The Office of the Surgeon General lists the individuals on the yellow fever roll of honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] outlines anti-malarial measures for farmhouses and plantations.

This document covers the accomplishments of the Army Medical Corps, including the conquest of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] describes Henry Rose Carter's attachment to the University of Virginia.

This document gives a brief and concise history of the places, the death toll, and the cost of yellow fever epidemics in the United States. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Laura Armistead Carter mentions articles about malaria written by Henry Rose Carter that were translated into Spanish and Portuguese.

Heroism in Medical Investigation

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This manuscript discusses Walter Reed's yellow fever experiments in Cuba and provides letters written by Reed.

Carter writes about the Public Health Service, his children, and his health.

Carter writes about his children and other personal matters.

Carter describes his current hospital work.

On The Yellow Malignant Fever

Reed is exhausted from work. He plans a trip home. His step-mother is curious about his relationship with Emilie Lawrence. He critiques contemporary novels.

Reed is worried that he may be writing Emilie Lawrence too frequently. He is sick but will persevere to take his medical exam.

Reed writes that he made a medical call on Emilie Lawrence's relative, Mrs. Vaughan, on his way home to New York. He had been in North Carolina visiting Emilie Lawrence.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed describes his activities to Emilie Lawrence: French language studies, reading, and chess. He promises no card playing at her request.

Reed pledges to abstain from irony in his future correspondence with Emilie Lawrence.

Reed learns that Emilie Lawrence is nursing her nephew who has typhoid fever. He expresses concern for her health, and apologizes for his sad letter earlier today.

Reed expresses his anxiety for Emilie Lawrence's health. He reiterates his devotion to her.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He expresses his hope for the future.

Reed learns of the death of Emilie Lawrence's nephew. He meditates on Christian duty and on life's purpose for him.

Reed reaffirms his feelings for Emilie Lawrence. He describes the physician's lot, and inquires about the new Murfreesboro newspaper and their friends Miss Peace and Mr. Sharpe.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about not writing and about attentions from Professor Sharpe. He discusses small pox cases among children on the post.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed visits a sick friend in Brooklyn. He was impressed with Baltimore on his trip home.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He tells her he misses her, and reports on cases of measles at the base.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

The Lessons of Calamity

This table charts deaths from smallpox and yellow fever in Havana, from 1870-1879.

Reed arrives at Fort Apache. He describes his house, and relays news of their friends. He studies Spanish.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Memphis Under Quarantine Rule

Carter describes his newborn son and mentions his wife and daughter.

Reed describes patients with erysipelas and double pneumonia. McPherson is to enter the Marine hospital service.

Carter discusses his new post and family news.

Carter provides camp and family news.

Carter describes his work and comments on the quarantine. He also provides family news.

Carter writes that his life has been unsettled for the part ten years and a struggle for the past four or five. He discusses his work of caring for patients in hospitals and aboard vessels.

Carter writes that he has returned home, but has contracted malaria.

Carter writes about the health of his wife, as well as his own health.

Carter discusses family and work news.

Carter provides family news and discusses his land in Florida.

Carter discusses quarantine procedures.

Reed provides details of his personal finances. He relates news of his family, and he makes comments about her children. He offers his opinion regarding the religious revival at his son's school

Reed writes about studies leading to a paper on cholera vaccination. He also gives instructions for staining tubercle bacilli.

Reed writes that he will send money to Blincoe. He asks about her family.

Sternberg discusses his theory of yellow fever and the necessary preventative measures to combat the spread of yellow fever.

Reed provides genealogical information on the Reed family. Emilie Lawrence Reed has been with her mother, Hanna Rea Lawrence, after the death of Emilie's youngest brother, Edward F. Lawrence. Reed also comments on the war spirit in Washington.

Reed describes his arrival in Key West and his observation of several smallpox cases in the hospital there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg writes about yellow fever infection from soiled linen and flies. He proposes measures for disinfection and quarantine to control epidemics.

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

Lee presents Reed with a corps badge for sanitary inspection services.

Lawrence Reed expresses his feelings about leaving Camp Onward. He will make lieutenant in a year.

In addition to the topics mentioned in the title, this report by Davis, the Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, Cuba, includes a sanitary report and the number of cases of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Vaughan and Reed submit a report about their examination of three crematories at Washington Barracks. They ascertain that none of the models submitted by inventors meet all the conditions required by the Army. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg directs Reed to inspect the camps, barracks, and hospitals occupied by U.S. troops in the vicinity of Puerto Principe, Cuba, and to make any necessary recommendations for improvement. He is to report on the prevalence of typhoid or other infectious diseases.

Finlay discusses the theory that mosquitoes can transmit malaria and yellow fever. To bolster his case he describes Koch's work with the tick that transmits Texas Fever. He writes about the effect of temperature on mosquitoes, and suggests that measures be taken to eliminate mosquitoes and prevent their entry into houses.

Sternberg sends checks for research-related expenses.

Lazear writes about family news.

Kean considers sending his family back to the United States because of the risk of yellow fever.

Lazear reports on the health of Mabel Lazear and their child.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Kean discusses the mystery of yellow fever, its effects and spread. He comments the state of sanitary conditions at the newly built Camp Columbia.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

Lazear provides family news.

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Lazear provides family news and inquires when to expect Sweitzer.

The writer discusses endemic centers of yellow fever and the origin of the disease.

LePrince reports on the effectiveness of the malaria control in railroad cars. LePrince also comments on the anti-malaria work in Georgia and Tennessee.

LePrince writes to Carter about the ongoing anti-malaria work and a conference they attended. [enclosed: a note on the use of wave action to control mosquitoes]

Barber excerpts selections of recollections by Henry Rose Carter of malaria in Virginia and around Cairo, Illinois. He would like to use these selections in a publication.

Howard reflects on his lifetime of work with mosquitoes. He includes a transcript of a January 13, 1901 letter from Walter Reed describing the success of Reed's experiments. A transcript of a February 20, 1902 letter from Ronald Ross discusses Ross' work in Africa.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Welch extensively describes Reed's work at Johns Hopkins.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

[Carter?] details ways to prevent the proliferation of mosquitoes.

The author discusses the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

[Carter?] discusses the history of malaria in England.

The unknown author describes the settlement for lepers that Carter established in Panama.

[Carter] advises the chairman of the National Malaria Committee to reconsider abolishing a subcommittee that helps promote education in the fight against malaria.

Carter describes early epidemics of various diseases, some of them mistaken for yellow fever. He differentiates between yellow fever and malaria, describes different mortality rates, and lists characteristics of yellow fever.

Griffitts reports on the breeding of Anopheles in salt water, mainly in Virginia.

[Lambert] answers twenty-one questions dealing with the yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear. He describes how he assisted with the care of the patients, the work of female nurses, his involvement with the sanitary work, and an incident in which he broke quarantine to get Ames' help with his patient, Andrus.

[Carter?] proposes census questions that would assist anti-malarial work.

Truby describes his experiences and observations in Cuba from 1898-1902, focusing on Lazear's story.

Student of Yellow Fever: Dr. Lazear Really Sacrificed His Life to Science

Kean describes Reed's illness, death, and funeral.

[Carter] proposes that the International Health Commission carry out an experiment involving the control of malarial mosquitoes. He includes a detailed procedure for such an experiment.

This report gives a brief description of Reed's titles and duties for the year 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter provides Rosenau with notes from his book on yellow fever. He discusses the origins of yellow fever, as well as other points about yellow fever and malaria.

Carter and LePrince describe a planned pond and the mosquito control measures that should be undertaken in constructing and maintaining it.

Darling writes that he has not found abnormalities in blood of yellow fever cases. He had hoped to join the yellow fever work, but has been advised to stay with Department of Hygiene, in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This document gives a brief account of Carter's education, work, and achievements.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

The Virginia Board of Health will have control over all impounded waters in matters affecting public health.

This bill is meant to regulate the impounding of water.

The list of Reed's publications includes articles on Trikresol, typhoid fever, variola, bacillus icteroides and bacillus cholerae suis, and yellow fever.

This table charts the inoculation of individuals bitten by mosquitoes. Some of them develop yellow fever.

This Florida ordinance forbids untreated water collection, specifies treatments for collected water, and permits inspection and charges for violations.

Peake's story on the work of Henry Rose Carter and William Gorgas in ridding Panama of yellow fever includes excerpts from Laura Armistead's Panama diary.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This bibliography lists the articles on yellow fever and malaria written by Carter.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

Carter reports on the breeding habits of the Anopheles mosquito.

The writer briefly discusses the content of Carter's "History of Yellow Fever."

[Carter] discusses the infective properties of yellow fever and the influence of his work on Reed and Lazear.

Carter describes the effect of impounded water level variation on the control of Anopheles breeding, reviewing work done by himself and others in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama.

This is an unsigned manuscript on impounded waters, which details public health regulations, worker conditions, and the bodies of water themselves.

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

Hanson writes about the reason for coming to Peru, the conditions found on his arrival, and the difficulties encountered. He discusses the various diseases identified and the causes of the general sanitary problems. Hanson presents remedies for the present conditions and discusses the possibility of the public and the Peruvian government accepting foreign aide.

The writer outlines the reduction in malaria in the United States and discusses probable causes.

[Carter] reports on the prevalence of mosquitos along the Yadkin River.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

CThe chronology begins in 1898 with the Spanish-American War and ends in March 1901.

Notes on Carroll's typhoid fever experiments in 1904.

Typed notes [by Philip S. Hench?] on James Carroll's typhoid fever experiments in 1904.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter discusses sea travel and finances.

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about family news and political intrigue in Marianao. She comments on Cuban politics.

Selected pages of the report give statistics regarding deaths in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about Mabel Lazear's trip home. He has finished a paper on malaria but will still do more research. He is currently doing bacteriological work.

Louise Kean writes to her mother about consultations to secure Jefferson Randolph Kean's position as Chief Surgeon of General Lee's Province.

Carter describes his life in Cuba. He discusses the Cuban-American political situation.

Sternberg orders Reed and Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #122 establishes the Medical Board, consisting of Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte, at Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans for the summer. He is pleased to be named a member of a board to study infectious diseases, headed by Walter Reed.

Reed acknowledges the receipt of a check for $50.00 for use in the Medical Board's research.

Lazear reports on medical cases suspected of being yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

These endorsements regard the relationship between the laundry facilities and the spread of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter the town of Quemados, Cuba.

Saleeby writes about the epidemic that afflicted Columbia Barracks in late 1899 and describes the symptoms of the disease.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter a saloon where yellow fever broke out. Endorsements are dated June 6 to June 8, 1900.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans. He explains the work of the investigative board and is glad that Reed will be its leader.

Stark responds with a facetious remark to a request for carbolic acid for sanitary purposes at Columbia Barracks. Endorsements are dated June 9 to June 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard details the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba in May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard amends the yellow fever report sent June 18, 1900 to change the mortality count. A map is included of the town of Quemados. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Michie is pleased Kean is doing well and provides him with details of camp life in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Michie plans on ordering cocktails and drinking to Kean's health. He also mentions a formaldehyde machine left running in a room that prevented anyone from being able to sleep in it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic is waning. Reed, Carroll and he will study malaria.

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic seems to be over, and that the board is hard at work studying Cuban infectious diseases.

Carter writes that he has been summoned to Washington because his work in Havana may be finished.

Echeverria reports of medical activity in Marianao di Quemados for the week ending July 14th, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #69 orders Agramonte to Pinar del Rio to investigate cases of pernicious fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Reed reports his duties for the month of July 1900 as President of the Board of Officers investigating infectious diseases and yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Lazear writes about family plans. He is now working on malaria, and says yellow fever is decreasing in Havana.

[Lazear] disagrees with Reed and Carroll's concentration on Sanarelli's work. He believes that the true cause of yellow fever lies elsewhere.

Reed sends Howard more specimens of mosquitoes that Lazear collected in Cuba. Reed is anxious to know the results. Included is a list of the types of mosquitoes collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that Christopher Reed's son does not have tuberculosis. Reed has been in Cuba studying yellow fever but has returned to finish the typhoid fever report.

Wood reports on that there are more yellow fever cases in Havana than the year before because of the great influx of non-immune Spanish immigrants.

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The fever chart has a notation written by Ames stating that Dean is the same as X.Y.Z.

Durham and Myers discuss the investigation of yellow fever by the American commission in Cuba and the perplexing nature of the disease.

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

El Doctor Lazear

Doctor Lazear

Sternberg requests the return of a medical journal, and makes reference to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He asks for notification on Reed's progress.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Reed settles into camp life, and observes a malaria case. He discusses finances, and notes that Carroll has returned to Cuba from the United States.

These Special Orders #83 detail Forbes, Morris, Kissinger, and Ames to report to Walter Reed at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

Ludlow states he never concealed the yellow fever statistics, but that they were actually available to the public at all times. Ludlow then criticizes Wood for not giving accurate information to the newspapers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Reed writes of Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He discusses finances and plans for their house at Keewaydin. He expresses concern over the experiments since they have not yet achieved positive results.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

Wood explains that Cuba is largely free from epidemic or contagious diseases and he suggests that commercial relations to be resumed with the island. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Emilie Lawrence Reed will not visit Cuba. Reed discusses additional research questions, including the larvae of infected mosquitoes. The experiment involving the injection of infected blood was successful.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

This document lists the names of the volunteers for the fomite experiments along with what soiled clothing and bedding they were given. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. A handwritten note states that Kean wrote up this order in the absence of Havard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Fever chart “B” ends on January 3, 1901.

Reed details his duties for the month of December 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed mentions the sixth case of experimental yellow fever, and that volunteers have gone thirty-five days without contracting yellow fever in the infected clothing test. He describes the condition of a yellow fever case and an experiment with blood injection.

Yellow Fever Mosquitoes

Howard congratulates Reed on the success of his work and mentions he will quote Reed's work favorably in his upcoming lectures. He asks Reed to use care in saying anything about his connection with the kerosene remedy. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Valuable Discoveries in Havana

Reed discusses the army reorganization bill. He has finished his paper and remarks that the last experimental yellow fever cases are recovering.

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Questions of the Day

Vivimos de Milagro; La Habana-Intervenida-en 1901

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

The Mosquito and the Frost

Reed asserts Carter's work in Mississippi contributed more to his belief in the theory of an intermediate host than anything else.

Reed writes just after his return from Cuba. He informs Blincoe of the results of the yellow fever experiments and the reception of the work by the scientific community. He quickly relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

The Questions of the Day

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Germs

What Surgeon General Sternberg Says

Surgeon General George M. Sternberg

Causes Yellow Fever

In Circular #5, Scott specifies how to prevent the spread of yellow fever and malaria at military posts by controlling mosquitoes, and instructs physicians how to monitor possible yellow fever patients.

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Surgeon General Sternberg's Circular

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

Circular #2, written in both English and Spanish, shows that the mosquito is responsible for the spread of disease, in particular yellow fever. The author outlines the necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent the spread of diseases by the mosquito. A summary of other Circulars regarding the spread of diseases is also included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses cultures of Bacillus Icteroides. He will send the cultures to Smith.

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Caldas describes the process to obtain serum and vaccine for yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Chart plots temperature and pulse of a yellow fever volunteer after the use of the Caldas' vaccine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Experiments

This article, which appeared in the "Medical Record," discusses the transmission of malaria

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Louise Kean writes about the Keans' travels, her daughter's ear infections, and a case of experimental yellow fever.

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Gorgas details mosquito larvae inspections, from December 1901 to December 1902.

Howard responds to Reed's most recent letter, and discusses the notion of insects affecting both humans and domestic animals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes about Lena A. Warner's refusal to care for an officer's wife.

Warner's article describes her role in the yellow fever experiments and how to best care for yellow fever patients. An autograph note follows the text and calls the piece a "pure fabrication as to her part."

Reed writes concerning B. Icteroides and hog cholera, and the observations of microorganisms. He notes the affected populations' presence in Cuba. He appreciates congratulations for his honorary Harvard degree.

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed turns down an invitation to speak at Flexner's Pathological Society in Philadelphia.

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

Sternberg provides his impressions of Reed and his work relative to Kelly's plans to write a biography of Reed.

A World Benefactor

This document concerns the work of Walter Reed.

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed as a youth. She gives the family genealogy and a description of the house in Gloucester County, Virginia, where Reed was born.

Gorgas writes about the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission, and his wife's illness.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Thomas writes about a yellow fever epidemic in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1862.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

This translation [from Sanskrit] of Blake's report details ancient references to yellow fever and transmission by mosquitos.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Farshish writes the editor to correct what he thinks is misinformation in Kelly's article about the earliest documented reference of insects carrying disease. Farshish challenges Kelly with references from the Talmud and Midroshic Literature.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Carroll gives a history of yellow fever in Baltimore and the debates that ensued among physicians as to whether yellow fever was contagious or not. Published in “The Hospital Bulletin” by The Hospital Bulletin Company of the University of Maryland.

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about his reconciliation with Magoon, remarking that Magoon will probably recommend him as his successor in Panama. He also comments on the state of disease in Panama, noting that pneumonia remains primary problem.

Gorgas suggests that Finlay and Carter be nominated for the Nobel Prize. In the postscript, Gorgas writes an autograph note for Carter.

Kean argues that Carroll deserves more recognition for his service. The last page includes Kelly's reply, dated September 10, 1906. Kelly writes that he will help to secure cooperation of Congressmen and write an article in support of Congressional action on behalf of the survivors and their families.

[Gorgas] writes about political maneuverings for staff appointments and promotions, and recognition for James Carroll.

Taft is anxious for Finlay to work with Jefferson Randolph Kean on stamping out yellow fever in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland requests that Kean inform Valery Havard of yellow fever cases in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The report argues in support of nominating Finlay and Agramonte for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Lesson of Little Things: The Conquest of Yellow Fever

Carter's report on pneumonia in the Canal Zone concludes that pneumonia is prevalent among recent arrivals who have contracted infectious catarrh. He recommends that prevention efforts concentrate on better medical treatment of catarrh and ensuring that new men have blankets.

King responds to questions regarding publications of the Philosophical Society. He makes reference to a Smithsonian Institution report.

Kelly discusses the conflict between Carroll and Guiteras.

Finlay discusses the creation and function of the Superior Board of Health, which included establishing new sanitary ordinances. He continues by discussing the two most severe outbreaks of disease in Cuba since 1901: smallpox and yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lopez del Valle reports on the duties of the National Sanitary Board, which required all the local sanitary offices to submit to new rules of operation. He goes into great detail about all the various sanitary methods used throughout Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean sends Magoon the report of the Chief Sanitary Officer of Cuba for the past year and comments extensively on sanitation and the yellow fever.

Are Our Heroes of Peace Neglected?

Kean discusses the present sanitary conditions in Cuba. He states that there has been a breakdown in sanitary procedures since the American withdrawal and recommends that local sanitation boards be abolished in favor of a National Sanitary Board. Kean writes that yellow fever is moving out to rural areas, instead of concentrating in urban centers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This circular relates Lazear's role in the yellow fever research.

This is an incomplete, hand-corrected draft of an obituary of James Carroll, written for the Washington Academy of Sciences.

The extracts from Agramonte's report detail Beauperthuy's work with mosquitos as disease vectors. The extracts from Boyce's report [in French] also deal with mosquitos and their connections to yellow fever.

Agramonte describes his role with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are autograph notes by Truby and Hench.

Agramonte writes about a case of yellow fever he observed in Daiquiri, Cuba.

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Thomason discusses a yellow fever patient, Manuel Casas.

The New Quarantine

Lebredo discusses the diagnosis of a possible yellow fever case.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Finlay discusses the nationalization of the Cuban Sanitary Department, developments in sanitary procedures regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever, and the control of tuberculosis. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean submits the report of the National Sanitary Department, and states that yellow fever is presently exterminated throughout Cuba. Kean, however, claims that the U.S. is too harsh with the quarantine regulations imposed upon Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Kean] requests additional experiments using wire mesh as a mosquito control.

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Guiteras is thankful for the opportunity to study Kean's office records. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Kean] informs Ellis about the military service of John R. Kissinger and gives details of Kissinger's participation in the yellow fever experiments. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Taylor writes that the mother of Clara Louise Maass is receiving a pension. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The article reviews contrasting administrative methods of Gorgas and Goethals in the Panama Canal Zone.

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Glennan confidentially informs Carter of a possible detail in Hawaii.

Agramonte informs Kean of Finlay's declining health. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter writes about Laura Armistead Carter's sickness and gives her a detailed prescription. He also describes his flower gardens.

Carter cautions Laura Armistead Carter about tuberculosis.

Carter stresses to his daughter that every effort should be made to get her well. He also discusses his next foreign detail and how he will rise to the challenge.

Carter informs Laura Armistead Carter that his departure date is still uncertain and encourages her to regain her health.

Carter delays his sailing date so that Laura Armistead Carter can remain in the hospital.

Carter expresses his devotion to Laura Armistead Carter. He also encloses a letter from Edward Champe Carter.

Carter explains the difficulties of being a navy wife and criticizes his daughter's possible suitors.

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is a detailed account of Carter's public health work and associated study of yellow fever.

Griffitts writes to Carter about his anti-malaria work. He describes the problems with ponds and prospective mosquito breeding experiments.

Blue orders Carter to North Carolina to investigate malaria and propose control measures.

Porter thanks Carter for his educational malaria pamphlet for children.

Carter discusses her presentation on malaria.

Blue assigns Carter to represent the Health Service at the Drainage Congress.

A review of Havard's book on military hygiene comments on its more comprehensive treatment of infectious diseases and sanitary methods than the first edition. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Rose and Gorgas discuss the relative severity of ankylostomiasis and malaria in Malaya, as well as plans to eradicate yellow fever worldwide.

Blue assigns Carter to investigate malaria in North Carolina.

Freeman praises the accomplishments of Henry Rose Carter, Walter Reed, and William Crawford Gorgas.

Malaria [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Carter discusses his role in the prevention of yellow fever and malaria in South Carolina.

Ross acknowledges receiving Carter's paper on the effect of impounded water on malaria.

Griffitts describes a house-to-house search to determine the number and type of mosquitoes, as well as the number of people stricken with malaria.

Carter and LePrince discuss their survey of a planned mosquito-control pond in North Carolina and the local incidence of malaria.

Stimpson sends Carter a copy of a letter to St. Vincent's hospital regarding payment for Carter's treatment there.

Stimpson arranges for Carter to be reimbursed for payment made to St. Vincent's Hospital.

The Chief Quarantine Officer relates information on a case of yellow fever and notes disagreement over the diagnosis.

Carter and LePrince discuss a mosquito control project and the incidence of malaria to be expected.

Blue directs Carter to proceed to the South in order to investigate the relationship between impounded waters and malaria.

Blue orders Carter to participate in the meetings of the National Malarial Committee and the American Society of Tropical Medicine, as well as to continue his investigation of impounded waters.

[Carter] describes his journey and his report for the Rockefeller Foundation.

Le Prince discusses the treatment of a lake shore, in North Carolina, in order to reduce the number of anopheles mosquitos.

Wilson relates findings that timbering in the Little Salkehatchie did not increase prevalence of malaria.

[Guiteras] reports to Gorgas on a Barbados epidemic, which he suspects may be yellow fever.

LePrince details the past summers' field work in the southern U.S.

This documents surveys breeding areas at Camp Lee.

Blue sends Carter to Colleton County, South Carolina, in order to investigate malaria conditions.

Carter reports that malarial conditions in South Carolina have worsened.

Guiteras sends Carter a copy of his extensive report to Gorgas concerning a Barbados epidemic.

Dowling informs Carter that there has been no increase of malaria associated with timber operations in swampland.

Carter discusses a possibly mis-diagnosed case of yellow fever.

The writer is interested in continuing yellow fever work, but cannot be of assistance at the moment.

Carter is ordered to attend the Society of Tropical Medicine conference and the National Malaria Committee meeting.

Carter discusses Henry Carter, Jr., and the contribution his work has made to the war effort.

Blue orders Carter to attend the U.S. Public Health Bureau conference.

Blue directs Carter to Camp Meade, Maryland, in order to conduct a malaria survey.

Gorgas requests that Carter go to South America in order to continue his yellow fever work for the Rockefeller Foundation. He mentions the work of Guiteras and Wrightson.

Kerr writes that LePrince will not be able to assist with mosquito control at Quantico, Virginia, because he is working elsewhere.

Blue writes that anti-malarial work in Newport News, Virginia, is to be continued under Griffitts. Carter is to inspect work at Quantico with LePrince.

The document describes ways to prevent malaria at Camp Lee, and includes handwritten notes.

Whitmore requests Carter's opinion for a paper he is writing. Whitmore discusses Weil's Disease and its relation to yellow fever.

Carter expresses regret that he will not be able to hear Whitmore present his paper. He discusses the difficulty of yellow fever diagnosis and recommends a pathologist for yellow fever work.

Snidow details malaria investigations in Virginia.

Derivaux recommends utilizing Dr. Taylor for malaria prevention.

Draper informs Carter of the anti-malarial work done around Camp Lee.

This report records blood examinations in Mississippi.

Blue sends Carter to Georgia and Arkansas for anti-malaria work.

Blue permits Carter to travel to other states for malaria research.

Perry sends Carter to Camp Merritt, New Jersey, for anti-malaria work

[Carter] wants to engage in yellow fever research once he is finished with his malaria work.

Blue sends Carter to Galveston, Texas, in order to investigate dengue fever and to Tampico, Mexico, in order to inspect sanitary conditions.

Carter reports on dengue fever in Galveston, Texas.

Carter discusses the outbreak of dengue fever in Galveston, Texas.

Carter discusses his travel schedule and the dangers of influenza.

[Carter] writes that he does not have case records from Guiteras' report and that the report did not encompass yellow fever.

Moran is nominated for overseas duty.

Carter reports on his investigation of a foreign sailor's illness and death, in Sabine, Texas.

Carter writes that it would make little sense for him to go to Guatemala for yellow fever work now.

Blue sends Carter to New Orleans, Louisiana, and Memphis, Tennessee, to plan for a malaria investigation.

Carter is sending Byam a paper on yellow fever for publication. Carter intends to consult with Noguchi to see if he may quote the results of latest research.

Carter informs Geiger of his upcoming research on the relation between rice cultivation and malaria.

Fisher sends Carter a copy of Carter's 1907 report on pneumonia in the Panama Canal Zone.

Blue sends Carter to New Orleans to supervise a malaria investigation.

Blue sends Carter to New Orleans and other southern states to investigate malaria.

Carter writes about his current work and comments on scarlet fever and hysteria.

Carter writes that he has been ill, and will answer Weedon's letters as soon as he is able.

Carter writes to Bolduan about his health. Carter offers his opinions on the genesis of yellow fever in the Americas.

Carter reflects, at length, on his career in public medicine and his accomplishments.

Carter writes that he may be well enough to travel in order to meet with Fricks and LePrince.

Blue directs Carter to Washington, D.C. for a conference on malaria work.

Carter requests an extension of his sick leave. He reports that he is able do paper work but not field work.

Carter writes that he would appreciate the Boy Scouts' help for malaria control.

Carter requests a pamphlet on the parallels between Texas cattle fever and yellow fever.

Mayne discusses hyperparasitism and mosquito experimentation.

This report gives proposed impounded water health regulations cover floating debris, vegetation, and fish stocking.

This document includes excerpts from Sternberg's biography of her husband's involvement with tropical diseases, including yellow fever.

Carter informs Russell about the progress that she and Frost made over the Christmas holiday and about the maps and bibliographical references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever that she is currently working on.

Carter requests library and reference cards she needs in order to change a reference for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter thanks Russell for supplying the Connor reference she sought and describes her work at the Library of Congress.

Carter offers suggestions regarding the format of the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever and asks him if he might be able to include Gorgas in the bibliography. She also questions Frost's inclusion in the text of Henry Rose Carter's supposed acceptance of Noguchi's leptospira.

To Fight Yellow Fever in Peru

The Acting Secretary informs Carter that he is being placed on waiting orders. He thanks Carter for his years of service.

Carter believes Frost's name should be included on the title page of the published version of the History of Yellow Fever. Due to Frost's hard work, Carter believes that Henry Rose Carter would be proud of the book.

Carter writes about his travels and his work.

Carter plans on working on the book as long as she is needed and then she is considering entering the hospital in order to fully regain her health.

Griffitts writes about the anopheles survey at Badin, North Carolina.

This report discusses control of debris and vegetation, fish stocking, and ditching. Pertinent state health laws are listed.

The authors primarily discuss the treatment of malaria with quinine.

LePrince describes mosquito breeding in impounded waters, suggesting necessary regulations to be implemented by State Boards of Health.

This is a detailed report on clinical findings regarding yellow fever.

These are Public Health Service specifications for impounded waters in malarial areas; autograph notes added.

[Carter] details various methods of controlling malaria. He discusses segregation, screening, mosquito bars, and the use of quinine. [Carter] favors mosquito control because it does not require modification of human behavior.

Boldridge is sending Carter a copy of “Effective Malaria Control in a Ricefield District”. He praises Carter's publications on public health sanitary engineering.

Carter asks if "The Practice of Medicine in the Tropics," with her father's section on yellow fever, has gone to press. Her father has finished yellow fever work in Peru, but Laura Eugenia Cook Carter, his wife, has died.

Carter offers to go to Ferrenafe.

Ross sends a photograph of himself for Kelly. He provides a journal reference for his work on malaria.

Rose informs Carter that some of Noguchi's vaccine has been shipped to Peru.

LePrince details his findings on stegomyia larvae in Laredo, Peru as well discussing the research of his colleagues.

LePrince sends Carter stegomyia caught in a hotel coatroom in Carbondale, Illinois.

Fricks needs to discuss a malaria control program with Carter and encloses a plan for the examination of school children.

LePrince reports on the yellow fever situation in Mexico, where he is conducting mosquito experiments, as well as Griffitts' malaria control work in Alabama.

The writer discusses the yellow fever situation and the economic ramifications of quarantines. Enclosed is a copy of a telegram to Hanson.

Kean states that Reed's name should have appeared in the newspaper's article about yellow fever and briefly discusses Reed's and his assistant's work in conquering yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Messer sends Carter a report of the malaria control committee, which Gage will present at the Boston meeting.

Fisher reports on the malaria situation in South Carolina. He discusses his malaria control work funded by the Rockefeller Foundation.

Messer thanks Carter for his comments on Virginia malaria control work.

Fisher reports on an increase in malaria attributed to dam impoundment in South Carolina.

Griffitts thanks Carter for lending him memos. He reports on the results of impounded water work in North Carolina and Virginia.

[Boldridge's] report on a mosquito survey in South Carolina includes interviews with locals regarding mosquitoes, and information on the incidence of malaria and mosquito control measures.

Wood praises William Crawford Gorgas' work in eliminating yellow fever from Havana, and also his work with the Panama Canal Commission. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This extract suggests that Finlay first formulated the idea of mosquito conveyance of yellow fever.

As requested by Kelly, [Emilie Lawrence Reed] writes a description of Walter Reed's illness, treatment, and death.

Byrd's paper discusses the control of mosquito breeding as the most effective way to reduce the incidence of malaria.

[Carter?] writes to Hanson that he recalls balancing accounts in Piura, Peru on this day last year.

[Carter] asks that the Public Health Service supervise mosquito study and control of ponds at Badin and other places in North Carolina.

[Carter] comments extensively on a public health film on malaria.

[Carter] comments on Robertson's proposed bubonic plague study and on plague infected fleas.

The firm of Henry Frowde, Hodder & Stoughton informs Carter about its pricing policies for reprints of medical journals.

Fricks believes that Carter's malaria abstracts are very important to field workers, but should be issued by the Division of Scientific Research.

Hanson details his yellow fever work in Peru, commenting on his workers, areas of the country where mosquito work is being done, the suspension of Dunn's stegomyia work, and fever cases.

Hanson details the progress against yellow fever in Peru, but notes that the situation in Mexico and Central America is more serious than once thought.

Komp finds great value Carter's abstracts of malaria literature.

LePrince writes that Carter's malaria abstracts and comments are valuable. He discusses Caldwell's yellow fever work in Mexico and upcoming malaria control work in southern Illinois, as well as other malaria work in the South.

Williams believes that the malaria abstracts require Carter's comments to be useful. He has been filming locations that need draining as part of the anti-malaria campaign.

Carter writes that he would be glad to give lectures on malaria and yellow fever.

Carter discusses Kudo's article, as well as others. Carter would like to work with Barber for a short period, although he believes a winter attack on Anopheles is fruitless.

Carter critiques Mayne's manuscript on the Anopheles mosquito.

[Carter] asks Stiles if the cattle fever tick is becoming acclimated to colder climates.

Howard identifies the mosquitoes, captured in a hotel's coatroom in Carbondale, Illinois, as males of the yellow fever mosquito.

[Carter] asks Creel for details of past Mississippi Valley outbreaks that were not yellow fever for a study he is conducting.

Frost asks Carter to give lectures on malaria and yellow fever at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health.

Frost discusses Carter's upcoming lectures on malaria and yellow fever, at Johns Hopkins.

Parker sends Carter a paper on malaria work in Texas.

Frost comments on Carter's report on influenza and pneumonia in Panama and urges him to publish it. He feels Carter's lectures were the best they have had at Johns Hopkins.

Frost comments on influenza epidemics in Panama.

Griffitts asks for Carter's help on a paper he must give on malaria control.

[Carter] comments on Snow's living organism theory of disease.

[Carter] comments on malaria control and sends Griffitts a recent lecture he gave on the subject. [Carter] requests information on breeding areas of the three Anopheles species mosquitos.

This opinion discusses a case in which a power company has been sued by a farmer for building a dam. This dam damaged his farm land and created stagnant pools where malarial mosquitoes breed.

Parker informs Carter that he is not permitted to continue malaria work in Cherokee County, Mississippi, but that the county health department will continue the work. He is now beginning the Yazoo County campaign and planning a mobile laboratory.

Derivaux tells Carter of his activities over the past three years. He is now in private practice and teaching at Vanderbilt Medical School.

C. L. W. writes about stegomyia occurring in ditches in New Orleans.

Hollingworth answers Carter's questions regarding stegomyia in New Orleans.

Bair praises the abstracts provided by the Public Health Service. Included is an autograph note from Carter to Mendelsohn.

[Carter] believes that human “carriers” of yellow fever, without symptoms, do not exist. He feels that Caldwell's case must involve either a human with undiagnosed yellow fever or an erroneous diagnosis of yellow fever.

[Carter] describes his first encounter with Finlay and his impressions of Finlay's work.

Robertson proposes a study of fleas and bubonic plague in Boston, Philadelphia or Baltimore, Savannah, and New Orleans.

Caldwell reports on the Mexican yellow fever and antimalarial campaign, describing the cooperative efforts of the Mexicans and the Rockefeller Commission workers.

Gunn reports to Russell on yellow fever and public health conditions in the Ivory Coast, Africa.

In this editorial the Canal Zone Chief Health Officer discusses malaria and public health efforts in Panama.

Pareja discusses the origins of yellow fever in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Comstock describes possible yellow fever cases to Schobinger. All involve foreigners in Brazil. Comstock criticizes the local physicians' attitude and treatment of the cases.

Lombard reports to Cumming on a possible yellow fever case involving the death of a Spanish sailor at Mobile, Alabama.

The Mexico City correspondent comments on new yellow fever cases.

Lombard reports on a possible yellow fever case involving the death of a Spanish seaman. He includes clinical and pathological reports and describes treatment of the vessel and crew.

Carter critiques the tentative requirements for impounding water to prevent the production of malaria which were sent to him by Hazlehurst. He discusses the costs of malaria prevention measures. He comments on the ideas of LePrince and Griffitts.

Carter reports on his survey of McDowell Creek to determine the presence of malaria bearing mosquitoes and the effect of the proposed Mountain Island Pond on the production of these mosquitoes. Carter believes a survey needs to be repeated after the creation of the pond.

LePrince thanks Carter for introducing his ideas on mosquitos and drainage into technical schools.

Seguin reports on possible yellow fever deaths and public health response in French West Africa.

Fisher thanks Carter for his public health recommendations. He describes his anti-malaria work and tells of the prevalence of malaria at North and South Carolina sites.

Fricks sends Rankin and Carter a copy of proposed impounded water health regulations.

Noguchi thanks Howland for Comstock's letter and comments on the fever cases in Brazil.

Seguin reports on possible yellow fever deaths and public health response in French West Africa.

[Carter] sends Fisher information on impounded waters. He comments on the malaria and mosquito situation in North and South Carolina.

Fisher reports on malaria and mosquito conditions at some North Carolina sites.

Carter comments on the Health Board's work in Mexico and Grand Bassam.

Rose sends Carter a copy of Lombard's report on a possible case of yellow fever involving the death of a Spanish seaman and asks for his opinion of the case.

Frost requests that Carter give two epidemiology lectures on yellow fever at Johns Hopkins University.

[Carter] discusses an alleged case of yellow fever. He believes that a quarantine should be instituted for safety's sake.

Shipping manager Nettles informs medical officer Murphy about the route taken by a ship where a possible yellow fever death occurred. He describes quarantine and treatment of the ship at Mobile, Ala.

Lombard requests Carter's advice on possible yellow fever cases.

Parker requests Carter's opinion on his formula for the economic loss caused by malaria in Mississippi.

Parker discusses his formula to compute economic losses due to malaria.

Hanson discusses his career options in Peru and Africa. He mentions the possibility of leaving public health.

[Laura Carter] sends Cumming a list of Henry Carter's articles at the Army Medical Museum.

White comments on the unusual yellow fever case of seaman Cose. White reports on the Mexican yellow fever work.

Pareja informs Carter that he has never seen a case of espiroquetosis ictero-hemorrhagica (Weil's Disease) in Guayaquil.

The case history describes Manrique's final illness and his autopsy.

Carter discusses the seasonal presence and absence of mosquitoes, and the control of their breeding through the use of vegetation control, fish stocking, and maintenance of water level in ponds.

The case history describes Viviesca's final illness and his autopsy.

Carter contends that America was free from malaria prior to its exploration and settlement by Europeans and Africans.

Muller describes the liver of a suspected yellow fever case.

Washburn describes the history of yellow fever epidemics in Jamaica, discussing the higher mortality rate for European military troops and treatments used prior to knowledge of the source of yellow fever.

[Carter] gives corrections on a manuscript. He comments extensively on Gorgas, Havana around 1900, Finlay, his own work on extrinsic incubation and its influence on Reed, and the immediate influence of Reed's work

In this pathology report Muller describes the liver and kidney from a patient, and states that the case was probably not yellow fever.

Muller describes the liver of a suspected yellow fever case.

Earle describes the history of yellow fever in Puerto Rico prior to the American occupation and includes a table with a summary of deaths due to yellow fever in various years.

Carter describes locations where yellow fever is present and discusses the chance of the disease spreading to non-infected areas of the world, mainly by ship.

Hanson requests Carter's advice regarding the yellow fever campaign in Peru.

Robertson inquires about the possibility of doing a flea survey and discusses threat of a plague.

Noguchi reports to Denno on the unusual yellow fever case of seaman Cose. He believes Cose did not have yellow fever and asks for clinical records on the case.

Stimson asks Fricks to assign a man to survey a proposed anti-malaria project in order to devise a cost estimate for Congress.

Noguchi reports to Denno on the physical examination of the suspected yellow fever case, John Cose.

LePrince needs Carter's specifications for an anti-malaria campaign to use for a cost estimate to Congress. He sends Carter a copy of the letter that requests the estimate.

Griffitts writes that he would like to be assigned to North Carolina.

Coello reports on cases of hemorrhagic jaundice in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Hanson suspects that the reported case of Weil's disease, reported in Guayaquil, may be yellow fever. He believes that the International Health Board should investigate.

[Carter] informs Fricks of the regulations for impounded waters and comments on papers submitted.

[Carter] discusses malaria infections missed by careful blood examination.

Long sends Coello's report on hemorrhagic jaundice in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Connor reports extensively on the yellow fever campaign in Mexico.

Griffitts writes about water impoundment and mosquito control in Alabama. He regrets that he is not going to North Carolina.

Carter inquires about Weil's Disease (Leptospirosis ictero-hemorrhagica) in Guayaquil, Peru.

Noguchi gives his opinion on a possible infectious jaundice case in Guayaquil, and requests clinical data.

El Estado Sanitario

Rose sends Carter Noguchi's letter concerning the possible infectious jaundice in Guayaquil.

Woldert requests that Carter send him information on anti-malarial work.

Read writes that the Health Board has received the articles Carter sent, and that they are sending him Guiteras' report and the Yellow Fever Commission report.

Griffitts reports to Carter about anti-malarial work in Alabama. He requests Carter's advice for cleaning up a pond.

Carter and her father hold Rose's opinion in high esteem, and she thanks Rose for his praise of Henry Rose Carter's work on the History of Yellow Fever and of her poetry.

Hanson informs Carter that he has settled in Jacksonville, Florida and has started his own practice. He discusses an alleged case of Weil's Disease in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Griffitts writes that he has surveyed a power company pond and makes recommendations for malaria prevention measures.

[Carter] discusses a fever outbreak in Ecuador. He weighs the evidence for and against a diagnosis of yellow fever.

Rucker reports on possible cases of yellow fever in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Frost discusses Snow's book on cholera. He informs Carter that he will be lecturing in Washington, D.C. next month.

Noguchi discusses an Ecuadorean fever case that might be yellow fever.

Read sends Carter Noguchi's letter concerning a possible Ecuadorean yellow fever case.

These excerpts - from the "Diario del Comercio" - describe a Colombian fever epidemic and advise preventive measures.

Parker describes his malaria education efforts.

Miller reports on a possible yellow fever outbreak in Colombia.

Miller sends Russell a report on a possible yellow fever outbreak in Colombia.

Carter informs Leathers about his career in malaria and yellow fever control and the careers of others prominent in the field.

Read writes to Carter about fever cases in Guayaquil and Colombia.

Carter informs Russell about a possible yellow fever epidemic in Colombia.

Pareja discusses fever cases in Guayaquil and emphatically denies that they are yellow fever.

Russell sends Carter a copy of a letter from Pareja commenting on fever cases in Guayaquil.

Darling discusses the pathological reports of a possible yellow fever case in Lagos, Nigeria.

Darling discusses the pathological reports of a possible yellow fever case in Lagos, Nigeria.

Robertson reports on plague distribution and speculates that its absence from cold climates is related to the absence of fleas in these areas.

Coogle's tables compares the history, spleen and parasite index of school children in Mississippi.

Carter writes about the malaria control work in the U.S. and introduces Peterson.

Howard provides information to Carter on appropriate Latin terms used to reference the “yellow fever mosquito.”

Barber requests information about the prevalence of different malaria parasites in relation to the season in the southern United States.

Connor discusses a test for the diagnosis of yellow fever and the possibility of combining an anti-malarial campaign with yellow fever work. He suggests that the Board employ someone to study paleo-pathology.

Russell sends Carter a letter and report on the Colombia fever epidemic.

[Carter] refers to the 1916 Gorgas report indicating that the fever in Muzo, Colombia was not yellow fever.

Arthur poses numerous questions related to mosquitos.

Hanson writes that he doubts there is yellow fever in Colombia. He discusses the differences between his private practice and working for the public health service.

[Carter] answers Arthur's questions regarding mosquitos and their relationship to malaria and yellow fever.

Read reports that there have been no new fever cases in Bucaramanga, Colombia for the past 15 days.

Robertson sends Carter a copy of his report on bubonic plague and asks for criticism.

Barber discusses research on the seasonal incidence of malaria types.

Griffitts writes that he was not chosen for International Health Board work. He offers his opinion on employee-Health Service relations.

Carter critiques [Emmett Vaughan's] article on yellow fever.

Sweet discusses the introduction of mosquitoes to Hawaii in 1829 and the prevalence of fever there.

Carter writes that the most pressing problems stem from impounded water, especially in regards to malaria.

[Carter] inquires about the Committee on Resolutions, subcommittee for the National Malaria Committee.

[Laura Carter] writes that Henry Carter believes that parasites do not develop in mosquitoes below 61 degrees . He believes last year's cases of malaria were caused by females that had been hibernating.

Carter returns comments on Vaughn's article to Russell, and discusses his comments.

Barber writes about collecting data on types of malarial parasites.

Noguchi discusses the pathological reports of a possible yellow fever case in Lagos, Nigeria.

Barber writes that he is monitoring mosquitoes and putting together statistics about types of malaria.

Read summarizes the yellow fever conditions in Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, and West Africa.

Connor comments on Carter's paper on the epidemiology of yellow fever. Connor discusses his work on malaria and yellow fever in Mexico. He mentions the resignation of Guiteras.

Connal discusses the pathological reports of a possible yellow fever case in Lagos.

Rice describes hemorrhaging in pregnant women and children associated with dengue fever.

Komp writes about mosquito identification.

Griffitts writes that he has been inspecting ponds and implementing measures to curtail mosquito breeding.

This health department report uses three county associations as examples of what can be done to control malaria.

LePrince writes about organizing county interest in malaria control and sends a health department report.

[Carter] writes corrections for another person's manuscript concerning yellow fever and dengue.

[Carter] responds to Scannell's critique of his epidemiology paper.

[Carter] responds to Scannell's critique of his epidemiology paper.

This report discusses experiments conducted on guinea pigs.

This report focuses on the results of experiments conducted by Russell, Nichols, Hanson, Muller, Dieterich, Iglesias, and Noguchi.

Carter requests information on mosquitos in Colon.

Carter writes Beato for information about malignant fevers occurring in Cuba in 1620.

This report focuses on the results of experiments on Leptospira icteroides and Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae, performed by Muller and Iglesias.

Carter answers Dabney's earlier letter, enclosing a discussion of the origin of malaria.

McCoy comments on Pothier's results concerning the Pfeiffer phenomenon and yellow fever.

Connor discusses his theories regarding the origins of yellow fever.

Carter thanks Scannell for his critique of Carter's epidemiology paper and states that Scannell will find well-educated physicians in Brazil.

[Carter] writes that he believes Cucuta and Bucaramanga, Colombia form a permanent focus for yellow fever. He believes that both areas require mosquito control programs.

This report describes the route and the outbreak of malaria on the steamship “Garth Castle.”

Byrd tells Carter that long mosquito flights did not cause a great increase in malaria in Colon. He thinks the reopening of the Canal Zone to agriculturists will result in increased malaria. He sends Carter his paper detailing anti-malarial operations.

The letter fragment referencing “Maya Chronicles,” is written in both Mayan and English.

Armstrong encloses a report on the fever outbreak on the steamer “Garth Castle.”

Russell sends Carter a letter and report concerning malaria cases on a steamship.

Coello reports on shipping between South America and Australia and Asia. He notes that sanitation in Guayaquil has improved and discusses disease cases.

The Vice Consul of the British Consulate General writes to inform Rose of a fatal case of yellow fever occurring in Sekondi, Gold Coast.

Noguchi has reviewed the letters and reports that Russell sent him regarding the use of serum vaccine for yellow fever in West Africa and believes the serum to be beneficial.

Carter writes that he has read Veldee's article on the splenic index relation to malaria. He suggests other publications on that topic.

Noguchi suspects a case of yellow fever in Africa was really Weil's disease.

Noguchi offers his opinion about a fatal case of yellow fever occurring in West Africa and the use of the yellow fever serum and vaccine.

Russell sends Carter copies of three letters written by Hideyo Noguchi regarding yellow fever vaccine and serum, and post mortem findings on a suspected yellow fever death.

Hanson writes Russell about his trip along the Magdalena River in Colombia in preparation for a clean up campaign to try and halt the spread of yellow fever.

Hanson relates his belief that yellow fever is moving from the Colombian interior towards the coast by river and states that the clean up campaign will need to be expanded and will require considerable funds if it is to be effective.

Pothier sends White his final report on the 1923 Yellow Fever Commission inspection tour of Colombia. He describes travel, meetings with government officials, and incidence of yellow fever and mosquitoes. A series of appended documents [two in Spanish] discuss preparations for the trip, the suspected epidemic in Bucaramanga, individual yellow fever cases, and further details of the tour.

Richardson sends Connor a report describing an ongoing investigation into a death in Colima, Mexico, that initially received a post mortem diagnosis of yellow fever.

Deeks writes that he may attempt community sterilization of malaria carriers by quinine in one of the United Fruit Company's tropical divisions. He seeks Carter's advice on this process.

Herrera writes about his examination of the patient in Colima, Mexico, whose death was diagnosed as possibly being from yellow fever and states his opinion that the man suffered from malaria complicated by alcoholism.

Hanson discusses a report he received from the President of Colombia expressing his concerns about yellow fever and describes areas in need of clean up as well as the time and funds a general campaign will require.

Hurtado explains the basis for his diagnosis of yellow fever in the patient who died in Colima, Mexico, and asks that reports from the liver examination be provided to him.

Connor writes Russell about the probable ongoing presence of yellow fever in the Bucaramanga-Cucuta area of Colombia and the likelihood that it has been unrecognized for some time.

Connor sends the International Health Board copies of two reports filed about the case of Luis Villalobos Corona and explains that a railroad strike may delay the arrival of additional reports, but that Frederick R. Russell has been carried the liver section to the United States.

Smith's report details the medical examination of a suspected case of yellow fever and concludes that it was not yellow fever.

[Carter] believes that malaria is best controlled by attacking mosquitoes and explains why. He notes that community sterilization of malaria carriers by quinine is a recognized method advocated by physicians, but not by entomologists.

Carter responds to questions from Maxcy regarding the blood index of malaria and problems with blood examination tests based on data from various scientists addressing these issues.

Washburn writes Howard that he is sending him a paper about yellow fever in Jamaica.

[Carter] discusses past experiments and problems with the use of the blood index in relation to malaria.

Carter writes Fricks from a hospital where he is a patient and encloses a memorandum. He anticipates that he will not be doing any more fieldwork and expresses regret that he is not younger, because the work is far from completed.

Earle writes Howard about data referred to in his enclosed report, Yellow Fever in Puerto Rico.

Scannell informs Carter that he has taken a trip through the northern states of Brazil and reports that Bahia and Ceara seem to be the chief yellow fever centers.

[Carter] writes that he is recuperating from an angina pectoris attack. He agrees with Hanson's yellow fever strategy. He discusses his current work on the origins of yellow fever.

Maxcy is glad that Carter is recovering. He discusses the difficulties of distinguishing between re-infection and relapse in malaria, and encloses tables on Coogle's research.

Hanson sends three cables from Bucaramanga about the yellow fever investigation and his travel plans.

Galindo writes about his examination of the body of the man suspected of dying from yellow fever in Colima, Mexico. He states that he does not believe that yellow fever was the cause of death and asks that the results of an examination of a liver specimen be communicated to him as Sanitary Delegate for the region.

Stevenel's article describes case histories and blood examinations that confirm outbreaks of endemic spirochetosis, concluding this could be the cause of outbreaks of disease similar to yellow fever in the Ivory Coast area.

Hansen writes about his work in Colombia. He has seen no yellow fever in Bucaramanga, although the Stegomyia index is high there as well as along the Magdelena River. He discusses other diseases he has encountered there and notes Dunn's work with mosquitoes.

Russell sends Carter medical reports and asks for his opinion on a case that was diagnosed as yellow fever ante mortem.

Russell sends Carter an abstract about Spirochetosis.

Hanson states that he does not think there is yellow fever in Bucaramanga and that the purported cases, which he describes, are not yellow fever.

Carter responds to Russell's reports and letters that describe Luis Villalobos Corona's illness and post mortem appearance. Carter states that he does not know the cause of death, but believes it is unlikely to be yellow fever.

Read encloses a report about a suspected yellow fever case in San Jeronimo, Mexico.

[Carter] thanks Russell for sending him a translation of an article by Stevenel about the spirochetosis observed in the Ivory Coast.

Read sends Carter copies of three letters and three cables from Henry Hanson.

[Carter] responds to a report by Lucian C. Smith that Read has sent him and states that the case described within is not likely to be yellow fever.

Read sends Carter two accounts of yellow fever in Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

Darling has examined the slides from the suspected yellow fever patient.

Muller states that it is difficult to determine if the liver is from a yellow fever case.

[Carter] discusses theories and scientific studies on immunization from malaria by quinine and on the blood supplies of particular types of mosquitoes.

Noguchi thinks the liver sections and the clinical aspects of the deceased patient do not support a diagnosis of yellow fever.

Daniels informs the American Consul-General that a seaman was removed from the ship and subsequently died of malaria.

Welch invites Carter to speak on the early history of malaria in the western hemisphere at the annual meeting of the National Malaria Committee in Washington, D.C.

Kean seeks information on J.F. Binnie, an old acquaintance and a patient in Truby's hospital.

Noguchi is sending a report on liver sections from a suspected yellow fever patient.

Barber discusses the failure of the algae chara to prevent larval breeding and desires a copy of a report that Carter suggested would be useful to his work.

Woodward states that a passenger was taken on board ship. He describes the patient's symptoms, care, and subsequent death at Las Animas Hospital of malaria.

This report of death lists pertinent details concerning the deceased.

Russell sends Carter letters regarding a suspected yellow fever death. Russell does not want Carter to feel obliged to answer letters during Carter's convalescence.

Russell comments on Stevenel's article on spirochetes.

Truby relates Binnie's condition. He enjoyed his trip to Europe with the Keans in 1921. He discusses upcoming assignments to Panama or the Philippines.

Connal sends pathological specimens from another possible African yellow fever case. He thanks Russell for consulting with Noguchi and Darling concerning the previous case.

Kelly sends Carter a copy of his Walter Reed book. He notes the credit given Carter's work in Ross' memoirs and asks for photos of Carter to include in a collection of malaria and yellow fever literature he is gathering for the School of Hygiene, in Baltimore.

Gill discusses the relation between malaria and altitude.

Russell writes that he will send letters to Laura Carter for her father's consideration, but emphasizes that she should not allow him to overwork.

Russell agrees with Hanson's analysis of the situation regarding the suspected yellow fever cases.

Owen lists references to articles regarding spirochetes in Africa.

Carter discusses diseases similar to yellow fever. He suspects Cucuta, Colombia is a yellow fever focal point. He comments on the origins of yellow fever.

Carde sends Russell copies of reports concerning the yellow fever epidemic in the Sudan, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey.

Carde sends Russell copies of reports concerning the yellow fever epidemic in the Sudan, the Ivory Coast, and Dahomey.

This review of Kelly's book was never published. Kean believed a staff member who was a Carroll propagandist suppressed it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Connor reports to Carter that the Mexican yellow fever campaign is going well, although he has had difficulties with local officials. He agrees that Maracaibo, rather than the larger Colombian towns, is the focal point for yellow fever.

Read sends Carter letters concerning suspected yellow fever cases in Colombia.

Read sends Carter a letter with references to articles on spirochetes in Africa.

Noguchi discusses possible yellow fever cases and sends reports.

Williamson informs Carter that the Rockefeller Foundation plans to issue a pamphlet about the use of fish in both yellow fever and malaria control. He would like Carter to read the galley proof.

Tilden sends a pathology report on a West African fever case. He has forwarded the tissue blocks to Darling.

Williamson asks Carter to read the galley proof for a pamphlet about the use of fish in yellow fever and malaria control.

Read sends Carter a letter and a pathology report on a West African fever case.

Read sends Carter a letter from Noguchi and pathology reports on two suspected Colombian yellow fever cases.

Read sends Carter an autopsy report on a West African case.

Carter writes to Read that he believes the West African case was not yellow fever.

Hanson describes the ongoing yellow fever work in Colombia. He believes an outbreak is still possible, although there have been no confirmed cases. There has been extensive dengue fever in Barranquilla.

Moore submits a case history and post-mortem report on a Nigerian who died of a fever.

Deeks sends Read several letters regarding a fatal case of malaria on board ship.

Read sends Carter copies of reports - in French with some English translations - from October 1922 to July 1923, concerning the yellow fever epidemic in French West Africa.

Read sends Carter letters received from Deeks regarding a fatal case of malaria on board ship.

Macphail gives Murphy some history on the man who died of malaria shortly after leaving a ship in Havana.

Lebredo states that the sick man from a steamship who was taken to Las Animas Hospital died of malaria.

Daniel states that Las Animas Hospital confirmed the suspected case of malaria on board a steamship.

Griffitts discusses vegetation and mosquito larvae in 14 different ponds in the Cherokee Basin.

Vaughn describes possible yellow fever cases in Stann Creek, British Honduras. He includes fever charts of one case.

This report discusses Agramonte's paper on yellow fever, which involves the difficulty of distinguishing yellow fever from Weil's disease.

An examination of the tissue slides indicates no evidence of yellow fever.

Deeks sends Read correspondence related to a case of suspected malaria on board a ship. He says that the diagnosis was verified by blood examination.

Read states that a suspected case of malaria on board a steamship was confirmed by blood examination. She sends Carter copies of correspondence received from Deeks related to the case.

This article [translated by Strode?] describes the ceremony at the Oswaldo Cruz Institute in Brazil to honor Noguchi.

Carter requests a book from the Army Medical Museum.

[Carter] thanks Fricks for a reference. [Carter] explains his health and discusses how important it is that he completes his work on Section III of the History of Yellow Fever so that other scientists can work forward from his conclusions.

Baekland acknowledges Kean's work in the warfare against the mosquito in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Muller's pathology report on West African fever cases include tentative diagnoses.

Barber sends Carter copies of articles on malaria. LePrince reports that mosquito control on the Mexican border is going well.

Carter suggests topics for a possible paper.

Carter believes that there has been no yellow fever in the Asia. He discusses the exportation of yellow fever by ship.

[Carter] discusses the nature of the fever at Bucaramanga, Colombia.

Connor reports on mosquito breeding and the need to introduce fish for mosquito control. He notes that there is public pressure on the government for mosquito reduction.

Fricks reports on malaria investigations in the southern United States. He details laboratory work, epidemiological studies, and impounded water investigations.

Ireland reviews the military career of Jefferson Randolph Kean. He discusses Reed's yellow fever work and the reorganization of the Army Medical Corps.

Fricks invites Carter to attend a conference of malaria field workers in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Connor describes an unknown fever in Dutch Guiana. He discusses the prevalence of Aedes stegomyia and the types of water storage used in the area.

Laura Armistead Carter transcribes a conversation between Henry Rose Carter, Thayer, and Parker, which shows how Carter's data on extrinsic incubation assisted Lazear and Reed in reaching the decision to test the theory of mosquito transmission. Carter also discusses the contributions of Finlay and others to this theory.

Fricks reports on the progress of malaria investigations conducted in the southern United States.

Thompson reports on the sanitary condition of the water supply in Great Britain. Barber provides information regarding malarial conditions in Louisiana. LePrince discusses mosquito control efforts in Tennessee and Alabama.

Lyster writes that he glad to hear Carter's health has improved. He discusses the origins of yellow fever.

Carter comments on Muhlens' paper about regional variations in the mosquito's relation to the malaria parasite.

Fricks reports on the progress of the malaria campaign in the southern United States.

LePrince reports on the role of the engineer in regards to malaria prevention.

Connor comments that Section III of Carter's History of Yellow Fever develops strong arguments regarding the origin of yellow fever and is a complete and valuable contribution to medical literature.

Fricks reports on malaria work in the southern United States.

Russell forwards a copy of a letter from Michael E. Connor commenting favorably on Section III of Carter's History of Yellow Fever.

Carter comments on how to minimize the malaria problem. He recommends an article to Deeks.

Griffitts discusses malaria, mosquitoes and ponds.

Carter writes about his health and his history of yellow fever. He discusses the possibility of eradicating yellow fever entirely. He mentions working in West Africa in the future.

Ferrell requests suggestions for the National Malaria Committee program.

Fricks reports on the malaria campaign in the southern United States.

Ferrell believes that the meeting will not be a success unless Carter is in attendance.

Griffitts discusses the possible influence of humidity on the mosquito life-span.

Rosenau writes that he is unable to locate "Huacabamba" on a map. He comments on an outbreak of plague in San Antonio, Texas.

Deeks writes that he expects to attend the meeting of the National Malaria Committee and make a presentation.

Deeks sends Carter galley proofs of three papers.

Barber discusses his experiments and provides his observations on the longevity, breeding, and feeding habits of the Anopheles mosquito.

Rosenau discusses the origins and epidemiology of diseases, and comments on Carter's manuscript.

Carter, Jr., comments on various topics including the California plague, the Surgeon General appointment, and family members.

Lyster comments on Carter's manuscript. He agrees with Carter's theory regarding the origins of yellow fever.

Rosenau informs Carter that he has no knowledge of plague on ships.

Heiser sends a detailed report on the Malaria conference in New Orleans, Louisiana. He discusses malaria treatment, control, and mosquitoes.

Linson reports that Long has no knowledge of bubonic or pneumonic plague epidemics on ships.

Robertson reports on cases of the plague on board ships.

Vaughn discusses possible yellow fever cases in British Honduras. He encloses a copy of his report.

Fisher discusses the recent malaria conference. He offers his opinion on the Southern Power Company's plan to impound water.

[Carter] expresses his gratitude for being named a Fellow of the American Public Health Association.

Grubbs writes that he has no knowledge of any plague epidemic aboard a ship.

Darling discusses pneumonia in South Africa and its transmission. He mentions the recent malaria conference and the paper that he presented.

Creek writes that he has never encountered an epidemic of plague on board ship.

[Carter] critiques Deeks' manuscript on malaria. He discusses the use of quinine and anti-mosquito methods.

Background of Events [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Deeks solicits comments on his manuscript, which is intended to educate the public about malaria.

Carter requests to know what was said at the malaria conference concerning mosquito breeding in wells and containers.

Boldridge describes malaria control in South Carolina.

Kligler discusses Carter's theory on the origin of yellow fever.

[Carter] discusses mosquito breeding in containers and wells, and the use of quinine injections.

Kean, in his review of the book about William Crawford Gorgas written by Marie D. Gorgas and Burton J. Hendrick, clarifies many false claims that credit Gorgas for the cleaning up of Cuba. Moreover, Kean states that Gorgas was very slow to accept the mosquito theory and that his role in France during World War I was not nearly as great as what was portrayed by the book. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter informs Read that Henry Rose Carter has completed two months of work on his History of Yellow Fever, and encloses an itemized account of expenses.

[Carter] comments on Deeks' monograph on malaria, and he suggests changes.

Robertson discusses bubonic plague in temperate climates.

Havard recalls Gorgas' hesitance in accepting the conclusions of the Reed commission and his continuance of the expensive disinfection of fomites. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] discusses the comparative efficacy, as a malaria vector, of three main species of Anopheles mosquitos in the United States.

[Carter] inquires about and describes the disease "o bicho" found in Venezuela and Brazil.

Lorente believes the restrictions on commerce between Peru and Ecuador were based on unfounded rumors of yellow fever in northern Peru, and that such rumors should be substantiated before being acted upon in future.

Carr refers to the diseases O Bicho and Schistomiasis Mansonii.

Background of Events

Barber queries Carter on the history of malaria in Virginia. He describes his anti-malaria work and his preparation for a conference, in Rome.

This account details expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

Lorente sends a copy of a letter that disproves the rumors about the existence of yellow fever in Peru.

LePrince describes the work of Fisher in Alabama and compares it with work in Virginia. He includes diagrams.

White wants Henry Rose Carter to review two cases that present some symptoms of yellow fever, but present other symptoms that make him doubt that diagnosis.

Russell encloses copies of letters regarding rumors of yellow fever in northern Peru.

Russell sends a copy of a letter describing a suspected death from yellow fever in Parnahyba, Brazil, and asks her to determine if it merits Henry Rose Carter's attention.

Carter describes malaria and living conditions in Virginia after the Civil War.

Frost reviews Carter's manuscript on the history of yellow fever and expresses his hope that Carter will write a continuation on the subject. He wishes him speedy recovery from his illness.

Russell encloses a letter from Noguchi about the transmission of yellow fever.

Carter explains that her father's health is not good, but that he was able to put in a full month of work in July so that his History of Yellow Fever will be ready for a final revision.

Collins thanks Carter for her assistance on an article he has written about mosquitoes and encloses a copy of the article.

Frost, a little girl, expresses her love for Laura Carter and wants her to live with her and her parents.

Ravenel does not agree that Carter's work led Reed to investigate into mosquito transmission of yellow fever, pointing to earlier contributions to the theory by Nott and Finlay.

Background of Events

Cumming has the impression that Henry Rose Carter told Reed about his extrinsic incubation theory and asks Laura Carter if her father's work influenced Reed. An autograph note by Laura Carter attests to the influence of her father's work on Reed.

Carter refutes Ravenel's suggestion that Henry Rose Carter did not influence Reed's decision to investigate the theory of mosquito transmission of yellow fever and encloses documents to support this position.

Cater supplies information suggesting that Henry Rose Carter had speculated about the mosquito transmission theory when he was sick with yellow fever in [1897].

Ravenel discusses the influences of Henry Rose Carter's extrinsic incubation theory and Finlay's mosquito theory on Reed's work.

His Race with Death Won by Last of the Yellow Fever Pioneers [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Siler's manuscript describes 19th century yellow fever epidemics in the United States, theories of yellow fever transmission, and the contribution of Reed in proving mosquito transmission.

Frost writes a lengthy document providing details about the life and achievements of Henry Rose Carter. He argues that Carter was the foremost figure in the development of quarantine and the management of epidemics, that his studies of the incubation period of yellow fever was the most notable every made in non-experimental epidemiology, and that his indefatigable studies into yellow fever led to his mastery of the subject as evidenced in his book, The History of Yellow Fever.

This pamphlet describes the yellow fever experiments as one of the greatest detective stories of all time. The villain of yellow fever was the mosquito and fomites were proven innocent. The term, executing the sentence, is used to describe the campaign to rid Cuba of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Fricks inquires whether Derivaux has any knowledge of Carter's statement regarding an unusual type of mosquito larvae.

Carter thanks Russell for sending the letter quoting Dr. Andrew Balfour's reference to Henry Rose Carter and informs Russell that her editing work on the History of Yellow Fever is only in its preliminary stages.

Carter makes notes about Henry Rose Carter's theory of extrinsic incubation and Wade Hampton Frost's editing work on the History of Yellow Fever.

Frost offers comments on the inadequacy of the International Health Board Bulletin's published memorial to Henry Rose Carter, and encloses a letter from Frederick F. Russell in which Frost is asked to make additions and corrections to the printed memorial.

Griswold sends Carter three new entries from the book of Chilan Balam of Tizimin regarding the illness brought to the Americas by the Spaniards and states that Henry Rose Carter did not see these references.

Morley sends Carter three new entries from the book of Chilan Balam of Tizimin that he is certain Henry Rose Carter never saw. The entries imply yellow fever arrived with the Spanish.

Carter describes her progress on Henry Rose Carter's History of Yellow Fever and asks about reimbursement for expenses she has incurred in her research.

Weckerly writes Carter that the drawings for maps to be used in the History of Yellow Fever are ready and asks for further instructions.

Phalen's biographical sketch describes H.R. Carter's family, education, career, appearance, and personality.

Kissinger asks for financial assistance.

Weckerly asks Carter to reimburse Johnson for his preliminary work on the maps for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter plans on sending a check to Johnson for his work on the maps for the History of Yellow Fever and wonders when Morley will supply his maps for the manuscript. She comments that her health remains poor.

Peabody informs the Kissingers that a fund is being established for their support.

Carter provides bibliographical references to Henry Rose Carter's published articles.

Kean discusses the roles of Reed, Carroll, and Noguchi, in investigating yellow fever. Kean supports Wood's assessment that Reed was the guiding and controlling mind behind the experiments, and the others were mere assistants. Kean states that new evidence shows Noguchi never cultivated the yellow fever organism.

This letter, written by a student of Edith R. Force, thanks Emilie Lawrence Reed for the life and work of Walter Reed.

Frost describes the pace of his editing work on Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter provides bibliographical references to Henry Rose Carter's published articles.

Kean discovers in his diaries that Porter, at a Pan American Sanitary Congress, cast a dissenting vote against the statement that the stegomyia fasciata was the only known cause of yellow fever.[Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean expresses his disappointment in the competition between Cuba and America regarding the credit for the yellow fever work. According to Kean, it was Reed who demonstrated Finlay's theory and Gorgas who applied it.

Kibler requests an outline of Walter Reed's life, from Brooklyn to Cuba. He will send Emilie Lawrence Reed a photograph of the restored house in Belroi.

Russell writes about Carter's plans with Wade Hampton Frost and comments on the death of Adrian Stokes.

Kean informs Agramonte that he would like to publish his recollections of the yellow fever experiments in "The Military Surgeon."

[Kean's] speech, delivered at Belroi, praises the achievements of Reed and the Reed Commission. [Kean] also discusses the sanitary efforts achieved by Gorgas in eradicating yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Russell suggests Carter consider working part-time on the editing of the History of Yellow Fever in order to preserve her strength and make her labors more rewarding. He also mentions that his work in West Africa is proving Henry Rose Carter's theory that yellow fever developed in Africa and spread into the New World.

Lamb describes his last encounters with Reed before he died.

Russell writes about current work on yellow fever, mentioning Dunn, Klotz, Beeuwkes, Noguchi and Carter. He discusses Carter's belief that yellow fever came to the Americas with slaves from West Africa.

Carter is back at work on Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever on a half-time basis.

Sawyer plans to inform the Comptroller about Carter's half-time return to work.

Kean supports offering pensions for those who took part in the Reed Yellow Fever demonstration, and for the widows of those who died. He also supports a pension for Agramonte for his important contribution to the Board. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Russell suggests that Carter should find an assistant to help her with her work on the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Hildebrand requests a higher pension and describes his service with the yellow fever commission in Cuba. He also states that Reed trembled all over when an infected mosquito escaped. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

De Niedman offers his recollections of yellow fever work in Cuba, including investigations of Sanarelli's bacillus and sanitary measures undertaken.

Siler asks Kean for information about Hildebrand and his participation in the yellow fever experiments. A handwritten note explains that Reed did not allow Hildebrand to be bitten by a mosquito because of his age. They did allow him to be a part of the fomite experiments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter reports that she is working steadily on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and is preparing to work at the Library of Congress to track down bibliographic references.

In response to her request, Farnum sends Carter a library card permitting her access to areas of the stacks of the Library of Congress that will be of assistance in her work.

Russell expresses delight that Carter is back at work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and sends her reprints of recent work on yellow fever in West Africa that confirms Henry Rose Carter's theory that yellow fever originally came out of Africa.

Carter describes her health and her work on the bibliography of the History of Yellow Fever. She asks if her arrangement with her assistant is satisfactory to Russell.

Frost believes that the entire History of Yellow Fever should be published at one time as each section builds on the previous section.

Carter provides specific details about the financial arrangement regarding Brown's assistance on the manuscript for the History of Yellow Fever.

This document recounts the speech given by Kean at the dedication of Belroi, the birthplace of Walter Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Russell thanks Carter for her recent letters and tells her of the death of Hideyo Noguchi and the occurrence of yellow fever in Brazil.

Carter discusses her work at the Library of Congress and expresses regret at the death of Noguchi and others working on the eradication of yellow fever throughout the world.

Carter updates Russell on progress she and Brown have made on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and sends regards to Russell from Thayer.

Carter explains her work on the bibliography for the History of Yellow and will update Russell on incidental expenses. Carter's illnesses have also caused her to spend from the savings Henry Rose Carter left her.

Carter describes the considerable progress on the bibliography and that the Library of Congress staff is helpful. She also asks if Russell has any information about Noguchi's death.

Russell responds to Carter's inquiry about Noguchi's death in West Africa and tells her of the yellow fever deaths of Dr. Young and Dr. Stokes, stating that they were likely to have occurred from laboratory work inoculating animals in Africa.

Farnum sends Carter a library card that will permit her to take certain books out of the Library of Congress for her research.

Kean corrects an error in a Post editorial stating that an American scientist found the yellow fever germ. Kean points out that Reed demonstrated that yellow fever was spread by a particular variety of mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] asks Connor to confirm citations of publications that he has authored in order to verify these references for Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] writes Hanson requesting verification of references to his work.

Russell congratulates Carter on the progress of her work and mentions an outbreak of yellow fever in Rio.

[Carter] asks if Russell can supply bibliographical references to unpublished reports of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

[Carter] writes LePrince to ask for his input on the bibliography to the History of Yellow Fever.

Hanson attempts to answer Carter's questions about various medical references and describes his work in Florida on malaria outbreaks.

LePrince responds to Carter's request for verification of various references.

Carter and Brown continue to work intensively. Carter asks Russell to track down additional references that may be found in reports of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Frost sends information Carter can use to verify references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter informs Russell that she has delivered the completed medical references for the History of Yellow Fever to Frost, although there are still a few references that she and Brown will continue to try to verify. She thanks Russell for the extension of Brown's salary through October and applauds Brown's dedication to the project.

Carter writes Frost about bibliographical references to the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Carter tells Russell that she has met with Frost to clarify the remaining references that need to be verified.

Frost writes Carter about references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter sends a list of bibliographical references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter sends references and books Frost needs to verify references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter explains the collaborative work she and Frost are doing to edit Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and asks for Stephens' assistance with some references for the book.

[Carter] supplies additional references she has tracked down for the History of Yellow Fever regarding early epidemics that may have been yellow fever.

Frost believes a historical reference to a possible yellow fever epidemic in St. Lucia can be disregarded as he can find no corroboration for it in other historical works.

Carter continues to track down references for quotations, particularly dealing with Mayan references for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter's draft of a letter states that she is investigating references and working diligently on the project.

Carter informs Frost about the aegypti mosquito eggs, her work tracking down references, and her desire to make sure all the references in the bibliography conform with one another for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter and Brown are working hard to keep up with Frost's timeline for completion of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter reports about a few final references she is working on as well as the possibility of filling in some maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter writes about her success in locating a particularly elusive reference.

Stephens is having difficulty tracking down some references for Carter, but is still trying to get an answer for her.

Carter reports success with the early Italian references and discusses the progress of her work.

Carter writes about mutual friends and about her work on the History of Yellow Fever.

Hoffman asks that he be sent copies of certain reports published by the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carter writes up notes from a talk with Morley about maps, illustrations, and photographs for the History of Yellow Fever. Reference is also made to Spanish and English translations from the Book of Chilan Balam of Tizimin that Morley has supplied to Carter.

Carter plans to work through the Christmas holidays.

Carter's memorandum details information provided by Morley for outline maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and also discusses Mayan references.

Carter thanks Morley for meeting with her in Washington to provide assistance with Mayan references for the History of Yellow Fever and asks him to send her more information when he gets to Mexico.

Hoffman describes his efforts to track down an Investigation Report of the Yellow Fever Commission at Carter's request.

Carter thanks Hoffman for his efforts to obtain a copy of a report by the Yellow Fever Commission that is necessary to verify a reference.

Carter writes about the final work that she and Brown are completing before Carter leaves for Baltimore and comments on the providence that connected her with someone as capable and dedicated as Brown.

Russell states that he has enjoyed Carter's weekly letters about her progress and thanks Carter and Brown for their efforts.

Ashburn's speech to an audience of student nurses is an overview of Reed's life and work. The piece includes an excerpt from the Surgeon General's report, 1900.

Carter and Frost spend Christmas working on bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript. Carter renews her borrowing privileges at the Library of Congress so that she and Brown can keep working efficiently together.

Davis thanks Borden for referring Emilie Lawrence Reed to him.

Carter informs Frost that she has duplicated bibliographic references for the manuscript, but that the flu has slowed her efforts.

Carter is sick with the flu, but she continues to work on the revision of bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever at home.

Carter is restructuring the bibliographic references to the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever according to Frost's suggestion.

The Indianapolis Medical Society and the Woman's Auxiliary send invitations to a dinner celebrating the life of Kissinger. The program includes a speech given by Ireland. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter is returning bibliographic cards to Frost and explains how she has organized quotes and references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter reports on the progress made on the retyping and reorganization of bibliographical references to the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Russell writes that he cannot locate the report she requested.

Laura Carter informs Russell of her progress on her father's book and reports that she has heard from Ramsey and Hayne regarding the International Health Board work.

Carter describes her progress and the assistance she has received tracking down references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Carter updates Russell on the progress being made on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Report recognizes the public service rendered by Walter Reed and those associated with him in the discovery of the cause and means of transmission of yellow fever. It also contains a statement regarding the pensions being provided to persons named in the bill, in particular widows, Agramonte, and the yellow fever volunteers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean apologizes for not recalling that Lambert was the nurse who cared for him when he was sick with yellow fever. Kean tells Lambert he should be proud of his service in connection with the yellow fever experiments.

Carter updates Russell on the continued progress she and Brown have made redoing bibliographical reference cards in accordance with Frost's suggestions.

Carter writes that she spent time with Frost in Baltimore going over references and describes the Johns Hopkins University Commemoration Day exercises that she attended.

Carter is finished with the revisions and retyping of the bibliographic references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Frost wants to schedule a time to meet to go over Carter's final bibliographic revisions.

Carter points out that Roberts himself renewed her borrowing privileges for 1929. She also informs Roberts that she has kept no volumes out longer than the period afforded her by the Library of Congress.

Carter is available to meet with Frost at any time and states that she and Brown continue to try to find incomplete bibliographical references.

Carter updates Russell on her work and asks if Wakeman, a doctor with the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, died of yellow fever in West Africa.

Russell states that Wakeman's death was mistakenly attributed to yellow fever by the newspapers.

Carter discusses her work on references and Frost's work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in anticipation of the completed product.

This document lists individuals involved in the yellow fever experiments. [Kean] inserts handwritten corrections to the document. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter waits for Frost to get back to his work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever. Carter and Brown continue to turn up a few of the more elusive references for the book.

[Carter] discusses her concerns about unfinished maps for the completed manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter waits to hear from Frost about finalizing work on the manuscript and continues to work on bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter informs Russell that she expects to leave for Baltimore to continue work with Frost very soon.

Carter writes Russell, on the eve of a trip to Baltimore, about various loose ends she hopes to address with Frost regarding the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter reports that she and Frost made determinations about the use of maps and the establishment of an alphabetical list of geographic references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Barber sends Laura Carter material by her father on the history of malaria in Virginia, asking if he may use it in an article. He informs her that he will leave the Public Health Service to work for the International Health Board in Africa.

Barber thanks Laura Carter for helping adapt her father's malaria notes for a publication.

Carter is unable to work on the book until Frost returns from England in August. While he is away, she will try and address loose ends.

Carter expresses how heartbreaking the delays on the editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever have been, but is hopeful the work will be completed by the end of the summer.

Blanton asks for information regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever epidemics in Virginia for his research on the history of medicine in Virginia.

[Carter] writes Russell about a final meeting with Frost before he leaves the country, and describes work she needs to do on Photostats and maps before Frost returns.

Carter is interested in Blanton's planned medical history of Virginia and although her father's manuscript does not cover the time period Blanton is interested in, she answers as many questions as she can.

Russell explains Frost will resume work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in early August.

Carter is back in Washington, D.C. and is ready to resume work as soon as Frost calls her. She describes work she accomplished during her vacation on the outline maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter does not see the need to provide weekly updates as she is still waiting for Frost to resume work on the manuscript. She also fills him in on her activities since early August.

England compiles a list of medical officers on duty at Camp Columbia and places check marks by the names of individuals he is certain were involved with yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Peabody] thanks Wainwright for his support of the bill to honor the yellow fever experiment participants. Peabody is delighted that Agramonte was included, and glad that Marie Gorgas was not.

Carter explains the supplementary work she is doing on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever as she waits to hear from Frost about when he can resume work.

[Carter] talks about the maps that have been prepared for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Russell thanks Carter for her progress reports and states that he is hopeful that Frost will be able to complete his work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in the near future.

Carter discusses Frost's final editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and her hope that the book might be completed and published early the next year.

Carter is keeping certain materials Frost sent her because she understands he doesn't need them back until she next visits him.

Carter is eager to see the completion of the final editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and explains that her sole focus is the publication of the book.

Carter inquires if the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation can track down a reference involving Michael E. Connor.

Carter thanks Frost for a reference and expresses her enthusiasm that the final copy of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever is being typed.

[Carter] asks Spinden to provide the page numbers of Mayan source references to verify historical statements made in the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Frost sends material that Carter requested and updates her on progress on the final typing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter thanks Reed for the assistance she has provided and asks Reed to supply correct names to be used in the bibliography of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter wonders where to send the bills for maps prepared for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] obtains two rare books and needs Frost to finalize those references so that she can return the books.

Carter understands that the African section of the manuscript, which was written by Henry Rose Carter during his failing health, requires considerable editing.

[Carter] provides a list of people whose assistance should be acknowledged at the beginning of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] supplies a list of illustrative material that requires permission to reproduce for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] wonders if she has sent Frost a carbon copy of a letter from Henry Rose Carter to Guiteras and encloses a list of acknowledgments for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Frost] sends carbons of typed manuscript chapters from the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] suggests that Frost be the sole editor of the History of Yellow Fever as he has ensured that the book will be published according to Henry Rose Carter's wishes. She also discusses the acknowledgment of Brown's contributions.

Carter is not worried about Frost's revisions to the fifth chapter of the book. She explains that Henry Rose Carter's first interest would be to get his argument clear rather than eloquent.

Carter wishes to keep page 5, Section 1 of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever as her father had written it without adding footnotes, but defers to Frost's judgment about maintaining historical accuracy.

Frost explains that he has omitted the footnotes in question, and instead included an Editor's Note discussing the implications of more recent research.

Carter sends Frost bills she has received for the maps and thanks him for the Editor's Note for Section I of the book.

Laura Carter writes that she is thankful the work on her father's book is complete. She comments on her financial situation and her health.

Carter expresses her joy that the manuscript is being sent to the publisher and conveys her gratitude to Frost for his labor of love.

Carter requests copies of the bibliography and library cards used for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and thanks Frost for the generous acknowledgement of Brown's outstanding work in the preface of the book.

Carter thanks Frost for sending her a copy of the bibliography so quickly, and compliments him on the Table of Contents of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] encloses a check for Burnham's work on the maps for the History of Yellow Fever.

Laura Armistead Carter and Wade Hampton Frost edited Henry Rose Carter's book on yellow fever. It is divided into three main sections: the epidemiology of yellow fever; diseases which have, or might have, been confused with yellow fever in the past; and the place of the origin of yellow fever. Carter concludes that biological as well as historical evidence favors an African origin of yellow fever.

This is a favorable review of Carter's book.

A biographical sketch, with corrections [by Laura Armistead Carter?], describes H.R. Carter's family, education, career, and character.

Laura Carter sends her cousin Myron biographical material on Henry Carter, claiming that his work helped to determine the direction of Reed's.

Cousin Myron writes that she is using Laura Carter's notes for a biographical sketch of Henry Carter.

This script briefly covers major historical accounts of yellow fever including stories of the Flying Dutchman, the Philadelphia epidemic, and the building of the Panama Canal. The document also addresses the heroic experiments performed on human volunteers to discover that mosquitoes transmitted yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] describes Henry Rose Carter's efforts to complete his book on yellow fever despite suffering continued illness.

The document outlines the method, findings, and conclusions of the inquiry into the early history of yellow fever.

Daughter Carries on Father's Work

Kean strongly believes that Roger Post Ames should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Frances Agramonte gives Kean her new address and discusses her health.

Martinez thanks Miss Carter for the copy of her father's book and discusses theories of disease in Mayan Mexico.

This letter states that Pinto's share in the experiments had little or no value, and he should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter thanks Ravenel for his review of the History of Yellow Fever.

Lopez-Silvero requests a photograph of Henry Rose Carter for an article to be published in Carter's memory in the Revista Medica Farmaceutica.

Russell asks Carter for a photograph of Henry Rose Carter for an article in the Panamerican Medical Association.

Hanson looks forward to seeing Carter when he is in Birmingham for a meeting of the Southern Medical Association, the National Malaria Committee, and the American Society of Tropical Medicine.

Keating describes a 1878 yellow fever epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee.

Peabody urges support of a bill granting posthumous recognition to George Sherman Ward and a pension to his survivors, in recognition of Ward's part in James Carroll's typhoid experiment, in 1904.

Carter congratulates his sister on her upcoming wedding and offers to pay for the flowers. He does not want the bride and groom to visit him in the hospital.

Carter lists twenty-two articles he wrote on yellow fever and malaria. Attached is a handwritten note by Laura Armistead Carter.

Cox's lecture includes a biography of Walter Reed and a detailed description of the yellow fever experiments.

Kean inquires about Truby's recollections of the circumstances of Lazear's contraction of yellow fever. He informs Truby that the Cubans intended to memorialize the room at Las Animas where Lazear was said to have been bitten. Kean informed them that this was not true.

This radio script presents a fictionalized version of the yellow fever experiments, and portrays Kissinger and Moran as heroes. The radio program was prepared and produced by Young & Rubicam, Inc. for the program, "We The People", for their client the General Foods Corp., to promote their product "Calumet", on January 10, 1937, from 5:00-5:30 on the network WJZ.

Andrus provides Moran with an autobiography of his military service and a list of names and addresses of surviving yellow fever volunteers. He comments on Kissinger.

Moran corrects identifications of individuals in a photograph and describes his military assignments.

This radio show script on the yellow fever experiments includes an interview with Kissinger.

Andrus requests clarification of the definition of his role in the yellow fever experiments published in the Roll of Honor.

Andrus relates his experiences as a yellow fever volunteer and criticizes Kissinger's conduct. He wants to know if other volunteers have spinal difficulties and includes a plan of the Columbia Barracks laboratory.

Kean's writes about his surgery for cataracts and provides news of friends and acquaintances.

Andrus' medical history describes the development of the spinal condition that has left him bedridden.

Andrus sends Hench his medical history and wonders if his spinal condition is a result of yellow fever.

Dr. David Andrus gives his assessment of the medical condition and history of John Andrus, his father.

Hench introduces a physician who will give Andrus medical advice. He will review Andrus' case himself after returning from Europe.