This document provides details about the members of the Yellow Fever Commission and lists all the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments. There is also a motion to provide a better monetary reward to these volunteers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Office of the Surgeon General lists the individuals on the yellow fever roll of honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This brief sketch gives details into Walter Reed's early military career out west.

This document covers the accomplishments of the Army Medical Corps, including the conquest of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This document summarizes evaluations by inspectors and commanding officers about the work performed by Reed. Many of Reed's superiors give him an excellent rating and find him to be a competent medical officer. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This handwritten account of Reed's military history includes a listing of his military orders from 1875 through 1894. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Courtesy of U.S. Army Medical Museum

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This manuscript discusses Walter Reed's yellow fever experiments in Cuba and provides letters written by Reed.

Reed reminisces about her father and includes letters written by her father to her mother. [Hench] notes inconsistencies with her transcriptions and the originals in the margins.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Tate is surprised at the length of the questionnaire from Hench but will answer the questions to the best of his ability.

This document reviews the condition of the four horse ambulances of the 1st Division Ambulance Corp.

Reed plans to enter the U.S. Army Medical Corps, and gives his rationale. He describes his experiences in the city. He explains his later plans for marriage and his philosophy of life.

Reed informs Lawrence that he is studying for the Medical Corps exam. He describes the exam, and offers his opinion of social engagements.

Reed is exhausted from work. He plans a trip home. His step-mother is curious about his relationship with Emilie Lawrence. He critiques contemporary novels.

Reed inquires if [Emilie Lawrence] is attached, and asks if he may visit her.

Reed writes that he misses her. Reed's step-mother is in Norfolk and may visit Murfeesboro - Emilie Lawrence's hometown. He has received his commission from Army Medical Corps.

Reed's Army Medical Board Certificate gives his personal information and includes the names of the Board members. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Brown recommends Reed's appointment as Assistant Surgeon, US Army, but notes that Reed's acquaintance with general literature and science is not up to the expected standard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed declines an appointment as Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses his future life in the Army and asks Emilie Lawrence to marry him.

Reed and Emilie Lawrence are engaged. They anticipate separation for his military assignment.

Reed informs Emilie Lawrence, his fiance, that the question of military leave is at the discretion of the Surgeon General.

Reed has his uniform tailored for a photograph to give to Emilie Lawrence. He makes plans to visit her.

Reed signs an Oath of Office after being appointed to Assistant Surgeon in the Military Services of the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed informs the Adjutant General about his appointment as Assistant Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes to Emilie Lawrence the difficulties he undergoes to reach his army post at Willets Point, New York harbor.

Reed gives Emilie Lawrence a description of the U.S. Army base at Willets Point, New York harbor. He describes his duties there as a medical officer.

Byrne informs the Surgeon General that Reed will be assigned to Willets Point for instruction in the duties of a medical officer. Following instruction, a report is to be sent to the Military Division of the Atlantic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Surgeon General has assigned Walter Reed to Willet's Point, New York Harbor for instructions in the duties of a Medical Officer.

Reed informs Emilie Lawrence that he has light military duties and an easy command as a medical officer at Willets Point U.S. Army base. He misses her.

Reed responds to Emilie Lawrence's teasing. He alludes to their wedding planned for the fall of 1876. He is beginning study of French and German.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed describes his activities to Emilie Lawrence: French language studies, reading, and chess. He promises no card playing at her request.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He describes errands in New York City and his responsibilities at Willet's Point Army Base.

Reed reiterates his devotion to her. He describes a view of the planets by telescope.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about writing. He reiterates his devotion to her, and makes plans to visit her.

Reed pledges to abstain from irony in his future correspondence with Emilie Lawrence.

Reed describes his military responsibilities. He assures Emilie Lawrence that she is above all others in his heart.

Reed's visit to Emilie Lawrence is set, but he teases her first.

Reed expresses his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He expects a permanent military assignment in the spring.

Reed takes a carriage ride to see the fall colors.

Reed makes a visit to a doctor's family. An army general gives him word on his future assignment.

Emilie Lawrence visits Norfolk and Reed teases her.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He describes his responsibilities and notes that General Humphreys, Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers, arrives at the base for a dinner.

Reed describes a dinner given for General Humphreys, Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers. He also describes city sights seen with his brother. He gives a defense of army life and teases her.

Reed describes athletic events and a tournament. He comments on jealousy.

Reed writes that he has not heard from her, and he feels dejected. He attends a reception with a heavy heart.

Reed relates that he is compiling statistics and writing a report for 1875.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed describes sleigh rides he has taken with the ladies of the army base at Willet's Point. He teases Emilie Lawrence.

Reed arranges a visit to Norfolk and Murfreesboro. He describes social events at the army base at Willet's Point.

Reed acknowledges the receipt of his commission as Assistant Surgeon, U.S. Army, February 17, 1876.

Reed visits a sick friend in Brooklyn. He was impressed with Baltimore on his trip home.

Reed describes the visit of dignitaries - including General William T. Sherman - to the post at Willet's Point.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

The Army post expects a visit from Gen. William T. Sherman and the Secretary of War. Reed anticipates his upcoming marriage to Emilie Lawrence.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

Reed is ordered to San Francisco. He will visit Emilie Lawrence with a “startling request.”

Reed reports that he has taken up his temporary assignment at his posting at Fort Yuma, California.

McKee reports to the Surgeon General that Reed has his hospital in “most excellent condition.” He also mentions Reed's personal qualities that have won him the confidence of all. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Emilie Lawrence Reed and her young son, Walter Lawrence Reed, begin a trip east from Arizona.

Reed waits for Mrs. Compton in order to accompany her to an Army post. He misses his wife and son, and asks his wife to hire a nurse for their son.

Reed describes a trip to Santa Fe, New Mexico. He hears news of Emilie Lawrence Reed from a train conductor.

Reed writes that he received her letter to him.

Reed arrives at Fort Apache. He describes his house, and relays news of their friends. He studies Spanish.

Reed describes a carriage ride. He responds to a letter from Emilie Lawrence Reed, giving her financial advice and offering news of acquaintances.

Reed describes enlisting Indian scouts and camping in the wilderness.

Reed writes that he appreciates Emilie Lawrence Reed's sacrifices. His son will be 18 months old on June 4, 1879. He sends his love and misses them.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Reed has photographs of his wife and son, and asks if they remember him. He gives news of their acquaintances and his Spanish studies.

Reed describes a Native American at the fort, as well as his house and garden. Life on the base is dull, so he anticipates a new home with his wife and son.

Reed writes about finances, promising to send money to her. She wants him to get an eastern assignment. He gives news about acquaintances.

Reed has heard no word from Emilie Lawrence Reed regarding a necklace he sent her. He studies Spanish, and will take the medical exam when he returns. He gives news of the post commissary and their acquaintances.

Reed agrees to send McPherson supplies.

Reed's letter to his wife includes his thoughts on scouting, his work to get the hospital property ready for inspection, an upcoming court martial, and his side-whiskers.

Reed writes that he has heard rumors that [McPherson] wishes to have his commission annulled. Reed disapproves of this.

Reed teases McPherson concerning military reports and life in the field.

Reed teases McPherson, and writes about debts, pay, and military assignments.

Reed learns that McPherson will return to Fort Apache. Reed refers to other soldiers, and teases McPherson.

Reed hopes his son remembers him. Reed learns he will not have an assignment to Fort Thomas. He notes that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad is moving closer to Fort Apache. He writes about finances and military personnel.

Reed is glad Emilie and their son made it safely to Norfolk. He describes his friend Cruse as well as several women who have been kind to him. He encourages his wife to have her photograph taken and to attend the theater.

Reed corrects Emilie Lawrence Reed's misapprehension about the date of his reassignment. He expects to return east by June 30.

Reed is concerned about his son's illness. He observes a beautiful snowfall, and gives details about a hunting trip on which Native Americans accompany him.

Reed teases McPherson and writes that he cannot take more leave to be McPherson's best man. Reed will travel to Warrenton, Virginia and to White Sulphur Springs.

Reed writes about military companies and scouting duty. He states he does not want his wife at the post if he must go out on scouting duty.

Reed forwards mail to McPherson. Reed contemplates having his wife and son return west.

Reed has clothing sent to McPherson. McPherson testifies in U.S. vs. McGowan. Reed writes concerning medical matters.

Reed writes of a post controversy regarding officers' duties and conduct.

Reed writes about lost dental tools. He comments on McPherson's scouting assignment and the resolution of a controversy concerning insubordination. He gives post news.

Reed describes his departure from Arizona, and the confusion in getting his next permanent assignment. He awaits McPherson's visit.

Crane informs Reed the Surgeon General will approve his request for a leave of absence.

Reed requests one month of leave with permission to apply for an extension of two months. Several endorsements of the request dated May 27, 1880 to June 5, 1880 are included.

Reed is glad McPherson arrived safely back at the post. He comments on their new roommate. Reed's wife is sick.

Walter Reed requests and is granted a one-month extension to his leave of absence.

McPherson is sick and resting. Reed is studying for a medical exam.

The Record of Services summarizes Reed's military assignments from June 26, 1875 through March 18, 1882.

Brown reports to the Surgeon General that the Board has examined Reed and considers him qualified for a promotion, with the proviso that he continues his studies in Physics. A second letter written on March 24, 1882 by C. H. Crane informs Reed of the outcome of the examination. The letters are accompanied by an endorsement.

Reed requests that his orders be ready for him by November 14, 1882. A note from the Surgeon General encourages speedy processing of the request. The resulting orders re-assign Reed from the Department of the East to the Department of the Platte.

Howard requests that Reed be assigned to the hospital under his command, due to his steward's disability and the limitations of the Medical Director. The Adjutant General's office denies the request. Included are an endorsement of the request and a document specifying its removal.

Reed reports that he has taken up his assigned post as Post Surgeon, Fort Robinson, Nebraska.

Reed has requested four weeks of leave. His commanding officer has asked for an officer to replace him in his absence, but the request for replacement is denied.

Reed requests and is granted a one-month extension to the leave of absence he was granted on November 18, 1885.

Reed is coming to Washington to apply for a leave extension. He plans to visit Florida, and then to visit New York City for coursework.

Reed describes patients with erysipelas and double pneumonia. McPherson is to enter the Marine hospital service.

This report gives the sanitary conditions of the officers' quarters, yard, barracks, guardhouse, post hospital, and water at Fort Robinson. It also reports on rations and clothing.

The original draft of Greenleaf's letter informs Reed that the treating of several pension cases each month does not warrant his being excused from performing that duty.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps

Kellogg states that Reed is a man of marked ability. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests a four-month leave of absence to attend to business matters and for pursuing special studies in his profession. Military endorsements and approval of Reed's leave are dated July 7, 1890 to August 18, 1890. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sutherland asks Reed if a local physician can be employed to provide medical care to the garrison and Indian prisoners during Reed's leave of absence. The letter and military endorsements are dated from July 18, 1890 to August 18, 1890. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that he be assigned to duty in Baltimore so that he can pursue post-graduate medical study at Johns Hopkins University. The letter and military endorsements granting him a post as attending surgeon and examiner of recruits in Baltimore are dated from October 1, 1890 to October 4, 1890. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The endorsement informs Reed that he did not lose his right to commutation of quarters while on a temporary leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed wants to know if his baggage can be shipped from Mt. Vernon Barracks to Fort Snelling, Minnesota. The document is dated September 19, 1891 and September 21, 1891. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mason requests that Reed be appointed to the examining board at Fort Snelling. The letter, endorsement, and approval are dated from November 17, 1891 to November 23, 1891. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In these efficiency reports Reed summarizes his studies at Johns Hopkins University, and Sutherland declares Reed's record excellent and states that he is fit for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mason rates Reed's characteristics as very good and excellent. However, under scientific attainments Mason writes, “nothing special.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The slip states that Reed is accompanying two companies as a medical officer to the Sisseton and Wappeton Indian Reservation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Alden requests that Reed be ordered to St. Paul, Minnesota, to provide medical care to officers, enlisted men, and families as well as to examine recruits. The letter, endorsements, and resulting order are dated from August 1, 1892 to August 18, 1892. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sutherland states that he has given permission for Reed to purchase extra medical supplies for Fort Yates, North Dakota, where much sickness had been reported. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg wants Reed to be examined for promotion by the Board of Medical Officers.

These papers relate to the promotion of Reed from Captain and Assistant Surgeon to Major and Surgeon. They are dated from August 22, 1893 to December 11, 1893. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These endorsements and letters relate to Reed's assignment to the Surgeon General's Office as Curator of the Army Medical Museum. Reed's oath of office regarding his promotion to Surgeon and Major is included in these documents dated from September 8, 1893 to December 26, 1893. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests the address of a fermentation tube manufacturer, as well as a copy of Smith's paper.

Reed sends Sternberg a list of his contributions to medical literature, in response to Sternberg's earlier request, and expresses his appreciation for being nominated for membership in the Association of American Physicians. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg requests that Forwood, Winne, Reed, and Perley be sent as delegates to the American Medical Association meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, Mary 7-10, 1895. The letter, endorsements, and special orders are dated March 27, 1895 to March 30, 1895. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg asks for a Board of Medical Officers consisting of Forwood, Reed, and Cabell to examine officers for promotion, March 28, 1895. The special order approving the request is dated March 30, 1895. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg notes that Reed is especially well qualified for his present duties as Curator of the Army Medical Museum, has excellent scientific attainments, and is an excellent pathologist. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg states that Reed is an excellent medical officer and zealous student of medical science as well as an expert pathologist and bacteriologist. The reports are dated June 30, 1896 and July 3, 1896. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests that Reed be ordered to Key West, Florida, for Medical Department business, and then to return to Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed comments on an earlier letter from Kean, briefly mentions his present occupation supervising a laboratory, and encourages Kean to write to him again soon. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Sternberg reports on the prevalence of yellow fever in Cuba. He relates the history of yellow fever epidemics, and provides statistics on yellow fever throughout Cuba.

Reed writes about field service in the Spanish War. He worries over his son's enlistment plans. Sternberg has proposed keeping all non-immune medical officers out of Cuba.

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during April 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed explains his tardiness in replying to Kean's letter, recounts having asked the Surgeon General, unsuccessfully, for a transfer, and suggests several alternatives for dealing with frustration. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during May 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during June 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent to investigate the administration of five general hospitals and division field hospitals. Endorsements and the special orders giving approval are included and dated July 30, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during July 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The authors urge that the American Line from Santiago transport soldiers to the North. Attached to the telegram is a note dated August 4, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These special orders include a section appointing Reed, Vaughan, and Shakespeare to a board for the purpose of investigating the cause of the prevalence of typhoid fever in U.S. military camps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during August 1898 as well as on detached service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes that many of his old friends are connected with the Army.

Corbin authorizes Reed and members of his board to stop at Knoxville. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lee presents Reed with a corps badge for sanitary inspection services.

Sternberg requests an order to direct Reed from Washington to the Natural Bridge, Virginia, on Army business. The letter, endorsement, and special orders are dated October 19, 1898. An additional document is dated July 20, 1898 and concerns an order to Reed to inspect hospitals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed expresses his feelings about leaving Camp Onward. He will make lieutenant in a year.

Lawrence Reed requests items from home. He expects to be shipped out soon.

Reed's letter and Sternberg's endorsement suggest that Natural Bridge, Virginia, is not a suitable location for an army hospital due to the condition of the buildings and transportation issues. The documents are dated October 28, 1898 and October 30, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on a Board to investigate causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever and on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during September 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on a Board to investigate causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever, investigated buildings at Natural Bridge, Virginia, and was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during October 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed says he will be sent to Cuba with his military unit.

Lawrence Reed will leave for Cuba tomorrow.

Sternberg recommends that Agramonte proceed to Havana to study the cause and prevention of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed arrives safely at Camp Onward.

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during November 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his life in the military and a social outing.

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during December 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

In addition to the topics mentioned in the title, this report by Davis, the Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, Cuba, includes a sanitary report and the number of cases of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Reed details his activities for the month of December 189[8]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood regrets missing a visit with Reed before leaving Washington for Cuba. He has seen Reed's son in Havana and reports that he is doing well.

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Reed details his activities for the month of January 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps

Reed congratulates Kean on his promotion to Colonel. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed details his activities for the month of February 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Courtesy of U.S. Army Medical Museum

Reed details his activities for the month of March 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Courtesy of the U.S. Army Medical Museum

Reed tells Kean that their efforts to have Reed's son, Lawrence, scheduled for a board of review for promotion have failed, and thanks him for all his kindness to Lawrence. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

These five memorandums concern a missing letter, called the “Round Robin letter,” in which the 5th Army Corps general officers recommended that the Army be pulled from Cuba and sent north. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed go to Havana, Cuba, to make a sanitary inspection of the camps, barracks, and hospitals near Puerto Principe, with particular attention to the prevalence of typhoid fever.

Sternberg directs Reed to inspect the camps, barracks, and hospitals occupied by U.S. troops in the vicinity of Puerto Principe, Cuba, and to make any necessary recommendations for improvement. He is to report on the prevalence of typhoid or other infectious diseases.

Sternberg recommends that Reed be directed to proceed to Havana to make a sanitary inspection of the camps, barracks, and hospitals in the area of Puerto Principe. Reed is also supposed to report on the causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever. Additional letters, endorsement and special orders relating to this recommendation are included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that he visited the Vedado Post to see their son. Lawrence Reed was given a 24 hour leave to go to Havana with him.

Truby is appointed to a general court-martial.

Reed details his activities for the month of April 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his activities for the month of May 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Truby is assigned to the hospital ship Terry.

Sternberg sends checks for research-related expenses.

The military career of Edmunds' is outlined until his death from yellow fever on June 18, 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his activities for the month of June 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood is sorry to have missed Reed.

Kean discusses the mystery of yellow fever, its effects and spread. He comments the state of sanitary conditions at the newly built Camp Columbia.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

Reed details his activities for the month of July 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's efficiency report is for the year 1899. Included is a report that gives an account of Reed's services from November 1, 1898 to May 10, 1899. He is noted to be an expert pathologist and bacteriologist. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In a Yellow-fever Camp: How the Pestilence Made Its Presence Known in Siboney---The American Hospital Tents in the Mountains--A Brave Physician and His Scanty Equipment

Wood writes concerning the appointment of the Secretary of War. He describes actions taken by the military to avoid yellow fever.

Truby is relieved from the Eighth Infantry; he is to report to the post surgeon for duty.

Kean, Brewer, and Truby are appointed to investigate the loss of medical supplies at Columbia barracks.

Reed details his activities for the month of August 1899. His report is acknowledged. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is directed to proceed from Washington, D.C. to Fort Thomas, Kentucky. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his activities for the month of September 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Reed details his activities for the month of October 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Godfrey writes a confidential letter requesting the reassignment of Dr. Alden and Dr. Jackson, who do not work well with him.

Agramonte is informed that his contract as contract surgeon with the U.S. Army will be annulled on January 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This list provides names of the medical officers of the Department of Cuba and the names and duties of hospital corps men and privates.

Andrus describes the work of the Yellow Fever Board and his role as a volunteer. He provides exacting lists of his fellow volunteers and their cases of yellow fever.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Welch extensively describes Reed's work at Johns Hopkins.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

[Carter?] discusses the history of malaria in England.

Moran's translation of entries made in Rojas' journal are certified by Rojas' widow as conforming in tenor to the original.

Moran's translation of entries made in Rojas' journal concern payment by Kean for the use of land on the San Jose farm by the yellow fever commission

This list gives names and salaries.

This document describes items related to yellow fever in detail; including letters, reports, medical charts, medals, artifacts, books, photographs, interview transcripts, magazines, and sketches.

Peabody discusses yellow fever work dating back to 1897, with particular emphasis on the work done in Cuba, in 1900 and 1901, by Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission.

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

Dr. Carter Off Today

This editorial lauds Carroll's achievements and supports the funding of a pension for his widow.

These are original lists of men undergoing the yellow fever experiments, with an autograph note by Hench.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

Would Honor Dr. Reed

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

McPherson describes two photographs; one shows Dorsey McPherson and Cruse in New Mexico, while the other shows them years later in Washington, D.C. They are the two surviving officers of Fort Apache.

[Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps]

Trinity Hall Closing Day - Tablet Unveiled in Memory of the Late Jesse William Lazear, M.D.

Death Of Mr. J.W. Lazear

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

Heroism in Medical Investigation

Hanson writes about the reason for coming to Peru, the conditions found on his arrival, and the difficulties encountered. He discusses the various diseases identified and the causes of the general sanitary problems. Hanson presents remedies for the present conditions and discusses the possibility of the public and the Peruvian government accepting foreign aide.

The author analyzes the death rates of Cubans from malaria and yellow fever.

This obituary encourages friends and admirers of the late Jesse Lazear to contribute to a fund for a Memorial in his name.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed details his duties for the month of January 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #17 transfers Andrus to the Hospital Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear is ordered to report to Tampa, Florida, for transfer to Columbia Barracks, Cuba.

Lazear's army contract has been received.

Lazear describes his journey and Cuba.

Lazear describes his domestic arrangements and gives his opinion on the Cuban political situation.

Reed details his duties for the month of February 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports that the Secretary of War, Elihu Root, will visit the camp. He discusses his laboratory work.

Lazear describes the camp location and commanders. He offers his opinion of Cubans and reports that Mabel Lazear will leave for the United States before the fever season quarantine begins.

Louise Kean writes about family news and political intrigue in Marianao. She comments on Cuban politics.

Louise Kean mentions a mutiny on the Sedgewick and a reception for Senators at the governor's palace. Either Jefferson Randolph Kean or Gorgas will be named Chief Surgeon of the Department.

Special Orders #44 directs surgeons and hospital stewards to various posts. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of March 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #46 directs Ames to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes to her mother about consultations to secure Jefferson Randolph Kean's position as Chief Surgeon of General Lee's Province.

Special Orders #49 assigns Echeverria to Military Hospital #1 in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports that there is little chance of getting leave.

Reed mentions the Surgeon General was disgusted with actions by DeWitt and Gorgas. Reed congratulates [Kean] on becoming Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #54 directs Echeverria to additional duties in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about his living arrangements and his laboratory. He discusses the political situation in Cuba.

Reed details his duties for the month of April 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report individual deaths, including those from yellow fever, from June 10 to June 20, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths from June 1 to June 10, 1900, some by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths caused by yellow fever from May 8 to May 30, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

Special Orders #135 directs Cooke from Boyce, Virginia to Tampa, Florida and then to Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about daily life in Cuba and cases of yellow fever in Havana and on the Post.

Special Orders #88 directs Echeverria to temporary duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 directs Echeverria to duty at the camp of civilian non-immunes at Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports that his real estate agent has rented his house in Baltimore. He has been running the officers' mess.

Special Orders #39 directs a hospital steward and a private to assist Echeverria at the non-immune camp near Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Michie is pleased Kean is doing well and provides him with details of camp life in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed and Carroll are on board the Sedgewick, bound for Cuba.

Reed sees the wreck of the Maine in Havana harbor and gives his opinion of the sinking.

Reed is impressed with the shower installed at his quarters. He responds to family news and is pleased that his son has passed an examination to further his military career.

Michie plans on ordering cocktails and drinking to Kean's health. He also mentions a formaldehyde machine left running in a room that prevented anyone from being able to sleep in it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #48 assigns Cooke to Pinar del Rio Barracks. Lawrence Reed is appointed to a court-martial hearing. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #99 directs Cooke to Quemados, Cuba. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of June 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #101 assigns Neate to duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Moran is honorably discharged from the Army of the United States, with permission to re-enlist.

Special Orders #54 directs Ames to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic seems to be over, and that the board is hard at work studying Cuban infectious diseases.

Lazear reports that his wife has been hospitalized.

Stark reprimands Presnell for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Cooke for his handling of a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for his course of action in the face of an epidemic of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #1 direct Truby, Presnell, and Schweiger to accompany the 1st U.S. Infantry to the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear describes a trip to Pinar del Rio. Mabel Lazear has had a long hospital stay.

Special Orders #129 selects Presnell to accompany 2nd artillery. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #183 grants commission to Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Smith grants a leave of absence to Truby for several days.

Lawrence Reed expresses excitement about receiving his commission. He is assigned to the 10th Infantry in Cuba and fears he will not be able to visit home. Lawrence wants his father to send him a sword.

Truby is relieved from duty.

Lawrence Reed writes that he is not certain where he will be sent next. He asks her to remind Walter Reed about his sword.

Lazear reports that United States Army troops have been withdrawn from Guanajay and Pinar del Rio, although the United States will remain in Cuba for several years until a stable government is established. Lazear hopes to have work in Washington after the Cuban research is finished.

Lawrence Reed provides his new address in Cuba.

Lawrence Reed informs his mother of his new post at Rowell Barracks.

This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever in Cuba.

Special Orders #199 assigns Springer to duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Included are notes by Truby and Hench. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that Christopher Reed's son does not have tuberculosis. Reed has been in Cuba studying yellow fever but has returned to finish the typhoid fever report.

Special Orders #33 assigns Cooke to a board of officers and then directs him to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photograph by US Army Medical Museum

Reed details his duties for the month of August 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed offers advice to de Schweinitz concerning the examination of medical students. Reed has learned of Carroll's illness in Cuba.

Special Orders #158 directs Cooke to the ship, Crook, to act as attending surgeon on board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Truby is ordered to Quemados, Cuba, for assignment.

Special Orders #164 grants Agramonte a leave of absence. He is also granted an extension. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #4 announces the death of Cartwright and provides documentation of his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Death of Mr. J.W. Lazear

Dr. J.W. Lazear Is Dead

General Orders announce Slocum as the Acting Chief Quartermaster. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

Godfrey requests a wagon to pick up the baggage of the arriving medical officers. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #59 grants Pinto a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed hopes that he won't have to wait as long as his friend to get married. He really needs a new bed, and requests that Emilie Lawrence Reed tell Walter Reed.

Special Orders #178 grants Carroll a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #243 directs Pilcher to Ft. McHenry for medical examination and Godfrey to the Philippines for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #182 sentences Ryan, Jones, Gelhardt, and Lust to hard labor for joining in a mutiny. Included are notes by Hench. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #183 extends Pinto's leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Goodale describes Peterson's burial at Grave 146, Post Cemetery, Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #27 announces the death of Peterson and documents his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is ordered to return to Washington, D.C. instead returning to his proper station in Cuba. This is an amendment to Special Orders #246. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #247 grants Carroll an extension to his leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed describes surveying and map making. He relates the news of Major Patterson's death and his wife's suicide.

Ludlow defends his position against Wood's charges of concealing facts about yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Baird recommends that Reed's orders be changed so that there will be no confusion in the payment process when Reed returns to Cuba via New York City and Washington D. C. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #256 directs Kean to Ft. McHenry. Pilcher is retired from active service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This obituary, which appeared in the "Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin," honors Jesse Lazear.

Obituary: Jesse William Lazear

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of September 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests an address change. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 directs Colby to the board of medical officers to determine his fitness for the position of acting hospital steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This article, which appeared in the "St. Louis Medical Review," discusses the transmission of yellow fever via mosquitos.

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Lawrence Reed anticipates his father's return to Cuba. He comments on rumors of reassignment, yellow fever cases, and packages from home.

Special Orders #260 revokes Special Orders #256 for Kean. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes about his rationale for remaining as Post Surgeon at Columbia Barracks instead of taking position at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. He comments on the lasting value of Reed's work.

Reed remarks on Bryan's defeat in the United States presidential election. He describes various people at the camp. He discusses his work on yellow fever, including the possibility of human experimentation.

Louise Kean discusses her decision to stay in Cuba and her life at the post. In a postscript she mentions the excitement surrounding the yellow fever experiments.

Special Orders #265 annuls Cooke's contract as acting assistant surgeon for the U. S. Army. Extension to Stark's leave of absence is granted. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #81 recommends that eight privates be detailed for temporary duty at the experimental sanitary camp at Columbia Barracks and report to Reed. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #266 directs Havard, Gorgas, and Kean to the Pan-American Medical Congress. Echeverria is honorably discharged. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #83 relieves Forbes of his assignment, assigns Morris and Kissinger to temporary duty at the experimental sanitary camp at Columbia Barracks, and orders Ames to report to Reed for temporary duty.

This is a Cuban Treasury Deposit receipt for the expenses of the Yellow Fever experiments at Camp Lazear.

Lawrence Reed describes a baseball game and gives news from the base. He asks his mother to ship a package to him.

The Keans discuss social events among the army personnel and a move to new quarters. The postscript mentions the reaction of the popular press and the medical journals to the mosquito theory.

Special Orders #272 revokes Special Order #265 for Cooke. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #3 directs Colby to special duty under Reed at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed describes his quarters and asks his mother to send him reading material. He sends cash to his sister, Blossom, and warns her to be careful when she is out in public.

Special Orders #4 details the changes of station for surgeons in Cuba. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Morris reports that he will investigate what money may be due Mabel Lazear for Lazear's army services.

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean's stepmother is coming to Cuba. She describes the excitement over the first case of experimental yellow fever at Camp Lazear.

Reed announces that his theory about the mosquito is right and describes Kissinger's illness and the good health of the volunteers in the infected bedding house. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The Johns Hopkins Hospital trustees petition Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

This document lists the names of the volunteers for the fomite experiments along with what soiled clothing and bedding they were given. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of November 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean writes about studying for his upcoming promotion examination. He notes that the scientists are seeing important results from the mosquito experiments. A dinner will be held in honor of Finlay.

Reed details his duties for the month of November 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg informs Reed that he will send him to Pan-American Congress to present a supplemental paper.

Sternberg requests that Reed attend the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #302 relieves Lyster of duty in Cuba. Reed is ordered to attend the Pan-American Medical Congress. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of December 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Medical Museum.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

This is a list of twelve U.S. Army Hospital Corps members who were stationed at Camp Lazear.

Excerpt details orders, letters, and requests regarding Walter Reed's assignments from January 17, 1901 through November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These three notes list the human-experiment volunteers who were exposed to fomites, infected by injections of blood, and infected by mosquitoes.

This report details the expenses of Camp Lazear.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean describes the round of New Year's parties, his children, and studying for his promotional exam. Kean also details the success of the mosquito experiments and the army's efforts to eliminate mosquitoes.

Sternberg writes about the importance of scientific investigation. Sternberg orders Reed to return to Washington. He also discusses Carroll's planned promotion and the necessity of Carroll's continued assignment in Cuba.

Special Orders #10 orders England and Sonntag to experimental camp with Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lawrence Reed responds to family news. His friend Cooke visits Washington.

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent back to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Jackson lists all the properties that make up the Post of Columbia Barracks, along with their rental information. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg orders Reed to proceed to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. The letter and order are dated January 17 and January 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the army reorganization bill. He has finished his paper and remarks that the last experimental yellow fever cases are recovering.

Scott informs Jackson that a $2 per diem allowance has been approved for Reed and for Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special orders #22 specify that Kean is to travel to Washington, D.C. for an examination for promotion, and then to return to his post at Quemados, Cuba, when no longer required by the board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports he is on duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba for January 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #27 orders Cooke to Camp Mackenzie for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He will be leaving for Cuba in a week. Lawrence Reed's battalion has been ordered to move, either to the United States or to the Philippines, and he mentions that Lawrence has a Cuban girlfriend.

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean is in Washington, D.C. for his promotion exam. She mentions that Ames has contracted yellow fever and that she attended a memorial service for Queen Victoria.

Reed gives permission for Kissinger to leave Camp Lazear for a visit to Havana from 6 AM until 5 PM on February 4, 1901.

Special Orders #27 elects Stark to a board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31 orders Carroll to report to Washington, D. C. for duty in the pathological laboratory of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #32 details Springer to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D. C. and Colby to Camp Mackenzie, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 specifies Walter Reed as a member of the board of medical officers for the examination of candidates for admission to the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of February 1901. He reports that he has returned from Havana and has resumed his duties as Curator of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes about his return to Cuba after a trip to the United States. Louise Kean has been active in charitable work around the Camp.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of March 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about the use of fumigation against yellow fever, the quarantine in New Orleans, and Jefferson Randolph Kean being placed in charge of the finances for the Yellow Fever Commission.

In Circular #5, Scott specifies how to prevent the spread of yellow fever and malaria at military posts by controlling mosquitoes, and instructs physicians how to monitor possible yellow fever patients.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of April 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests personal information from Agramonte, which Agramonte supplies on the lower half of the page before he returns the letter to Sternberg.

The record card explains Walter Reed's leave of absence for 1901, with reference to an unexplained absence from his post as member of the Army Medical Examining Board. The report also states that Reed is personally and professionally humiliated by this inquiry. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard requests information as to whether Agramonte has been relieved of his duties with the investigation, or whether he is available to assist the needs of his department as bacteriologist.

Agramonte is relieved of his duties as a member board to investigate infectious diseases and is reassigned to duty in charge of the Department Laboratory at Municipal Hospital and microscopical and bacteriologicial work at Las Animas Hospital. Endorsements are dated May 21 through May 28, 1901. Special Orders #118 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #118 relieves Agramonte from duty as a member of the board of medical officers investigating infectious diseases. He is ordered to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for assignment to duty.

Sternberg recommends to the Adjutant General that Agramonte be relieved of his current duty and be directed to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for re-assignment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #117 assigns Agramonte to duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of May 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” to the Secretary of State for transmission to the Portuguese Minister.

The Assistant Secretary of War sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sparkman requests fifteen to twenty copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” from Sternberg.

Mosquitoes' Deadly Work

Sternberg sends Sparkmen ten copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sternberg recommends that Walter Reed be ordered to go to Fort Monroe, Virginia on military business. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is directed to travel to Fort Monroe, Virginia, from Washington, D.C. and to return upon the completion of his duty there. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sparkman requests 150 to 200 copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” for distribution. He believes several thousand copies should be distributed to southern States.

Sparkman encourages the printing of several thousand copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” so that the people of the Gulf Coast can be informed of the mosquito theory. Sparkman realizes that it is very important that the yellow fever issue be cleared up, as there are numerous variant theories about the cause of yellow fever.

Special Orders #129 relieves Ames of duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #133 directs Ames to the Santa Clara Battery to relieve a contract surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #134 details Agramonte to visit Columbia Barracks four times a week. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Glennan reveals the costs of the new disinfecting building for the Shore Plant for the upcoming six months. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of June 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #153 relieves Agramonte from duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed provides a report of his assignments between June 30, 1900 and June 30, 1901 and lists his areas of expertise. Sternberg provides an efficiency report of Reed's performance. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #172 orders Carroll to Havana to continue the investigation of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #161 grants Agramonte a leave of absence for one month. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #164 promotes England to Acting Hospital Steward at Hamilton Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of July 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #166 relieves Lambert from duty at Camp Columbia. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #175 commutes rations to Springer and elects Mazzuri to board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Snarles of the Pessimist

Yellow Fever and Quarantine

Reed is detailed to represent the Medical Department of the Army at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Buffalo, New York, from September 16 through September 20, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Topics of the Times

Reed expresses great appreciation for Kean's recommendation that he apply himself to become Surgeon General, but says he will not join the ranks of those who “beg” for promotion. He informs Kean of Lawrence Reed's upcoming wedding, then recommends that Camp Lazear be discontinued. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed discusses Carroll's experiments, comments on Springer's involvement, and makes recommendations.

Kean encourages Reed to lobby for the office of Surgeon General.

Kean explains why Dunshie was discharged from the medical corps.

Smith requests that Walter Reed be detailed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper about his research on yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Bishop requests, on behalf of Victor C. Vaughan, that Walter Reed be detailed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. A copy of Vaughan's letter of October 23, 1901 is enclosed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #234 states that Springer is no longer required for the yellow fever investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Smith requests, on Victor C. Vaughan's behalf, that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his work with yellow fever. He encloses a copy of Victor C. Vaughan's letter of October 21, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Hamilton requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Darragh requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper about his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg states Reed cannot be spared from his duties as a professor in the Army Medical School to attend a medical conference in Michigan. A letter from the Adjutant General to R. P. Bishop informs him and copies the other congressmen who had petitioned the Secretary of War for Reed's attendance at the conference. Endorsements are also enclosed, dated October 31 and November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed relays news of additional candidates for Surgeon General. He believes Kean should be Surgeon General instead of himself because he is concerned about his age.

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Kean offers Reed continued encouragement and strategy for the Surgeon General's post.

Endorsements requests history and personal description of Reed, along with information on next of kin. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about the Keans' travels, her daughter's ear infections, and a case of experimental yellow fever.

A Candidate for Honors

The Lazear Memorial

In Memory of Lazear

The report recognizes the work of Reed, Gorgas, Kean, Carroll, and Lazear.

This report contains extracts and resolutions honoring Walter Reed furnished by various individuals and institutions.

Kean discusses La Garde's and Havard's candidacy for Surgeon General. There is a question of General Wood's support.

Sternberg lists the military posts and stations served by Reed as reported by the records of the Surgeon General.

Reed praises the service of Lazear and insists he died in the line of duty.

Kean provides news concerning the Surgeon General position. He has had a conversation with General Wood. Reed should return to Cuba.

Kean requests a copy of the orders forbidding private use of government vehicles.

Photostat of page 411 of Carter's copy of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Hench.

Beach reports that government vehicles may not be used for private purposes, i.e. entertainment.

The Surgeon General informs Agramonte that his contract is over with the U. S. Army on April 30, 1902.

Kean writes about Lena A. Warner's refusal to care for an officer's wife.

[Kean] writes an endorsement concerning modifications to orders for the Superior Sanitary Board.

Gorgas informs [Sternberg] that Agramonte will be relieved of duty May 15, 1902.

The Largest Military Post in the Island of Cuba

Reed asks for news of Keewaydin. He and Kean continue the campaign for Surgeon General.

Root acknowledges receipt of recommendations from the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Surgeon General's Records listing military and personal history for Reed until June 2, 1902.

Reed writes that he is returning to Cuba, and includes other political news about those who are candidates for Surgeon General. He says Roach's orchards are alive with locusts and expresses concern.

Agramonte forwards his contract of annulment with the U. S. Army and discusses reimbursement for mileage traveled since annulment. He also requests a certificate of non-indebtedness.

Reed approves and endorses Carroll's application for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

La Garde writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll requests admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. He gives a brief summary of his career as a non-commissioned officer and a contract surgeon, and his terms at medical school. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll's application into the Medical Corps of the Army is approved, although Carroll is technically too old. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly informs Carroll that his application for appointment in the Medical Corps has been approved and that the age limit will be waived. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll submits his personal history to the Medical Board for part of his examination for the Army Medical Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll is to report to Dewitt for examination before the Army Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These documents detail the entire military history of Reed. They also include announcements of Reed's death. The documents are dated November 1, 1902 through December 8, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Major Walter Reed Dead

Reed's personal possessions upon his death are inventoried. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This routine form filed upon the death of any military personnel is for Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Secretary of War details the arrangements for Reed's funeral procession.

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

In Memory of Lazear

The Late Major Walter Reed

Borden certifies that Reed died in the line of duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg provides his impressions of Reed and his work relative to Kelly's plans to write a biography of Reed.

A World Benefactor

Reed requests that her husband's letters about his laudatory character be sent to her. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean's remarks about Reed portray him as a great storyteller and as a doctor making heroic house-calls during his "Dakota winters".

Lee congratulates [Kean] on his speech he gave at the unveiling of the Reed Monument. Lee also wants to know the cost of a non-resident membership in the Army and Navy Club. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This document concerns the work of Walter Reed.

These endorsements from the Surgeon General's Office regard the audit of Walter Reed following his death and requests for Reed's photograph and service record. The endorsements are dated January 16, 1903 through October 12, 1903. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walker requests a statement of service regarding Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document summarizes Reed's promotions and military stations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Corbin sends a statement of military service of Reed to the Committee on Pensions regarding Senate Bill #6702. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mrs. Reed's Pension Indorsed.

The Auditor for the War Department requests a statement of military service for Reed. They are deciding if Reed is accountable for medical property. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood gives a history of the American occupation in Cuba and discusses the yellow fever outbreak and consequent investigation by Reed and Lazear. Article appears in “The Annals of the American Academy.” Only pages 16 and 17 are included.

Agramonte is informed that his contract as surgeon will terminate June 15, 1903.

O'Reilly reports about the state of yellow fever in the United States and foreign territories, and claims that it will not be a factor for health concerns in the future. He also includes a chart which details the admissions of important diseases by months for 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

News of the Week

Tablet Unveiling

Carroll presents his autobiography. He includes a note on immunity to yellow fever.

Godfrey is commended for his courageous act during a fire at Fort Apache, Arizona. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas hires Moran as sanitary inspector for the Panama Canal Zone.

O'Reilly reports on the cases of yellow fever in the Army, and is concerned about the transmission of the disease from Mexico into Texas.

Walker relates the terms of Moran's appointment to the sanitary staff of the Panama Canal Zone.

Moran is appointed clerk in the Canal Zone Health Department.

Porter confesses he was only a general colleague of Walter Reed, so he is unable to provide much information for Kelly's biography of Reed.

Warner writes about the unreported side of the yellow fever epidemic, including her own experiences during an 1878 outbreak in her hometown.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

Mason reports on the Panama Canal Zone Sanitary Department activities with appendices: A - plan of action; B - departmental organization; C - free distribution of quinine.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Borden provides details of the surgical operation for appendicitis that immediately preceded Walter Reed's death.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

Matas provides references on yellow fever, and gives information on his own work and experience with the disease.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas requests that Ira A. Shimer be assigned to the Sanitary Corps.

The Chief Sanitary Officer requests that Shimer be assigned duty in the Sanitary Department.

Gorgas reports on yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone, as well as administrative issues.

Gorgas asks LaGarde, the superintendent of Ancon Hospital, to resign.

La Garde requests to be relieved from duty.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas requests assignment of John W. Phillips for duty in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas requests the assignment of Raeder for duty as a nurse in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Gorgas recommends King as superintendent of Yellowstone Park. He discusses the functions and administration of the Sanitary Department.

Windsor Mill Place

This report establishes that the Army General Hospital in the District of Columbia be named the Walter Reed United States Army General Hospital, in honor of Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

Walter Reed and Yellow Fever

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Bushnell recommends physician Alexander Murray to Gorgas for service in Panama and explains Murray's difficult circumstances owing to his wife's illness.

Gorgas offers his opinion on the organization of the Sanitary Department in the Canal Zone. He also comments on his candidacy for the office of Surgeon General.

Gorgas informs Bushnell that his medical staff is full at present, but that he will consider adding physician Alexander Murray if there is an increase in staffing.

O'Reilly responds to Sterling's request for information about the career and promotion of Walter Reed. There is also concern about the article “The Public's Forgetfulness” which will be forwarded to the President. The record card is dated from May 5, 1906 to August 15, 1906.[Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll comments on Kelly's manuscript. He corrects errors of fact, and objects to the attention given Reed to the detriment of himself, Lazear, and the rest of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carroll will provide Kelly with letters for his biography of Reed. Carroll anticipates writing a defense of himself only if necessary.

Dr. Reed and Yellow Fever

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about a planned increase in the Canal Zone medical force, and encloses correspondence recommending physician Alexander Murray for service in Panama.

Walter Reed

Gorgas writes about his reconciliation with Magoon, remarking that Magoon will probably recommend him as his successor in Panama. He also comments on the state of disease in Panama, noting that pneumonia remains primary problem.

Gorgas discusses career and salary issues and concerns. Gorgas supports James Carroll for the Nobel Prize.

Kean argues that Carroll deserves more recognition for his service. The last page includes Kelly's reply, dated September 10, 1906. Kelly writes that he will help to secure cooperation of Congressmen and write an article in support of Congressional action on behalf of the survivors and their families.

Gorgas refers to his previous letter soliciting suggestions for the Chief of Laboratory. He offers additional names from which to choose. He mentions other departmental news, including the use of drugs and chemical compounds.

This review, which appeared in the "St. Louis Medical Review," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

[Gorgas] writes about political maneuverings for staff appointments and promotions, and recognition for James Carroll.

This review, which appeared in the "Medical Press," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Carroll will meet Latimer to discuss Kelly's book. Carroll offers corrections, and states that Lazear's work is not given due credit.

Walter Reed and Yellow Fever

This review, which appeared in "The Journal of Insanity," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Kean writes his first letter home to his wife after his arrival in Cuba. He describes where he is living and how he has set up his office, as well as sends greetings from many of their acquaintances living in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The decree states that a medical officer shall be assigned to each municipal board of health, serving as a liaison between municipal and military authorities, in the interest of preventing yellow fever among troops stationed in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carroll claims that Reed, Stark, Kean, and another unnamed man colluded to promote Stark over him. He believes this was because Kean was not appointed to the Yellow Fever Board after Lazear's death.

[Kelly] offers his views about the credit due Carroll. Kelly proposes to support Carroll's promotion on the basis of his merits alone without diminishing the role played by Reed.

Von Mansfelde agrees in principle with Kelly, but will not cease promoting Carroll. He suggests Kelly write the Secretary of Agriculture and Senator Dirk.

This article, which appeared in the "Medical Record," discusses efforts to erect a monument to Walter Reed.

The Walter Reed Memorial

The Lesson of Little Things: The Conquest of Yellow Fever

These minutes include a discussion of the failure of Congress to pass a bill to provide financial relief to James Carroll's family.

Roosevelt advocates establishment of peace and order in Cuba, and rejects the idea of a U.S. protectorate there. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The record card includes several requests for photographs or paintings of Reed, along with information regarding his uniform. The record card is dated from January 25, 1907 through August 15, 1907. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report concerns James Carroll.

Moran provides his autobiography, including his experiences as a participant in the yellow fever experiments.

Fulton encloses an editorial proof from the Maryland Medical Journal in support of the Carroll pension bill.

The telegram deals with the James Carroll's promotion to Major, and is then followed by a biographical article about him. [missing pages 1 - 3 of 5].

Dean writes about the financial and physical condition of Kissinger (a yellow fever experiment patient) and discusses a pension bill for him in Congress.

A Hero from the Ranks

Blackwood sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Jackson sends a contribution for Kissinger. Her husband knew Kissinger as a hospital attendant.

Keen sends a contribution for Kissinger.

__________________________________________________

Only Three Soldiers Have Yellow Fever

The Zeal and Efficiency Shown by Our Medical Officers

The Cuban Side of It.

This document describes Carroll's various postings, beginning in September 1883, and includes evaluations of his performance by several commanding officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

King honors Carroll and others. He lays emphasis on his contribution to national health. He supports a pension.

Price writes about Carroll's experience in the military, particularly under the command of his father. He corrects misconceptions regarding his father's role in Carroll's career.

Are Our Heroes of Peace Neglected?

Hemmeter gives a chronological account of all the work done by Carroll with regard to yellow fever, and includes a series of letters written by Carroll to his wife, to Walter Reed, and to several others. Hemmeter attempts to rectify what he sees as a lack of proper recognition or reward to Carroll and his family for the part he played in determining the cause of yellow fever.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

This circular relates Lazear's role in the yellow fever research.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

The Provisional Governor of Cuba grants Kean's request for another medical officer.

O'Reilly relays that no harm could result from delaying the date of the imposition of quarantine against Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

Photo by U. S. Army Signal Corps

O'Reilly confirms that his office has no objection to the approval of a bill that proposes increasing the pensions being provided for Jennie Carroll and Mabel H. Lazear. The letter is accompanied by a partial copy of Report No. 431 of the 60th Congress, which specifies the rationale for the proposed bill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Paymaster General of the Army designates a payment schedule for the annuity of Mabel Lazear.

Sanitation in Cuba

Gorgas writes to O'Reilly concerning the administrative reorganizations in the Panama Canal Zone. He offers a political analysis of the situation.

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The New Quarantine

Finlay outlines measures taken to ensure that a case of yellow fever, in Havana, does not develop into an epidemic.

Agramonte is notified that his letter has been received and filed for future reference. Agramonte's letter of August 31, 1908, is included, testifying to the sequence of events in the work carried out by the Army Board on Yellow Fever. Included are two notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This article, appearing in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," makes an appeal for monetary contributions to James Carroll's surviving family.

[Kean] informs Ellis about the military service of John R. Kissinger and gives details of Kissinger's participation in the yellow fever experiments. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document describes in detail the appointment and work of the Yellow Fever Commission and includes an autographed note by Kean.

Trying to Reward a Great Hero

Guiteras informs the Surgeon General that they have seemingly overlooked the work of Taylor when listing those involved with the yellow fever investigation, and urges him to have Taylor's name included.

This article deals with disease in the tropics.

This 250 page book includes chapters about Walter Reed as well as the publications of Reed and his associates, the publications of James Carroll, reports from the sanitary officers in Havana, Cuba, and directions for destroying mosquitoes. Published in Washington by the Government Printing Office, it includes illustrations, portraits, and diagrams. The book is autographed by Mrs. Walter Reed, Jefferson R. Kean, A. S. Pinto, L. O. Howard, Albert E. Truby, Mrs. Jesse Lazear, William H. Lazear, and A. Diaz Albertini. It is also autographed by John R. Kissinger, John J. Moran, John H. Andrus, James Leonard Hanberry and John R. Bullard, who served as volunteers for the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba. Mrs. Walter Reed gave the book to Philip Showalter Hench who heavily annotated it.

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Photostat of page 411 of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Truby.

Strategy in application and nomination for Nobel Prize.

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

To Give Credit Where It Is Due

This is a detailed account of Carter's public health work and associated study of yellow fever.

This bill recognizes the services of certain military officers of the Isthmian Canal Commission.

This report recognizes officers whose work was instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal.

Moran is ordered to report for physical examination before receiving new orders.

Pertinent Portraits - George W. Goethals

Blue orders Carter to assist U.S. Navy officials with mosquito control at Quantico, Virginia.

Photo by Army Medical Museum

Miller informs Kean that he is unable to supply a list of commissioned officers in Allentown.

Blue directs Carter to Camp Meade, Maryland, in order to conduct a malaria survey.

Gorgas requests that Carter go to South America in order to continue his yellow fever work for the Rockefeller Foundation. He mentions the work of Guiteras and Wrightson.

Gorgas informs Kean that he has already appointed officers for the Ambulance Corps in France. Kean may fill other places when he arrives.

Blue asks Carter's opinion on sanitary engineering problems at Quantico, Virginia.

[Kean] questions Birmingham about the organization of the Ambulance Corps in France.

Kean discusses the command structure of the Ambulance Corps in France.

Gorgas discusses the manning of ambulance sections in France.

Gorgas relays further information about the manning of ambulance sections in France. He mentions a possible misunderstanding between the French and American authorities.

Kean describes disagreements within the command of the Ambulance Corps on how to organize the ambulance service in France.

The document describes ways to prevent malaria at Camp Lee, and includes handwritten notes.

Gorgas describes to Kean further communication difficulties in constituting the Ambulance Corps in France.

Gorgas writes that he will comply with Kean's requests concerning the organization of the ambulance service in the United States.

Kean discusses logistical issues concerning supplies, assignments, and personnel in the Ambulance Corps.

Derivaux recommends utilizing Dr. Taylor for malaria prevention.

Draper informs Carter of the anti-malarial work done around Camp Lee.

Reed informs Kean of an incident involving two privates in the ambulance service, Army Medical Corps.

Gorgas reports to Kean that he will be receiving reinforcements shortly.

[Carter] believes it would be a mistake to place the U.S. Public Health Service under War Department control permanently, but agrees that temporary control would help the war effort.

Gorgas reports to Kean that Pershing recommends sending the remaining men at Allentown to France. Gorgas approves of Kean's administration.

Gorgas writes that he favors combining the U.S. Public Health Service and the War Department. Gorgas does not know if he will be retained after his retirement, although he looks forward to resuming yellow fever work after war.

Blue writes that he opposes War Department control of the U.S. Public Health Service.

Kean informs Gorgas of his transfer to post of Deputy Chief Surgeon of American Expeditionary Forces. He also describes command reorganizations and the status of ambulance service.

John H. Andrus

J.H. Andrus Dies; Army Fever Hero

Gorgas informs Kean that he has had good reports from the Medical Department in France. Gorgas feels confident that Kean is leaving the Ambulance Corps in good order.

McCain informs Moran of his appointment as captain in the Quartermaster Corps.

Moran is ordered to report to New York City.

Moran is assigned to the Warehousing Division.

Moran is assigned to a post as assistant in Finance and Accounts.

Carter reports on dengue fever in Galveston, Texas.

Moran is granted three days leave of absence.

Moran is assigned to the Clothing and Equipage Division.

Moran is nominated for overseas duty.

Moran is ordered to report to Hoboken, New Jersey equipped for extended field service.

Moran is relieved of duty at the New York office.

Moran is ordered to Bordeaux, France.

Moran is ordered to report to Mars-sur-Allier, France for duty as a hospital disbursing officer.

Moran is ordered to Mars-sur-Allier, France for duty as a hospital disbursing officer.

This record concerns Moran's assignments in France with the Quartermaster Corps, his return to the United States, and his honorable discharge.

This record concerns Moran's assignments in France with the Quartermaster Corps, his return to the United States, and his honorable discharge.

Carter writes that he would appreciate the Boy Scouts' help for malaria control.

This report details the Army's mosquito control operations around Camp Meade, Maryland.

Ulio commends Moran for his work in the Quartermaster Corps during the war.

Harold Sorenson and R.P. Harbold describe Moran's service in the army.

This is Moran's certificate of honorable discharge from the United States Army.

Moran is honorable discharged from the United States Army.

Wood praises William Crawford Gorgas' work in eliminating yellow fever from Havana, and also his work with the Panama Canal Commission. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Gorgas asks Wood to write the preface to the biography she is writing about her husband. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

McCaw writes about memorials to Walter Reed, including the U.S. Army hospital in Washington, D.C.

Frost sends Carter information on the lectures Carter will deliver at Johns Hopkins University.

Truby relates Binnie's condition. He enjoyed his trip to Europe with the Keans in 1921. He discusses upcoming assignments to Panama or the Philippines.

This review of Kelly's book was never published. Kean believed a staff member who was a Carroll propagandist suppressed it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland reviews the military career of Jefferson Randolph Kean. He discusses Reed's yellow fever work and the reorganization of the Army Medical Corps.

Laura Armistead Carter transcribes a conversation between Henry Rose Carter, Thayer, and Parker, which shows how Carter's data on extrinsic incubation assisted Lazear and Reed in reaching the decision to test the theory of mosquito transmission. Carter also discusses the contributions of Finlay and others to this theory.

Kean talks about his recent retirement from the U. S. Army. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean requests that Kissinger's address be given to the dean of Harvard Medical School.

Clark provides Edsall with Kissinger's address.

Carter's obituary describes his many accomplishments, lists his publications, and compares Carter, Reed, and Gorgas, to famous soldiers, jurists, and statesmen of Virginia.

Richardson, Edsall's assistant, seeks confirmation that Kissinger was a volunteer in the yellow fever experiments.

Kean confirms that Kissinger was a volunteer in the yellow fever experiments.

Edsall thanks Kean for identifying Kissinger.

Kean offers his opinion on the accuracy of the Gorgas biography. He requests Birmingham's recollection of Gorgas' decision to retire.

Birmingham believes that Gorgas withdrew his request for retirement because of World War I, not because there was opposition to his retirement from other sources.

Black discusses the relationship between Gorgas and Ludlow.

Having reviewed a manuscript copy sent to him by Kean, Howard congratulates Kean on the forceful and just article he has written.

This editorial concerns Marie Gorgas' biography of her husband. The editor comments on the claims made concerning Gorgas' yellow fever work.

Howard is glad to have read the published article Kean has written for the “Military Surgeon,” and believes it is a judicial and expert summary. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean thanks Howard for contacting "Science" on his behalf.

Amador congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography. He discusses his own plans to write a popular history of the yellow fever story for Panama.

Kean approves of Amador's idea for a popular history of yellow fever. He relates his recollections of the X.Y. yellow fever case.

This review, which appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association, is critical of some of the accomplishments attributed to William Crawford Gorgas by Marie Gorgas and Hendrick.

McCaw offers comments on Sullivan's draft chapter about Gorgas and yellow fever.

Ravenel offers his opinions about Gorgas.

Health Authority Held Office Here

Wood sends Kean a copy of a letter from Marie D. Gorgas, who requests information to help her write a history of her husband's work, along with a copy of his response to her. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Wood asks Kean to check over his memorandum regarding yellow fever in Cuba for any errors or inaccuracies. Wood wants to make sure proper credit is given to Havard and Kean for their work in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Dr. H.R. Carter Dead; Fought Yellow Fever

Dr. Henry R. Carter, Sanitarian, Dies

Funeral Services for Dr. H.R. Carter Will Be Tomorrow

Dr. H.R. Carter Dead; Fought Yellow Fever

Dr. Carter, Yellow Fever Expert Dies

Kean makes corrections to Sullivan's manuscript for a book chapter on Gorgas, including a memorandum for Ireland concerning Gorgas' military record and honors.

His Race with Death Won by Last of the Yellow Fever Pioneers [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Siler's manuscript describes 19th century yellow fever epidemics in the United States, theories of yellow fever transmission, and the contribution of Reed in proving mosquito transmission.

This pamphlet describes the yellow fever experiments as one of the greatest detective stories of all time. The villain of yellow fever was the mosquito and fomites were proven innocent. The term, executing the sentence, is used to describe the campaign to rid Cuba of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean requests the addresses of Mabel Lazear and Jennie Carroll.

Kean gives an account of Wood's military accomplishments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean rejects Nelson's article on the grounds of inaccuracies. Kean informs him of the Walter Reed Memorial Association's work and Peabody's efforts to lobby Congress for pension increases for the survivors.

Kean supports offering pensions for those who took part in the Reed Yellow Fever demonstration, and for the widows of those who died. He also supports a pension for Agramonte for his important contribution to the Board. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

McCoy comments on Gen. Summerall's statements about the roles of Sternberg and Wood with regard to the yellow fever commission.

De Niedman offers his recollections of yellow fever work in Cuba, including investigations of Sanarelli's bacillus and sanitary measures undertaken.

Gruenberg inquires about Hildebrand's account of his participation in the yellow fever experiments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Siler asks Kean for information about Hildebrand and his participation in the yellow fever experiments. A handwritten note explains that Reed did not allow Hildebrand to be bitten by a mosquito because of his age. They did allow him to be a part of the fomite experiments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean informs de Niedman that he will testify on behalf of a pension bill to recognize the work of the yellow fever commission and volunteers, including Agramonte.

Kean sends Ireland a letter from Frank McCoy concerning Gen. Summerall's statements about the roles played by Sternberg and Wood in the work of yellow fever commission. On the bottom of the letter, Ireland adds an expression of interest and his initials.

This document recounts the speech given by Kean at the dedication of Belroi, the birthplace of Walter Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter describes the considerable hours she and Brown are putting in at the Library of the Surgeon General of the Army despite the fact that she has had tooth extractions.

Carter and Brown continue to work on the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever despite the brutal Washington, D.C. heat.

Ashburn's speech to an audience of student nurses is an overview of Reed's life and work. The piece includes an excerpt from the Surgeon General's report, 1900.

This report chronicles the path to recognition for the members of the Yellow Fever Board, beginning with a 1906 letter from Theodore Roosevelt.

Report recognizes the public service rendered by Walter Reed and those associated with him in the discovery of the cause and means of transmission of yellow fever. It also contains a statement regarding the pensions being provided to persons named in the bill, in particular widows, Agramonte, and the yellow fever volunteers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean apologizes for not recalling that Lambert was the nurse who cared for him when he was sick with yellow fever. Kean tells Lambert he should be proud of his service in connection with the yellow fever experiments.

This document lists individuals involved in the yellow fever experiments. [Kean] inserts handwritten corrections to the document. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Good, the Secretary of War, addresses the 1929 class of West Point and mentions the enrollment of Reed and Wood on the Roll of Honor.

Kean sends Emilie Lawrence Reed a copy of the new Secretary of War's speech, given at West Point.

Kean lists the yellow fever experiment participants included in the Roll of Honor.

Landon Reed writes about her husband Lawrence Reed's promotion to post inspector.

Ireland refuses to include Ames among the yellow fever heroes. He minimizes Ames' role in the yellow fever work, and advises [Jessie Daniel Ames] to give up in her attempt to have him honored.

England compiles a list of medical officers on duty at Camp Columbia and places check marks by the names of individuals he is certain were involved with yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Peabody] thanks Wainwright for his support of the bill to honor the yellow fever experiment participants. Peabody is delighted that Agramonte was included, and glad that Marie Gorgas was not.

Bridges provides the official military record of Roger Ames' work in Cuba.

Ireland sends Emilie Lawrence Reed a map of the Fort Robinson Station, near a butte which has been named for Walter Reed.

Kean does not believe that Roger Ames had yellow fever, in 1901.

This amendment proposes the inclusion of Roger Post Ames with those honored in H.R. 13060. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Peabody] reports on the status of the Congressional campaign to honor the yellow fever heroes, and enlists Kellogg's help in the effort.

Howard discusses his work on mosquito theory.

Secretary of War Hurley summarizes Ames' service record, concluding that Ames does not merit inclusion in the yellow fever roll of honor. He suggests that Sheppard turn over any additional official papers to the War Department.

[Sheppard] clarifies his statements regarding Ames' service with the Yellow Fever Board, in Cuba.

Sheppard informs Jessie Ames of the results of his correspondence with Secretary of War Hurley concerning her husband.

Hurley confirms that Ames contracted yellow fever in Cuba, but reiterates that Ames did not take part in the actual experiments of the Yellow Fever Board.

Sheppard forwards a letter from Patrick J. Hurley, Secretary of War, to Jessie Ames, which confirms that her husband contracted yellow fever in Cuba. Sheppard writes that he will continue to work for a bill recognizing Ames' service.

Bridges informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that Walter Reed is listed on the Roll of Honor, published in the 1930 Army Register.

Kean corrects a mistake made in the spelling of Andrus's name. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Agramonte answers Mrs. Ames' questions concerning her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba.

Agramonte informs Mrs. Ames about her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba, enclosing answers to questions she has posed.

Truby's recounts his memories of the yellow fever experiments, and his anger with Agramonte for making what he feels are unjustified claims.

This bill authorizes monthly payments to the parents of William H. Dean for his participation in the yellow fever experiments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean suggests changing the inscription on the reverse side of the “Conquest of Yellow Fever ” medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean strongly believes that Roger Post Ames should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean congratulates McCoy on his appointment to Manchuria and comments on Hagedorn's biography of Leonard Wood.

Truby provides the rationale behind the inclusion of members of the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor and asserts that A. S. Pinto should not be included. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby states his opinion, with Kean's concurrence, regarding qualifications for inclusion in the yellow fever roll of honor. He refers to the paper written by Walter Reed et al., "The Etiology of Yellow Fever - A Preliminary Note," and he recommends A.S. Pinto not be included in the roll of honor.

The Secretary of War recommends denying the claim of A.S. Pinto, as presented in Senate Bill No. 206.

This bill outlines a proposal to pay an annuity to the widow of Aristides Agramonte. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

James Reed writes that he regrets having missed Peabody's visit. He provides information about himself and his brothers.

Schwieger, who served with Truby in Cuba, requests Truby's assistance in retaining his pension.

Patterson thanks Moran for the donation of his yellow fever certificate to the Army Medical Library.

Baker's recollections of yellow fever in Havana from 1898 to 1900 include a description of deaths among the American military officers.

Baker describes his personal experiences in connection with yellow fever epidemics in Havana, Cuba.

Truby comments on the text of the inscription displayed with the Reed bust.

Brooks recommends Truby for a hospital position, describing his character and experience.

Russell recommends Truby for a hospital position, describing his character and experience.

Truby's memorandum and attached documents concern the marble bust of Walter Reed that was removed from the Smithsonian Institution and placed at the Walter Reed Army Hospital.

On behalf of the Walter Reed Memorial Association, Darnall requests that the Reed bust be kept in its present place at Walter Reed Hospital.

Cox's lecture includes a biography of Walter Reed and a detailed description of the yellow fever experiments.

Dabney requests a copy of the Commanding Officer's letter acknowledging the Walter Reed Memorial Association's request to house the Reed bust at the hospital.

Kean discusses the unjustified claims in the Gorgas biography by Burton Hendrick and Marie Gorgas, relates news of an old acquaintance and of his health, and expresses his sympathy for Cuban sensitivity about Finlay.

Truby provides his recollections of the yellow fever experiments, including Lazear's infection, Carroll's and Agramonte's claims, Dean's infection, Kean's leadership, and the memorial plaque for Lazear at Las Animas Hospital.

Moran's autobiography gives a detailed account of the yellow fever experiments in which he took part.

This excerpt includes the Roll of Honor of the participants in the yellow fever investigations in Cuba.

Andrus provides Moran with an autobiography of his military service and a list of names and addresses of surviving yellow fever volunteers. He comments on Kissinger.

Truby writes to Kean concerning identification of the men in a photograph of the Detachment of the Hospital Corps at Camp Columbia, Cuba.

Moran corrects identifications of individuals in a photograph and describes his military assignments.

This radio show script on the yellow fever experiments includes an interview with Kissinger.

This bill proposes to include John R. Taylor in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Moran loans Hench copies of journal articles by Agramonte and Ireland, and the Army Roll of Honor for 1936.

Hench requests a copy of the 1937 Army Roll of Honor and the addresses of surviving participants in the yellow fever experiments.

Burnett sends Hench a copy of the Roll of Honor. He also forwards the address of Thomas M. England.

Photo courtesy the US Army Medical Museum.

Andrus offers his cooperation in Hench's project and encloses a list of the yellow fever volunteers.

Dabney provides a chronology of Walter Reed's military service; from June 26, 1875 to April 3, 1900.

Dabney provides Kean with a chronological listing of Reed's service in the U.S. Army Medical Corps.

Kissinger responds to questions regarding the yellow fever experiments. He asserts that he volunteered before Moran.

Jones sends photostat copies of Moran's certificate as a yellow fever patient in 1901.

[Moran] seeks to correct the misidentification of himself in a group photograph of the Hospital Corps Detachment at Columbia Barracks.

Moran sends Hench extensive notes describing locations, personalities, and other details of the yellow fever experiments and commenting on the actions and attitudes of the Cuban government regarding a Lazear memorial location.

[Rojas?] gives a history of the San Jose property, a probable site of Camp Lazear.

Kean answers Hench's questions regarding the yellow fever experiments.

Hench informs Recio that he found some interesting material about Camp Columbia at the U.S. Army Medical Museum.

Kean lists various Senate documents dealing with the yellow fever investigation. He offers his opinion on the role of Lambert.

This letter contains Truby's recollections of the Yellow Fever Commission work and excerpts of his own [then incomplete] history of the Yellow Fever Commission - concerning Jesse W. Lazear.

Summary of Hench's research, with various autograph notes, memorandum, and addendum.

Webster encloses the Cuban railway plans which are near Camps Columbia and Lazear, and gives some additional information concerning the various sites.

Hench poses questions concerning the site of Camp Lazear.

Moran describes his difficulties in dealing with the Cuban government regarding the Camp Lazear site. Moran will not attend the University of Virginia or the Washington and Jefferson College events.

Kean responds in detail to Hench's letter concerning the yellow fever experiments. He sends his diary from late 1900 and a copy of a speech at the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace.

Andrus comments on the U.S. Army and his health. He also mentions Lambert's problems with his pension.

Pogolotti replies to Hench's questions concerning place names and locations, and traces the history of the ownership of the land where Camp Lazear was located.

Hench discusses the inclusion of Cooke for the Lazear memorial ceremony.

Hench thanks Webster for his help in finding the location of Camp Lazear and in identifying the "false camp." Hench discusses his plans to honor the site of Lazear's death.

This is the text of Hench's speech, which was given at the dedication of the Lazear Memorial Building at Washington and Jefferson College.

Hench discusses plans to finance and erect a memorial at the site of Camp Lazear. He describes it as a place where Finlay's concept was proven correct by the work of the U.S. Army. Hench includes sketches of the site.

Hench's list records microfilmed documents from the National Archives, including official reports and correspondence concerning Columbia Barracks Post Hospital, from 1899 to 1901.

In a numbered list, Hench names and identifies the figures in the Cornwell yellow fever painting.