This document provides details about the members of the Yellow Fever Commission and lists all the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments. There is also a motion to provide a better monetary reward to these volunteers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Office of the Surgeon General lists the individuals on the yellow fever roll of honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This brief sketch gives details into Walter Reed's early military career out west.

This document covers the accomplishments of the Army Medical Corps, including the conquest of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This lists ten volunteers, including eight Spaniards, for the yellow fever experiments done by Juan Guiteras.

This handwritten account of Reed's military history includes a listing of his military orders from 1875 through 1894. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Courtesy of U.S. Army Medical Museum

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter writes about when anti-breeding methods can be safely stopped.

This manuscript discusses Walter Reed's yellow fever experiments in Cuba and provides letters written by Reed.

Reed reminisces about her father and includes letters written by her father to her mother. [Hench] notes inconsistencies with her transcriptions and the originals in the margins.

This document reviews the condition of the four horse ambulances of the 1st Division Ambulance Corp.

Reed plans to enter the U.S. Army Medical Corps, and gives his rationale. He describes his experiences in the city. He explains his later plans for marriage and his philosophy of life.

These endorsements and letters of recommendation for Walter Reed relate to his appointment as Assistant Surgeon to the US Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of the invitation to appear before Army Medical Examination Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed accepts an invitation to appear before the U.S. Surgeon's Examining Board, and explains that he would have responded sooner had he not contracted a fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is exhausted from work. He plans a trip home. His step-mother is curious about his relationship with Emilie Lawrence. He critiques contemporary novels.

Reed's Army Medical Board Certificate gives his personal information and includes the names of the Board members. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes to Emilie Lawrence the difficulties he undergoes to reach his army post at Willets Point, New York harbor.

Reed gives Emilie Lawrence a description of the U.S. Army base at Willets Point, New York harbor. He describes his duties there as a medical officer.

The Surgeon General has assigned Walter Reed to Willet's Point, New York Harbor for instructions in the duties of a Medical Officer.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about writing. He reiterates his devotion to her, and makes plans to visit her.

Reed describes his military responsibilities. He assures Emilie Lawrence that she is above all others in his heart.

Reed makes a visit to a doctor's family. An army general gives him word on his future assignment.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He describes his responsibilities and notes that General Humphreys, Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers, arrives at the base for a dinner.

Reed describes a dinner given for General Humphreys, Chief of the Army Corps of Engineers. He also describes city sights seen with his brother. He gives a defense of army life and teases her.

Reed reaffirms his feelings for Emilie Lawrence. He describes the physician's lot, and inquires about the new Murfreesboro newspaper and their friends Miss Peace and Mr. Sharpe.

Reed relates that he is compiling statistics and writing a report for 1875.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about not writing and about attentions from Professor Sharpe. He discusses small pox cases among children on the post.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed acknowledges the receipt of his commission as Assistant Surgeon, U.S. Army, February 17, 1876.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He tells her he misses her, and reports on cases of measles at the base.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence.

Reed remarks on the ingratitude of patients. He informs Emilie Lawrence that he will be in a play.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

Reed reports that he has taken up his temporary assignment at his posting at Fort Yuma, California.

McKee reports to the Surgeon General that Reed has his hospital in “most excellent condition.” He also mentions Reed's personal qualities that have won him the confidence of all. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

McKee approves Reed's request for a month's leave of absence.

Reed hopes that his wife's health improves. He offers news of colleagues at Fort Apache and hopes for an assignment back east. He has received no letter from her.

Reed describes a carriage ride. He responds to a letter from Emilie Lawrence Reed, giving her financial advice and offering news of acquaintances.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Reed writes about finances, promising to send money to her. She wants him to get an eastern assignment. He gives news about acquaintances.

Reed teases McPherson concerning military reports and life in the field.

Reed teases McPherson, and writes about debts, pay, and military assignments.

Reed has clothing sent to McPherson. McPherson testifies in U.S. vs. McGowan. Reed writes concerning medical matters.

The Record of Services summarizes Reed's military assignments from June 26, 1875 through March 18, 1882.

Brown reports to the Surgeon General that the Board has examined Reed and considers him qualified for a promotion, with the proviso that he continues his studies in Physics. A second letter written on March 24, 1882 by C. H. Crane informs Reed of the outcome of the examination. The letters are accompanied by an endorsement.

Reed requests that his orders be ready for him by November 14, 1882. A note from the Surgeon General encourages speedy processing of the request. The resulting orders re-assign Reed from the Department of the East to the Department of the Platte.

Howard requests that Reed be assigned to the hospital under his command, due to his steward's disability and the limitations of the Medical Director. The Adjutant General's office denies the request. Included are an endorsement of the request and a document specifying its removal.

Reed has requested four weeks of leave. His commanding officer has asked for an officer to replace him in his absence, but the request for replacement is denied.

Reed requests and is granted a one-month extension to the leave of absence he was granted on November 18, 1885.

Reed describes patients with erysipelas and double pneumonia. McPherson is to enter the Marine hospital service.

This report gives the sanitary conditions of the officers' quarters, yard, barracks, guardhouse, post hospital, and water at Fort Robinson. It also reports on rations and clothing.

The original draft of Greenleaf's letter informs Reed that the treating of several pension cases each month does not warrant his being excused from performing that duty.

Sutherland asks Reed if a local physician can be employed to provide medical care to the garrison and Indian prisoners during Reed's leave of absence. The letter and military endorsements are dated from July 18, 1890 to August 18, 1890. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that he be assigned to duty in Baltimore so that he can pursue post-graduate medical study at Johns Hopkins University. The letter and military endorsements granting him a post as attending surgeon and examiner of recruits in Baltimore are dated from October 1, 1890 to October 4, 1890. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mason requests that Reed be appointed to the examining board at Fort Snelling. The letter, endorsement, and approval are dated from November 17, 1891 to November 23, 1891. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The slip states that Reed is accompanying two companies as a medical officer to the Sisseton and Wappeton Indian Reservation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Alden requests that Reed be ordered to St. Paul, Minnesota, to provide medical care to officers, enlisted men, and families as well as to examine recruits. The letter, endorsements, and resulting order are dated from August 1, 1892 to August 18, 1892. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sutherland states that he has given permission for Reed to purchase extra medical supplies for Fort Yates, North Dakota, where much sickness had been reported. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is honored to be accepted into the Army Medical School and assures Sternberg that no one will work as hard as he will for the good of the School and Corps. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg wants Reed to be examined for promotion by the Board of Medical Officers.

These papers relate to the promotion of Reed from Captain and Assistant Surgeon to Major and Surgeon. They are dated from August 22, 1893 to December 11, 1893. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These endorsements and letters relate to Reed's assignment to the Surgeon General's Office as Curator of the Army Medical Museum. Reed's oath of office regarding his promotion to Surgeon and Major is included in these documents dated from September 8, 1893 to December 26, 1893. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed briefly describes his new responsibilities at the Columbian University Medical School and the Army Medical Museum. He also relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

Reed sends Sternberg a list of his contributions to medical literature, in response to Sternberg's earlier request, and expresses his appreciation for being nominated for membership in the Association of American Physicians. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg requests that Forwood, Winne, Reed, and Perley be sent as delegates to the American Medical Association meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, Mary 7-10, 1895. The letter, endorsements, and special orders are dated March 27, 1895 to March 30, 1895. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg asks for a Board of Medical Officers consisting of Forwood, Reed, and Cabell to examine officers for promotion, March 28, 1895. The special order approving the request is dated March 30, 1895. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg notes that Reed is especially well qualified for his present duties as Curator of the Army Medical Museum, has excellent scientific attainments, and is an excellent pathologist. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg states that Reed is an excellent medical officer and zealous student of medical science as well as an expert pathologist and bacteriologist. The reports are dated June 30, 1896 and July 3, 1896. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests that Reed be ordered to Key West, Florida, for Medical Department business, and then to return to Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his arrival in Key West and his observation of several smallpox cases in the hospital there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed comments on an earlier letter from Kean, briefly mentions his present occupation supervising a laboratory, and encourages Kean to write to him again soon. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during April 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed explains his tardiness in replying to Kean's letter, recounts having asked the Surgeon General, unsuccessfully, for a transfer, and suggests several alternatives for dealing with frustration. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during May 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during June 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent to investigate the administration of five general hospitals and division field hospitals. Endorsements and the special orders giving approval are included and dated July 30, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during July 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed and Hopkins report on their inspection of the 1st and 2nd Division Hospitals at Camp Alger. They recommend additional tents and obtaining the services of two contract surgeons. The documents are dated July 31, 1898 and August 6, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

These special orders include a section appointing Reed, Vaughan, and Shakespeare to a board for the purpose of investigating the cause of the prevalence of typhoid fever in U.S. military camps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during August 1898 as well as on detached service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

On behalf of the city of New Orleans, Souchon thanks Carter for his assistance.

Reed suggests several methods to determine whether patients have typhoid or malarial remittent fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests an order to direct Reed from Washington to the Natural Bridge, Virginia, on Army business. The letter, endorsement, and special orders are dated October 19, 1898. An additional document is dated July 20, 1898 and concerns an order to Reed to inspect hospitals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's letter and Sternberg's endorsement suggest that Natural Bridge, Virginia, is not a suitable location for an army hospital due to the condition of the buildings and transportation issues. The documents are dated October 28, 1898 and October 30, 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on a Board to investigate causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever and on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during September 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on a Board to investigate causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever, investigated buildings at Natural Bridge, Virginia, and was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during October 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Agramonte proceed to Havana to study the cause and prevention of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during November 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's station and duty report states that he was on duty as Curator of the Army Medical Museum during December 1898. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In addition to the topics mentioned in the title, this report by Davis, the Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, Cuba, includes a sanitary report and the number of cases of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Reed congratulates Kean on his promotion to Colonel. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Courtesy of U.S. Army Medical Museum

Vaughan and Reed submit a report about their examination of three crematories at Washington Barracks. They ascertain that none of the models submitted by inventors meet all the conditions required by the Army. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This report lists camp conditions and the buildings that have been completed for the military hospital in Havana, Cuba.

Courtesy of the U.S. Army Medical Museum

Sternberg recommends that Reed go to Havana, Cuba, to make a sanitary inspection of the camps, barracks, and hospitals near Puerto Principe, with particular attention to the prevalence of typhoid fever.

Sternberg directs Reed to inspect the camps, barracks, and hospitals occupied by U.S. troops in the vicinity of Puerto Principe, Cuba, and to make any necessary recommendations for improvement. He is to report on the prevalence of typhoid or other infectious diseases.

Sternberg recommends that Reed be directed to proceed to Havana to make a sanitary inspection of the camps, barracks, and hospitals in the area of Puerto Principe. Reed is also supposed to report on the causes of the prevalence of typhoid fever. Additional letters, endorsement and special orders relating to this recommendation are included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Truby is appointed to a general court-martial.

Truby is assigned to the hospital ship Terry.

Sternberg sends checks for research-related expenses.

Wood is sorry to have missed Reed.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

Reed's efficiency report is for the year 1899. Included is a report that gives an account of Reed's services from November 1, 1898 to May 10, 1899. He is noted to be an expert pathologist and bacteriologist. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In a Yellow-fever Camp: How the Pestilence Made Its Presence Known in Siboney---The American Hospital Tents in the Mountains--A Brave Physician and His Scanty Equipment

Agramonte reports on his study of yellow fever from a bacteriological standpoint while at Santiago. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood writes concerning the appointment of the Secretary of War. He describes actions taken by the military to avoid yellow fever.

Truby is relieved from the Eighth Infantry; he is to report to the post surgeon for duty.

Kean, Brewer, and Truby are appointed to investigate the loss of medical supplies at Columbia barracks.

Reed writes that he misses her and that he is imagining how beautiful things are back at home. He mentions the Dreyfuss Affair and says the journalists believe France is close to revolution.

Rossiter reports on the recent epidemic of yellow fever at Cabana Fortress in Havana. He describes the patients and their symptoms as well as the disinfection of clothing, bedding, and property.

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Godfrey writes a confidential letter requesting the reassignment of Dr. Alden and Dr. Jackson, who do not work well with him.

Agramonte is informed that his contract as contract surgeon with the U.S. Army will be annulled on January 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This list provides names of the medical officers of the Department of Cuba and the names and duties of hospital corps men and privates.

US Army A.A.F. Photo.

Andrus describes the work of the Yellow Fever Board and his role as a volunteer. He provides exacting lists of his fellow volunteers and their cases of yellow fever.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

This document describes items related to yellow fever in detail; including letters, reports, medical charts, medals, artifacts, books, photographs, interview transcripts, magazines, and sketches.

Peabody discusses yellow fever work dating back to 1897, with particular emphasis on the work done in Cuba, in 1900 and 1901, by Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission.

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

This report gives a brief description of Reed's titles and duties for the year 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Diagram of Columbia Barracks Post Hospital. Included are notes written by [Hench].

Bridges provides the military record of Roger Post Ames.

This document gives a brief account of Carter's education, work, and achievements.

These are original lists of men undergoing the yellow fever experiments, with an autograph note by Hench.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

[Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps]

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

CThe chronology begins in 1898 with the Spanish-American War and ends in March 1901.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg stops the annulment of Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Welch gives a recommendation for Jesse W. Lazear. Included is a handwritten note by Truby.

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

In Special Orders #11, Echeverria and Ames are appointed to a board of officers to qualify men for the position of hospital steward. Included is a note written by [Hench]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #17 transfers Andrus to the Hospital Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear's army contract has been received.

Special Orders #24 directs enlisted men to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg terminates Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report guards against the introduction and spread of yellow fever. The symptoms of yellow fever are clearly outlined.

Special Orders #42 orders Agramonte to report to the Chief Surgeon in Havana for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Selected pages of the report give statistics regarding deaths in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean mentions a mutiny on the Sedgewick and a reception for Senators at the governor's palace. Either Jefferson Randolph Kean or Gorgas will be named Chief Surgeon of the Department.

Special Orders #44 directs surgeons and hospital stewards to various posts. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about Mabel Lazear's trip home. He has finished a paper on malaria but will still do more research. He is currently doing bacteriological work.

Special Orders #46 directs Ames to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes to her mother about consultations to secure Jefferson Randolph Kean's position as Chief Surgeon of General Lee's Province.

Special Orders #83 directs Gorgas and Kean to Pinar del Rio, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #49 assigns Echeverria to Military Hospital #1 in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard inquires about the whereabouts of the mosquitoes Lazear sent up from Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports about his investigation of electrozone in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard is announced as Chief Surgeon of the Division. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed mentions the Surgeon General was disgusted with actions by DeWitt and Gorgas. Reed congratulates [Kean] on becoming Chief Sanitary Officer of Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #69 assigns Agramonte to the Department Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Echeverria to additional duties in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg asks Agramonte to settle a question whether the infectious agent of yellow fever is present in the blood. Sternberg also includes an excerpt of his report on Ruiz, which should help Agramonte's experiments. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #122 establishes the Medical Board, consisting of Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte, at Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reports of yellow fever cases at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans for the summer. He is pleased to be named a member of a board to study infectious diseases, headed by Walter Reed.

Civil Orders #5 creates a board of medical examiners to examine cases of yellow fever and/or suspicious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report individual deaths, including those from yellow fever, from June 10 to June 20, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths from June 1 to June 10, 1900, some by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths caused by yellow fever from May 8 to May 30, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of a check for $50.00 for use in the Medical Board's research.

Stark reports cases of yellow fever.

Special Orders #130 transfers Neate to Quemados, Cuba to report to Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear reports on medical cases suspected of being yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

These endorsements regard the relationship between the laundry facilities and the spread of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter the town of Quemados, Cuba.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter a saloon where yellow fever broke out. Endorsements are dated June 6 to June 8, 1900.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans. He explains the work of the investigative board and is glad that Reed will be its leader.

Stark responds with a facetious remark to a request for carbolic acid for sanitary purposes at Columbia Barracks. Endorsements are dated June 9 to June 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #88 directs Echeverria to temporary duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark gives a detailed report on the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba and Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Stark claims that Mrs. Henry S. King is the first case of yellow fever. A Medical Board with Ames, Lazear, and three Cubans is created to investigate the outbreak. Stark highly commends the doctors and staff at Post Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 directs Echeverria to duty at the camp of civilian non-immunes at Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard details the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba in May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #39 directs a hospital steward and a private to assist Echeverria at the non-immune camp near Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #43 orders Stark to take over duties for Kean, who is ill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 relieves Agramonte from his duty as Acting Assistant Surgeon in Havana and transfers him to the Division Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed and Carroll are on board the Sedgewick, bound for Cuba.

News About Town

Reed sees the wreck of the Maine in Havana harbor and gives his opinion of the sinking.

Quemados Situation

Special Orders #97 orders Agramonte to Santa Clara, Cuba on sanitary duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is impressed with the shower installed at his quarters. He responds to family news and is pleased that his son has passed an examination to further his military career.

Michie plans on ordering cocktails and drinking to Kean's health. He also mentions a formaldehyde machine left running in a room that prevented anyone from being able to sleep in it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #48 assigns Cooke to Pinar del Rio Barracks. Lawrence Reed is appointed to a court-martial hearing. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed details recent happenings around the base in Cuba. He sends his love to family and friends.

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #101 assigns Neate to duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Moran is honorably discharged from the Army of the United States, with permission to re-enlist.

Special Orders #51 grants Kean and Hepburn a leave of absence and assigns Teeter to Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Ames to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Reed provides a description of his quarters at Camp Columbia and relates the typical schedule of his day. He laments the lack of rain for Emilie Lawrence Reed's garden. He discusses finances and political trouble in China.

Lazear reports that his wife has been hospitalized.

Special Orders #69 orders Agramonte to Pinar del Rio to investigate cases of pernicious fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed comments about the family. He writes about the English physicians Durham and Meyers, who are studying yellow fever.

Reed sees their son, Lawrence, in Havana. He enjoys a meal given for the English physicians. He discusses China news, and relays information about a transport from the States.

Special Orders #64 assigns Gorgas and Echeverria to a medical board to decide about disposing medical property used for yellow fever patients. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #65 establishes various boards to investigate damages due to the outbreak of yellow fever . [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Presnell for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Cooke for his handling of a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for his course of action in the face of an epidemic of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #1 direct Truby, Presnell, and Schweiger to accompany the 1st U.S. Infantry to the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He expects to see her August.

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Black responds to Reed's report on the Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba and wants to correct errors. He includes two reports by G. C. Rowe entitled “Review of the Most Salient Points of Dr. Reed's Report” and “Electrozone Plant.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #5 assigns Lazear to investigation of recent yellow fever outbreak. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of July 1900 as President of the Board of Officers investigating infectious diseases and yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #126 sends Havard to Guanajay and Presnell and Truby to accompany the 1st Infantry on transport “Rawlins” to the United States. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #8 elects Stark to a board of officers to deal with compensation for destroyed or damaged property through disinfection procedures. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #129 selects Presnell to accompany 2nd artillery. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Smith grants a leave of absence to Truby for several days.

Truby is relieved from duty.

Reed is sending Howard specimens of mosquitoes from Lazear and is planning on seeing Howard in a few days. Included is a listing of the types of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #18 assigns Kean, Amador, and Cooke to a board of survey to decide about posts that have been infected by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever in Cuba.

Special Orders #25 sentences Weatherwalks to hard labor for obtaining a team of mules under false pretenses and being drunk. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks and reports about the precautionary methods taken to prevent the spread of the disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photograph by US Army Medical Museum

Agramonte signs this contract which enables him to perform the duties of a medical officer under Army Regulations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed offers advice to de Schweinitz concerning the examination of medical students. Reed has learned of Carroll's illness in Cuba.

Reed notifies Jennie Carroll of James Carroll's improved condition.

Kean reports to Surgeon General [Wyman] that Carroll's condition has improved.

Special Orders #158 directs Cooke to the ship, Crook, to act as attending surgeon on board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Truby is ordered to Quemados, Cuba, for assignment.

Special Orders #164 grants Agramonte a leave of absence. He is also granted an extension. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll informs his wife that he is recovering from yellow fever and now is comforted that he will be immune from the terrors of the disease. He also explains that Lazear is very ill and predicts an even chance for his recovery.

Special Orders #50 assigns Kean and Reed to a board of survey. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Special Orders #227 relieves Godfrey of duty. Slocum is temporarily assigned duty as Acting Chief Quartermaster. Stark's leave of absence is extended. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #228 appoints Reed, Kean, and Stark to an examining board to determine the fitness of officers for promotion. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence Reed of his safety. He explains the circumstances of Jesse Lazear's death.

Reed returns to Washington for a meeting with the Surgeon General. He will continue on to Indianapolis for the American Public Health meeting. On November 1, Reed will leave for Cuba.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #243 directs Pilcher to Ft. McHenry for medical examination and Godfrey to the Philippines for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #182 sentences Ryan, Jones, Gelhardt, and Lust to hard labor for joining in a mutiny. Included are notes by Hench. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Goodale describes Peterson's burial at Grave 146, Post Cemetery, Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #27 announces the death of Peterson and documents his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Fitzhugh Lee Sees the Light at Last

Special Orders #188 directs Agramonte to Quemados, Cuba. A handwritten note by Hench states his contention that Agramonte did not do any mosquito work for Lazear or Reed until Camp Lazear was operational. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed presents this report on yellow fever to the American Public Health Association.

Defending His Record; Fever Cases Concealed [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard informs Carroll the mosquito he sent him from Cuba has been identified as a species described from Brazil. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #28 announces the death of Page and documents his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ludlow responds to Wood's accusation that data was concealed regarding the number of cases of yellow fever in Havana.[Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ludlow defends his position against Wood's charges of concealing facts about yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mosquito Carries Yellow Fever Germ

Reed is told to return to Washington, D.C. after the conference instead of returning directly to Cuba.

Special Orders #256 directs Kean to Ft. McHenry. Pilcher is retired from active service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of September 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mosquitoes and Yellow Fever

Special Orders #74 directs Colby to the board of medical officers to determine his fitness for the position of acting hospital steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Special Orders #260 revokes Special Orders #256 for Kean. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed remarks on Bryan's defeat in the United States presidential election. He describes various people at the camp. He discusses his work on yellow fever, including the possibility of human experimentation.

Howard provides information to Carroll about a certain species of mosquito. Howard then asks Carroll to catch a species of mosquito for his own research, which is believed to have migrated to Cuba in slave ships years ago. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #265 annuls Cooke's contract as acting assistant surgeon for the U. S. Army. Extension to Stark's leave of absence is granted. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear wants to know the circumstances behind her husband's death of yellow fever. She has a hard time believing that her husband allowed an infected mosquito to bite his hand. She thanks Carroll for sending her the money orders.

Reed reports his duties for the month of September 1900.

Gen. Wood Explains

Special Orders #81 recommends that eight privates be detailed for temporary duty at the experimental sanitary camp at Columbia Barracks and report to Reed. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed settles into camp life, and observes a malaria case. He discusses finances, and notes that Carroll has returned to Cuba from the United States.

Special Orders #266 directs Havard, Gorgas, and Kean to the Pan-American Medical Congress. Echeverria is honorably discharged. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These Special Orders #83 detail Forbes, Morris, Kissinger, and Ames to report to Walter Reed at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #83 relieves Forbes of his assignment, assigns Morris and Kissinger to temporary duty at the experimental sanitary camp at Columbia Barracks, and orders Ames to report to Reed for temporary duty.

This is a Cuban Treasury Deposit receipt for the expenses of the Yellow Fever experiments at Camp Lazear.

This is a list of the names, dates, and hometowns of the American volunteers and also lists the individuals who recruited them for the yellow fever experiments.

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

Special Orders #272 revokes Special Order #265 for Cooke. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #3 directs Colby to special duty under Reed at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #4 details the changes of station for surgeons in Cuba. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed expresses concern for his wife's gout, but he also teases her. He relates a newspaper controversy over the yellow fever experiments, particularly concerning the American and Spanish volunteers, and consent forms.

In this article, taken from La Discusion (November 22, 1900 - page 1), the Spanish ambassador is interviewed regarding the rumor of human experimentation by the Yellow Fever Commission.

Lawrence Reed writes about post news, correspondence from the United States, and his rank. He notes that Truby is to be post surgeon and believes this will be a favorable change.

Reed mentions the houses constructed at the experimental camp. He describes the experimentation methods and plans. He anticipates a trip to Keewaydin in May.

Reed expresses empathy for his wife's gout. He writes that the experimental camp is almost completed and will soon be ready for work.

Fourteen patients are listed by name, place of birth, dates of illness and other details, for Camp Lazear, Columbia Barracks, Cuba.

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Reed gives an assessment of the criticism directed at the experimental project. He believes that it is unfounded.

Lawrence Reed gives post news and notes Truby's comments concerning the yellow fever experiments. He inquires if she will visit at Christmas. He turns twenty-three tomorrow.

The writer requests a receipt for blank checks forwarded to Kean.

Reed writes of Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He discusses finances and plans for their house at Keewaydin. He expresses concern over the experiments since they have not yet achieved positive results.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed announces that his theory about the mosquito is right and describes Kissinger's illness and the good health of the volunteers in the infected bedding house. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital trustees petition Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Wood explains that Cuba is largely free from epidemic or contagious diseases and he suggests that commercial relations to be resumed with the island. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Emilie Lawrence Reed will not visit Cuba. Reed discusses additional research questions, including the larvae of infected mosquitoes. The experiment involving the injection of infected blood was successful.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

Reed writes that he cannot return home. He describes the enthusiastic response to the experiments, and he prepares a paper for the Pan-American Medical Congress.

Reed reports that sixteen Cuban physicians have visited to confirm the experimental yellow fever cases. He responds to Washington social news.

Special Orders #25 orders Olsen and Hildebrand to report to Reed and appoints Kissinger as Acting Hospital Steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document lists the names of the volunteers for the fomite experiments along with what soiled clothing and bedding they were given. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of November 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. A handwritten note states that Kean wrote up this order in the absence of Havard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes a dinner given for Finlay and the general acceptance of the mosquito theory. He will continue tests involving infected clothing.

Reed provides a description of the experiment buildings at Camp Lazear and the method of mosquito inoculation.

Special Orders #302 relieves Lyster of duty in Cuba. Reed is ordered to attend the Pan-American Medical Congress. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes the round of holiday parties, including one at the governor's palace, in Havana. He injects blood from the last yellow fever patient into a volunteer.

Kean acknowledges the receipt of blank official checks.

Reed writes about Emilie Lawrence Reed's recovery, as well as his toothache. He discusses financial matters, including expenditures at Keewaydin. His last yellow fever patient is recovering.

This is the famous New Year's Eve letter. Reed's toothache requires cocaine treatment. Reed comments on La Roche's Yellow Fever (1853), and his own role in the historic discovery. He hears taps sound for the old year, and celebrations for New Year's Day. He requests orders to return to the United States in six weeks.

These selections from Rojas' notebook concern the rent for Camp Lazear.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

Excerpt details orders, letters, and requests regarding Walter Reed's assignments from January 17, 1901 through November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes that the yellow fever experiments have answered his prayers to do some good for mankind.

Reed mentions the sixth case of experimental yellow fever, and that volunteers have gone thirty-five days without contracting yellow fever in the infected clothing test. He describes the condition of a yellow fever case and an experiment with blood injection.

Sternberg writes about the importance of scientific investigation. Sternberg orders Reed to return to Washington. He also discusses Carroll's planned promotion and the necessity of Carroll's continued assignment in Cuba.

Special Orders #10 orders England and Sonntag to experimental camp with Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent back to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg orders Reed to proceed to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. The letter and order are dated January 17 and January 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Scott informs Jackson that a $2 per diem allowance has been approved for Reed and for Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #27 orders Cooke to Camp Mackenzie for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #27 elects Stark to a board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters Department of Cuba, directs Neate and Carroll to Washington, D. C. for duty in the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31 orders Carroll to report to Washington, D. C. for duty in the pathological laboratory of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters of the Army, assigns Ross to duty in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #32 details Springer to the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D. C. and Colby to Camp Mackenzie, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Latest About Yellow Fever

Special Orders #38 specifies Walter Reed as a member of the board of medical officers for the examination of candidates for admission to the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kean requests funds for Camp Lazear. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of February 1901. He reports that he has returned from Havana and has resumed his duties as Curator of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Kean to Columbia Barracks in order to relieve Stark. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of March 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

The Yellow Fever Commission examines Ole A. Jensen and pronounces his illness as yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Yellow Fever Commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Morro 58. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Germs

The commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of potential yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gibson Bros. informs Jones that the cost for “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” pamphlets will be $46.00.

The Surgeon General accepts the estimate the Gibson Bros. will charge for publishing 300 copies of the phamphlet, “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital and Benefica. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of April 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at San La zaro, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The record card explains Walter Reed's leave of absence for 1901, with reference to an unexplained absence from his post as member of the Army Medical Examining Board. The report also states that Reed is personally and professionally humiliated by this inquiry. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard requests information as to whether Agramonte has been relieved of his duties with the investigation, or whether he is available to assist the needs of his department as bacteriologist.

Agramonte is relieved of his duties as a member board to investigate infectious diseases and is reassigned to duty in charge of the Department Laboratory at Municipal Hospital and microscopical and bacteriologicial work at Las Animas Hospital. Endorsements are dated May 21 through May 28, 1901. Special Orders #118 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #118 relieves Agramonte from duty as a member of the board of medical officers investigating infectious diseases. He is ordered to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for assignment to duty.

Sternberg recommends to the Adjutant General that Agramonte be relieved of his current duty and be directed to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for re-assignment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #117 assigns Agramonte to duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

On behalf of the Department of State, Hay requests two copies of Sternberg's circular on yellow fever for the Portuguese Minister.

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of May 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard identifies the species of mosquito that Kean sent him. He also inquires about Gorgas' work in Cuba and believes Woodruff would be a good addition to the investigating committee. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg recommends that Walter Reed be ordered to go to Fort Monroe, Virginia on military business. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is directed to travel to Fort Monroe, Virginia, from Washington, D.C. and to return upon the completion of his duty there. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #129 relieves Ames of duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #10 lists military stations and various ranks for Edmunds up to his death by yellow fever on June 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #133 directs Ames to the Santa Clara Battery to relieve a contract surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard assigns duties for Agramonte at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #134 details Agramonte to visit Columbia Barracks four times a week. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of June 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard thanks Carroll for the fresh mosquito eggs. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #153 relieves Agramonte from duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed provides a report of his assignments between June 30, 1900 and June 30, 1901 and lists his areas of expertise. Sternberg provides an efficiency report of Reed's performance. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Special Orders #172 orders Carroll to Havana to continue the investigation of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #161 grants Agramonte a leave of absence for one month. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Jackson reports on the condition of “Johnny's Place” which has been inspected by Echeverria. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #164 promotes England to Acting Hospital Steward at Hamilton Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed details his activities for the month of July 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These letters and supporting documents concern the request by Caldas and Bellingaghi to demonstrate their yellow fever serum. Included are translations from original Spanish letters and recommendations from Caldas and Tellez. Havard requests a medical commission to examine these claims. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #166 relieves Lambert from duty at Camp Columbia. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Forbes and De Lamar are relieved from duty at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on the claims of Caldas and Bellingaghi that they discovered a preventative and curative serum for yellow fever. Havard is skeptical because Caldas does not provide any information regarding his process of isolation and culture. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Chart plots temperature and pulse of a yellow fever volunteer after the use of the Caldas' vaccine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #175 commutes rations to Springer and elects Mazzuri to board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Scott directs Gorgas to increase the funding for Carroll's yellow fever research.

Havard authorizes Carroll to continue investigations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Third Mosquito Victim

The Martyrs of Science

Special Orders #184 directs Ames to assist Carroll at Las Animas Hospital and Carroll to continue with investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard provides evidence that Caldas' and Bellingaghi's theories are unsound and should not be accepted. He includes a detailed time-line of events and a list of arguments to conclude his report against Caldas. Enclosed are charts, reports, and other documents used as evidence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever and Quarantine

Topics of the Times

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Reed expresses great appreciation for Kean's recommendation that he apply himself to become Surgeon General, but says he will not join the ranks of those who “beg” for promotion. He informs Kean of Lawrence Reed's upcoming wedding, then recommends that Camp Lazear be discontinued. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Corbin informs Wood that Carroll is to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #226 directs Carroll to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean encourages Reed to lobby for the office of Surgeon General.

Special Orders #230 transfers privates Hamann and Covington to the hospital at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll reports positive results for the filtrate test.

Kean explains why Dunshie was discharged from the medical corps.

Chittinden clarifies the species of different mosquitoes sent to him by Carroll.

Bishop requests, on behalf of Victor C. Vaughan, that Walter Reed be detailed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. A copy of Vaughan's letter of October 23, 1901 is enclosed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #234 states that Springer is no longer required for the yellow fever investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Smith requests, on Victor C. Vaughan's behalf, that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference at Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper on his work with yellow fever. He encloses a copy of Victor C. Vaughan's letter of October 21, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Hamilton requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in order to present a paper on his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Darragh requests that Root detail Walter Reed to attend a medical conference in Ann Arbor, Michigan in order to present a paper about his yellow fever research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg states Reed cannot be spared from his duties as a professor in the Army Medical School to attend a medical conference in Michigan. A letter from the Adjutant General to R. P. Bishop informs him and copies the other congressmen who had petitioned the Secretary of War for Reed's attendance at the conference. Endorsements are also enclosed, dated October 31 and November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

A Candidate for Honors

This excerpt discusses Reed's medical work and gives a listing of each publication authored by Reed.

Root credits major figures in the fight against yellow fever and requests that higher ranks be given to them. He reports that a battery at Fort Howard in Baltimore has been named “Battery Lazear.” [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The report recognizes the work of Reed, Gorgas, Kean, Carroll, and Lazear.

This testimonial supports a petition to Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Sternberg lists the military posts and stations served by Reed as reported by the records of the Surgeon General.

The Surgeon General informs Agramonte that his contract is over with the U. S. Army on April 30, 1902.

Kean writes about Lena A. Warner's refusal to care for an officer's wife.

[Kean] writes an endorsement concerning modifications to orders for the Superior Sanitary Board.

Gorgas informs [Sternberg] that Agramonte will be relieved of duty May 15, 1902.

Root thanks Osler for his letter supporting Reed for nomination to the post of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Largest Military Post in the Island of Cuba

Cortelyou sends endorsements from the President concerning Reed succeeding Sternberg as the Surgeon General. The President also mentions O'Reilly. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Root acknowledges receipt of recommendations from the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Surgeon General's Records listing military and personal history for Reed until June 2, 1902.

The efficiency report for Reed covers the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Crossby relates Mahan's condition regarding malaria and other diseases.

Agramonte forwards his contract of annulment with the U. S. Army and discusses reimbursement for mileage traveled since annulment. He also requests a certificate of non-indebtedness.

This report documents yellow fever cases in the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.

Reed approves and endorses Carroll's application for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

La Garde writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll requests admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. He gives a brief summary of his career as a non-commissioned officer and a contract surgeon, and his terms at medical school. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll submits his personal history to the Medical Board for part of his examination for the Army Medical Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Borden announces the time and cause of Reed's death. Endorsements by O'Reilly are included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Black acknowledges that he has received the instructions regarding the military escort for Reed's funeral. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

Christopher Reed provides a biographical sketch of Walter Reed written.

Agramonte is hired for temporary service at Columbia Barracks.

Wood gives a history of the American occupation in Cuba and discusses the yellow fever outbreak and consequent investigation by Reed and Lazear. Article appears in “The Annals of the American Academy.” Only pages 16 and 17 are included.

Agramonte is informed that his contract as surgeon will terminate June 15, 1903.

O'Reilly reports about the state of yellow fever in the United States and foreign territories, and claims that it will not be a factor for health concerns in the future. He also includes a chart which details the admissions of important diseases by months for 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These selections from presentations given at the 1903 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association concern the scientific reception of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, particularly the etiology of yellow fever, quarantine procedures, and the discovery of the role of the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Tablet Unveiling

Wood attributes the mosquito theory principally to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean states that Reed did not give up his life demonstrating the mosquito theory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

McCaw outlines Reed's career, especially his work with yellow fever, and concludes by requesting a monument to Walter Reed in Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

O'Reilly reports on the cases of yellow fever in the Army, and is concerned about the transmission of the disease from Mexico into Texas.

Ames objects to the inadequate recognition given to Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte for their yellow fever work.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Borden provides details of the surgical operation for appendicitis that immediately preceded Walter Reed's death.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

Matas provides references on yellow fever, and gives information on his own work and experience with the disease.

Gorgas requests that Ira A. Shimer be assigned to the Sanitary Corps.

The Chief Sanitary Officer requests that Shimer be assigned duty in the Sanitary Department.

Gorgas lists yellow fever patients to date in the Panama Canal Zone.

Gorgas asks LaGarde, the superintendent of Ancon Hospital, to resign.

La Garde requests to be relieved from duty.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas requests assignment of John W. Phillips for duty in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Smith congratulates Carter for his promotion.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas requests the assignment of Raeder for duty as a nurse in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

This report establishes that the Army General Hospital in the District of Columbia be named the Walter Reed United States Army General Hospital, in honor of Reed.

Magoon reports the number of cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone has dramatically decreased. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Bushnell recommends physician Alexander Murray to Gorgas for service in Panama and explains Murray's difficult circumstances owing to his wife's illness.

Gorgas informs Bushnell that his medical staff is full at present, but that he will consider adding physician Alexander Murray if there is an increase in staffing.

Carroll comments on Kelly's manuscript. He corrects errors of fact, and objects to the attention given Reed to the detriment of himself, Lazear, and the rest of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Dr. Reed and Yellow Fever

Gorgas writes about a planned increase in the Canal Zone medical force, and encloses correspondence recommending physician Alexander Murray for service in Panama.

Walter Reed

Kean informs Carroll that efforts are being made for Carroll to receive some substantial recognition for his services with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll gives a detailed report about his involvement with the yellow fever project in Cuba and the necessity of having human volunteers. He also provides a listing of his publications. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas refers to his previous letter soliciting suggestions for the Chief of Laboratory. He offers additional names from which to choose. He mentions other departmental news, including the use of drugs and chemical compounds.

Taft is anxious for Finlay to work with Jefferson Randolph Kean on stamping out yellow fever in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean writes his first letter home to his wife after his arrival in Cuba. He describes where he is living and how he has set up his office, as well as sends greetings from many of their acquaintances living in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The decree states that a medical officer shall be assigned to each municipal board of health, serving as a liaison between municipal and military authorities, in the interest of preventing yellow fever among troops stationed in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland requests that Kean inform Valery Havard of yellow fever cases in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carroll claims that Reed, Stark, Kean, and another unnamed man colluded to promote Stark over him. He believes this was because Kean was not appointed to the Yellow Fever Board after Lazear's death.

Roosevelt, O'Reilly, and McCaw make statements about the value of the yellow fever experiments to humanity. A detailed history of the project is given, along with mention of all the individuals involved, including a listing of all the volunteers in the project. Numerous quotations are cited from various speeches and memorials dedicated to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

[Kelly] offers his views about the credit due Carroll. Kelly proposes to support Carroll's promotion on the basis of his merits alone without diminishing the role played by Reed.

Von Mansfelde agrees in principle with Kelly, but will not cease promoting Carroll. He suggests Kelly write the Secretary of Agriculture and Senator Dirk.

The Lesson of Little Things: The Conquest of Yellow Fever

The record card includes several requests for photographs or paintings of Reed, along with information regarding his uniform. The record card is dated from January 25, 1907 through August 15, 1907. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Moran provides his autobiography, including his experiences as a participant in the yellow fever experiments.

Jackson sends a contribution for Kissinger. Her husband knew Kissinger as a hospital attendant.

The Zeal and Efficiency Shown by Our Medical Officers

This document describes Carroll's various postings, beginning in September 1883, and includes evaluations of his performance by several commanding officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Cushing writes about plans to speak at a meeting in support of Jennie Carroll.

Skinner writes that he will attend a meeting at the Maryland Club. He expresses his sentiments for Carroll.

King honors Carroll and others. He lays emphasis on his contribution to national health. He supports a pension.

Price writes about Carroll's experience in the military, particularly under the command of his father. He corrects misconceptions regarding his father's role in Carroll's career.

This letter to Kean regards a variety of matters: 1) an additional case of yellow fever; 2) the acceptance by Dr. O'Bourke of an agreement regarding the Diagnosis Board; 3) an agreement by the author to report often; 4) personnel; 5) assurances by the author that he would keep the official objectives of the projects as a first priority, despite differences, and 6) the case of Rogelio Castro Rey. [In Spanish] [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The author gives a status report on the work being carried out in Havana. He reports that homes have been fumigated, and an inn fined for a violation of sanitation ordinances. He laments the lack of resources available to complete projects and comments on the poor quality of materials. Finally, he reports a work-related injury.[In Spanish] [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay discusses the creation and function of the Superior Board of Health, which included establishing new sanitary ordinances. He continues by discussing the two most severe outbreaks of disease in Cuba since 1901: smallpox and yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hemmeter gives a chronological account of all the work done by Carroll with regard to yellow fever, and includes a series of letters written by Carroll to his wife, to Walter Reed, and to several others. Hemmeter attempts to rectify what he sees as a lack of proper recognition or reward to Carroll and his family for the part he played in determining the cause of yellow fever.

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

The Provisional Governor of Cuba grants Kean's request for another medical officer.

O'Reilly relays that no harm could result from delaying the date of the imposition of quarantine against Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

Photo by U. S. Army Signal Corps

O'Reilly confirms that his office has no objection to the approval of a bill that proposes increasing the pensions being provided for Jennie Carroll and Mabel H. Lazear. The letter is accompanied by a partial copy of Report No. 431 of the 60th Congress, which specifies the rationale for the proposed bill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sanitation in Cuba

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Agramonte is notified that his letter has been received and filed for future reference. Agramonte's letter of August 31, 1908, is included, testifying to the sequence of events in the work carried out by the Army Board on Yellow Fever. Included are two notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

[Kean] gives a brief summary of conditions in Cuba before the arrival of the Yellow Fever Board. He provides an account of the activities of the Board, which ultimately shows the mosquito as the bearer of yellow fever. Included are notes by Truby.

Trying to Reward a Great Hero

The Surgeon General requests more information from Guiteras on Taylor. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This 250 page book includes chapters about Walter Reed as well as the publications of Reed and his associates, the publications of James Carroll, reports from the sanitary officers in Havana, Cuba, and directions for destroying mosquitoes. Published in Washington by the Government Printing Office, it includes illustrations, portraits, and diagrams. The book is autographed by Mrs. Walter Reed, Jefferson R. Kean, A. S. Pinto, L. O. Howard, Albert E. Truby, Mrs. Jesse Lazear, William H. Lazear, and A. Diaz Albertini. It is also autographed by John R. Kissinger, John J. Moran, John H. Andrus, James Leonard Hanberry and John R. Bullard, who served as volunteers for the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba. Mrs. Walter Reed gave the book to Philip Showalter Hench who heavily annotated it.

Caldwell dispenses gossip about Drs. Gorgas, Brem, and Beverly. Carter supplies additional information.

Excerpts regard the publication of “Major Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission - A Compilation.” The Smithsonian Institution requests photographs of Walter Reed. The record card is dated January 12, 1911 through September 12, 1911. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean requests Agramonte's photograph for a publication about the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Carter discusses a possible assignment to Hawaii to Laura Armistead Carter. He also encloses newspaper clippings and letters.

Carter stresses to his daughter that every effort should be made to get her well. He also discusses his next foreign detail and how he will rise to the challenge.

Carter informs Laura Armistead Carter that his departure date is still uncertain and encourages her to regain her health.

Carter delays his sailing date so that Laura Armistead Carter can remain in the hospital.

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is a detailed account of Carter's public health work and associated study of yellow fever.

Torney reports that Agramonte has requested that a statement published in the Yellow Fever Bureau Bulletin be corrected. Torney explains how he believes the apparent injustice occurred, and requests the correction on behalf of the Office of the Surgeon General.

Blue orders Carter to North Carolina to investigate malaria and propose control measures.

A review of Havard's book on military hygiene comments on its more comprehensive treatment of infectious diseases and sanitary methods than the first edition. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Surgeons Promoted for Canal Service

Munson writes that the Association of Military Surgeons wishes to include Carter as an editorial collaborator for the "Military Surgeon."

Agramonte informs Gorgas that all his reports about the Yellow Fever Commission are completely accurate and can be proven, and that he believes he will never receive proper recognition for his contribution. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This documents surveys breeding areas at Camp Lee.

Gorgas informs Kean that he has already appointed officers for the Ambulance Corps in France. Kean may fill other places when he arrives.

[Kean] questions Birmingham about the organization of the Ambulance Corps in France.

Gorgas discusses the manning of ambulance sections in France.

Kean describes disagreements within the command of the Ambulance Corps on how to organize the ambulance service in France.

The document describes ways to prevent malaria at Camp Lee, and includes handwritten notes.

Gorgas writes that he will comply with Kean's requests concerning the organization of the ambulance service in the United States.

Kean discusses logistical issues concerning supplies, assignments, and personnel in the Ambulance Corps.

Draper informs Carter of the anti-malarial work done around Camp Lee.

Gorgas reports to Kean that he will be receiving reinforcements shortly.

Kean informs Gorgas of his transfer to post of Deputy Chief Surgeon of American Expeditionary Forces. He also describes command reorganizations and the status of ambulance service.

Gorgas informs Kean that he has had good reports from the Medical Department in France. Gorgas feels confident that Kean is leaving the Ambulance Corps in good order.

[Carter] wants to engage in yellow fever research once he is finished with his malaria work.

This document includes excerpts from Sternberg's biography of her husband's involvement with tropical diseases, including yellow fever.

Wood praises William Crawford Gorgas' work in eliminating yellow fever from Havana, and also his work with the Panama Canal Commission. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Connor describes the yellow fever situation in Mexico.

McCaw writes about memorials to Walter Reed, including the U.S. Army hospital in Washington, D.C.

Washburn describes the history of yellow fever epidemics in Jamaica, discussing the higher mortality rate for European military troops and treatments used prior to knowledge of the source of yellow fever.

Flannagan submits a paper to The American Magazine's essay contest on the seven greatest Americans and names Carter as the fifth great American for his contributions to public health.

Earle describes the history of yellow fever in Puerto Rico prior to the American occupation and includes a table with a summary of deaths due to yellow fever in various years.

Howard provides information to Carter on appropriate Latin terms used to reference the “yellow fever mosquito.”

Kean seeks information on J.F. Binnie, an old acquaintance and a patient in Truby's hospital.

This review of Kelly's book was never published. Kean believed a staff member who was a Carroll propagandist suppressed it. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Baekland acknowledges Kean's work in the warfare against the mosquito in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland reviews the military career of Jefferson Randolph Kean. He discusses Reed's yellow fever work and the reorganization of the Army Medical Corps.

Laura Armistead Carter transcribes a conversation between Henry Rose Carter, Thayer, and Parker, which shows how Carter's data on extrinsic incubation assisted Lazear and Reed in reaching the decision to test the theory of mosquito transmission. Carter also discusses the contributions of Finlay and others to this theory.

Carter's obituary describes his many accomplishments, lists his publications, and compares Carter, Reed, and Gorgas, to famous soldiers, jurists, and statesmen of Virginia.

Richardson, Edsall's assistant, seeks confirmation that Kissinger was a volunteer in the yellow fever experiments.

Having reviewed a manuscript copy sent to him by Kean, Howard congratulates Kean on the forceful and just article he has written.

Kean, in his review of the book about William Crawford Gorgas written by Marie D. Gorgas and Burton J. Hendrick, clarifies many false claims that credit Gorgas for the cleaning up of Cuba. Moreover, Kean states that Gorgas was very slow to accept the mosquito theory and that his role in France during World War I was not nearly as great as what was portrayed by the book. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean is critical of the book written by Marie D. Gorgas because of its scientific and historical inaccuracies. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter appreciates Kean's review of the biography of Gorgas, but has no knowledge to support Kean's points since he was not in Havana during Reed's investigation. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Howard is glad to have read the published article Kean has written for the “Military Surgeon,” and believes it is a judicial and expert summary. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean declines to write new review of Gorgas biography for "Science."

Havard recalls Gorgas' hesitance in accepting the conclusions of the Reed commission and his continuance of the expensive disinfection of fomites. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sullivan wants Wood to make corrections to his manuscript on the history of the United States, in particular with any reference he makes to William Crawford Gorgas. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Wood sends Kean a copy of a letter from Marie D. Gorgas, who requests information to help her write a history of her husband's work, along with a copy of his response to her. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Wood asks Kean to check over his memorandum regarding yellow fever in Cuba for any errors or inaccuracies. Wood wants to make sure proper credit is given to Havard and Kean for their work in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Wood sends his memorandum of the Sullivan manuscript to Kean for corrections. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Dr. H.R. Carter Dead; Fought Yellow Fever

His Race with Death Won by Last of the Yellow Fever Pioneers [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Wood acknowledges a letter from Kean, and expresses the hope that he, Kean, and Dorey have provided information to Sullivan that will help to clarify a subject on which he is working. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Siler's manuscript describes 19th century yellow fever epidemics in the United States, theories of yellow fever transmission, and the contribution of Reed in proving mosquito transmission.

Frost writes a lengthy document providing details about the life and achievements of Henry Rose Carter. He argues that Carter was the foremost figure in the development of quarantine and the management of epidemics, that his studies of the incubation period of yellow fever was the most notable every made in non-experimental epidemiology, and that his indefatigable studies into yellow fever led to his mastery of the subject as evidenced in his book, The History of Yellow Fever.

This pamphlet describes the yellow fever experiments as one of the greatest detective stories of all time. The villain of yellow fever was the mosquito and fomites were proven innocent. The term, executing the sentence, is used to describe the campaign to rid Cuba of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter describes her progress on Henry Rose Carter's History of Yellow Fever and asks about reimbursement for expenses she has incurred in her research.

Kean discusses the roles of Reed, Carroll, and Noguchi, in investigating yellow fever. Kean supports Wood's assessment that Reed was the guiding and controlling mind behind the experiments, and the others were mere assistants. Kean states that new evidence shows Noguchi never cultivated the yellow fever organism.

De Kruif informs Siler of a play about the Yellow Fever Commission.

Kibler requests an outline of Walter Reed's life, from Brooklyn to Cuba. He will send Emilie Lawrence Reed a photograph of the restored house in Belroi.

[Kean's] speech, delivered at Belroi, praises the achievements of Reed and the Reed Commission. [Kean] also discusses the sanitary efforts achieved by Gorgas in eradicating yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean thanks Lamb for information on Reed's last days.

Taylor gives a history of Ancon Hospital in Panama and the reasons why so many patients were infected with yellow fever. Taylor states that Gorgas was entirely responsible for the cleaning up of the hospitals and the Panama environs, and suggests that the name of Ancon Hospital be changed to the General Gorgas Hospital. A biographical sketch of Gorgas is included.

Sen. Tydings requests a copy of Kean's article.

Hildebrand requests a higher pension and describes his service with the yellow fever commission in Cuba. He also states that Reed trembled all over when an infected mosquito escaped. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

De Niedman offers his recollections of yellow fever work in Cuba, including investigations of Sanarelli's bacillus and sanitary measures undertaken.

Siler asks Kean for information about Hildebrand and his participation in the yellow fever experiments. A handwritten note explains that Reed did not allow Hildebrand to be bitten by a mosquito because of his age. They did allow him to be a part of the fomite experiments. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Congressional Bill and Report #1429 recognizes the public service of Reed and the volunteers associated with the yellow fever experiments. Biographical information is supplied in Report #1429 regarding each of the members and volunteers of the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document recounts the speech given by Kean at the dedication of Belroi, the birthplace of Walter Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter and Brown continue to work on the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever despite the brutal Washington, D.C. heat.

[Carter] asks if Russell can supply bibliographical references to unpublished reports of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Private Dean --- Apotheosis of Courage

Carter informs Kean of Henry Rose Carter's dates of service in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ashburn's speech to an audience of student nurses is an overview of Reed's life and work. The piece includes an excerpt from the Surgeon General's report, 1900.

Report recognizes the public service rendered by Walter Reed and those associated with him in the discovery of the cause and means of transmission of yellow fever. It also contains a statement regarding the pensions being provided to persons named in the bill, in particular widows, Agramonte, and the yellow fever volunteers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean apologizes for not recalling that Lambert was the nurse who cared for him when he was sick with yellow fever. Kean tells Lambert he should be proud of his service in connection with the yellow fever experiments.

This document lists individuals involved in the yellow fever experiments. [Kean] inserts handwritten corrections to the document. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean lists the yellow fever experiment participants included in the Roll of Honor.

England compiles a list of medical officers on duty at Camp Columbia and places check marks by the names of individuals he is certain were involved with yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Bridges provides the official military record of Roger Ames' work in Cuba.

Howard discusses his work on mosquito theory.

Secretary of War Hurley summarizes Ames' service record, concluding that Ames does not merit inclusion in the yellow fever roll of honor. He suggests that Sheppard turn over any additional official papers to the War Department.

Lower thanks Emilie Reed for her promised gift of a cross and vases for the nearly completed chapel at Walter Reed Hospital.

Agramonte answers Mrs. Ames' questions concerning her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba.

Agramonte informs Mrs. Ames about her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba, enclosing answers to questions she has posed.

Daughter Carries on Father's Work

Kean strongly believes that Roger Post Ames should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby provides the rationale behind the inclusion of members of the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor and asserts that A. S. Pinto should not be included. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby states his opinion, with Kean's concurrence, regarding qualifications for inclusion in the yellow fever roll of honor. He refers to the paper written by Walter Reed et al., "The Etiology of Yellow Fever - A Preliminary Note," and he recommends A.S. Pinto not be included in the roll of honor.

The Secretary of War recommends denying the claim of A.S. Pinto, as presented in Senate Bill No. 206.

This letter states that Pinto's share in the experiments had little or no value, and he should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This bill outlines a proposal to pay an annuity to the widow of Aristides Agramonte. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hawley invites Emilie Lawrence Reed to be the guest of honor at the American Public Health Association's annual meeting.

Kean attempts to protect the original Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Baker's recollections of yellow fever in Havana from 1898 to 1900 include a description of deaths among the American military officers.

Baker describes his personal experiences in connection with yellow fever epidemics in Havana, Cuba.

Moran's autobiography gives a detailed account of the yellow fever experiments in which he took part.

Moran corrects identifications of individuals in a photograph and describes his military assignments.

Reynolds learns that John R. Taylor had no direct connection to the yellow fever experiments and states that he should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Dabney provides Kean with a chronological listing of Reed's service in the U.S. Army Medical Corps.

Jones sends photostat copies of Moran's certificate as a yellow fever patient in 1901.

Hench discusses his interest in the story of the conquest of yellow fever and asks for Kean's involvement.

Moran sends Hench extensive notes describing locations, personalities, and other details of the yellow fever experiments and commenting on the actions and attitudes of the Cuban government regarding a Lazear memorial location.

Kean answers Hench's questions regarding the yellow fever experiments.

This letter contains Truby's recollections of the Yellow Fever Commission work and excerpts of his own history of the Yellow Fever Commission concerning Jesse W. Lazear.

Kean lists various Senate documents dealing with the yellow fever investigation. He offers his opinion on the role of Lambert.

This letter contains Truby's recollections of the Yellow Fever Commission work and excerpts of his own [then incomplete] history of the Yellow Fever Commission - concerning Jesse W. Lazear.

Hench requests copies of various United States government documents, all marked exhausted.

Kean responds in detail to Hench's letter concerning the yellow fever experiments. He sends his diary from late 1900 and a copy of a speech at the dedication of Walter Reed's birthplace.

Hench requests old maps of Cuba. He offers his opinion on the roles of Reed and Finlay and the politics behind the debate.

Kean compares the two methods of testing for yellow fever: mosquito bites and sleeping in the infected bedding. He claims that at the time of the experiments, the latter was considered more dangerous.

Reed informs Hench that he does not know the whereabouts of his father's notes, but he recommends several other avenues for investigation.

Kean reports that Reed requested $10,000 to conduct the yellow fever experiments. However, he is uncertain about where the financial records for the yellow fever study are being kept. He discusses an article written by Truby and encourages Hench to contact Thomas M. England, a former yellow fever volunteer.

Mrs. Agramonte Rodriguez Leon discusses her father's views on Lazear's and Carroll's actions and roles in the yellow fever experiments, commenting specifically on Hench's notes.

This is the text of Hench's speech, which was given at the dedication of the Lazear Memorial Building at Washington and Jefferson College.

Hench's list records microfilmed documents from the National Archives, including official reports and correspondence concerning Columbia Barracks Post Hospital, from 1899 to 1901.

In a numbered list, Hench names and identifies the figures in the Cornwell yellow fever painting.

Kean apologizes for a delay in returning to Hench a box of materials and an annotated list. He comments on information that was provided to Hench by Angles and on Hemmeter's article on Carroll. He gives information about where Lazear was buried in Cuba, and about the later transfer of his remains to the United States.

Kean comments on the controversy over Agramonte's role in the mosquito work. He answers, in detail, questions based on Hench's reading of Kean's diary. He emphasizes that Reed never told him Lazear's infection was experimental. He believes Lazear's careful records enabled Reed to understand the yellow fever incubation period.

Hench thanks Adams for the copy of a map of Camp Columbia. He requests additional maps of sites used by the U.S. Army Yellow Fever Board, in 1900-1901.

Truby feels that he has provided Hench information in accordance with Kean's views and hopes they have provided Hench with better information than what he gathered in Cuba.

Freer informs Hench that his office cannot find the key to the map of Columbia Barracks, Cuba. However, he suggests that a participant from the time period might be able to help. Furthermore, there is no record that a map of Camp Lazear was ever prepared.

[Hench] thanks Truby for his letter of support to the Cuban government. He finds fault with Truby's description of the location of the yellow fever ward as northwest of the hospital grounds.

Hench thanks Truby for making corrections in his letter to Ramos.

Kean asserts that Finlay was the discoverer of the transmission of yellow fever by mosquito and that Reed's demonstration of the theory led to its acceptance by the scientific world. He expresses a dislike for the grouping of men in the yellow fever painting.

In evaluating the Reed versus Finlay debate, Kean states that Reed converted a discredited hypothesis into an established doctrine.

Truby finds Agramonte's statements greatly exaggerated. He also faults the sketch proposed for the yellow fever painting.

Hench is anxious to discuss his questions with Kean.

Kean laments that the Ames family is trying to get Roger Post Ames included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. He also discusses Camp Lazear.

Hench seeks assistance in locating maps of Camp Columbia and summarizes his discovery of the lost Camp Lazear.

Kean points out misinformation written in an article about Kissinger.

Hench sends Reed a copy of a talk he has given at the dedication of the Lazear Memorial Building at Washington and Jefferson College. He mentions the possibility of visiting her later. He also inquires as to whom she might have given some of her husband's letters, especially those from October 1900 to January 1901.

Hench gives suggestions of publishers for Reed's manuscript. He also lists errors in her manuscript.

This list includes sanitary reports, inspection reports and disease reports. Furthermore, there are numerous documents listed concerning Reed.

Kean discusses withholding some confidential material from Laura Wood Roper and recommends Kissinger enter a Veteran's Bureau Hospital.

Hench mentions the possible publication of his recent paper. He would like to know what to do about showing his copies of Walter Reed's letters to Laura Wood Roper. Hench, along with Kean and Ireland, are trying to memorialize the true site of Camp Lazear.

Kean recommends to Kissinger that her husband be moved to a veteran's hospital in Indianapolis.

Kissinger plans to nurse her husband at home and thanks Kean for the information about the veteran's hospital.

Kean informs Hench of the improvement in Kissinger's health.

Lambert informs Truby that he feels better after his stay in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He has discovered the names of the immune nurses who served at Quemados, and asserts that Kelly's book errs in stating that yellow fever was best treated with the aid of trained female nurses. He maintains that Ames was most successful in treating yellow fever when he used male orderlies.

Kean makes a correction for Hench's publication on the conquerors of yellow fever.

Hench insists that in a historical painting, like the yellow fever painting, all figures should be identified. He suggests Carter and Ames be included.

Kean does not think Carter or Ames should be in the yellow fever painting. He suggests individuals on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.

Hench argues that Ames would be a good choice to include in the yellow fever painting.

Pinto informs Truby that his manuscript is well written and compatible with the facts.

Kean expresses reservations about allowing Laura Wood Roper to view any contentious material in the Reed family letters.

Pérez writes that he has commissioned someone to help him get photostats of the history of Military Hospital No. 1.

Kean states Carter was not in Cuba during the yellow fever experiments. He believes Truby's second manuscript is vastly improved.

This article, which appeared in the "Military Surgeon," is a biographical sketch of Stark. Truby, a friend of Stark, adds his own evaluation to illustrate his talents and character.

Kean informs Hench that Truby's book will be published by the S.G.O. He also discusses various people who were or were not in Cuba during the yellow fever experiments.

Truby mentions the uniforms worn in Cuba and also asks to view a map of Cuba in 1899 to refresh his memory.

Hench discusses the credit given to Finlay for his ideas.

Kean details his involvement in the National Memorial to Thomas Jefferson. Kean also discusses the publication of Truby's manuscript, his meeting with Carlos E. Finlay, and his understanding that Reed visited Carlos J. Finlay before any efforts were made to infect mosquitoes.

Kean tells Truby about arrangements being made for the Jefferson Memorial and provides the information Truby requested concerning sanitary arrangements in Cuba.

Hench sends Truby suggestions for corrections or additions to Truby's manuscript on the story of the yellow fever experiments. He mentions several enclosures, which are not included with this document. An addendum from Hench to Truby on November 10, 1941 is included, as well as a transcription of a letter from James Carroll to his wife.

Kean thinks that Gorgas did not begin organizing “mosquito brigades” on Feb 4, 1901, the date of Reed's lecture on yellow fever in Havana. He believes that Reed abandoned the B. Icteroides theory, in July of 1900, and was ready to investigate the mosquito theory by August 1.

Truby responds to Hench's suggested corrections and additions to Truby's manuscript. He provides additional details, clarifies several points, and refers Hench to others who might be able to provide further information.

Ashford, editor of the "Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine," expresses an interest in publishing Truby's book on the yellow fever experiments and informs him that Lazear's missing notebook is not to be found at the Academy library.

Hench is anxious to see the correspondence between the yellow fever board and the surgeon general's office, held by the National Archives.

Hench informs Wood that the Surgeon General's library had no record of the Reed-Lazear notebook ever being catalogued. He suggests she visit Reed's family members for permission to use Walter Reed's letters.

Kean thanks Hench for returning a letter from Truby. He clarifies the affiliation of Reed and other physicians involved in the yellow fever experiments as to Hospital Corps and Medical Corps, having noted an error in an earlier publication by Wyeth.

Kean comments on the Cornwell painting of the Reed Board and the distribution of proper credit between Reed and Finlay.

Kean sends Hench a copy of a letter he sent to Harold W. Jones, congratulates Hench on finding additional letters from Lazear, and mentions Andrus' book.

Jessie Ames will send Hench some of her husband's papers. She thinks the success of the yellow fever experiments depended on her husband and that he was not immune while he was nursing the volunteers. She was hurt by Kean and Ireland's lack of support for her husband being honored.

Hench comments on details in Wood's manuscript of her book on Reed. He reflects on the difficulties in planning his own book.

Hench thanks Hamer and the National Archives staff for their help and inquires about two missing volumes of records. He also requests records on Godfrey.

Wood returns material, which Hench had loaned to her, and discusses her manuscript. The publication delay permits her to do more research on Lazear. Wood comments on a Reed family legend that is almost certainly apocryphal.

Hamer lists records of Reed and Godfrey in the National Archives.

Kean commends Hench for his published article, expresses his pleasure in having read Roper's book on Reed, and sends news about Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He also mentions the possibilities for publication of Truby's work and sends some newspaper clippings.

Kean discusses Najieb M. Saleeby's report [01942002] and states that the epidemic as reported by Saleeby was either Dengue or Pappataci fever.

Truby is not convinced that Hench's specialty is needed in the armed services at this time. He also tells Hench that he has heard of Andrus' death and credits Andrus with having provided a reliable account of the “events in Cuba.”

Hench comments on Wood's manuscript. He hopes that she will acknowledge the Reeds in her foreword.

Hench tells Wood that he will send Heilbron part of Wood's manuscript. He also discusses his upcoming military duty.

Hench informs Kean that Jessie Ames sent Hench a certificate of Roger Ames' yellow fever infection as well as an army paper, which referred to Ames as “yellow fever immune.” He also discusses his own impending military service.

Hench informs Kean that he has received 22 fever charts from Jessie Ames. He requests clarification in regards to remarks on the back of Dean's fever chart.

Hench is excited that Johnson might be able to interest the U.S. State Department in his plan to memorialize Camp Lazear. He feels that this would be an excellent and real opportunity to foster Pan-American solidarity. Hench estimates it would cost about $25,000 to do all he has planned.

Kean believes that the fever charts mentioned by Hench were probably copies of the originals. He doesn't remember much about his own illness with yellow fever except the headache and backache.

Kean writes that he has started his memoir. In a postscript, Kean explains Gorgas was excluded from the yellow fever painting because Gorgas did not initially believe in the mosquito theory.

Kean sends Hench a copy of a letter Truby had sent to him regarding the introduction to the memoir he is writing.

Kean introduces Truby's Memoir on the yellow fever experiments, providing background information on the experiments themselves, as well as background on the author.

Kean sends a copy of his introduction to Truby's memoir to Hench for his review.

Kellogg speaks of correspondence with Hench and is making arrangements for the design of the Gorgas Medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby informs Hench about the progress with his manuscript and credits Hench with having inspired him to write the memoirs.

Kellogg informs Hench that Kean, Stitt, and Russell will receive the Gorgas award. He quotes part of the citation for Kean.

Kean has been notified that he is to receive the Gorgas Medal for several accomplishments early in his career, including starting warfare on the mosquito in Cuba, initiating the legislation that created the Medical Reserve Corps, and for organizing the Base Hospitals in parent institutions.

Hench makes recommendations for some corrections and possible deletions from Truby's manuscript. He encourages him to take steps to have the book published sooner rather than later.

Truby responds to Hench's letter of November 24, 1942. He justifies what he has written in his manuscript and clarifies several points that Hench has raised.

Kean, Stitt, and Russell will be awarded the Gorgas Medal for their medical service in the U.S. military. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

On behalf of the University of Virginia, Newcomb congratulates Kean on receiving the Gorgas Medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby writes about the progress with his publisher on his book manuscript and responds further to Hench's suggestion that he may encounter some harsh remarks from literary critics.

On behalf of the medical faculty at the University of Virginia, Jordan congratulates Kean on receiving the Gorgas Medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean is concerned that he has wrongly portrayed Gorgas as slow in supporting Reed's findings.

Kean finds Roper's book admirable, in substance and in literary style. He mentions that her dramatic style of writing has caused her to rely heavily on her imagination. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Mayer assures Hench that he wants him on the scientific board of the Finlay Institute. He inquires if Hench would be interested in accompanying a group of military doctors on a training mission to Cuba.

Love is grateful that the military did not reject him because of his defective vision. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hench discusses his efforts to memorialize Camp Lazear. He makes clear that he is not interested in arguing who deserves the greatest honor. He expresses hope that this venture will lead to a closer ties between Cuba and the United States.

Kean relates a humorous anecdote about Wood. Kean goes on to discuss the problems of finding the exact moment when Guiteras was converted to the mosquito theory. He also discusses Pinto's role in the Yellow Fever Commission.

Hench tells Siler about dining with Lawrence and Landon Reed, and Lawrence Reed's thoughts about the disbursement of funds from the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

Kean discusses the Yellow Fever Commission, in response to Hench's questionnaire.

Kean provides his recollections of the Yellow Fever Commission, in response to Hench's questions.

Truby discusses the Yellow Fever Commission in response to Hench's questionnaire.

Hench interviews Kean about the Yellow Fever Commission.

Gilhus relates his experiences at Camp Columbia and describes the camp in detail.

Hench questions Walter Reed's children about their father.

Hench provides an outline of miscellaneous questions for Truby about the yellow fever investigation. Responses by both Truby and Hench are included for some of the questions.

Hench provides as outline of questions for Truby about his book, “Memoir of Walter Reed.” Responses by both Truby and Hench are included for some of the questions.

Leake requests information about Henry Rose Carter. Leake is assisting Hench in collecting material for his book.

Hench attempts to resolve the differences of memory between the yellow fever experiment survivors. The number of buildings in the yellow fever section is in question and the camp's exact location is unclear.

Truby adds more information to the answers he supplied for Hench's questionnaire. Truby believes Lambert is trying to discredit him because he didn't support the inclusion of Lambert and Ames on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.

Truby answers all of Hench's questions regarding Truby's “Memoir of Walter Reed.”

Hench writes that he has heard Moran plans to write his memoirs. The Cuban government is interested in preserving Building No. 1, although they have made no concrete plans.

In this speech, given at the University of Virginia, Hench discusses Reed's yellow fever experiments and his own re-discovery of the actual site of Camp Lazear. The manuscript contains handwritten revisions by Moran and typed additions by Hench.

University of Virginia librarians acknowledge the receipt of Reed, Kean, Lazear, and Moran items from Hench to be used for exhibition. They list the individual photographs, documents, and artifacts with detailed descriptions.

This is a draft of the speech on Reed given by Hench at the University of Virginia. The text includes [Hench's?] autograph notes and corrections.

Redd has little additional information to give Hench about Henry Rose Carter.

Truby discusses the location of the room where Walter Reed died. Truby requested and received floor plans from the commanding officer of Washington Barracks, where Reed died. However, they do not conform with his memory. Truby feels that he cannot make any positive statement as to the exact location of the room unless they unearth something to solve this discrepancy.

Hench discusses his yellow fever research. He informs Tillisch that he is searching for an aerial photograph of the area around Camp Lazear, but has been unable to locate one.

Siler agrees with Truby that many changes occurred to the interior of the building where Reed died. Siler will go to Fort McNair in an attempt to secure earlier plans of the hospital.

McCoy, aide to Governor-General Leonard Wood during the yellow fever experiments, comments on Wood's dismissal of the importance of Finlay's mosquito work, Wood's intervention with Surgeon General Sternberg to keep Reed's work going, and the location and arrangement of Wood's offices. McCoy stresses Wood's strong support of Reed and his work.

Hench informs Dart that he is willing to supply material for the Walter Reed exhibit at the International Congress on Tropical Medicine, in Washington, D.C. However, he is not willing to provide material to the Army Medical Museum as he is using the documents to write his book.

Truby discusses photographs of Cuba. He includes one of his own drawings of the 8th Infantry Camp at La Punta.

Truby congratulates Hench for his work in “that most terrible of all crippling diseases,” and asks him to help block the effort of Senator Lucas to have Gustaf E. Lambert admitted to the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. He also states that Jernegan was the bravest volunteer.

Tate informs [Hench] that he was the medical records clerk at Columbia Barracks during the yellow fever experiments. He claims that Ames was the real hero and yet became the forgotten man because he was simply a contract doctor.

Tate identifies himself to Truby and asks if it would be possible for Truby to send him a signed copy of his book about the yellow fever experiments.

Truby commends Hench on his work with cortisone in treating rheumatic fever, and encloses two communications he has received from men who were at Columbia Barracks during the yellow fever experiments.

Kean corrects a case of mistaken identity in a photograph Hench had sent to him, and provides details about his assignments in Cuba.

Truby provides Tate with information about Captain Alexander N. Stark.

Tate provides an autobiographical sketch and ponders why yellow fever seemed to spread to other parts of America from South America, but not from Africa to northern Africa or southern Europe.

Hench makes detailed criticisms of Standlee's manuscript on Walter Reed. His remarks are prefaced by a thorough account of his own Reed research.

Hench continues his critique of Standlee's manuscript on Walter Reed, making detailed observations based on his research into the yellow fever experiments.

Hench provides Gibson, who is publishing a biography of Sternberg, an overview of his Reed research. Hench offers his opinion of the relationship between Sternberg and Reed. Hench lists several important parts of the yellow fever story that remain in doubt and hopes that either he or Gibson might find the answers.

Gibson discusses his research on Sternberg. He thinks that Sternberg, along with Gorgas, was at first skeptical about the mosquito theory. However, he reconsidered that view before Reed went to Cuba. Like Hench, Gibson has not seen any confidential notes between Sternberg and Reed concerning the Yellow Fever Board.

Hench informs Armstrong about the Camp Lazear memorial and his concern about the park and Building No. 1 being named after Finlay. Hench believes that the Army Medical Corps and the State Department should participate in the dedication. He encloses an extensive report on the impending memorialization of Camp Lazear and the participation of the U.S. Army and State Department in the ceremony.

Hench stresses the importance of the final name for the Camp Lazear site. He also thinks it is important that the Army medical department and the State Department have representatives at the ceremony. Hench requests that Love contact Siler and Lawrence Reed to find out if they plan to attend the ceremony.

Hench reports to Army Surgeon General [Armstrong] on the impending memorialization of Camp Lazear and the participation of the U.S. Army and State Department in the ceremony. Additional items covered include the tentative date for the dedication, the correct names of the volunteers, the name to be given the memorial, American representatives at the dedication, financial support of the current project, and future improvement of the project by American financial support.

Armstrong informs Hench he will be unable to attend the Camp Lazear dedication, but that he thinks Streit is a more appropriate representative anyway. Furthermore, Lawrence Reed, Blossom Reed and Truby will all be unable to attend as well. He mentions the possibility of financial assistance for representatives, but notes that aid for the memorial would require an act of Congress.

Armstrong suggests that Streit, Commanding General of the Walter Reed Army Medical Center and the Walter Reed Army Hospital, would be the ideal choice to represent the U.S. government at the Camp Lazear dedication ceremonies. He praises Hench's unremitting interest and zeal.

Hench requests that Love and Siler contact the editors of two military journals and encourage them to cover the dedication of Camp Lazear.

Hench inquires whether a representative of the Bellevue Medical Center would like to place a wreath under Reed's medallion during the dedication ceremonies of Camp Lazear. Reed graduated from Bellevue Medical College in 1870.

In this draft, Hench discusses the Cuban-American cooperation underlying the conquest of yellow fever. He mentions the Havana Yellow Fever Commission of 1879 and the choice of the Finca San Jose as an experimental site because of its yellow fever immunity. He describes Finlay's mosquito hypothesis and experiments, and the initial lack of support for his theory. Finally, Hench outlines the work of Lazear and the Reed Commission, quotes Reed and Finlay, and concludes with praise for both the Cubans and Americans. [See 04435001 and 04435013 for a shorter draft, in Spanish and English, of the speech.]

Recio' speech details the experiments of the Yellow Fever Commission at Camp Lazear and praises Finlay for first proposing the mosquito theory. He describes Hench's research and the actions taken by the Board of Patrons in creating the memorial.

In this speech, delivered at the dedication of Camp Lazear, Hench stresses the Cuban-American cooperation underlying the conquest of yellow fever. He discusses the Havana Yellow Fever Commission of 1879 and the choice of the Finca San Jose as an experimental site because of its yellow fever immunity. He describes Finlay's mosquito hypothesis and experiments, and the lack of support for his theory. Hench then outlines the work of Lazear and the Reed Commission, quotes Reed and Finlay, and concludes with praise for both the Cubans and Americans. See Spanish translation.

Hench thanks Batista for the dinner party following the Camp Lazear dedication. He stresses that the establishment of the Camp Lazear monument has given pleasure to many Americans. He hopes that the site can become a living memorial by the addition of a public health center.

Hench writes about the Camp Lazear dedication. He hopes that the ceremony will help ease Cuban-American tensions surrounding the Reed-Finlay debate.

Armstrong thanks Hench for his report on the Camp Lazear dedication. He appreciated Beaulac designating Mason and Lampner to place the wreaths in his name.

DeCoursey has heard that Hench is writing a book on Reed and that he owns Building No. 1, in Cuba. He informs Hench that Reed was Curator of the Medical Museum from 1893 to 1902.

Armstrong is aware of the existence of diaries by Finlay in the Academy of Sciences Library in Havana. He asks if a microfilm copy could be made for placement in the Armed Forces Medical Library in Washington. He writes Presno that he has asked Hench to act as his representative.

Armstrong writes in regard to the Armed Forces Medical Library making a microfilm copy of Finlay's books which are at the Havana Academy of Sciences Library in Cuba. He encloses his letter to Jose A. Presno regarding the microfilms, and Hench's involvement.

Rodriquez Exposito fights for the truth in the Finlay - Beauperthuy controversy.

[Tate] describes Ames involvement in the yellow fever experiments. Ames applied the mosquitoes, diagnosed the yellow fever patients, and provided exceptional medical care. Ames, fluent in Spanish, was able to persuade the Spanish volunteers to stay and undergo treatment.

[Tate] explains that Andrus was exceedingly ill and Lambert, in an act of bravery, broke quarantine to fetch Ames.

[Tate] thinks it is a shame that worthy men such as Finlay, Ames, and Lambert were not included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.

[Tate] gives a brief account of Lambert's achievements as a sailor and nurse.

Tate finds fault with Howard's play about yellow fever.

In this outline, Hench lists and describes sites associated with the conquerors of yellow fever located in and near Havana. One list arranges the sites in chronological sequence, the other in geographical sequence.

Nogueira describes a ceremony held in Marianao, Cuba, on the anniversary of Finlay's birthday. Medals were awarded to those involved with the yellow fever experiments and to their families.

Hench wants the Cubans to present the Finlay Medals to the American recipients.

Truby discusses his health, a disagreement with Standlee over her book, and his ability to recollect Reed and members of his Board.

Roldan is working on a biography of Finlay that will demonstrate Finlay's major role in the discovery of the cause of yellow fever.

Hench plans on sending a questionnaire to Tate and will ask him to try to identify buildings in photographs taken at Camp Lazear, Camp Columbia, and Pinar del Rio.

Lambert describes buildings at Columbia Barracks, and recollects about the people involved and their roles in the yellow fever experiments.

Reed describes the presentation of the Finlay Medals at the Cuban Embassy in Washington, D.C. and explains that because he is in the Army, he cannot obtain his medal until he receives Congressional approval.

Tate responds to a series of questions from Hench concerning his recollections about Camp Columbia and the yellow fever experiments.

Hench supplies over one hundred detailed questions to Tate.

Tate gives detailed answers to the questions asked by Hench, including information about the main characters involved in the yellow fever experiments, details on the army nurses, and rumors around the camp.

Hench tries to locate the cemetery where Lazear and other American soldiers were temporarily buried in Cuba.

Hench sends Lawrence Reed a list of questions regarding the specific characteristics of his father.

Nogeuria finds plans that mark the location of the American cemetery. He also is starting to form a Lazear Camp Friend's Association.

Lambert finds fault with the movie Yellow Jack, and criticizes Carroll and Agramonte while praising Ames.

[Hench] discusses his experiences in visiting sites where outstanding medical developments took place or where famous individuals lived or are buried. He includes an account of the yellow fever experiments. The speech was given at the New Fellows Banquet at the Mayo Foundation House.

Hench gives a history of yellow fever and the investigation done by Finlay.

Hench wants to testify before the Committee on Armed Services regarding Lambert's inclusion on the Roll of Honor. He asserts Lambert deserves honor, but it should be distinct from the Roll of Honor.

Hench informs Ames that he is trying to get her husband recognition for his medical care of the yellow fever volunteers.

Hench submits propositions to the Senate Committee on Armed Services regarding how to recognize the contributions of Lazear, Lambert, and Ames.

Hench is disappointed the Lambert bill passed before he could meet with the committee. He is sure the next Congress will pass a resolution regarding Ames' contribution. He states that Lambert has made indiscretions and distortions in presenting the yellow fever story.