Strachan describes what she believes to be one of the last letters written by Henry Rose Carter as very beautiful.

This document provides details about the members of the Yellow Fever Commission and lists all the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments. There is also a motion to provide a better monetary reward to these volunteers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This brief sketch gives details into Walter Reed's early military career out west.

Deaths and Obituaries

This document summarizes evaluations by inspectors and commanding officers about the work performed by Reed. Many of Reed's superiors give him an excellent rating and find him to be a competent medical officer. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This handwritten account of Reed's military history includes a listing of his military orders from 1875 through 1894. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Laura Armistead Carter mentions articles about malaria written by Henry Rose Carter that were translated into Spanish and Portuguese.

Kelly thanks Truby for the information he sent him about Finlay because the Universidad De Villanueva wants to honor him.

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

This manuscript details stories of the young Henry Rose Carter including his mathematic ability, his reaction to the Civil War, and his education.

Carter describes his current hospital work.

On The Yellow Malignant Fever

Reed discusses a lawsuit concerning his reputation and his brother Christopher Reed's excessive exertions on his behalf. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of the invitation to appear before Army Medical Examination Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that he misses her. Reed's step-mother is in Norfolk and may visit Murfeesboro - Emilie Lawrence's hometown. He has received his commission from Army Medical Corps.

Reed and Emilie Lawrence are engaged. They anticipate separation for his military assignment.

Reed delights in Emilie Lawrence's love and prays for worthiness.

Reed informs Emilie Lawrence, his fiance, that the question of military leave is at the discretion of the Surgeon General.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He expresses affection for her relative Mrs. Vaughan.

Reed signs an Oath of Office after being appointed to Assistant Surgeon in the Military Services of the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed informs the Adjutant General about his appointment as Assistant Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes to Emilie Lawrence the difficulties he undergoes to reach his army post at Willets Point, New York harbor.

Reed gives Emilie Lawrence a description of the U.S. Army base at Willets Point, New York harbor. He describes his duties there as a medical officer.

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He describes a visit to New York City to buy her wedding ring.

Reed responds to Emilie Lawrence's teasing. He alludes to their wedding planned for the fall of 1876. He is beginning study of French and German.

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He learns she is unhappy, but does not know why.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He admits that she has great influence over him.

Reed remains devoted to Emilie Lawrence. He comments on a caricature she has drawn, which includes mosquitos.

Reed describes his activities to Emilie Lawrence: French language studies, reading, and chess. He promises no card playing at her request.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He describes errands in New York City and his responsibilities at Willet's Point Army Base.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about writing. He reiterates his devotion to her, and makes plans to visit her.

Reed describes his military responsibilities. He assures Emilie Lawrence that she is above all others in his heart.

Reed's visit to Emilie Lawrence is set, but he teases her first.

Reed takes a carriage ride to see the fall colors.

Reed makes a visit to a doctor's family. An army general gives him word on his future assignment.

Emilie Lawrence visits Norfolk and Reed teases her.

Reed reaffirms his feelings for Emilie Lawrence. He describes the physician's lot, and inquires about the new Murfreesboro newspaper and their friends Miss Peace and Mr. Sharpe.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed arranges a visit to Norfolk and Murfreesboro. He describes social events at the army base at Willet's Point.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He tells her he misses her, and reports on cases of measles at the base.

Reed remarks on the ingratitude of patients. He informs Emilie Lawrence that he will be in a play.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

Quarantine Precautions Against Yellow Fever

The Yellow Fever Visitation. Terrible Scenes in New Orleans and Memphis.

McKee approves Reed's request for a month's leave of absence.

Reed waits for Mrs. Compton in order to accompany her to an Army post. He misses his wife and son, and asks his wife to hire a nurse for their son.

Reed hopes that his wife's health improves. He offers news of colleagues at Fort Apache and hopes for an assignment back east. He has received no letter from her.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Reed writes about finances, promising to send money to her. She wants him to get an eastern assignment. He gives news about acquaintances.

Reed agrees to send McPherson supplies.

Reed teases McPherson concerning military reports and life in the field.

Reed teases McPherson, and writes about debts, pay, and military assignments.

Reed learns that McPherson will return to Fort Apache. Reed refers to other soldiers, and teases McPherson.

Reed hopes his son remembers him. Reed learns he will not have an assignment to Fort Thomas. He notes that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad is moving closer to Fort Apache. He writes about finances and military personnel.

Reed is concerned about his son's illness. He observes a beautiful snowfall, and gives details about a hunting trip on which Native Americans accompany him.

Reed explains how he forgot to mail McPherson's letter and is holding his mail for him. Reed's family will not rejoin him.

Reed has clothing sent to McPherson. McPherson testifies in U.S. vs. McGowan. Reed writes concerning medical matters.

Reed describes his departure from Arizona, and the confusion in getting his next permanent assignment. He awaits McPherson's visit.

Reed is glad McPherson arrived safely back at the post. He comments on their new roommate. Reed's wife is sick.

McPherson is sick and resting. Reed is studying for a medical exam.

Brown reports to the Surgeon General that the Board has examined Reed and considers him qualified for a promotion, with the proviso that he continues his studies in Physics. A second letter written on March 24, 1882 by C. H. Crane informs Reed of the outcome of the examination. The letters are accompanied by an endorsement.

Reed discusses finances, and offers advice on female health and education. He advocates against too much emphasis on academic excellence.

Reed requests that his orders be ready for him by November 14, 1882. A note from the Surgeon General encourages speedy processing of the request. The resulting orders re-assign Reed from the Department of the East to the Department of the Platte.

Howard requests that Reed be assigned to the hospital under his command, due to his steward's disability and the limitations of the Medical Director. The Adjutant General's office denies the request. Included are an endorsement of the request and a document specifying its removal.

Carter describes his newborn son and mentions his wife and daughter.

Reed reports that he has taken up his assigned post as Post Surgeon, Fort Robinson, Nebraska.

Reed requests and is granted a one-month extension to the leave of absence he was granted on November 18, 1885.

Reed is coming to Washington to apply for a leave extension. He plans to visit Florida, and then to visit New York City for coursework.

Carter discusses his new post and family news.

The original draft of Greenleaf's letter informs Reed that the treating of several pension cases each month does not warrant his being excused from performing that duty.

Lazear writes that he wants to spend September in Germany to practice German, rather than returning to New York.

Lazear learns that he may observe surgical operations at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He describes many sights in London.

Lazear has been entered in the Register of Physicians and Surgeons for New York County.

Reed offers advice for Blincoe's daughter, Laura. He discusses his personal finances, and regrets that he cannot send her money.

Reed writes about studies leading to a paper on cholera vaccination. He also gives instructions for staining tubercle bacilli.

Reed is honored to be accepted into the Army Medical School and assures Sternberg that no one will work as hard as he will for the good of the School and Corps. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed requests the address of a fermentation tube manufacturer, as well as a copy of Smith's paper.

Reed sends Sternberg a list of his contributions to medical literature, in response to Sternberg's earlier request, and expresses his appreciation for being nominated for membership in the Association of American Physicians. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed describes his arrival in Key West and his observation of several smallpox cases in the hospital there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed apologizes for not sending the vaccine earlier and jokes about his devotion to the mango. Reed also is excited about the possibility of [Kean] working in his laboratory. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed comments on an earlier letter from Kean, briefly mentions his present occupation supervising a laboratory, and encourages Kean to write to him again soon. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes about field service in the Spanish War. He worries over his son's enlistment plans. Sternberg has proposed keeping all non-immune medical officers out of Cuba.

Reed explains his tardiness in replying to Kean's letter, recounts having asked the Surgeon General, unsuccessfully, for a transfer, and suggests several alternatives for dealing with frustration. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed informs Sternberg that Edward Mason Parker is a most competent physician. [Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine]

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

On behalf of the city of New Orleans, Souchon thanks Carter for his assistance.

Lee presents Reed with a corps badge for sanitary inspection services.

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Reed congratulates Kean on his promotion to Colonel. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes that he visited the Vedado Post to see their son. Lawrence Reed was given a 24 hour leave to go to Havana with him.

Wyman issues new orders to Carter, making him the quarantine officer at the port of Havana.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Truby is relieved from the Eighth Infantry; he is to report to the post surgeon for duty.

Kean, Brewer, and Truby are appointed to investigate the loss of medical supplies at Columbia barracks.

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Godfrey writes a confidential letter requesting the reassignment of Dr. Alden and Dr. Jackson, who do not work well with him.

This list provides names of the medical officers of the Department of Cuba and the names and duties of hospital corps men and privates.

This Act increases the pension provided to Mabel Lazear.

Connor describes the progress against yellow fever in Mexico. He would like to have Carter's yellow fever articles translated into Spanish.

The editor praises the work of Reed, Lazear, Carroll and Agramonte as having laid the foundation for all future efforts against yellow fever and malaria. Carroll is singled out for commendation and called a martyr.

Truby discusses Carroll's career.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Welch extensively describes Reed's work at Johns Hopkins.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

[Carter?] details ways to prevent the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

Kelly asks Cullen to assist Sears.

Peabody discusses yellow fever work dating back to 1897, with particular emphasis on the work done in Cuba, in 1900 and 1901, by Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission.

Student of Yellow Fever: Dr. Lazear Really Sacrificed His Life to Science

This report gives a brief description of Reed's titles and duties for the year 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These are original lists of men undergoing the yellow fever experiments, with an autograph note by Hench.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These reports describe Agramonte's duties and leaves of absences for the months September to November 1900. Included are notes written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

The author analyzes the death rates of Cubans from malaria and yellow fever.

Sternberg stops the annulment of Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Welch gives a recommendation for Jesse W. Lazear. Included is a handwritten note by Truby.

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

In Special Orders #11, Echeverria and Ames are appointed to a board of officers to qualify men for the position of hospital steward. Included is a note written by [Hench]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of January 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #24 directs enlisted men to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of February 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg terminates Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #42 orders Agramonte to report to the Chief Surgeon in Havana for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #44 directs surgeons and hospital stewards to various posts. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of March 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #46 directs Ames to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #83 directs Gorgas and Kean to Pinar del Rio, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #49 assigns Echeverria to Military Hospital #1 in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard inquires about the whereabouts of the mosquitoes Lazear sent up from Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports about his investigation of electrozone in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard is announced as Chief Surgeon of the Division. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #69 assigns Agramonte to the Department Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Echeverria to additional duties in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of April 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg asks Agramonte to settle a question whether the infectious agent of yellow fever is present in the blood. Sternberg also includes an excerpt of his report on Ruiz, which should help Agramonte's experiments. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg orders Reed and Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #122 establishes the Medical Board, consisting of Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte, at Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reports of yellow fever cases at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Civil Orders #5 creates a board of medical examiners to examine cases of yellow fever and/or suspicious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of a check for $50.00 for use in the Medical Board's research.

Stark reports cases of yellow fever.

Special Orders #130 transfers Neate to Quemados, Cuba to report to Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

Saleeby writes about the epidemic that afflicted Columbia Barracks in late 1899 and describes the symptoms of the disease.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #135 directs Cooke from Boyce, Virginia to Tampa, Florida and then to Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #88 directs Echeverria to temporary duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark gives a detailed report on the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba and Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Stark claims that Mrs. Henry S. King is the first case of yellow fever. A Medical Board with Ames, Lazear, and three Cubans is created to investigate the outbreak. Stark highly commends the doctors and staff at Post Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 directs Echeverria to duty at the camp of civilian non-immunes at Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #39 directs a hospital steward and a private to assist Echeverria at the non-immune camp near Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard amends the yellow fever report sent June 18, 1900 to change the mortality count. A map is included of the town of Quemados. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #43 orders Stark to take over duties for Kean, who is ill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 relieves Agramonte from his duty as Acting Assistant Surgeon in Havana and transfers him to the Division Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

News About Town

Will Study Fever

Quemados Situation

Special Orders #97 orders Agramonte to Santa Clara, Cuba on sanitary duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #48 assigns Cooke to Pinar del Rio Barracks. Lawrence Reed is appointed to a court-martial hearing. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #99 directs Cooke to Quemados, Cuba. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of June 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #51 grants Kean and Hepburn a leave of absence and assigns Teeter to Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Ames to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Reed provides a description of his quarters at Camp Columbia and relates the typical schedule of his day. He laments the lack of rain for Emilie Lawrence Reed's garden. He discusses finances and political trouble in China.

Lazear reports that Reed has them working on Sanarelli's bacillus, but he wants to discover the real organism. He offers his opinion of Carroll.

Special Orders #69 orders Agramonte to Pinar del Rio to investigate cases of pernicious fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed comments about the family. He writes about the English physicians Durham and Meyers, who are studying yellow fever.

Reed sees their son, Lawrence, in Havana. He enjoys a meal given for the English physicians. He discusses China news, and relays information about a transport from the States.

Special Orders #64 assigns Gorgas and Echeverria to a medical board to decide about disposing medical property used for yellow fever patients. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #65 establishes various boards to investigate damages due to the outbreak of yellow fever . [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Presnell for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Cooke for his handling of a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Special Orders #1 direct Truby, Presnell, and Schweiger to accompany the 1st U.S. Infantry to the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Black responds to Reed's report on the Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba and wants to correct errors. He includes two reports by G. C. Rowe entitled “Review of the Most Salient Points of Dr. Reed's Report” and “Electrozone Plant.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #5 assigns Lazear to investigation of recent yellow fever outbreak. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of July 1900 as President of the Board of Officers investigating infectious diseases and yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #126 sends Havard to Guanajay and Presnell and Truby to accompany the 1st Infantry on transport “Rawlins” to the United States. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Reed is sending Howard specimens of mosquitoes from Lazear and is planning on seeing Howard in a few days. Included is a listing of the types of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #18 assigns Kean, Amador, and Cooke to a board of survey to decide about posts that have been infected by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #25 sentences Weatherwalks to hard labor for obtaining a team of mules under false pretenses and being drunk. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

[Lazear] disagrees with Reed and Carroll's concentration on Sanarelli's work. He believes that the true cause of yellow fever lies elsewhere.

Reed sends Howard more specimens of mosquitoes that Lazear collected in Cuba. Reed is anxious to know the results. Included is a list of the types of mosquitoes collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard informs Reed that Dr. Coquillett identified the species of the mosquitoes that Lazear collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #33 assigns Cooke to a board of officers and then directs him to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of August 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte signs this contract which enables him to perform the duties of a medical officer under Army Regulations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed offers advice to de Schweinitz concerning the examination of medical students. Reed has learned of Carroll's illness in Cuba.

Reed notifies Jennie Carroll of James Carroll's improved condition.

Kean reports to Surgeon General [Wyman] that Carroll's condition has improved.

Special Orders #158 directs Cooke to the ship, Crook, to act as attending surgeon on board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #164 grants Agramonte a leave of absence. He is also granted an extension. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll informs his wife that he is recovering from yellow fever and now is comforted that he will be immune from the terrors of the disease. He also explains that Lazear is very ill and predicts an even chance for his recovery.

Special Orders #50 assigns Kean and Reed to a board of survey. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Special Orders #227 relieves Godfrey of duty. Slocum is temporarily assigned duty as Acting Chief Quartermaster. Stark's leave of absence is extended. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #228 appoints Reed, Kean, and Stark to an examining board to determine the fitness of officers for promotion. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

El Doctor Lazear

Doctor Lazear

Godfrey requests a wagon to pick up the baggage of the arriving medical officers. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed would like one of his assistants, Williamson, to study a specimen of mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #59 grants Pinto a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence Reed of his safety. He explains the circumstances of Jesse Lazear's death.

Sternberg requests the return of a medical journal, and makes reference to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He asks for notification on Reed's progress.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed and Blossom Reed. He writes that Carroll is on a month's leave. He describes cases of dysentery.

Special Orders #178 grants Carroll a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed wants to meet a delegate from the Public Health Association.

Reed returns to Washington for a meeting with the Surgeon General. He will continue on to Indianapolis for the American Public Health meeting. On November 1, Reed will leave for Cuba.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #243 directs Pilcher to Ft. McHenry for medical examination and Godfrey to the Philippines for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #183 extends Pinto's leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed act as a delegate for the Army at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis in order to convey pertinent information on yellow fever.

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is ordered to return to Washington, D.C. instead returning to his proper station in Cuba. This is an amendment to Special Orders #246. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #247 grants Carroll an extension to his leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Special Orders #188 directs Agramonte to Quemados, Cuba. A handwritten note by Hench states his contention that Agramonte did not do any mosquito work for Lazear or Reed until Camp Lazear was operational. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed presents this report on yellow fever to the American Public Health Association.

Sternberg informs Reed that Gould will publish Reed's paper in the Philadelphia Medical Journal. Included is a note by Truby.

Howard informs Carroll the mosquito he sent him from Cuba has been identified as a species described from Brazil. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is told to return to Washington, D.C. after the conference instead of returning directly to Cuba.

Baird recommends that Reed's orders be changed so that there will be no confusion in the payment process when Reed returns to Cuba via New York City and Washington D. C. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #256 directs Kean to Ft. McHenry. Pilcher is retired from active service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of October 1900.

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of September 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests an address change. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 directs Colby to the board of medical officers to determine his fitness for the position of acting hospital steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Cuba. He also comments on the upcoming presidential election in the United States.

Special Orders #260 revokes Special Orders #256 for Kean. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #265 annuls Cooke's contract as acting assistant surgeon for the U. S. Army. Extension to Stark's leave of absence is granted. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear wants to know the circumstances behind her husband's death of yellow fever. She has a hard time believing that her husband allowed an infected mosquito to bite his hand. She thanks Carroll for sending her the money orders.

Reed reports his duties for the month of September 1900.

Reed settles into camp life, and observes a malaria case. He discusses finances, and notes that Carroll has returned to Cuba from the United States.

Reed asks Howard to resolve issues around a certain species of mosquito, the C. fasciatus. Reed is apologetic for asking such an obvious question.

Special Orders #266 directs Havard, Gorgas, and Kean to the Pan-American Medical Congress. Echeverria is honorably discharged. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These Special Orders #83 detail Forbes, Morris, Kissinger, and Ames to report to Walter Reed at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll thanks Howard for all the information he has sent him regarding the different markings of the mosquito, and gladly volunteers to collect any specimen that Howard needs for his research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is a Cuban Treasury Deposit receipt for the expenses of the Yellow Fever experiments at Camp Lazear.

Reed goes into great detail about the markings of the C. fasciatus and C. taeniatus species of mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

Reed writes that he has found mosquitoes and volunteers for his experiments, and will now proceed with the laboratory work. He comments on newspaper reports about yellow fever.

Special Orders #272 revokes Special Order #265 for Cooke. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #3 directs Colby to special duty under Reed at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #4 details the changes of station for surgeons in Cuba. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports that the experimental camp is nearing completion. He notes the effect of cool weather on yellow fever cases and suggests the mosquito as a vector for the disease.

Howard identifies the mosquito Reed is working as the Culex fasciatus. Howard appreciates answering Reed's questions and considers it a privilege. He then acknowledges receipt of Reed's report and informs Reed of his own upcoming publication. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed expresses concern for his wife's gout, but he also teases her. He relates a newspaper controversy over the yellow fever experiments, particularly concerning the American and Spanish volunteers, and consent forms.

Reed is concerned about his wife's health, but teases her. He discusses work at Keewaydin, and comments on their son's class rank.

Lawrence Reed writes about post news, correspondence from the United States, and his rank. He notes that Truby is to be post surgeon and believes this will be a favorable change.

Reed expresses empathy for his wife's gout. He writes that the experimental camp is almost completed and will soon be ready for work.

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Lawrence Reed gives post news and notes Truby's comments concerning the yellow fever experiments. He inquires if she will visit at Christmas. He turns twenty-three tomorrow.

The writer requests a receipt for blank checks forwarded to Kean.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital trustees petition Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Reed teases his wife.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

Reed writes that he cannot return home. He describes the enthusiastic response to the experiments, and he prepares a paper for the Pan-American Medical Congress.

Sternberg congratulates Reed.

Reed reports that sixteen Cuban physicians have visited to confirm the experimental yellow fever cases. He responds to Washington social news.

Special Orders #25 orders Olsen and Hildebrand to report to Reed and appoints Kissinger as Acting Hospital Steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg responds to Reed's letter concerning the success of the experiments. He notes that he has received reprints of Reed's paper in the "Journal of Experimental Medicine."

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of November 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. A handwritten note states that Kean wrote up this order in the absence of Havard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In Honor of Dr. Finlay

En Honor del Dr. Finlay

Reed describes a dinner given for Finlay and the general acceptance of the mosquito theory. He will continue tests involving infected clothing.

Reed details his duties for the month of November 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests that Reed attend the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #302 relieves Lyster of duty in Cuba. Reed is ordered to attend the Pan-American Medical Congress. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes the round of holiday parties, including one at the governor's palace, in Havana. He injects blood from the last yellow fever patient into a volunteer.

Reed details his duties for the month of December 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

Sternberg writes about the importance of scientific investigation. Sternberg orders Reed to return to Washington. He also discusses Carroll's planned promotion and the necessity of Carroll's continued assignment in Cuba.

Scott informs Jackson that a $2 per diem allowance has been approved for Reed and for Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. His colleague McConnell will be visiting her. Reed mentions a drawing of mosquitos.

Special Orders #27 orders Cooke to Camp Mackenzie for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean is in Washington, D.C. for his promotion exam. She mentions that Ames has contracted yellow fever and that she attended a memorial service for Queen Victoria.

Special Orders #27 elects Stark to a board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters Department of Cuba, directs Neate and Carroll to Washington, D. C. for duty in the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31 orders Carroll to report to Washington, D. C. for duty in the pathological laboratory of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters of the Army, assigns Ross to duty in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Latest About Yellow Fever

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

Kean requests funds for Camp Lazear. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed asserts Carter's work in Mississippi contributed more to his belief in the theory of an intermediate host than anything else.

Special Orders #54 directs Kean to Columbia Barracks in order to relieve Stark. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes just after his return from Cuba. He informs Blincoe of the results of the yellow fever experiments and the reception of the work by the scientific community. He quickly relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

The Yellow Fever Commission examines Ole A. Jensen and pronounces his illness as yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Yellow Fever Commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Morro 58. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of potential yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital and Benefica. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at San La zaro, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests personal information from Agramonte, which Agramonte supplies on the lower half of the page before he returns the letter to Sternberg.

The record card explains Walter Reed's leave of absence for 1901, with reference to an unexplained absence from his post as member of the Army Medical Examining Board. The report also states that Reed is personally and professionally humiliated by this inquiry. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard requests information as to whether Agramonte has been relieved of his duties with the investigation, or whether he is available to assist the needs of his department as bacteriologist.

Agramonte is relieved of his duties as a member board to investigate infectious diseases and is reassigned to duty in charge of the Department Laboratory at Municipal Hospital and microscopical and bacteriologicial work at Las Animas Hospital. Endorsements are dated May 21 through May 28, 1901. Special Orders #118 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #118 relieves Agramonte from duty as a member of the board of medical officers investigating infectious diseases. He is ordered to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for assignment to duty.

Sternberg recommends to the Adjutant General that Agramonte be relieved of his current duty and be directed to report to the commanding general, Department of Cuba, for re-assignment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #117 assigns Agramonte to duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

Howard identifies the species of mosquito that Kean sent him. He also inquires about Gorgas' work in Cuba and believes Woodruff would be a good addition to the investigating committee. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sparkman encourages the printing of several thousand copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” so that the people of the Gulf Coast can be informed of the mosquito theory. Sparkman realizes that it is very important that the yellow fever issue be cleared up, as there are numerous variant theories about the cause of yellow fever.

Special Orders #129 relieves Ames of duty at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #10 lists military stations and various ranks for Edmunds up to his death by yellow fever on June 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #133 directs Ames to the Santa Clara Battery to relieve a contract surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard assigns duties for Agramonte at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #134 details Agramonte to visit Columbia Barracks four times a week. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard thanks Carroll for the fresh mosquito eggs. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #153 relieves Agramonte from duty at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses cultures of Bacillus Icteroides. He will send the cultures to Smith.

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Special Orders #172 orders Carroll to Havana to continue the investigation of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #161 grants Agramonte a leave of absence for one month. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Jackson reports on the condition of “Johnny's Place” which has been inspected by Echeverria. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who is coming to Havana for experiments on yellow fever.

These letters and supporting documents concern the request by Caldas and Bellingaghi to demonstrate their yellow fever serum. Included are translations from original Spanish letters and recommendations from Caldas and Tellez. Havard requests a medical commission to examine these claims. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sanger introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who developed a yellow fever vaccine, to the Havana community. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Amaral thanks the Military Governor of Cuba for his courtesy towards Caldas and Bellingaghi.

Xavier informs Scott that Caldas, inventor of a yellow fever serum, wants to conduct experiments in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on the claims of Caldas and Bellingaghi that they discovered a preventative and curative serum for yellow fever. Havard is skeptical because Caldas does not provide any information regarding his process of isolation and culture. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #175 commutes rations to Springer and elects Mazzuri to board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Scott directs Gorgas to increase the funding for Carroll's yellow fever research.

Havard authorizes Carroll to continue investigations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Jesse T. Lazear provides family news. He reports that two noted physicians spoke to him about Jesse W. Lazear's death.

Special Orders #184 directs Ames to assist Carroll at Las Animas Hospital and Carroll to continue with investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about yellow fever research, including the failed experiments of Caldas and Carroll's work.

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard provides evidence that Caldas' and Bellingaghi's theories are unsound and should not be accepted. He includes a detailed time-line of events and a list of arguments to conclude his report against Caldas. Enclosed are charts, reports, and other documents used as evidence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Experiments

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Reed expresses great appreciation for Kean's recommendation that he apply himself to become Surgeon General, but says he will not join the ranks of those who “beg” for promotion. He informs Kean of Lawrence Reed's upcoming wedding, then recommends that Camp Lazear be discontinued. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Corbin informs Wood that Carroll is to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses Carroll's experiments, comments on Springer's involvement, and makes recommendations.

Special Orders #226 directs Carroll to return to Washington, D. C. no later than November 1, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll sends Howard a female mosquito collected near Las Animas Hospital.

Chittinden clarifies the species of mosquito that Carroll sent Howard on October 3rd, 1901.

Carroll reports positive results for the filtrate test.

Chittinden clarifies the species of different mosquitoes sent to him by Carroll.

Special Orders #234 states that Springer is no longer required for the yellow fever investigation. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Endorsements requests history and personal description of Reed, along with information on next of kin. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

A Candidate for Honors

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Sternberg lists the military posts and stations served by Reed as reported by the records of the Surgeon General.

Gorgas discusses Reed's success with Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory. Gorgas would like a post in Panama after Cuba.

Photostat of page 411 of Carter's copy of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Hench.

The Surgeon General informs Agramonte that his contract is over with the U. S. Army on April 30, 1902.

[Kean] writes an endorsement concerning modifications to orders for the Superior Sanitary Board.

Gorgas informs [Sternberg] that Agramonte will be relieved of duty May 15, 1902.

Root thanks Osler for his letter supporting Reed for nomination to the post of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Cortelyou sends endorsements from the President concerning Reed succeeding Sternberg as the Surgeon General. The President also mentions O'Reilly. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Root acknowledges receipt of Martin's recommendation for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Root acknowledges receipt of recommendations from the Faculty of Medicine at Harvard University for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Surgeon General's Records listing military and personal history for Reed until June 2, 1902.

Root acknowledges receipt of Welch's recommendation for the nomination of Reed to the position of Surgeon General. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The efficiency report for Reed covers the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte forwards his contract of annulment with the U. S. Army and discusses reimbursement for mileage traveled since annulment. He also requests a certificate of non-indebtedness.

This report documents yellow fever cases in the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.

Reed approves and endorses Carroll's application for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

La Garde writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll requests admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. He gives a brief summary of his career as a non-commissioned officer and a contract surgeon, and his terms at medical school. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean writes a letter of recommendation for Carroll who is applying for admission into the Medical Corps of the Army. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll's application into the Medical Corps of the Army is approved, although Carroll is technically too old. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly informs Carroll that his application for appointment in the Medical Corps has been approved and that the age limit will be waived. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll submits his personal history to the Medical Board for part of his examination for the Army Medical Corps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll is to report to Dewitt for examination before the Army Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These documents detail the entire military history of Reed. They also include announcements of Reed's death. The documents are dated November 1, 1902 through December 8, 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

O'Reilly requests that Reed be ordered to Fisher's Island, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid fever among the troops. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #258 orders Reed to Fort H. G. Wright, New York, to investigate an outbreak of typhoid. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed turns down an invitation to speak at Flexner's Pathological Society in Philadelphia.

Howard asks Carroll for extra copies of his paper on the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's personal possessions upon his death are inventoried. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This routine form filed upon the death of any military personnel is for Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Borden announces the time and cause of Reed's death. Endorsements by O'Reilly are included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Secretary of War details the arrangements for Reed's funeral procession.

Black acknowledges that he has received the instructions regarding the military escort for Reed's funeral. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Borden certifies that Reed died in the line of duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that her husband's letters about his laudatory character be sent to her. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll asks to borrow a journal from Howard that is not in the library. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These endorsements from the Surgeon General's Office regard the audit of Walter Reed following his death and requests for Reed's photograph and service record. The endorsements are dated January 16, 1903 through October 12, 1903. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document summarizes Reed's promotions and military stations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte is hired for temporary service at Columbia Barracks.

The Auditor for the War Department requests a statement of military service for Reed. They are deciding if Reed is accountable for medical property. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte is informed that his contract as surgeon will terminate June 15, 1903.

Carroll thanks Howard for the eggs and mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard sends Carroll eggs of Stegomyia and more mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll thanks Howard for the boxes of Stegomyia eggs. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed as a youth. She gives the family genealogy and a description of the house in Gloucester County, Virginia, where Reed was born.

Howard is concerned about Carroll's reaction to the statement in Century Magazine about Finlay producing three cases of mild fever. Howard is investigating the matter further. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These selections from presentations given at the 1903 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association concern the scientific reception of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, particularly the etiology of yellow fever, quarantine procedures, and the discovery of the role of the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood attributes the mosquito theory principally to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report contains extracts from various individuals attesting to Reed's contributions to science. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean states that Reed did not give up his life demonstrating the mosquito theory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

McCaw outlines Reed's career, especially his work with yellow fever, and concludes by requesting a monument to Walter Reed in Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carroll presents his autobiography. He includes a note on immunity to yellow fever.

Ames objects to the inadequate recognition given to Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte for their yellow fever work.

Wyman forwards references on yellow fever to Kelly.

Maury forwards Kelly a book on the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, as well as journal references. Maury contacts Lena Warner, a yellow fever survivor, for her recollections.

Porter confesses he was only a general colleague of Walter Reed, so he is unable to provide much information for Kelly's biography of Reed.

Warner writes about the unreported side of the yellow fever epidemic, including her own experiences during an 1878 outbreak in her hometown.

This report was prepared for the Smithsonian Institution and includes autographed notes.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

The writer informs Kelly about a yellow fever epidemic in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1855.

Thomas writes about a yellow fever epidemic in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1862.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Borden provides details of the surgical operation for appendicitis that immediately preceded Walter Reed's death.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

Matas provides references on yellow fever, and gives information on his own work and experience with the disease.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas requests that Ira A. Shimer be assigned to the Sanitary Corps.

The Chief Sanitary Officer requests that Shimer be assigned duty in the Sanitary Department.

Gorgas asks LaGarde, the superintendent of Ancon Hospital, to resign.

La Garde requests to be relieved from duty.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas requests assignment of John W. Phillips for duty in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Carroll is asked to communicate with Owens about Reed's work in Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the American Public Health Association, including “Lessons to be Learned from the Present Outbreak of Yellow Fever in Louisiana” by James Carroll, “Some New Points in the Etiology and Symptomatology of Yellow Fever” by Juan Guiteras, “Yellow Fever in Mexico” by Eduardo Liceaga, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

These excerpts regard the erection of a tablet to Walter Reed at Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York. There is also a request to see if a memorial will be built to Reed in Chicago, Illinois. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

Howard saw many things on his trip to New Orleans that would greatly interest Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kelly will help Carroll, but not to the detriment of Reed. Kelly asks von Mansfelde to send him any worthy names for a Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography that he is compiling.

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Howard requests that Carroll send his papers on yellow fever to a professor in Indiana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These documents solicit contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and also provide lists of members and contributions.

Carroll gives a history of yellow fever in Baltimore and the debates that ensued among physicians as to whether yellow fever was contagious or not. Published in “The Hospital Bulletin” by The Hospital Bulletin Company of the University of Maryland.

Blincoe sends Latimer the obituary of Laura Reed Blincoe, who was Walter Reed's sister.

Bushnell recommends physician Alexander Murray to Gorgas for service in Panama and explains Murray's difficult circumstances owing to his wife's illness.

Gorgas informs Bushnell that his medical staff is full at present, but that he will consider adding physician Alexander Murray if there is an increase in staffing.

Emilie Lawrence Reed thanks Kelly for his biography of Walter Reed. She is highly complimentary.

Carroll comments on Kelly's manuscript. He corrects errors of fact, and objects to the attention given Reed to the detriment of himself, Lazear, and the rest of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carroll will provide Kelly with letters for his biography of Reed. Carroll anticipates writing a defense of himself only if necessary.

Carroll gives Latimer permission to quote from letters that he provided to her. He objects to their characterization of his work after Walter Reed's experiments.

Emilie Lawrence Reed thanks Latimer for a review of Kelly's biography of Walter Reed, and for her work with Kelly on the book.

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about a planned increase in the Canal Zone medical force, and encloses correspondence recommending physician Alexander Murray for service in Panama.

Gorgas discusses career and salary issues and concerns. Gorgas supports James Carroll for the Nobel Prize.

Kean informs Carroll that efforts are being made for Carroll to receive some substantial recognition for his services with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll gives a detailed report about his involvement with the yellow fever project in Cuba and the necessity of having human volunteers. He also provides a listing of his publications. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas refers to his previous letter soliciting suggestions for the Chief of Laboratory. He offers additional names from which to choose. He mentions other departmental news, including the use of drugs and chemical compounds.

Carroll writes about the Yellow Fever Board's determination to investigate the mosquito theory. Carroll claims that he first proposed Board inoculate themselves. Included is an apparent draft, with autograph notations, and a final copy of the same letter.

Carroll appeals to Kelly to consider Carroll's own statement of the facts concerning the responsibilities and actions of the Yellow Fever Board members. Carroll objects to Kean's version of the events and to Kelly's assertions in his book.

Carroll will meet Latimer to discuss Kelly's book. Carroll offers corrections, and states that Lazear's work is not given due credit.

Kean writes his first letter home to his wife after his arrival in Cuba. He describes where he is living and how he has set up his office, as well as sends greetings from many of their acquaintances living in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carroll requests that Latimer return his letters. He grants Latimer permission to copy or borrow them again.

Carroll thanks Latimer for the prompt return of his letters. He has discovered three more letters from Walter Reed and makes them all available to Latimer and Kelly.

Kelly requests his father's opinion concerning a name in his biography of Reed.

Carroll forwards to Kelly his account of the autopsy of the first fatal case in his yellow fever experiments.

Kelly's father writes that he is glad he has returned home.

Howard provides his recollections of Reed and the formation of the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

Kelly requests to see Reed's account of the experiments, which had been mailed to Howard. A plaque for Walter Reed at King's County Hospital, in Brooklyn, will be dedicated.

Howard sends Kelly copies of two letters from Reed.

Carroll forwards Kelly two photographs. He states that he will not attend the Walter Reed Memorial Association dinner in Brooklyn.

Harvey is asked to attend, on behalf of the Corps, the dedication of the bronze memorial tablet in honor of Walter Reed at Kings County Hospital, Brooklyn, New York. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll claims that Reed, Stark, Kean, and another unnamed man colluded to promote Stark over him. He believes this was because Kean was not appointed to the Yellow Fever Board after Lazear's death.

Dickenson proposes an alteration to the text of Kelly's book concerning Brooklyn Hospital. Dickenson provides a quotation from the hospital minutes of 1871 regarding Walter Reed's appointment.

Roosevelt, O'Reilly, and McCaw make statements about the value of the yellow fever experiments to humanity. A detailed history of the project is given, along with mention of all the individuals involved, including a listing of all the volunteers in the project. Numerous quotations are cited from various speeches and memorials dedicated to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

[Kelly] offers his views about the credit due Carroll. Kelly proposes to support Carroll's promotion on the basis of his merits alone without diminishing the role played by Reed.

Convening of Medical Legislative Council delayed; unable to meet recipient [letter incomplete].

Von Mansfelde agrees in principle with Kelly, but will not cease promoting Carroll. He suggests Kelly write the Secretary of Agriculture and Senator Dirk.

Carroll requests the return of his letter describing a post mortem exam.

The report argues in support of nominating Finlay and Agramonte for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document gives names and contribution amounts for the Kissinger Relief Fund.

Carroll sends a note of gratitude for Kelly's letter to Secretary Wilson.

Moran provides his autobiography, including his experiences as a participant in the yellow fever experiments.

Mason refutes the assertion that he used mosquitoes sent by Ames in his experiments, and that the mosquitoes Ames did send were worthless specimens. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Von Mansfelde comments on the work of Lazear and Carroll regarding the Yellow Fever Commission. He believes that Mabel Lazear and James Carroll should receive the same pension as Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Carroll thanks Kelly for his letter of sympathy. She will loan him a photograph of her late husband.

This document describes Carroll's various postings, beginning in September 1883, and includes evaluations of his performance by several commanding officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Cushing writes about plans to speak at a meeting in support of Jennie Carroll.

Carroll thanks Latimer for her sympathy. She notes additional speakers for the meeting at Johns Hopkins.

King comments on the Maryland Club meeting and thanks Hill for some literature on drainage.

Skinner writes that he will attend a meeting at the Maryland Club. He expresses his sentiments for Carroll.

Hill apologizes for his and King's absence from the Maryland Club meeting.

King honors Carroll and others. He lays emphasis on his contribution to national health. He supports a pension.

Arnold defends the reputation of Ross.

Donnally thanks Kelly for his fairness to Carroll.

Price writes about Carroll's experience in the military, particularly under the command of his father. He corrects misconceptions regarding his father's role in Carroll's career.

King responds to questions regarding publications of the Philosophical Society. He makes reference to a Smithsonian Institution report.

Kelly requests permission to publish a letter from Carroll stating that Guiteras refused permission to take blood for the yellow fever experiments. Guiteras responds - in a autograph note on the same document - that he had no authority to permit or prevent Carroll from proceeding as he wished.

Kelly discusses the conflict between Carroll and Guiteras.

Ross explains his and Guiteras's position regarding Carroll.

Von Mansfelde requests a copy of the program for the Carroll Memorial Dinner and a copy of the letter von Mansfelde wrote Kelly regarding Carroll's promotion. Von Mansfelde adds that he is continuing to work for pensions for the widows of Lazear and Carroll.

Mead, on behalf of the Merchants' Association of New York, expresses support for the Carroll and Lazear pension bills.

Gorgas writes to Kelly that Ross, not Guiteras, was the director of Las Animas Hospital.

Hemmeter gives a chronological account of all the work done by Carroll with regard to yellow fever, and includes a series of letters written by Carroll to his wife, to Walter Reed, and to several others. Hemmeter attempts to rectify what he sees as a lack of proper recognition or reward to Carroll and his family for the part he played in determining the cause of yellow fever.

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

Gorgas reports on work done in Cuba and Panama to eradicate yellow fever.

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay outlines measures taken to ensure that a case of yellow fever, in Havana, does not develop into an epidemic.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Agramonte is notified that his letter has been received and filed for future reference. Agramonte's letter of August 31, 1908, is included, testifying to the sequence of events in the work carried out by the Army Board on Yellow Fever. Included are two notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Barnet comments on the effectiveness of the National Sanitary Service, the problems of quarantine, and the general improvement of sanitary standards within Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay discusses the nationalization of the Cuban Sanitary Department, developments in sanitary procedures regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever, and the control of tuberculosis. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Pilcher offers his recollections of Carroll.

The record card cites a request from Hunt for a copy of a photograph of Reed for use in a lecture “The Story of Two Mosquitoes.”

Keen requests information on all those who volunteered for the yellow fever experiments.

The Surgeon General's office sends a photograph of Reed to Purcell and refers him to Kelly's book. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Junta Administradora del Hospital Santo Tomas (Administrative Board) recognizes the work done by Carter in the fight against yellow fever.

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Fiction and Yellow Fever. Charles Brockden Brown, the Father of Our Novelists, and His Lurid Stories

[Kean] gives a brief summary of conditions in Cuba before the arrival of the Yellow Fever Board. He provides an account of the activities of the Board, which ultimately shows the mosquito as the bearer of yellow fever. Included are notes by Truby.

[Caverico] compliments Kelly on his book, "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever."

The article reviews contrasting administrative methods of Gorgas and Goethals in the Panama Canal Zone.

This 250 page book includes chapters about Walter Reed as well as the publications of Reed and his associates, the publications of James Carroll, reports from the sanitary officers in Havana, Cuba, and directions for destroying mosquitoes. Published in Washington by the Government Printing Office, it includes illustrations, portraits, and diagrams. The book is autographed by Mrs. Walter Reed, Jefferson R. Kean, A. S. Pinto, L. O. Howard, Albert E. Truby, Mrs. Jesse Lazear, William H. Lazear, and A. Diaz Albertini. It is also autographed by John R. Kissinger, John J. Moran, John H. Andrus, James Leonard Hanberry and John R. Bullard, who served as volunteers for the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba. Mrs. Walter Reed gave the book to Philip Showalter Hench who heavily annotated it.

Caldwell dispenses gossip about Drs. Gorgas, Brem, and Beverly. Carter supplies additional information.

Kean requests Agramonte's photograph for a publication about the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Agramonte informs Kean of Finlay's declining health. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter writes about Laura Armistead Carter's sickness and gives her a detailed prescription. He also describes his flower gardens.

Carter stresses to his daughter that every effort should be made to get her well. He also discusses his next foreign detail and how he will rise to the challenge.

Kean denies a rumor that he has been chosen to succeed General Torney. He informs Gorgas that the 10th Infantry has been ordered to Panama.

Carter informs Laura Armistead Carter that his departure date is still uncertain and encourages her to regain her health.

Carter delays his sailing date so that Laura Armistead Carter can remain in the hospital.

Carter explains the difficulties of being a navy wife and criticizes his daughter's possible suitors.

Kean acknowledges that Agramonte should get proper credit for his yellow fever work. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photostat of page 411 of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Truby.

Wratten informs Emilie Lawrence Reed that her husband will offer assistance with her writing.

These excerpts regard the correspondence between William T. Jenkins and Jefferson Randolph Kean, and the confusion of Jenkins' mailing address. The record card is dated March 27, 1912 through April 20, 1912. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Blue informs Carter of his commission as Senior Surgeon.

This is a detailed account of Carter's public health work and associated study of yellow fever.

Agramonte demands that Kean correct the injustice done to him regarding his unfair portrayal in the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Torney reports that Agramonte has requested that a statement published in the Yellow Fever Bureau Bulletin be corrected. Torney explains how he believes the apparent injustice occurred, and requests the correction on behalf of the Office of the Surgeon General.

Porter thanks Carter for his educational malaria pamphlet for children.

Tyler recounts yellow fever outbreaks.

Ross discusses the opening of a Tropical School in Hamburg.

Rose and Gorgas discuss the relative severity of ankylostomiasis and malaria in Malaya, as well as plans to eradicate yellow fever worldwide.

Freeman praises the accomplishments of Henry Rose Carter, Walter Reed, and William Crawford Gorgas.

Malaria [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

The Chief Quarantine Officer relates information on a case of yellow fever and notes disagreement over the diagnosis.

The Commission of Fine Arts and the Chairman of the House Committee on the Library disapprove of the monument to Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte. They suggest a memorial fountain instead. Included is a copy of Senate Bill #6067. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Un Grupo de Concurrentes al Baile en el Consulado Americano el 4 de Julio.

Carter discusses a possibly mis-diagnosed case of yellow fever.

The writer is interested in continuing yellow fever work, but cannot be of assistance at the moment.

Kean describes disagreements within the command of the Ambulance Corps on how to organize the ambulance service in France.

Gorgas describes to Kean further communication difficulties in constituting the Ambulance Corps in France.

Snidow details malaria investigations in Virginia.

Derivaux recommends utilizing Dr. Taylor for malaria prevention.

Wescott thanks Carter for the care he administered to his son.

Kean informs Gorgas of his transfer to post of Deputy Chief Surgeon of American Expeditionary Forces. He also describes command reorganizations and the status of ambulance service.

Carter reports on dengue fever in Galveston, Texas.

Carter reports on his investigation of a foreign sailor's illness and death, in Sabine, Texas.

Carter discusses increasing the grade and pay of junior health service officers.

Carter suggests changes in the administrative policy of the US Public Health Service. He discusses regulations, examining boards, education of newly accepted candidates, examinations, specialization, rank, and compulsory waiting orders.

Carter sends Lavinder recommendations for revising regulations.

Nichols encourages members to support the Society, which lapsed during the World War I.

Shaw requests Carter's advice in establishing a city public health clinic in Akron, Ohio.

Carter writes about the desirability of centralized medical relief and staffing for a possible city public health clinic.

Carter writes a recommendation for Hollings.

This document includes excerpts from Sternberg's biography of her husband's involvement with tropical diseases, including yellow fever.

Carter informs Russell about the progress that she and Frost made over the Christmas holiday and about the maps and bibliographical references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever that she is currently working on.

Carter thanks Russell for supplying the Connor reference she sought and describes her work at the Library of Congress.

Carter offers suggestions regarding the format of the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever and asks him if he might be able to include Gorgas in the bibliography. She also questions Frost's inclusion in the text of Henry Rose Carter's supposed acceptance of Noguchi's leptospira.

Carter believes Frost's name should be included on the title page of the published version of the History of Yellow Fever. Due to Frost's hard work, Carter believes that Henry Rose Carter would be proud of the book.

Carter plans on working on the book as long as she is needed and then she is considering entering the hospital in order to fully regain her health.

[Carter] details various methods of controlling malaria. He discusses segregation, screening, mosquito bars, and the use of quinine. [Carter] favors mosquito control because it does not require modification of human behavior.

LePrince details his findings on stegomyia larvae in Laredo, Peru as well discussing the research of his colleagues.

LePrince sends Carter stegomyia caught in a hotel coatroom in Carbondale, Illinois.

Carter receives a two hundred dollar check.

Rose inquires about a yellow fever doctor sent to Peru to help Hanson.

Rose thanks Carter for his letter concerning Drs. Walcott and Beverly.

Fairchild informs Carter that Beverly of Medical Corps is at Langley Field, Virginia.

Thorpe believes that Wolcott is currently in England.

Connor discusses administrative issues related to the yellow fever work in Peru, mentioning Rose, Pareja and Hanson. He believes that Carter should not return to Peru, but rather should stay in the U.S.

Cudlipp provides Carter with Walcott's address in British Guyana.

Carter recommends Walcott for yellow fever work, although he is inexperienced in mosquito control.

Phillips encourages Carter to keep his money in Peruvian pounds due to the poor exchange rate.

Carter decides to keep his money in the Peruvian bank.

Wood praises William Crawford Gorgas' work in eliminating yellow fever from Havana, and also his work with the Panama Canal Commission. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This extract suggests that Finlay first formulated the idea of mosquito conveyance of yellow fever.

As requested by Kelly, [Emilie Lawrence Reed] writes a description of Walter Reed's illness, treatment, and death.

Connor describes the yellow fever situation in Mexico.

Gorgas asks Wood to write the preface to the biography she is writing about her husband. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Howard identifies the mosquitoes, captured in a hotel's coatroom in Carbondale, Illinois, as males of the yellow fever mosquito.

Hanson describes the work of the sanitary campaign against yellow fever in Peru, naming physicians and surveyors.

LePrince sends six mosquitoes hatched from pupae found in the hotel in Carbondale, Illinois.

LePrince sends the remaining mosquitoes hatched from pupae and larvae found in a hotel in Carbondale, Illinois.

[Carter] describes his first encounter with Finlay and his impressions of Finlay's work.

Guiteras provides Carter with his new address in Cuba.

Carter thanks Martinez for his information on the Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel.

Comstock describes possible yellow fever cases to Schobinger. All involve foreigners in Brazil. Comstock criticizes the local physicians' attitude and treatment of the cases.

Kelly solicits corrections or clarifications for a new edition of his book, “Walter Reed and Yellow Fever.“

This is a detailed clinical report from Africa, which describes a case of yellow fever in which the patient died. Included is a detailed description of the treatment program and the autopsy record.

This is a detailed clinical report from Africa, which describes a case of yellow fever in which the patient recovered.

Hanson discusses his career options in Peru and Africa. He mentions the possibility of leaving public health.

Flannagan submits a paper to The American Magazine's essay contest on the seven greatest Americans and names Carter as the fifth great American for his contributions to public health.

Earle describes the history of yellow fever in Puerto Rico prior to the American occupation and includes a table with a summary of deaths due to yellow fever in various years.

Carter and her father hold Rose's opinion in high esteem, and she thanks Rose for his praise of Henry Rose Carter's work on the History of Yellow Fever and of her poetry.

Pareja discusses fever cases in Guayaquil and emphatically denies that they are yellow fever.

Hanson must decide whether to stay in private practice or resume yellow fever work with the International Health Board. Enclosing a telegram from Russell, he asks Carter if there is suspicion of yellow fever in Colombia.

Howard provides information to Carter on appropriate Latin terms used to reference the “yellow fever mosquito.”

Hanson writes that he doubts there is yellow fever in Colombia. He discusses the differences between his private practice and working for the public health service.

Carter writes Beato for information about malignant fevers occurring in Cuba in 1620.

Carter thanks Scannell for his critique of Carter's epidemiology paper and states that Scannell will find well-educated physicians in Brazil.

Connor discusses his paper on yellow fever, including the use of scrubbed versus unscrubbed water barrels. He believes that the areas of North and Central America should be considered one unit because of modern transportation.

Noguchi has reviewed the letters and reports that Russell sent him regarding the use of serum vaccine for yellow fever in West Africa and believes the serum to be beneficial.

Noguchi suspects a case of yellow fever in Africa was really Weil's disease.

Noguchi offers his opinion about a fatal case of yellow fever occurring in West Africa and the use of the yellow fever serum and vaccine.

Russell sends Carter copies of three letters written by Hideyo Noguchi regarding yellow fever vaccine and serum, and post mortem findings on a suspected yellow fever death.

Hanson writes Russell about his trip along the Magdalena River in Colombia in preparation for a clean up campaign to try and halt the spread of yellow fever.

Hanson relates his belief that yellow fever is moving from the Colombian interior towards the coast by river and states that the clean up campaign will need to be expanded and will require considerable funds if it is to be effective.

Pothier sends White his final report on the 1923 Yellow Fever Commission inspection tour of Colombia. He describes travel, meetings with government officials, and incidence of yellow fever and mosquitoes. A series of appended documents [two in Spanish] discuss preparations for the trip, the suspected epidemic in Bucaramanga, individual yellow fever cases, and further details of the tour.

Richardson sends Connor a report describing an ongoing investigation into a death in Colima, Mexico, that initially received a post mortem diagnosis of yellow fever.

Herrera writes about his examination of the patient in Colima, Mexico, whose death was diagnosed as possibly being from yellow fever and states his opinion that the man suffered from malaria complicated by alcoholism.

Hanson discusses a report he received from the President of Colombia expressing his concerns about yellow fever and describes areas in need of clean up as well as the time and funds a general campaign will require.

Hurtado explains the basis for his diagnosis of yellow fever in the patient who died in Colima, Mexico, and asks that reports from the liver examination be provided to him.

Connor writes Russell about the probable ongoing presence of yellow fever in the Bucaramanga-Cucuta area of Colombia and the likelihood that it has been unrecognized for some time.

Connor sends the International Health Board copies of two reports filed about the case of Luis Villalobos Corona and explains that a railroad strike may delay the arrival of additional reports, but that Frederick R. Russell has been carried the liver section to the United States.

Smith's report details the medical examination of a suspected case of yellow fever and concludes that it was not yellow fever.

[Carter] believes that malaria is best controlled by attacking mosquitoes and explains why. He notes that community sterilization of malaria carriers by quinine is a recognized method advocated by physicians, but not by entomologists.

Carter responds to questions from Maxcy regarding the blood index of malaria and problems with blood examination tests based on data from various scientists addressing these issues.

Washburn writes Howard that he is sending him a paper about yellow fever in Jamaica.

Earle writes Howard about data referred to in his enclosed report, Yellow Fever in Puerto Rico.

Galindo writes about his examination of the body of the man suspected of dying from yellow fever in Colima, Mexico. He states that he does not believe that yellow fever was the cause of death and asks that the results of an examination of a liver specimen be communicated to him as Sanitary Delegate for the region.

Stevenel's article describes case histories and blood examinations that confirm outbreaks of endemic spirochetosis, concluding this could be the cause of outbreaks of disease similar to yellow fever in the Ivory Coast area.

Russell sends Carter medical reports and asks for his opinion on a case that was diagnosed as yellow fever ante mortem.

Carter responds to Russell's reports and letters that describe Luis Villalobos Corona's illness and post mortem appearance. Carter states that he does not know the cause of death, but believes it is unlikely to be yellow fever.

Read encloses a report about a suspected yellow fever case in San Jeronimo, Mexico.

Read thanks Carter for sending the International Health Board a letter from Dr. Osterhout, regarding the possibility of Osterhout doing yellow fever work.

[Carter] thanks Russell for sending him a translation of an article by Stevenel about the spirochetosis observed in the Ivory Coast.

Read sends Carter copies of three letters and three cables from Henry Hanson.

[Carter] responds to a report by Lucian C. Smith that Read has sent him and states that the case described within is not likely to be yellow fever.

Read sends Carter two accounts of yellow fever in Jamaica and Puerto Rico.

[Carter] discusses theories and scientific studies on immunization from malaria by quinine and on the blood supplies of particular types of mosquitoes.

Welch invites Carter to speak on the early history of malaria in the western hemisphere at the annual meeting of the National Malaria Committee in Washington, D.C.

Kean seeks information on J.F. Binnie, an old acquaintance and a patient in Truby's hospital.

Barber discusses the failure of the algae chara to prevent larval breeding and desires a copy of a report that Carter suggested would be useful to his work.

Carter agrees that algae chara is not particularly effective in the prevention of breeding and offers his assistance in locating a copy of a report Barber needs for his work.

Connor reports to Carter that the Mexican yellow fever campaign is going well, although he has had difficulties with local officials. He agrees that Maracaibo, rather than the larger Colombian towns, is the focal point for yellow fever.

Russell writes that he would like Carter to meet Balfour.

[Carter] thanks Fricks for a reference. [Carter] explains his health and discusses how important it is that he completes his work on Section III of the History of Yellow Fever so that other scientists can work forward from his conclusions.

Fame of Reed and Gorgas [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Howard informs Kean that Reed knew the practical outcome of his proving the mosquito theory and that Reed gave credit to both Kean and Howard. He also encloses a newspaper article about Gorgas and Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Laura Armistead Carter transcribes a conversation between Henry Rose Carter, Thayer, and Parker, which shows how Carter's data on extrinsic incubation assisted Lazear and Reed in reaching the decision to test the theory of mosquito transmission. Carter also discusses the contributions of Finlay and others to this theory.

Connor comments that Section III of Carter's History of Yellow Fever develops strong arguments regarding the origin of yellow fever and is a complete and valuable contribution to medical literature.

Russell forwards a copy of a letter from Michael E. Connor commenting favorably on Section III of Carter's History of Yellow Fever.

Carter's obituary describes his many accomplishments, lists his publications, and compares Carter, Reed, and Gorgas, to famous soldiers, jurists, and statesmen of Virginia.

This resolution expresses the sorrow of the organization at Carter's passing and acknowledges Carter's intellectual ability, leadership and personal qualities, as well as his enormous contributions to the field of public health.

This review, by an unnamed critic, concentrates on the claims surrounding Gorgas' yellow fever work.

Having reviewed a manuscript copy sent to him by Kean, Howard congratulates Kean on the forceful and just article he has written.

Kean, in his review of the book about William Crawford Gorgas written by Marie D. Gorgas and Burton J. Hendrick, clarifies many false claims that credit Gorgas for the cleaning up of Cuba. Moreover, Kean states that Gorgas was very slow to accept the mosquito theory and that his role in France during World War I was not nearly as great as what was portrayed by the book. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Howard is glad to have read the published article Kean has written for the “Military Surgeon,” and believes it is a judicial and expert summary. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Amador congratulates Kean on his review of the Gorgas biography. He discusses his own plans to write a popular history of the yellow fever story for Panama.

This account details expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

White wants Henry Rose Carter to review two cases that present some symptoms of yellow fever, but present other symptoms that make him doubt that diagnosis.

Russell encloses copies of letters regarding rumors of yellow fever in northern Peru.

Noguchi comments on the importance of determining mosquito infectivity and possible animal immunity in experiments on mosquito transmission of yellow fever in animals.

Russell encloses a letter from Noguchi about the transmission of yellow fever.

Wood sends Kean a copy of a letter from Marie D. Gorgas, who requests information to help her write a history of her husband's work, along with a copy of his response to her. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Avery lists resolutions adopted by the Medical Association of the Isthmian Canal Zone upon the death of Henry Carter.

Cobb express his sympathy upon the death of Henry Carter.

Thompson expresses sympathy for the death of Henry Carter.

Gardiner refers to clippings about Henry Carter.

Ravenel does not agree that Carter's work led Reed to investigate into mosquito transmission of yellow fever, pointing to earlier contributions to the theory by Nott and Finlay.

Carter refutes Ravenel's suggestion that Henry Rose Carter did not influence Reed's decision to investigate the theory of mosquito transmission of yellow fever and encloses documents to support this position.

Cater supplies information suggesting that Henry Rose Carter had speculated about the mosquito transmission theory when he was sick with yellow fever in [1897].

His Race with Death Won by Last of the Yellow Fever Pioneers [From the Henry Rose Carter Papers]

Carter writes about the French Debt Commission and states that she disagrees with some of Ravenel's article on her father but she appreciates the spirit in which it was written.

Flannagan sends a resolution passed by the Southern Medical Association about Henry Rose Carter and an essay listing Henry Rose Carter as one of the seven greatest Americans.

Wood acknowledges a letter from Kean, and expresses the hope that he, Kean, and Dorey have provided information to Sullivan that will help to clarify a subject on which he is working. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Frost writes a lengthy document providing details about the life and achievements of Henry Rose Carter. He argues that Carter was the foremost figure in the development of quarantine and the management of epidemics, that his studies of the incubation period of yellow fever was the most notable every made in non-experimental epidemiology, and that his indefatigable studies into yellow fever led to his mastery of the subject as evidenced in his book, The History of Yellow Fever.

Welch writes Carter about his friendship with and admiration for Henry Rose Carter.

Rose thanks Carter for providing information about Henry Rose Carter and states that the Authors' Club Executive Committee was impressed with his portrait.

Russell quotes from a letter written by Dr. Andrew Balfour that compares Henry Rose Carter to Sir Patrick Manson and describes Carter as a pioneer in his field.

Carter thanks Russell for sending the letter quoting Dr. Andrew Balfour's reference to Henry Rose Carter and informs Russell that her editing work on the History of Yellow Fever is only in its preliminary stages.

Frost offers comments on the inadequacy of the International Health Board Bulletin's published memorial to Henry Rose Carter, and encloses a letter from Frederick F. Russell in which Frost is asked to make additions and corrections to the printed memorial.

A statement about Carter's education, career, and accomplishments is incorporated into the permanent record of the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Carter expresses her heartfelt thanks to Welch for his Memorandum for the International Health Board on Henry Rose Carter's death.

Read informs Carter that the International Health Board entered a statement about Henry Rose Carter's life and work into their records as a tribute to his contributions to public health.

Peabody informs the Kissingers that a fund is being established for their support.

Peabody writes about circulating the “Yellow Fever Story of Heroism“ to high schools and colleges.

Carter provides bibliographical references to Henry Rose Carter's published articles.

Frost describes the pace of his editing work on Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter provides bibliographical references to Henry Rose Carter's published articles.

Russell writes about Carter's plans with Wade Hampton Frost and comments on the death of Adrian Stokes.

Kean thanks Lamb for information on Reed's last days.

New Honor For A Heroic Army Doctor

Carter is back at work on Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever on a half-time basis.

Sawyer plans to inform the Comptroller about Carter's half-time return to work.

Taylor gives a history of Ancon Hospital in Panama and the reasons why so many patients were infected with yellow fever. Taylor states that Gorgas was entirely responsible for the cleaning up of the hospitals and the Panama environs, and suggests that the name of Ancon Hospital be changed to the General Gorgas Hospital. A biographical sketch of Gorgas is included.

Russell writes Carter about her health and wishes her well.

Russell suggests that Carter should find an assistant to help her with her work on the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Agramonte mentions how he enjoyed reading Kean's address for the opening of Belroi and requests a photograph of Reed's birthplace to hang in his office. He informs Kean of honors he received at a meeting in New Orleans. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hildebrand requests a higher pension and describes his service with the yellow fever commission in Cuba. He also states that Reed trembled all over when an infected mosquito escaped. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean sends Agramonte a photograph of Reed's birthplace and tells him that prior to Reed's birth his parent's home burned down. Kean congratulates Agramonte on the honors he received at a meeting in New Orleans. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Congressional Bill and Report #1429 recognizes the public service of Reed and the volunteers associated with the yellow fever experiments. Biographical information is supplied in Report #1429 regarding each of the members and volunteers of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carter reports that she is working steadily on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and is preparing to work at the Library of Congress to track down bibliographic references.

In response to her request, Farnum sends Carter a library card permitting her access to areas of the stacks of the Library of Congress that will be of assistance in her work.

Russell expresses delight that Carter is back at work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and sends her reprints of recent work on yellow fever in West Africa that confirms Henry Rose Carter's theory that yellow fever originally came out of Africa.

Carter describes her health and her work on the bibliography of the History of Yellow Fever. She asks if her arrangement with her assistant is satisfactory to Russell.

This document recounts the speech given by Kean at the dedication of Belroi, the birthplace of Walter Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Russell thanks Carter for her recent letters and tells her of the death of Hideyo Noguchi and the occurrence of yellow fever in Brazil.

Carter discusses her work at the Library of Congress and expresses regret at the death of Noguchi and others working on the eradication of yellow fever throughout the world.

Carter updates Russell on progress she and Brown have made on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and sends regards to Russell from Thayer.

Carter explains her work on the bibliography for the History of Yellow and will update Russell on incidental expenses. Carter's illnesses have also caused her to spend from the savings Henry Rose Carter left her.

Carter describes the considerable progress on the bibliography and that the Library of Congress staff is helpful. She also asks if Russell has any information about Noguchi's death.

Russell responds to Carter's inquiry about Noguchi's death in West Africa and tells her of the yellow fever deaths of Dr. Young and Dr. Stokes, stating that they were likely to have occurred from laboratory work inoculating animals in Africa.

Carter states that the bibliographical work at the Library of Congress is about finished and describes the generous amount of time Brown has donated to the project.

Carter describes the offers of assistance she has received from Col. Ashburn and Dr. Thayer and praises Brown's considerable efforts.

Carter wants to meet with Frost before she can inform Russell of an approximate completion date.

Russell is in no hurry to receive her estimate on the completion date of the project.

Carter and Frost, after meeting to discuss a time frame for completing the manuscript, believe it will be ready some time in November. Carter compliments Brown for her dedication to the project.

Kean corrects an error in a Post editorial stating that an American scientist found the yellow fever germ. Kean points out that Reed demonstrated that yellow fever was spread by a particular variety of mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Carter] asks Connor to confirm citations of publications that he has authored in order to verify these references for Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] writes Hanson requesting verification of references to his work.

Carter and Brown continue to work on the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever despite the brutal Washington, D.C. heat.

Russell congratulates Carter on the progress of her work and mentions an outbreak of yellow fever in Rio.

[Carter] asks if Russell can supply bibliographical references to unpublished reports of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

[Carter] writes LePrince to ask for his input on the bibliography to the History of Yellow Fever.

Hanson attempts to answer Carter's questions about various medical references and describes his work in Florida on malaria outbreaks.

Carter is having difficulty tracking down medical references. She notes that she is writing this letter on Henry Rose Carter's birthday and that, had he lived, he could have told her the source of every reference she seeks.

LePrince responds to Carter's request for verification of various references.

Russell suggests that working long hours in the Washington, D.C. heat might not be good for Carter's health.

Carter and Brown continue to work intensively. Carter asks Russell to track down additional references that may be found in reports of the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation.

Carter suggests that Brown's salary be continued through October even though Brown has offered to work for free. She also thanks Russell for facilitating repayments of advances that she and Henry Rose Carter made towards Theodore Hayne's medical education as the work and her health have affected her finances adversely.

Russell informs Carter that someone in his organization tracked down some of the references Carter asked about and is writing her separately with the information.

Carter informs Russell that she has delivered the completed medical references for the History of Yellow Fever to Frost, although there are still a few references that she and Brown will continue to try to verify. She thanks Russell for the extension of Brown's salary through October and applauds Brown's dedication to the project.

This memorandum functions as an appendix to references Carter has previously sent to Frost.

Carter tells Russell that she has met with Frost to clarify the remaining references that need to be verified.

Frost writes Carter about references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Russell states that he has met with Frost who is hoping to finish his editing work in early November.

Carter reports that she and Brown remain hard at work writing to individuals who may be able to help them track down a few elusive references.

Carter explains the collaborative work she and Frost are doing to edit Henry Rose Carter's manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and asks for Stephens' assistance with some references for the book.

[Carter] supplies additional references she has tracked down for the History of Yellow Fever regarding early epidemics that may have been yellow fever.

Carter explains the final work continues and that she has received help from members of the Catalogue Division of the Library of Congress.

Russell is pleased with Carter's progress and anticipates completion of the project soon.

Carter continues to track down references for quotations, particularly dealing with Mayan references for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter's draft of a letter states that she is investigating references and working diligently on the project.

Carter informs Frost about the aegypti mosquito eggs, her work tracking down references, and her desire to make sure all the references in the bibliography conform with one another for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter anticipates completing her work at the same time that Frost completes his work.

Carter and Brown are working hard to keep up with Frost's timeline for completion of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Howard sends Carter a reference from the Bulletin of Entomological Research about the breeding of the yellow fever mosquito that he believes she will find helpful.

Carter reports about a few final references she is working on as well as the possibility of filling in some maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Russell offers Carter a suggestion on tracking down a particular reference.

Carter writes about her success in locating a particularly elusive reference.

Carter thanks Howard for sending her a reference from the Bulletin of Entomological Research and updates him on her progress.

Howard is happy to help Carter and encourages her to consult him for further assistance.

Carter reports on the progress she and Brown have made and discuss some early Italian navigational references that they are still working on.

Stephens is having difficulty tracking down some references for Carter, but is still trying to get an answer for her.

Carter reports success with the early Italian references and discusses the progress of her work.

Carter writes about mutual friends and about her work on the History of Yellow Fever.

Hoffman asks that he be sent copies of certain reports published by the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carter plans to work through the Christmas holidays.

Carter's memorandum details information provided by Morley for outline maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and also discusses Mayan references.

Carter thanks Morley for meeting with her in Washington to provide assistance with Mayan references for the History of Yellow Fever and asks him to send her more information when he gets to Mexico.

Carter plans on spending the Christmas holiday working on the manuscript at the Frost home in Baltimore.

Hoffman describes his efforts to track down an Investigation Report of the Yellow Fever Commission at Carter's request.

Carter thanks Hoffman for his efforts to obtain a copy of a report by the Yellow Fever Commission that is necessary to verify a reference.

Carter writes about the final work that she and Brown are completing before Carter leaves for Baltimore and comments on the providence that connected her with someone as capable and dedicated as Brown.

Russell states that he has enjoyed Carter's weekly letters about her progress and thanks Carter and Brown for their efforts.

Ashburn's speech to an audience of student nurses is an overview of Reed's life and work. The piece includes an excerpt from the Surgeon General's report, 1900.

This report chronicles the path to recognition for the members of the Yellow Fever Board, beginning with a 1906 letter from Theodore Roosevelt.

Harrison thanks Emilie Lawrence Reed for donating her husband's letter. He inquires if she has anything else she would like to contribute to the Vanderbilt University Medical School Museum.

Carter and Frost spend Christmas working on bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript. Carter renews her borrowing privileges at the Library of Congress so that she and Brown can keep working efficiently together.

Davis thanks Borden for referring Emilie Lawrence Reed to him.

Carter informs Frost that she has duplicated bibliographic references for the manuscript, but that the flu has slowed her efforts.

Carter is sick with the flu, but she continues to work on the revision of bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever at home.

Carter is restructuring the bibliographic references to the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever according to Frost's suggestion.

Carter is returning bibliographic cards to Frost and explains how she has organized quotes and references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter describes her progress and the assistance she has received tracking down references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Carter updates Russell on the progress being made on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter updates Russell on the continued progress she and Brown have made redoing bibliographical reference cards in accordance with Frost's suggestions.

Carter writes that she spent time with Frost in Baltimore going over references and describes the Johns Hopkins University Commemoration Day exercises that she attended.

Tansey's cousins will lobby a Minnesota congressman on her behalf.

Carter is finished with the revisions and retyping of the bibliographic references for the History of Yellow Fever manuscript.

Frost wants to schedule a time to meet to go over Carter's final bibliographic revisions.

Carter is available to meet with Frost at any time and states that she and Brown continue to try to find incomplete bibliographical references.

Carter updates Russell on her work and asks if Wakeman, a doctor with the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation, died of yellow fever in West Africa.

Russell states that Wakeman's death was mistakenly attributed to yellow fever by the newspapers.

Carter discusses her work on references and Frost's work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in anticipation of the completed product.

Carter waits for Frost to get back to his work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever. Carter and Brown continue to turn up a few of the more elusive references for the book.

[Carter] discusses her concerns about unfinished maps for the completed manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter waits to hear from Frost about finalizing work on the manuscript and continues to work on bibliographical references for the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter informs Russell that she expects to leave for Baltimore to continue work with Frost very soon.

Carter writes Russell, on the eve of a trip to Baltimore, about various loose ends she hopes to address with Frost regarding the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter reports that she and Frost made determinations about the use of maps and the establishment of an alphabetical list of geographic references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter updates Russell on progress made on the geographic lists for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter is unable to work on the book until Frost returns from England in August. While he is away, she will try and address loose ends.

Russell encourages Carter to spend some time on vacation in the Virginia mountains while Frost is out of the country.

Kean chronologically lists the events related to yellow fever in Cuba, for Hagedorn.

Carter expresses how heartbreaking the delays on the editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever have been, but is hopeful the work will be completed by the end of the summer.

Good, the Secretary of War, addresses the 1929 class of West Point and mentions the enrollment of Reed and Wood on the Roll of Honor.

Blanton asks for information regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever epidemics in Virginia for his research on the history of medicine in Virginia.

[Carter] writes Russell about a final meeting with Frost before he leaves the country, and describes work she needs to do on Photostats and maps before Frost returns.

Carter is interested in Blanton's planned medical history of Virginia and although her father's manuscript does not cover the time period Blanton is interested in, she answers as many questions as she can.

Russell explains Frost will resume work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in early August.

Carter is back in Washington, D.C. and is ready to resume work as soon as Frost calls her. She describes work she accomplished during her vacation on the outline maps for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Kean vouches for Harrison and urges Emilie Lawrence Reed to make a donation to Vanderbilt University.

Hewitt writes about the 1878 New Orleans yellow fever outbreak and Carter's work on the transmission of yellow fever.

Carter does not see the need to provide weekly updates as she is still waiting for Frost to resume work on the manuscript. She also fills him in on her activities since early August.

England compiles a list of medical officers on duty at Camp Columbia and places check marks by the names of individuals he is certain were involved with yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean informs Jessie Ames that physicians other than Roger Ames treated yellow fever patients at Camp Lazear.

[Peabody] thanks Wainwright for his support of the bill to honor the yellow fever experiment participants. Peabody is delighted that Agramonte was included, and glad that Marie Gorgas was not.

Bridges provides the official military record of Roger Ames' work in Cuba.

Carter explains the supplementary work she is doing on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever as she waits to hear from Frost about when he can resume work.

[Carter] talks about the maps that have been prepared for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Russell thanks Carter for her progress reports and states that he is hopeful that Frost will be able to complete his work on the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever in the near future.

Carter discusses Frost's final editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and her hope that the book might be completed and published early the next year.

Howard discusses his work on mosquito theory.

Carter is keeping certain materials Frost sent her because she understands he doesn't need them back until she next visits him.

Carter is eager to see the completion of the final editing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and explains that her sole focus is the publication of the book.

Carter inquires if the International Health Division of the Rockefeller Foundation can track down a reference involving Michael E. Connor.

Carter thanks Frost for a reference and expresses her enthusiasm that the final copy of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever is being typed.

Frost sends material that Carter requested and updates her on progress on the final typing of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter tries to determine what artifacts and materials about Henry Rose Carter would be appropriate for the Historical Medical Museum.

Carter wonders where to send the bills for maps prepared for the History of Yellow Fever.

Agramonte answers Mrs. Ames' questions concerning her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba.

Agramonte informs Mrs. Ames about her husband's actions and responsibilities with the yellow fever board in Cuba, enclosing answers to questions she has posed.

Carter understands that the African section of the manuscript, which was written by Henry Rose Carter during his failing health, requires considerable editing.

[Carter] provides a list of people whose assistance should be acknowledged at the beginning of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] supplies a list of illustrative material that requires permission to reproduce for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] wonders if she has sent Frost a carbon copy of a letter from Henry Rose Carter to Guiteras and encloses a list of acknowledgments for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Frost] sends carbons of typed manuscript chapters from the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] suggests that Frost be the sole editor of the History of Yellow Fever as he has ensured that the book will be published according to Henry Rose Carter's wishes. She also discusses the acknowledgment of Brown's contributions.

Carter wishes to keep page 5, Section 1 of the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever as her father had written it without adding footnotes, but defers to Frost's judgment about maintaining historical accuracy.

Frost explains that he has omitted the footnotes in question, and instead included an Editor's Note discussing the implications of more recent research.

Carter sends Frost bills she has received for the maps and thanks him for the Editor's Note for Section I of the book.

Carter expresses her joy that the manuscript is being sent to the publisher and conveys her gratitude to Frost for his labor of love.

Carter requests copies of the bibliography and library cards used for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever and thanks Frost for the generous acknowledgement of Brown's outstanding work in the preface of the book.

Carter thanks Frost for sending her a copy of the bibliography so quickly, and compliments him on the Table of Contents of the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] encloses a check for Burnham's work on the maps for the History of Yellow Fever.

[Carter] answers Seward's questions about Henry Rose Carter and provides information about obtaining a photograph of Carter.

Davison is disappointed that Emilie Lawrence Reed cannot attend the dedication of Duke University Hospital.

Ireland mentions Agramonte's death and requests that Truby and Kean write an accurate depiction of Agramonte's and Ames' work with the Yellow Fever Commission. He also describes a trip to France.

[Carter] describes Henry Rose Carter's efforts to complete his book on yellow fever despite suffering continued illness.

Daughter Carries on Father's Work

The Secretary of War recommends denying the claim of A.S. Pinto, as presented in Senate Bill No. 206.

This letter states that Pinto's share in the experiments had little or no value, and he should not be included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lopez-Silvero requests a photograph of Henry Rose Carter for an article to be published in Carter's memory in the Revista Medica Farmaceutica.

Hanson looks forward to seeing Carter when he is in Birmingham for a meeting of the Southern Medical Association, the National Malaria Committee, and the American Society of Tropical Medicine.

Leake identifies items Carter sent to him to photograph.

Goldwater informs Truby that he will not have a job opening in his hospital.

Carter congratulates his sister on her upcoming wedding and offers to pay for the flowers. He does not want the bride and groom to visit him in the hospital.

Edward Carter encourages Laura Armistead Carter to visit Harry Leitch in New York.

This radio show script on the yellow fever experiments includes an interview with Kissinger.

Moran writes to Hench about his own health, the various interpretations of the yellow fever story, and his part in the experiments.

Flippen asks Kean if he would be able to provide him with information about Walter Reed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Flippen asks Kean for his opinion about some of the early influences on Walter Reed as a scientist and physician. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean describes the 1900 Havana Finlay-Reed dinner, which celebrated the conclusive proof of Finlay's theory by Reed's work. He feels that Finlay has not received a fair share of the credit.

Reed informs [Kean] that she recollects her husband working with a microscope in the winter of 1890-91. She also expounds on the beauty of her garden. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kissinger responds to questions regarding the yellow fever experiments. He asserts that he volunteered before Moran.

Griffitts thanks Carter for her letter and enclosures about Henry Rose Carter.

Kean writes Clemons about the Reed - Finlay controversy, and wants to make sure credit is given to both men. Kean submits testimony indicating that Finlay claimed the mosquito as the agent for the spread of yellow fever, and consequently certainly deserves more acknowledgement in U.S. accounts of the yellow fever investigation. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean mentions to Clemons his book review of “William Crawford Gorgas: His Life and Work,” and states that the book clearly indicates Gorgas as the originator of methods to eradicate mosquitoes, when in fact Howard was responsible for these measures. Kean is quite upset over the unwillingness of the author of the book to change the facts. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Moran sends Hench extensive notes describing locations, personalities, and other details of the yellow fever experiments and commenting on the actions and attitudes of the Cuban government regarding a Lazear memorial location.

Cowley indicates that Hench's letter of April 30, [1940] to Recio has been forwarded to him.

Hench gives advice on asthma treatment. He returns photographs.

Kean is eager to meet with Hench to discuss yellow fever work.

Marvin discusses Hench's meeting at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center.

Kean lists various Senate documents dealing with the yellow fever investigation. He offers his opinion on the role of Lambert.

Summary of Hench's research, with various autograph notes, memorandum, and addendum.

Hench describes Cooke's participation in the yellow fever experiments and thinks he deserves recognition.

Hench thanks Hufford for his help regarding the Dean Bridge.

[Hench] reports that Rojas has discovered receipts that prove the site of Camp Lazear. [Hench] would like to buy the site and the building remains for restoration.

Mrs. Agramonte Rodriguez Leon discusses her father's views on Lazear's and Carroll's actions and roles in the yellow fever experiments, commenting specifically on Hench's notes.

This is the honorary degree of Doctor of Science conferred upon Hench by Washington and Jefferson College.

Kean talks about Lazear's family and the location of his boyhood home. He also discusses the biography of Finlay.

Angles explains why Cubans are fearful that Finlay will be robbed of his glory.

Hench explains the painting of Walter Reed proposed by the John Wyeth Company. He criticizes the dominant role of Finlay in their preliminary sketches and offers suggestions to improve upon the scene.

Kean discusses a book he is reading about Finlay. He agrees to write a letter to Ramos.

[Hench] thanks Truby for his letter of support to the Cuban government. He finds fault with Truby's description of the location of the yellow fever ward as northwest of the hospital grounds.

Kean disagrees with Hench's proposal for the yellow fever painting. He also describes Finlay as an honest man but lacking a truly scientific mind.

Hench wonders if Agramonte was with Lazear at his death because Carroll claimed that Agramonte had left three days earlier.

Truby confirms that Agramonte did not visit Lazear when he was sick nor did he attend the funeral.

In evaluating the Reed versus Finlay debate, Kean states that Reed converted a discredited hypothesis into an established doctrine.

Hench is anxious to discuss his questions with Kean.

Kean laments that the Ames family is trying to get Roger Post Ames included in the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor. He also discusses Camp Lazear.

Kellogg discusses Hench's travel expenses and the guest list for the unveiling of the Cornwell painting.

Hench writes to [his parents] about his recent trip east; where he attended medical conventions, spoke at the unveiling of Dean Cornwell's “Conquerors of Yellow Fever” painting, and enjoyed alumni events at his alma mater.

Simpson comments on Kissinger's stroke and requests a photograph of the Cornwell painting unveiling. He informs Hench that two men connected with medical journals are eager to publish Hench's speech on the yellow fever story, which he delivered at the unveiling ceremony.

Hench sends Reed a copy of a talk he has given at the dedication of the Lazear Memorial Building at Washington and Jefferson College. He mentions the possibility of visiting her later. He also inquires as to whom she might have given some of her husband's letters, especially those from October 1900 to January 1901.

Hench gives suggestions of publishers for Reed's manuscript. He also lists errors in her manuscript.

Hench discusses the ethics of having his yellow fever talk reprinted and distributed by the Wyeth Company. A note by Hewitt on the second page states that he sees no ethical problems with publication.

Hench is thrilled to have the Reed contract and appreciates the Agramonte and Sternberg letters. He notes that soon he will be able to see the correspondence between the Yellow Fever Board and the Surgeon General. He mentions that Kissinger had had a stroke.

Hench inquires into the health of Kissinger who suffered a debilitating stroke.

Kellogg describes to Fishbein the possibilities of including a plate of Cornwell's painting in Hench's article for the journal "Hygeia."

Kean agrees with Hench that Kissinger needs to be cared for in a veterans' hospital and recommends one in Indianapolis. He also encloses a copy of a letter he wrote to Ida E. Kissinger.

Gomez discusses the reactions of Cuban doctors to the Cornwell painting, "Conquerors of Yellow Fever".

Hench thanks Kean for writing the Kissingers.

Lambert informs Truby that he feels better after his stay in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He has discovered the names of the immune nurses who served at Quemados, and asserts that Kelly's book errs in stating that yellow fever was best treated with the aid of trained female nurses. He maintains that Ames was most successful in treating yellow fever when he used male orderlies.

Hench writes that he has identified the men in the 1901 photograph.

Kean informs Truby that the inscription on the Reed bust has been removed due to objections by the Cubans. Kean offers his opinion of Dominguez' biography of Finlay.

Kean does not think Carter or Ames should be in the yellow fever painting. He suggests individuals on the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor.

Truby thinks Kean will be surprised by Pinto's remarks about Truby's manuscript.

Hench sends Truby suggestions for corrections or additions to Truby's manuscript on the story of the yellow fever experiments. He mentions several enclosures, which are not included with this document. An addendum from Hench to Truby on November 10, 1941 is included, as well as a transcription of a letter from James Carroll to his wife.

Kean thinks that Gorgas did not begin organizing “mosquito brigades” on Feb 4, 1901, the date of Reed's lecture on yellow fever in Havana. He believes that Reed abandoned the B. Icteroides theory, in July of 1900, and was ready to investigate the mosquito theory by August 1.

Hench sends Ramos two reprints of his article on yellow fever which touches upon the work of Finlay.

Truby responds to Hench's suggested corrections and additions to Truby's manuscript. He provides additional details, clarifies several points, and refers Hench to others who might be able to provide further information.

Kean makes comments on the contents of the notebook found at the New York Academy of Medicine. He had recommended Carroll for volunteer commission of major, but it didn't happen. He discusses very positively the career of Russell. He thinks Andrus could sell his memoir for a good price. He includes a memorandum listing papers he read about the life and work of Carroll in 1907, shortly after his death.

Nogueira's greeting card offers Christmas and New Year's wishes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Nogueira's greeting card offers Christmas and New Year's wishes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Hench arranges for Kellogg to meet Alvarez.

White informs Hench that he knew Reed and Carroll well and was the anesthetist for Reed's last operation. He believes Carroll's mosquito bite was accidental, not experimental. White encloses a manuscript characterizing the two men and describing Reed's operation.

[White] describes Reed and Carroll, both of whom he knew personally, and describes Reed's appendix operation. [White] administered the anesthetic for the operation.

Kellogg discusses a planned series of medical portraits.

Kean thanks Hench for returning a letter from Truby. He clarifies the affiliation of Reed and other physicians involved in the yellow fever experiments as to Hospital Corps and Medical Corps, having noted an error in an earlier publication by Wyeth.

Kellogg writes that he has received information casting doubt on Hoffmann's professional credentials.

Kean comments on the Cornwell painting of the Reed Board and the distribution of proper credit between Reed and Finlay.

Kean sends Hench a copy of a letter he sent to Harold W. Jones, congratulates Hench on finding additional letters from Lazear, and mentions Andrus' book.

Jessie Ames will send Hench some of her husband's papers. She thinks the success of the yellow fever experiments depended on her husband and that he was not immune while he was nursing the volunteers. She was hurt by Kean and Ireland's lack of support for her husband being honored.

Kellogg sends Hench a letter from Hoffmann. He comments on the reliability of Hoffmann.

Hench discusses studies of calcium and arthritis in relation to a possible venture by Kellogg's company. He comments on Hoffmann's professional status.

Wood has received oral permission from Blossom Reed to examine copies of Walter Reed's letters, which are in Hench's possession.

Kellogg discusses the problem in choosing a representative of nursing and of pharmacy for the Wyeth Company portrait series.

Kean commends Hench for his published article, expresses his pleasure in having read Roper's book on Reed, and sends news about Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He also mentions the possibilities for publication of Truby's work and sends some newspaper clippings.

Hench tells Kean of an upcoming trip to see various people connected with the yellow fever experiments and of having recently seen Emilie Lawrence Reed. He recounts having given his yellow fever talk at a medical meeting and thanks Kean for his previous letter and the enclosed clippings.

Rankin suggests corrections to the Cornwell painting of McDowell in surgery and states that he may not be able to attend the unveiling and make a speech.

Kellogg assures Rankin that Cornwell will make the suggested corrections to the McDowell painting. He is pleased that Rankin may be able to speak at the unveiling of the painting.

Kellogg is afraid that Rankin will excuse himself from the unveiling of the McDowell painting, and so requests that Hench write to him emphasizing the importance of the event.

Truby is not convinced that Hench's specialty is needed in the armed services at this time. He also tells Hench that he has heard of Andrus' death and credits Andrus with having provided a reliable account of the “events in Cuba.”

Kean writes that he has started his memoir. In a postscript, Kean explains Gorgas was excluded from the yellow fever painting because Gorgas did not initially believe in the mosquito theory.

Truby describes his meeting with Hench in Washington and his visit with Laura Wood Roper in Philadelphia. He mentions having heard favorable news from Harper's about possible publication of his manuscript and conveys news about his family.

Kean sends Hench a copy of a letter Truby had sent to him regarding the introduction to the memoir he is writing.

Kellogg discusses his new magazine, "Army Doctor," for which he hopes to hire Siler as an advisor. He visited the Keans and will send Hench photographs of the visit.

Kean introduces Truby's Memoir on the yellow fever experiments, providing background information on the experiments themselves, as well as background on the author.

Kean sends a copy of his introduction to Truby's memoir to Hench for his review.

Truby informs Hench about the progress with his manuscript and credits Hench with having inspired him to write the memoirs.

Kellogg informs Hench that Kean, Stitt, and Russell will receive the Gorgas award. He quotes part of the citation for Kean.

Kean has been notified that he is to receive the Gorgas Medal for several accomplishments early in his career, including starting warfare on the mosquito in Cuba, initiating the legislation that created the Medical Reserve Corps, and for organizing the Base Hospitals in parent institutions.

Hench makes recommendations for some corrections and possible deletions from Truby's manuscript. He encourages him to take steps to have the book published sooner rather than later.

Truby responds to Hench's letter of November 24, 1942. He justifies what he has written in his manuscript and clarifies several points that Hench has raised.

Kean, Stitt, and Russell will be awarded the Gorgas Medal for their medical service in the U.S. military. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

On behalf of the University of Virginia, Newcomb congratulates Kean on receiving the Gorgas Medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Truby writes about the progress with his publisher on his book manuscript and responds further to Hench's suggestion that he may encounter some harsh remarks from literary critics.

On behalf of the medical faculty at the University of Virginia, Jordan congratulates Kean on receiving the Gorgas Medal. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean states that his reference to Gorgas' Final Report should not diminish Gorgas' credibility and reputation.

Kean is concerned that he has wrongly portrayed Gorgas as slow in supporting Reed's findings.

Truby emphasizes how important Lazear's lost notebook is. He believes it is in the hands of the Carroll family.

Hench inquires about the claims made by Sternberg that he wanted the Yellow Fever Commission to conduct research on the mosquito theory and use human experimentation. Hench thinks that Reed was annoyed with these claims.

Hench thinks that Reed was independent of Sternberg in his yellow fever investigation and is trying to decide how much credit Sternberg deserves. Hench believes that Reed and Lazear worked out the project on their own.

Kean discusses the Yellow Fever Commission, in response to Hench's questionnaire.

Kean provides his recollections of the Yellow Fever Commission, in response to Hench's questions.

Kean discusses Lazear's discovery of intrinsic and extrinsic incubation in mosquitoes.

Hench discusses the history of the Kissinger family trying to obtain more pension money, including a plea for funeral expenses from Ida Kissinger for her husband.