The Office of the Surgeon General lists the individuals on the yellow fever roll of honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] outlines anti-malarial measures for farmhouses and plantations.

This document covers the accomplishments of the Army Medical Corps, including the conquest of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] describes Henry Rose Carter's attachment to the University of Virginia.

This document gives a brief and concise history of the places, the death toll, and the cost of yellow fever epidemics in the United States. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Laura Armistead Carter mentions articles about malaria written by Henry Rose Carter that were translated into Spanish and Portuguese.

Heroism in Medical Investigation

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This manuscript discusses Walter Reed's yellow fever experiments in Cuba and provides letters written by Reed.

Carter writes about the Public Health Service, his children, and his health.

Carter writes about his children and other personal matters.

Carter describes his current hospital work.

On The Yellow Malignant Fever

Reed is exhausted from work. He plans a trip home. His step-mother is curious about his relationship with Emilie Lawrence. He critiques contemporary novels.

Reed is worried that he may be writing Emilie Lawrence too frequently. He is sick but will persevere to take his medical exam.

Reed writes that he made a medical call on Emilie Lawrence's relative, Mrs. Vaughan, on his way home to New York. He had been in North Carolina visiting Emilie Lawrence.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed describes his activities to Emilie Lawrence: French language studies, reading, and chess. He promises no card playing at her request.

Reed pledges to abstain from irony in his future correspondence with Emilie Lawrence.

Reed learns that Emilie Lawrence is nursing her nephew who has typhoid fever. He expresses concern for her health, and apologizes for his sad letter earlier today.

Reed expresses his anxiety for Emilie Lawrence's health. He reiterates his devotion to her.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He expresses his hope for the future.

Reed learns of the death of Emilie Lawrence's nephew. He meditates on Christian duty and on life's purpose for him.

Reed reaffirms his feelings for Emilie Lawrence. He describes the physician's lot, and inquires about the new Murfreesboro newspaper and their friends Miss Peace and Mr. Sharpe.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about not writing and about attentions from Professor Sharpe. He discusses small pox cases among children on the post.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed visits a sick friend in Brooklyn. He was impressed with Baltimore on his trip home.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He tells her he misses her, and reports on cases of measles at the base.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

The Lessons of Calamity

This table charts deaths from smallpox and yellow fever in Havana, from 1870-1879.

Reed arrives at Fort Apache. He describes his house, and relays news of their friends. He studies Spanish.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Memphis Under Quarantine Rule

Carter describes his newborn son and mentions his wife and daughter.

Reed describes patients with erysipelas and double pneumonia. McPherson is to enter the Marine hospital service.

Carter discusses his new post and family news.

Carter provides camp and family news.

Carter describes his work and comments on the quarantine. He also provides family news.

Carter writes that his life has been unsettled for the part ten years and a struggle for the past four or five. He discusses his work of caring for patients in hospitals and aboard vessels.

Carter writes that he has returned home, but has contracted malaria.

Carter writes about the health of his wife, as well as his own health.

Carter discusses family and work news.

Carter provides family news and discusses his land in Florida.

Carter discusses quarantine procedures.

Reed provides details of his personal finances. He relates news of his family, and he makes comments about her children. He offers his opinion regarding the religious revival at his son's school

Reed writes about studies leading to a paper on cholera vaccination. He also gives instructions for staining tubercle bacilli.

Reed writes that he will send money to Blincoe. He asks about her family.

Sternberg discusses his theory of yellow fever and the necessary preventative measures to combat the spread of yellow fever.

Reed provides genealogical information on the Reed family. Emilie Lawrence Reed has been with her mother, Hanna Rea Lawrence, after the death of Emilie's youngest brother, Edward F. Lawrence. Reed also comments on the war spirit in Washington.

Reed describes his arrival in Key West and his observation of several smallpox cases in the hospital there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg writes about yellow fever infection from soiled linen and flies. He proposes measures for disinfection and quarantine to control epidemics.

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

Lee presents Reed with a corps badge for sanitary inspection services.

Lawrence Reed expresses his feelings about leaving Camp Onward. He will make lieutenant in a year.

In addition to the topics mentioned in the title, this report by Davis, the Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, Cuba, includes a sanitary report and the number of cases of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Vaughan and Reed submit a report about their examination of three crematories at Washington Barracks. They ascertain that none of the models submitted by inventors meet all the conditions required by the Army. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg directs Reed to inspect the camps, barracks, and hospitals occupied by U.S. troops in the vicinity of Puerto Principe, Cuba, and to make any necessary recommendations for improvement. He is to report on the prevalence of typhoid or other infectious diseases.

Finlay discusses the theory that mosquitoes can transmit malaria and yellow fever. To bolster his case he describes Koch's work with the tick that transmits Texas Fever. He writes about the effect of temperature on mosquitoes, and suggests that measures be taken to eliminate mosquitoes and prevent their entry into houses.

Sternberg sends checks for research-related expenses.

Lazear writes about family news.

Kean considers sending his family back to the United States because of the risk of yellow fever.

Lazear reports on the health of Mabel Lazear and their child.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Kean discusses the mystery of yellow fever, its effects and spread. He comments the state of sanitary conditions at the newly built Camp Columbia.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

Lazear provides family news.

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Lazear provides family news and inquires when to expect Sweitzer.

The writer discusses endemic centers of yellow fever and the origin of the disease.

LePrince reports on the effectiveness of the malaria control in railroad cars. LePrince also comments on the anti-malaria work in Georgia and Tennessee.

LePrince writes to Carter about the ongoing anti-malaria work and a conference they attended. [enclosed: a note on the use of wave action to control mosquitoes]

Barber excerpts selections of recollections by Henry Rose Carter of malaria in Virginia and around Cairo, Illinois. He would like to use these selections in a publication.

Howard reflects on his lifetime of work with mosquitoes. He includes a transcript of a January 13, 1901 letter from Walter Reed describing the success of Reed's experiments. A transcript of a February 20, 1902 letter from Ronald Ross discusses Ross' work in Africa.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Welch extensively describes Reed's work at Johns Hopkins.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

[Carter?] details ways to prevent the proliferation of mosquitoes.

The author discusses the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

[Carter?] discusses the history of malaria in England.

The unknown author describes the settlement for lepers that Carter established in Panama.

[Carter] advises the chairman of the National Malaria Committee to reconsider abolishing a subcommittee that helps promote education in the fight against malaria.

Carter describes early epidemics of various diseases, some of them mistaken for yellow fever. He differentiates between yellow fever and malaria, describes different mortality rates, and lists characteristics of yellow fever.

Griffitts reports on the breeding of Anopheles in salt water, mainly in Virginia.

[Lambert] answers twenty-one questions dealing with the yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear. He describes how he assisted with the care of the patients, the work of female nurses, his involvement with the sanitary work, and an incident in which he broke quarantine to get Ames' help with his patient, Andrus.

[Carter?] proposes census questions that would assist anti-malarial work.

Truby describes his experiences and observations in Cuba from 1898-1902, focusing on Lazear's story.

Student of Yellow Fever: Dr. Lazear Really Sacrificed His Life to Science

Kean describes Reed's illness, death, and funeral.

[Carter] proposes that the International Health Commission carry out an experiment involving the control of malarial mosquitoes. He includes a detailed procedure for such an experiment.

This report gives a brief description of Reed's titles and duties for the year 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter provides Rosenau with notes from his book on yellow fever. He discusses the origins of yellow fever, as well as other points about yellow fever and malaria.

Carter and LePrince describe a planned pond and the mosquito control measures that should be undertaken in constructing and maintaining it.

Darling writes that he has not found abnormalities in blood of yellow fever cases. He had hoped to join the yellow fever work, but has been advised to stay with Department of Hygiene, in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This document gives a brief account of Carter's education, work, and achievements.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

The Virginia Board of Health will have control over all impounded waters in matters affecting public health.

This bill is meant to regulate the impounding of water.

The list of Reed's publications includes articles on Trikresol, typhoid fever, variola, bacillus icteroides and bacillus cholerae suis, and yellow fever.

This table charts the inoculation of individuals bitten by mosquitoes. Some of them develop yellow fever.

This Florida ordinance forbids untreated water collection, specifies treatments for collected water, and permits inspection and charges for violations.

Peake's story on the work of Henry Rose Carter and William Gorgas in ridding Panama of yellow fever includes excerpts from Laura Armistead's Panama diary.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This bibliography lists the articles on yellow fever and malaria written by Carter.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

Carter reports on the breeding habits of the Anopheles mosquito.

The writer briefly discusses the content of Carter's "History of Yellow Fever."

[Carter] discusses the infective properties of yellow fever and the influence of his work on Reed and Lazear.

Carter describes the effect of impounded water level variation on the control of Anopheles breeding, reviewing work done by himself and others in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama.

This is an unsigned manuscript on impounded waters, which details public health regulations, worker conditions, and the bodies of water themselves.

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

Hanson writes about the reason for coming to Peru, the conditions found on his arrival, and the difficulties encountered. He discusses the various diseases identified and the causes of the general sanitary problems. Hanson presents remedies for the present conditions and discusses the possibility of the public and the Peruvian government accepting foreign aide.

The writer outlines the reduction in malaria in the United States and discusses probable causes.

[Carter] reports on the prevalence of mosquitos along the Yadkin River.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

CThe chronology begins in 1898 with the Spanish-American War and ends in March 1901.

Notes on Carroll's typhoid fever experiments in 1904.

Typed notes [by Philip S. Hench?] on James Carroll's typhoid fever experiments in 1904.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter discusses sea travel and finances.

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about family news and political intrigue in Marianao. She comments on Cuban politics.

Selected pages of the report give statistics regarding deaths in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about Mabel Lazear's trip home. He has finished a paper on malaria but will still do more research. He is currently doing bacteriological work.

Louise Kean writes to her mother about consultations to secure Jefferson Randolph Kean's position as Chief Surgeon of General Lee's Province.

Carter describes his life in Cuba. He discusses the Cuban-American political situation.

Sternberg orders Reed and Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #122 establishes the Medical Board, consisting of Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte, at Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans for the summer. He is pleased to be named a member of a board to study infectious diseases, headed by Walter Reed.

Reed acknowledges the receipt of a check for $50.00 for use in the Medical Board's research.

Lazear reports on medical cases suspected of being yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

These endorsements regard the relationship between the laundry facilities and the spread of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter the town of Quemados, Cuba.

Saleeby writes about the epidemic that afflicted Columbia Barracks in late 1899 and describes the symptoms of the disease.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter a saloon where yellow fever broke out. Endorsements are dated June 6 to June 8, 1900.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans. He explains the work of the investigative board and is glad that Reed will be its leader.

Stark responds with a facetious remark to a request for carbolic acid for sanitary purposes at Columbia Barracks. Endorsements are dated June 9 to June 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard details the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba in May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard amends the yellow fever report sent June 18, 1900 to change the mortality count. A map is included of the town of Quemados. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Michie is pleased Kean is doing well and provides him with details of camp life in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Michie plans on ordering cocktails and drinking to Kean's health. He also mentions a formaldehyde machine left running in a room that prevented anyone from being able to sleep in it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic is waning. Reed, Carroll and he will study malaria.

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic seems to be over, and that the board is hard at work studying Cuban infectious diseases.

Carter writes that he has been summoned to Washington because his work in Havana may be finished.

Echeverria reports of medical activity in Marianao di Quemados for the week ending July 14th, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #69 orders Agramonte to Pinar del Rio to investigate cases of pernicious fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Reed reports his duties for the month of July 1900 as President of the Board of Officers investigating infectious diseases and yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Lazear writes about family plans. He is now working on malaria, and says yellow fever is decreasing in Havana.

[Lazear] disagrees with Reed and Carroll's concentration on Sanarelli's work. He believes that the true cause of yellow fever lies elsewhere.

Reed sends Howard more specimens of mosquitoes that Lazear collected in Cuba. Reed is anxious to know the results. Included is a list of the types of mosquitoes collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that Christopher Reed's son does not have tuberculosis. Reed has been in Cuba studying yellow fever but has returned to finish the typhoid fever report.

Wood reports on that there are more yellow fever cases in Havana than the year before because of the great influx of non-immune Spanish immigrants.

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The fever chart has a notation written by Ames stating that Dean is the same as X.Y.Z.

Durham and Myers discuss the investigation of yellow fever by the American commission in Cuba and the perplexing nature of the disease.

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

El Doctor Lazear

Doctor Lazear

Sternberg requests the return of a medical journal, and makes reference to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He asks for notification on Reed's progress.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Reed settles into camp life, and observes a malaria case. He discusses finances, and notes that Carroll has returned to Cuba from the United States.

These Special Orders #83 detail Forbes, Morris, Kissinger, and Ames to report to Walter Reed at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

Ludlow states he never concealed the yellow fever statistics, but that they were actually available to the public at all times. Ludlow then criticizes Wood for not giving accurate information to the newspapers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Reed writes of Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He discusses finances and plans for their house at Keewaydin. He expresses concern over the experiments since they have not yet achieved positive results.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

Wood explains that Cuba is largely free from epidemic or contagious diseases and he suggests that commercial relations to be resumed with the island. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Emilie Lawrence Reed will not visit Cuba. Reed discusses additional research questions, including the larvae of infected mosquitoes. The experiment involving the injection of infected blood was successful.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

This document lists the names of the volunteers for the fomite experiments along with what soiled clothing and bedding they were given. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. A handwritten note states that Kean wrote up this order in the absence of Havard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Fever chart “B” ends on January 3, 1901.

Reed details his duties for the month of December 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed mentions the sixth case of experimental yellow fever, and that volunteers have gone thirty-five days without contracting yellow fever in the infected clothing test. He describes the condition of a yellow fever case and an experiment with blood injection.

Yellow Fever Mosquitoes

Howard congratulates Reed on the success of his work and mentions he will quote Reed's work favorably in his upcoming lectures. He asks Reed to use care in saying anything about his connection with the kerosene remedy. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Valuable Discoveries in Havana

Reed discusses the army reorganization bill. He has finished his paper and remarks that the last experimental yellow fever cases are recovering.

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Questions of the Day

Vivimos de Milagro; La Habana-Intervenida-en 1901

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

The Mosquito and the Frost

Reed asserts Carter's work in Mississippi contributed more to his belief in the theory of an intermediate host than anything else.

Reed writes just after his return from Cuba. He informs Blincoe of the results of the yellow fever experiments and the reception of the work by the scientific community. He quickly relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

The Questions of the Day

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Germs

What Surgeon General Sternberg Says

Surgeon General George M. Sternberg

Causes Yellow Fever

In Circular #5, Scott specifies how to prevent the spread of yellow fever and malaria at military posts by controlling mosquitoes, and instructs physicians how to monitor possible yellow fever patients.

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Surgeon General Sternberg's Circular

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

Circular #2, written in both English and Spanish, shows that the mosquito is responsible for the spread of disease, in particular yellow fever. The author outlines the necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent the spread of diseases by the mosquito. A summary of other Circulars regarding the spread of diseases is also included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses cultures of Bacillus Icteroides. He will send the cultures to Smith.

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Caldas describes the process to obtain serum and vaccine for yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Chart plots temperature and pulse of a yellow fever volunteer after the use of the Caldas' vaccine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Experiments

This article, which appeared in the "Medical Record," discusses the transmission of malaria

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Louise Kean writes about the Keans' travels, her daughter's ear infections, and a case of experimental yellow fever.

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Gorgas details mosquito larvae inspections, from December 1901 to December 1902.

Howard responds to Reed's most recent letter, and discusses the notion of insects affecting both humans and domestic animals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes about Lena A. Warner's refusal to care for an officer's wife.

Warner's article describes her role in the yellow fever experiments and how to best care for yellow fever patients. An autograph note follows the text and calls the piece a "pure fabrication as to her part."

Reed writes concerning B. Icteroides and hog cholera, and the observations of microorganisms. He notes the affected populations' presence in Cuba. He appreciates congratulations for his honorary Harvard degree.

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed turns down an invitation to speak at Flexner's Pathological Society in Philadelphia.

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

Sternberg provides his impressions of Reed and his work relative to Kelly's plans to write a biography of Reed.

A World Benefactor

This document concerns the work of Walter Reed.

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed as a youth. She gives the family genealogy and a description of the house in Gloucester County, Virginia, where Reed was born.

Gorgas writes about the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission, and his wife's illness.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Thomas writes about a yellow fever epidemic in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1862.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

This translation [from Sanskrit] of Blake's report details ancient references to yellow fever and transmission by mosquitos.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Farshish writes the editor to correct what he thinks is misinformation in Kelly's article about the earliest documented reference of insects carrying disease. Farshish challenges Kelly with references from the Talmud and Midroshic Literature.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Carroll gives a history of yellow fever in Baltimore and the debates that ensued among physicians as to whether yellow fever was contagious or not. Published in “The Hospital Bulletin” by The Hospital Bulletin Company of the University of Maryland.

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about his reconciliation with Magoon, remarking that Magoon will probably recommend him as his successor in Panama. He also comments on the state of disease in Panama, noting that pneumonia remains primary problem.

Gorgas suggests that Finlay and Carter be nominated for the Nobel Prize. In the postscript, Gorgas writes an autograph note for Carter.

Kean argues that Carroll deserves more recognition for his service. The last page includes Kelly's reply, dated September 10, 1906. Kelly writes that he will help to secure cooperation of Congressmen and write an article in support of Congressional action on behalf of the survivors and their families.

[Gorgas] writes about political maneuverings for staff appointments and promotions, and recognition for James Carroll.

Taft is anxious for Finlay to work with Jefferson Randolph Kean on stamping out yellow fever in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland requests that Kean inform Valery Havard of yellow fever cases in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The report argues in support of nominating Finlay and Agramonte for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Lesson of Little Things: The Conquest of Yellow Fever

Carter's report on pneumonia in the Canal Zone concludes that pneumonia is prevalent among recent arrivals who have contracted infectious catarrh. He recommends that prevention efforts concentrate on better medical treatment of catarrh and ensuring that new men have blankets.

King responds to questions regarding publications of the Philosophical Society. He makes reference to a Smithsonian Institution report.

Kelly discusses the conflict between Carroll and Guiteras.

Finlay discusses the creation and function of the Superior Board of Health, which included establishing new sanitary ordinances. He continues by discussing the two most severe outbreaks of disease in Cuba since 1901: smallpox and yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lopez del Valle reports on the duties of the National Sanitary Board, which required all the local sanitary offices to submit to new rules of operation. He goes into great detail about all the various sanitary methods used throughout Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean sends Magoon the report of the Chief Sanitary Officer of Cuba for the past year and comments extensively on sanitation and the yellow fever.

Are Our Heroes of Peace Neglected?

Kean discusses the present sanitary conditions in Cuba. He states that there has been a breakdown in sanitary procedures since the American withdrawal and recommends that local sanitation boards be abolished in favor of a National Sanitary Board. Kean writes that yellow fever is moving out to rural areas, instead of concentrating in urban centers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This circular relates Lazear's role in the yellow fever research.

This is an incomplete, hand-corrected draft of an obituary of James Carroll, written for the Washington Academy of Sciences.

The extracts from Agramonte's report detail Beauperthuy's work with mosquitos as disease vectors. The extracts from Boyce's report [in French] also deal with mosquitos and their connections to yellow fever.

Agramonte describes his role with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are autograph notes by Truby and Hench.

Agramonte writes about a case of yellow fever he observed in Daiquiri, Cuba.

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Thomason discusses a yellow fever patient, Manuel Casas.

The New Quarantine

Lebredo discusses the diagnosis of a possible yellow fever case.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Finlay discusses the nationalization of the Cuban Sanitary Department, developments in sanitary procedures regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever, and the control of tuberculosis. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean submits the report of the National Sanitary Department, and states that yellow fever is presently exterminated throughout Cuba. Kean, however, claims that the U.S. is too harsh with the quarantine regulations imposed upon Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Kean] requests additional experiments using wire mesh as a mosquito control.

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Guiteras is thankful for the opportunity to study Kean's office records. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Kean] informs Ellis about the military service of John R. Kissinger and gives details of Kissinger's participation in the yellow fever experiments. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Taylor writes that the mother of Clara Louise Maass is receiving a pension. [Courtesy of The Albe