarantine in New Orleans, and Jefferson Randolph Kean being placed in charge of the finances for the Yellow Fever Commission.

Yellow Fever Germs

What Surgeon General Sternberg Says

Surgeon General George M. Sternberg

This notarial document describes the purchase, by Ramon Gonzalez y Socorro, of the rural estate - called “Varona” or “Pineda” - owned by D. Ignacio Gonzalez Pinera y Santa Cruz. The estate is located at the edge of Marianao near the Columbia Barracks.

The commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of potential yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Causes Yellow Fever

Gibson Bros. informs Jones that the cost for “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” pamphlets will be $46.00.

The Surgeon General accepts the estimate the Gibson Bros. will charge for publishing 300 copies of the phamphlet, “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital and Benefica. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In Circular #5, Scott specifies how to prevent the spread of yellow fever and malaria at military posts by controlling mosquitoes, and instructs physicians how to monitor possible yellow fever patients.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of April 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at San La zaro, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests personal information from Agramonte, which Agramonte supplies on the lower half of the page before he returns the letter to Sternberg.

The Surgeon General forwards to Lord Julian Pauncefote twenty copies of the Report on the Etiology of Yellow Fever.

The record card explains Walter Reed's leave of absence for 1901, with reference to an unexplained absence from his post as member of the Army Medical Examining Board. The report also states that Reed is personally and professionally humiliated by this inquiry. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard requests information as to whether Agramonte has been relieved of his duties with the investigation, or whether he is available to assist the needs of his department as bacteriologist.

Pauncefote thanks the Surgeon General for sending to him the copies of the Report on the Etiology of Yellow Fever.

Kean discusses life at Camp Lazear; including acquaintances and political trouble involving his new quarters.

Agramonte is relieved of his duties as a member board to investigate infectious diseases and is reassigned to duty in charge of the Department Laboratory at Municipal Hospital and microscopical and bacteriologicial work at Las Animas Hospital. Endorsements are dated May 21 through May 28, 1901. Special Orders #118 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #118 relieves Agramonte from duty as a member of the board of medical officers investigating infectious diseases. He is ordered to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for assignment to duty.

Sternberg recommends to the Adjutant General that Agramonte be relieved of his current duty and be directed to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for re-assignment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Surgeon General Sternberg's Circular

Special Orders #117 assigns Agramonte to duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

On behalf of the Department of State, Hay requests two copies of Sternberg's circular on yellow fever for the Portuguese Minister.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of May 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” to the Secretary of State for transmission to the Portuguese Minister.

The Assistant Secretary of War sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sparkman requests fifteen to twenty copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” from Sternberg.

Reed considers Durham's work on a bacillus. Although there is no work for the Yellow Fever Board in Cuba at present, he advises Kean to maintain Camp Lazear. Reed discusses immunization against yellow fever.

Mosquitoes' Deadly Work

Sternberg sends Sparkmen ten copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Howard identifies the species of mosquito that Kean sent him. He also inquires about Gorgas' work in Cuba and believes Woodruff would be a good addition to the investigating committee. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg recommends that Walter Reed be ordered to go to Fort Monroe, Virginia on military business. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is directed to travel to Fort Monroe, Virginia, from Washington, D.C. and to return upon the completion of his duty there. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sparkman requests 150 to 200 copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” for distribution. He believes several thousand copies should be distributed to southern States.

Sternberg can only spare a few more copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” and does not have the authority to print several thousand copies. He proposes that Sparkman introduce a bill to Congress in order to print additional copies.

Sparkman encourages the printing of several thousand copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” so that the people of the Gulf Coast can be informed of the mosquito theory. Sparkman realizes that it is very important that the yellow fever issue be cleared up, as there are numerous variant theories about the cause of yellow fever.

Special Orders #129 relieves Ames of duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #10 lists military stations and various ranks for Edmunds up to his death by yellow fever on June 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #133 directs Ames to the Santa Clara Battery to relieve a contract surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard assigns duties for Agramonte at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #134 details Agramonte to visit Columbia Barracks four times a week. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Glennan reveals the costs of the new disinfecting building for the Shore Plant for the upcoming six months. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of June 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard thanks Carroll for the fresh mosquito eggs. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Circular #2, written in both English and Spanish, shows that the mosquito is responsible for the spread of disease, in particular yellow fever. The author outlines the necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent the spread of diseases by the mosquito. A summary of other Circulars regarding the spread of diseases is also included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Suppression of Yellow Fever

Carter proposes that they take a holiday because he is not feeling well.

Special Orders #153 relieves Agramonte from duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed provides a report of his assignments between June 30, 1900 and June 30, 1901 and lists his areas of expertise. Sternberg provides an efficiency report of Reed's performance. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses cultures of Bacillus Icteroides. He will send the cultures to Smith.

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Special Orders #172 orders Carroll to Havana to continue the investigation of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #161 grants Agramonte a leave of absence for one month. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Jackson reports on the condition of “Johnny's Place” which has been inspected by Echeverria. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #164 promotes England to Acting Hospital Steward at Hamilton Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Caldas describes the process to obtain serum and vaccine for yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of July 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who is coming to Havana for experiments on yellow fever.

These letters and supporting documents concern the request by Caldas and Bellingaghi to demonstrate their yellow fever serum. Included are translations from original Spanish letters and recommendations from Caldas and Tellez. Havard requests a medical commission to examine these claims. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #166 relieves Lambert from duty at Camp Columbia. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sanger introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who developed a yellow fever vaccine, to the Havana community. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Amaral thanks the Military Governor of Cuba for his courtesy towards Caldas and Bellingaghi.

Xavier informs Scott that Caldas, inventor of a yellow fever serum, wants to conduct experiments in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Forbes and De Lamar are relieved from duty at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on the claims of Caldas and Bellingaghi that they discovered a preventative and curative serum for yellow fever. Havard is skeptical because Caldas does not provide any information regarding his process of isolation and culture. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Chart plots temperature and pulse of a yellow fever volunteer after the use of the Caldas' vaccine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #175 commutes rations to Springer and elects Mazzuri to board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Scott directs Gorgas to increase the funding for Carroll's yellow fever research.

This contract is a copy of the original contract made with non-immunes for Caldas' yellow-fever experiment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This contract is a copy of the original contract made with non-immunes for Caldas' yellow-fever experiment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Illustration: Hoy las Ciencias Adelantan Que es una Barbaridad!

Havard authorizes Carroll to continue investigations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Third Mosquito Victim

Jesse T. Lazear provides family news. He reports that two noted physicians spoke to him about Jesse W. Lazear's death.

The Martyrs of Science

Special Orders #184 directs Ames to assist Carroll at Las Animas Hospital and Carroll to continue with investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about yellow fever research, including the failed experiments of Caldas and Carroll's work.

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Board Says Caldas Serum Is Failure

Havard provides evidence that Caldas' and Bellingaghi's theories are unsound and should not be accepted. He includes a detailed time-line of events and a list of arguments to conclude his report against Caldas. Enclosed are charts, reports, and other documents used as evidence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Snarles of the Pessimist

Yellow Fever Experiments

Yellow Fever and Quarantine

Reed is detailed to represent the Medical Department of the Army at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Buffalo, New York, from September 16 through September 20, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This article, which appeared in the "Medical Record," discusses the transmission of malaria

Topics of the Times

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Reed expresses great appreciation for Kean's recommendation that he apply himself to become Surgeon General, but says he will not join the ranks of those who “beg” for promotion. He informs Kean of Lawrence Reed's upcoming wedding, then recommends that Camp Lazear be discontinued. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Corbin informs Wood that Carroll is to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses Carroll's experiments, comments on Springer's involvement, and makes recommendations.

Special Orders #226 directs Carroll to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Flexner reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed of her husband's safety and offers his assistance to her.

Carroll sends Howard a female mosquito collected near Las Animas Hospital.

Chittinden clarifies the species of mosquito that Carroll sent Howard on October 3rd, 1901.

Carroll sends Howard more samples of mosquitoes.

Kean encourages Reed to lobby for the office of Surgeon General.

Special Orders #230 transfers privates Hamann and Covington to the hospital at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll reports positive results for the filtrate test.

Kean explains why Dunshie was discharged from the medical corps.

Chittinden clarifies the species of different mosquitoes sent to him by Carroll.

Smith requests that Walter Reed be detailed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper about his research on yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Bishop requests, on behalf of Victor C. Vaughan, that Walter Reed be detailed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. A copy of Vaughan's letter of October 23, 1901 is enclosed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #234 states that Springer is no longer required for the yellow fever investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Smith requests, on Victor C. Vaughan's behalf, that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his work with yellow fever. He encloses a copy of Victor C. Vaughan's letter of October 21, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Hamilton requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Darragh requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper about his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg states Reed cannot be spared from his duties as a professor in the Army Medical School to attend a medical conference in Michigan. A letter from the Adjutant General to R. P. Bishop informs him and copies the other congressmen who had petitioned the Secretary of War for Reed's attendance at the conference. Endorsements are also enclosed, dated October 31 and November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed relays news of additional candidates for Surgeon General. He believes Kean should be Surgeon General instead of himself because he is concerned about his age.

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Kean offers Reed continued encouragement and strategy for the Surgeon General's post.

Carroll thanks Pilcher for mentoring him early in his career.

Endorsements requests history and personal description of Reed, along with information on next of kin. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about the Keans' travels, her daughter's ear infections, and a case of experimental yellow fever.

Mabel Lazear writes about family news. She reports that she has been lobbying for her pension.

Howard thanks Reed for the copies of two papers on yellow fever. He then corrects Reed on the proper way to spell out fasciata Stegomyia. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

A Candidate for Honors

The Lazear Memorial

Wood advocates a pension for Mabel Houston Lazear.

Osler writes that he will help secure Mabel Lazear's pension.

This excerpt discusses Reed's medical work and gives a listing of each publication authored by Reed.

Photo by National Library of Medicine, Bethesda (Md.)

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Root credits major figures in the fight against yellow fever and requests that higher ranks be given to them. He reports that a battery at Fort Howard in Baltimore has been named “Battery Lazear.” [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

In Memory of Lazear

The report recognizes the work of Reed, Gorgas, Kean, Carroll, and Lazear.

This obituary honors the life and work of Walter Reed.

Gorgas details mosquito larvae inspections, from December 1901 to December 1902.

Conquest Of Yellow Five

This report contains extracts and resolutions honoring Walter Reed furnished by various individuals and institutions.

This testimonial supports a petition to Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Kean discusses La Garde's and Havard's candidacy for Surgeon General. There is a question of General Wood's support.

Sternberg lists the military posts and stations served by Reed as reported by the records of the Surgeon General.

Houston provides news of Mabel Lazear and her children, as well as the effort to secure a pension for her.

Kahn writes that he will assist with Mabel Lazear's pension.

Houston provides news of Mabel Lazear and the children, as well as the pension efforts.

Reed praises the service of Lazear and insists he died in the line of duty.

Mabel Lazear provides news of the children. She has received supportive letters and is still campaigning for her pension.

Kean provides news concerning the Surgeon General position. He has had a conversation with General Wood. Reed should return to Cuba.

Houston provides family news and mentions an article on Lazear's life.

Gorgas discusses Reed's success with Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory. Gorgas would like a post in Panama after Cuba.

Mabel Lazear writes with news of the children. She also discusses her efforts regarding the pension as well as Lazear Memorial efforts.

Kean requests a copy of the orders forbidding private use of government vehicles.

Photostat of page 411 of Carter's copy of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Hench.

Beach reports that government vehicles may not be used for private purposes, i.e. entertainment.

Howard responds to Reed's most recent letter, and discusses the notion of insects affecting both humans and domestic animals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Benis thanks Kean for his assistance in public health projects.

Mabel Lazear provides family news. Her pension bill needs only the president's signature to become official.

Mabel Lazear thanks Sweitzer for corsets she had sent. She provides news of her children, and says her pension bill has passed the House and the Senate.

Houston provides family news. She discusses letters of congratulation for the passage of the pension bill.

The Surgeon General informs Agramonte that his contract is over with the U. S. Army on April 30, 1902.

Reed writes about Blincoe's daughter, Laura.

Kean writes about Lena A. Warner's refusal to care for an officer's wife.

[Kean] writes an endorsement concerning modifications to orders for the Superior Sanitary Board.

Gorgas informs [Sternberg] that Agramonte will be relieved of duty May 15, 1902.

Root thanks Osler for his letter supporting Reed for nomination to the post of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Largest Military Post in the Island of Cuba

Cortelyou sends endorsements from the President concerning Reed succeeding Sternberg as the Surgeon General. The President also mentions O'Reilly. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Root acknowledges receipt of Martin's recommendation for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed asks for news of Keewaydin. He and Kean continue the campaign for Surgeon General.

Root acknowledges receipt of recommendations from the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Warner's article describes her role in the yellow fever experiments and how to best care for yellow fever patients. An autograph note follows the text and calls the piece a "pure fabrication as to her part."

Reed meets Kean. Reed hopes to get to Blue Ridge Summit (Keewaydin)soon. He describes boarding house meals.

Surgeon General's Records listing military and personal history for Reed until June 2, 1902.

Root acknowledges receipt of Welch's recommendation for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed promises to bring Emilie Lawrence Reed the money she needs to meet their expenses.

Reed writes that the boarding house fare has improved, though the coffee is still not good. Forwood tells Reed that his chances are excellent for a permanent appointment to be the Surgeon General.

Reed writes that he is returning to Cuba, and includes other political news about those who are candidates for Surgeon General. He says Roach's orchards are alive with locusts and expresses concern.

Reed gently upbraids his wife for not writing him daily and comments on the orchards.

Reed writes that the shipments are on their way to her. He is leaving for Boston, is looking forward to a reunion with his Cuban colleagues, and concludes with news of Forwood's confirmation.

Reed writes of his trip to Boston. He describes his hotel and the arrival of friends.

Reed writes about last night's grand dinner where he was given the second place of honor at dinner in recognition of his work, above men who awed him. He is distressed to learn about their fruit trees.

Reed is devastated to learn that their orchard is crawling with locusts. Reed hears that the President is highly complimentary of him. He will be coming home soon.

The efficiency report for Reed covers the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mabel Lazear thanks Sweitzer for a check. She writes about the children, but has not yet begun to receive her pension.

Reed writes concerning B. Icteroides and hog cholera, and the observations of microorganisms. He notes the affected populations' presence in Cuba. He appreciates congratulations for his honorary Harvard degree.

Crossby relates Mahan's condition regarding malaria and other diseases.

Agramonte forwards his contract of annulment with the U. S. Army and discusses reimbursement for mileage traveled since annulment. He also requests a certificate of non-indebtedness.

Reed writes a satirical letter concerning the appointment of the new Surgeon General, staff changes, and Kean's new position.

This report documents yellow fever cases in the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.

Reed discusses finances. He mentions honorary degrees he has been awarded.

Reed approves and endorses Carroll's application for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

La Garde writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll requests admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. He gives a brief summary of his career as a non-commissioned officer and a contract surgeon, and his terms at medical school. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes about his conference with O'Reilly from the War Department. Kean and his family are moving-in nearby. He comments on Smart becoming the Chief Surgeon of the Philippines.

Carroll's application into the Medical Corps of the Army is approved, although Carroll is technically too old. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly informs Carroll that his application for appointment in the Medical Corps has been approved and that the age limit will be waived. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll submits his personal history to the Medical Board for part of his examination for the Army Medical Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll is to report to Dewitt for examination before the Army Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mabel Lazear empathizes with Sweitzer regarding her financial losses. She asks for dates from Lazear's life to send to Paton.

These documents detail the entire military history of Reed. They also include announcements of Reed's death. The documents are dated November 1, 1902 through December 8, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed turns down an invitation to speak at Flexner's Pathological Society in Philadelphia.

Howard wants to borrow a photograph of Lazear from Carroll in order to have a slide made. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard asks Carroll for extra copies of his paper on the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Major Walter Reed Dead

Reed's personal possessions upon his death are inventoried. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This routine form filed upon the death of any military personnel is for Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Borden announces the time and cause of Reed's death. Endorsements by O'Reilly are included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Secretary of War details the arrangements for Reed's funeral procession.

Black acknowledges that he has received the instructions regarding the military escort for Reed's funeral. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

James Reed inquires when Walter Reed died.

Lemuel Blincoe requests information on Walter Reed's funeral so he can attend.

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

In Memory of Lazear

The Late Major Walter Reed

Borden certifies that Reed died in the line of duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg provides his impressions of Reed and his work relative to Kelly's plans to write a biography of Reed.

A World Benefactor

Christopher Reed provides a story of young Walter Reed in Brooklyn, where he was frustrated by malpractice in the medical profession.

Reed requests that her husband's letters about his laudatory character be sent to her. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses a strategy to lobby Congress to approve a pension for Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Kean's remarks about Reed portray him as a great storyteller and as a doctor making heroic house-calls during his "Dakota winters".

Wood lobbies for a pension for Lazear's widow.

Lee congratulates [Kean] on his speech he gave at the unveiling of the Reed Monument. Lee also wants to know the cost of a non-resident membership in the Army and Navy Club. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Christopher Reed provides a biographical sketch of Walter Reed written.

This document concerns the work of Walter Reed.

Borden describes Reed's fatal attack of appendicitis and the treatment regimen followed before his death.

Stark presents a paper about the measures taken by Reed and his commission to prove it was the mosquito, and not fomites, that was responsible for the spread of yellow fever. Published in The University of Virginia Alumni Bulletin, vol. 3.

Carroll asks to borrow a journal from Howard that is not in the library. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In Behalf of Mrs. Reed

Scientists Urge a Pension

Emilie Lawrence Reed writes of her grief at Walter Reed's death. She encourages Blincoe to send reminiscences of Reed's life to Howard A. Kelly for his biography of Reed.

A preamble to the bill about to be presented to Congress grants Emilie Lawrence Reed a yearly pension of $4,000. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean solicits support for pension bills in Congress. He discusses biographical essays on Walter Reed by himself and Kelly.

Vaughan requests that a letter in support of the pension bill be sent to the Washington Post.

These endorsements from the Surgeon General's Office regard the audit of Walter Reed following his death and requests for Reed's photograph and service record. The endorsements are dated January 16, 1903 through October 12, 1903. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walker requests a statement of service regarding Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dr. Reed's Great Work

This document summarizes Reed's promotions and military stations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Corbin sends a statement of military service of Reed to the Committee on Pensions regarding Senate Bill #6702. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean encourages Kelly to support the pension bill with a letter to the Washington Post.

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed's childhood.

Mrs. Reed's Pension Indorsed.

Pension for Mrs. Reed

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed, and includes a transcription of Thomas Reed's letter.

Agramonte is hired for temporary service at Columbia Barracks.

The Auditor for the War Department requests a statement of military service for Reed. They are deciding if Reed is accountable for medical property. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood gives a history of the American occupation in Cuba and discusses the yellow fever outbreak and consequent investigation by Reed and Lazear. Article appears in “The Annals of the American Academy.” Only pages 16 and 17 are included.

The company will send Sweitzer a check for her transfer of claim.

Gorgas requests Mabel Lazear's opinion on raising a subscription for her benefit. He reports that Emilie Lawrence Reed was just granted a pension. He expresses his admiration for Lazear.

Christopher Reed gives his account of Walter Reed's childhood.

Agramonte is informed that his contract as surgeon will terminate June 15, 1903.

Carroll writes that Agramonte was not present at the meeting where self-inoculation was discussed by Reed, Carroll and Lazear. Furthermore, he was only informed about the results of the experiments when Reed was about to leave Cuba, in October of 1900. He maintains that Finlay should not be awarded credit for the discovery of the mosquito theory.

O'Reilly reports about the state of yellow fever in the United States and foreign territories, and claims that it will not be a factor for health concerns in the future. He also includes a chart which details the admissions of important diseases by months for 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll thanks Howard for the eggs and mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard sends Carroll eggs of Stegomyia and more mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll thanks Howard for the boxes of Stegomyia eggs. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

News of the Week

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed as a youth. She gives the family genealogy and a description of the house in Gloucester County, Virginia, where Reed was born.

Howard is concerned about Carroll's reaction to the statement in Century Magazine about Finlay producing three cases of mild fever. Howard is investigating the matter further. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These selections from presentations given at the 1903 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association concern the scientific reception of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, particularly the etiology of yellow fever, quarantine procedures, and the discovery of the role of the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Tablet Unveiling

Wood attributes the mosquito theory principally to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report contains extracts from various individuals attesting to Reed's contributions to science. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean states that Reed did not give up his life demonstrating the mosquito theory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

McCaw outlines Reed's career, especially his work with yellow fever, and concludes by requesting a monument to Walter Reed in Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Gray requests Mabel Lazear's opinion regarding an offer to purchase Lazear property in Pittsburgh.

Carroll presents his autobiography. He includes a note on immunity to yellow fever.

Hurd discusses the support of Johns Hopkins Hospital by Rockefeller. The Lazear memorial tablet is finished and the balance of the funds will go to Mabel Lazear.

Godfrey is commended for his courageous act during a fire at Fort Apache, Arizona. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas hires Moran as sanitary inspector for the Panama Canal Zone.

Thayer believes that Lazear should receive credit for being the first to advocate the mosquito theory to the Yellow Fever Commission.

O'Reilly reports on the cases of yellow fever in the Army, and is concerned about the transmission of the disease from Mexico into Texas.

The President of Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, invests the Canal Zone Sanitary Officer with full sanitary authority for Panama City and Colon.

Walker relates the terms of Moran's appointment to the sanitary staff of the Panama Canal Zone.

Maryland in Medicine

Carter discusses financial matters, as well as issues regarding the local authorities.

Moran is appointed clerk in the Canal Zone Health Department.

Carter describes his daily life and his work.

Gorgas writes about the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission, and his wife's illness.

Ames objects to the inadequate recognition given to Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte for their yellow fever work.

Noted Doctors at the Hopkins

Wyman forwards references on yellow fever to Kelly.

Kean forwards Kelly information about Walter Reed for Kelly's biography.

Maury forwards Kelly a book on the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, as well as journal references. Maury contacts Lena Warner, a yellow fever survivor, for her recollections.

Carter discusses Henry Carter's academic progress and his plans to come home.

Porter confesses he was only a general colleague of Walter Reed, so he is unable to provide much information for Kelly's biography of Reed.

Warner writes about the unreported side of the yellow fever epidemic, including her own experiences during an 1878 outbreak in her hometown.

Blake discusses ancient theories involving yellow fever and mosquitoes.

This is a list of subscribers, possibly related to the Walter Reed Memorial.

Gorgas writes about his own work with the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission.

Kent provides the dates of Walter Reed's attendance at the University of Virginia, as well as other biographical references.

This report was prepared for the Smithsonian Institution and includes autographed notes.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

Mason reports on the Panama Canal Zone Sanitary Department activities with appendices: A - plan of action; B - departmental organization; C - free distribution of quinine.

Gorgas writes to Reed concerning the organization of the Canal Zone Sanitary Department, and details problems in its function. Memorandum details the problems in the Panama Canal.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

The writer informs Kelly about a yellow fever epidemic in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1855.

Thomas writes about a yellow fever epidemic in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1862.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Borden provides details of the surgical operation for appendicitis that immediately preceded Walter Reed's death.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Kean recounts Reed's sickness, death, and funeral.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Taft details the requirements for the completion of the Panama Canal and the need to reorganize the Canal Commission.

Roosevelt reorganizes the Panama Canal Commission.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

Discusses Mosquito

Mosquito

Matas provides references on yellow fever, and gives information on his own work and experience with the disease.

This translation [from Sanskrit] of Blake's report details ancient references to yellow fever and transmission by mosquitos.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas requests that Ira A. Shimer be assigned to the Sanitary Corps.

The Chief Sanitary Officer requests that Shimer be assigned duty in the Sanitary Department.

Gorgas reports on yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone, as well as administrative issues.

Farshish writes the editor to correct what he thinks is misinformation in Kelly's article about the earliest documented reference of insects carrying disease. Farshish challenges Kelly with references from the Talmud and Midroshic Literature.

Gorgas lists yellow fever patients to date in the Panama Canal Zone.

Gorgas asks LaGarde, the superintendent of Ancon Hospital, to resign.

La Garde requests to be relieved from duty.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas requests assignment of John W. Phillips for duty in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Smith congratulates Carter for his promotion.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas requests the assignment of Raeder for duty as a nurse in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Smith explains the importance of the Reed's work with the Yellow Fever Commission and asks that his accomplishments be publicized. He includes an article on Reed's work, distributed by the New Orleans & North-Eastern Railroad Company, the Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Company, and the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railway Company.

Carroll is asked to communicate with Owens about Reed's work in Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Gorgas recommends King as superintendent of Yellowstone Park. He discusses the functions and administration of the Sanitary Department.

Yellow fever infection

Windsor Mill Place

Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the American Public Health Association, including “Lessons to be Learned from the Present Outbreak of Yellow Fever in Louisiana” by James Carroll, “Some New Points in the Etiology and Symptomatology of Yellow Fever” by Juan Guiteras, “Yellow Fever in Mexico” by Eduardo Liceaga, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

These excerpts regard the erection of a tablet to Walter Reed at Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York. There is also a request to see if a memorial will be built to Reed in Chicago, Illinois. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report establishes that the Army General Hospital in the District of Columbia be named the Walter Reed United States Army General Hospital, in honor of Reed.

Magoon reports the number of cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone has dramatically decreased. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

Howard saw many things on his trip to New Orleans that would greatly interest Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Latimer writes that Kelly would like to know the location of Lazear's grave.

Howard forwards to Kelly statistics on yellow fever cases from New Orleans epidemics.

Welch provides journal article references on yellow fever.