Strachan describes what she believes to be one of the last letters written by Henry Rose Carter as very beautiful.

This document provides details about the members of the Yellow Fever Commission and lists all the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments. There is also a motion to provide a better monetary reward to these volunteers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This brief sketch gives details into Walter Reed's early military career out west.

Deaths and Obituaries

This document summarizes evaluations by inspectors and commanding officers about the work performed by Reed. Many of Reed's superiors give him an excellent rating and find him to be a competent medical officer. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This handwritten account of Reed's military history includes a listing of his military orders from 1875 through 1894. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Laura Armistead Carter mentions articles about malaria written by Henry Rose Carter that were translated into Spanish and Portuguese.

Kelly thanks Truby for the information he sent him about Finlay because the Universidad De Villanueva wants to honor him.

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

This manuscript details stories of the young Henry Rose Carter including his mathematic ability, his reaction to the Civil War, and his education.

Carter describes his current hospital work.

On The Yellow Malignant Fever

Reed discusses a lawsuit concerning his reputation and his brother Christopher Reed's excessive exertions on his behalf. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of the invitation to appear before Army Medical Examination Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that he misses her. Reed's step-mother is in Norfolk and may visit Murfeesboro - Emilie Lawrence's hometown. He has received his commission from Army Medical Corps.

Reed and Emilie Lawrence are engaged. They anticipate separation for his military assignment.

Reed delights in Emilie Lawrence's love and prays for worthiness.

Reed informs Emilie Lawrence, his fiance, that the question of military leave is at the discretion of the Surgeon General.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He expresses affection for her relative Mrs. Vaughan.

Reed signs an Oath of Office after being appointed to Assistant Surgeon in the Military Services of the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed informs the Adjutant General about his appointment as Assistant Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes to Emilie Lawrence the difficulties he undergoes to reach his army post at Willets Point, New York harbor.

Reed gives Emilie Lawrence a description of the U.S. Army base at Willets Point, New York harbor. He describes his duties there as a medical officer.

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He describes a visit to New York City to buy her wedding ring.

Reed responds to Emilie Lawrence's teasing. He alludes to their wedding planned for the fall of 1876. He is beginning study of French and German.

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He learns she is unhappy, but does not know why.

Reed misses Emilie Lawrence. He offers a prayer to his deceased natural mother. He also discusses various topics, including medical treatments, a Catholic service, French lessons, and reading.

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence of his devotion. He admits that she has great influence over him.

Reed remains devoted to Emilie Lawrence. He comments on a caricature she has drawn, which includes mosquitos.

Reed describes his activities to Emilie Lawrence: French language studies, reading, and chess. He promises no card playing at her request.

Reed reiterates his devotion to Emilie Lawrence. He describes errands in New York City and his responsibilities at Willet's Point Army Base.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence about writing. He reiterates his devotion to her, and makes plans to visit her.

Reed describes his military responsibilities. He assures Emilie Lawrence that she is above all others in his heart.

Reed's visit to Emilie Lawrence is set, but he teases her first.

Reed takes a carriage ride to see the fall colors.

Reed makes a visit to a doctor's family. An army general gives him word on his future assignment.

Emilie Lawrence visits Norfolk and Reed teases her.

Reed reaffirms his feelings for Emilie Lawrence. He describes the physician's lot, and inquires about the new Murfreesboro newspaper and their friends Miss Peace and Mr. Sharpe.

Reed writes of visitors to the Willet's Point base and his treatment of the sick.

Reed arranges a visit to Norfolk and Murfreesboro. He describes social events at the army base at Willet's Point.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence that his finger was injured by her. He describes cases of measles at the base.

Reed has not heard from Emilie Lawrence. He tells her he misses her, and reports on cases of measles at the base.

Reed remarks on the ingratitude of patients. He informs Emilie Lawrence that he will be in a play.

Reed awaits his new orders. His replacement has arrived.

Quarantine Precautions Against Yellow Fever

The Yellow Fever Visitation. Terrible Scenes in New Orleans and Memphis.

McKee approves Reed's request for a month's leave of absence.

Reed waits for Mrs. Compton in order to accompany her to an Army post. He misses his wife and son, and asks his wife to hire a nurse for their son.

Reed hopes that his wife's health improves. He offers news of colleagues at Fort Apache and hopes for an assignment back east. He has received no letter from her.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. He offers news from the base. He is glad to hear that she is feeling better.

Reed writes about finances, promising to send money to her. She wants him to get an eastern assignment. He gives news about acquaintances.

Reed agrees to send McPherson supplies.

Reed teases McPherson concerning military reports and life in the field.

Reed teases McPherson, and writes about debts, pay, and military assignments.

Reed learns that McPherson will return to Fort Apache. Reed refers to other soldiers, and teases McPherson.

Reed hopes his son remembers him. Reed learns he will not have an assignment to Fort Thomas. He notes that the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad is moving closer to Fort Apache. He writes about finances and military personnel.

Reed is concerned about his son's illness. He observes a beautiful snowfall, and gives details about a hunting trip on which Native Americans accompany him.

Reed explains how he forgot to mail McPherson's letter and is holding his mail for him. Reed's family will not rejoin him.

Reed has clothing sent to McPherson. McPherson testifies in U.S. vs. McGowan. Reed writes concerning medical matters.

Reed describes his departure from Arizona, and the confusion in getting his next permanent assignment. He awaits McPherson's visit.

Reed is glad McPherson arrived safely back at the post. He comments on their new roommate. Reed's wife is sick.

McPherson is sick and resting. Reed is studying for a medical exam.

Brown reports to the Surgeon General that the Board has examined Reed and considers him qualified for a promotion, with the proviso that he continues his studies in Physics. A second letter written on March 24, 1882 by C. H. Crane informs Reed of the outcome of the examination. The letters are accompanied by an endorsement.

Reed discusses finances, and offers advice on female health and education. He advocates against too much emphasis on academic excellence.

Reed requests that his orders be ready for him by November 14, 1882. A note from the Surgeon General encourages speedy processing of the request. The resulting orders re-assign Reed from the Department of the East to the Department of the Platte.

Howard requests that Reed be assigned to the hospital under his command, due to his steward's disability and the limitations of the Medical Director. The Adjutant General's office denies the request. Included are an endorsement of the request and a document specifying its removal.

Carter describes his newborn son and mentions his wife and daughter.

Reed reports that he has taken up his assigned post as Post Surgeon, Fort Robinson, Nebraska.

Reed requests and is granted a one-month extension to the leave of absence he was granted on November 18, 1885.

Reed is coming to Washington to apply for a leave extension. He plans to visit Florida, and then to visit New York City for coursework.

Carter discusses his new post and family news.

The original draft of Greenleaf's letter informs Reed that the treating of several pension cases each month does not warrant his being excused from performing that duty.

Lazear writes that he wants to spend September in Germany to practice German, rather than returning to New York.

Lazear learns that he may observe surgical operations at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. He describes many sights in London.

Lazear has been entered in the Register of Physicians and Surgeons for New York County.

Reed offers advice for Blincoe's daughter, Laura. He discusses his personal finances, and regrets that he cannot send her money.

Reed writes about studies leading to a paper on cholera vaccination. He also gives instructions for staining tubercle bacilli.

Reed is honored to be accepted into the Army Medical School and assures Sternberg that no one will work as hard as he will for the good of the School and Corps. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed requests the address of a fermentation tube manufacturer, as well as a copy of Smith's paper.

Reed sends Sternberg a list of his contributions to medical literature, in response to Sternberg's earlier request, and expresses his appreciation for being nominated for membership in the Association of American Physicians. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed describes his arrival in Key West and his observation of several smallpox cases in the hospital there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed apologizes for not sending the vaccine earlier and jokes about his devotion to the mango. Reed also is excited about the possibility of [Kean] working in his laboratory. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed comments on an earlier letter from Kean, briefly mentions his present occupation supervising a laboratory, and encourages Kean to write to him again soon. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes about field service in the Spanish War. He worries over his son's enlistment plans. Sternberg has proposed keeping all non-immune medical officers out of Cuba.

Reed explains his tardiness in replying to Kean's letter, recounts having asked the Surgeon General, unsuccessfully, for a transfer, and suggests several alternatives for dealing with frustration. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed informs Sternberg that Edward Mason Parker is a most competent physician. [Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine]

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

On behalf of the city of New Orleans, Souchon thanks Carter for his assistance.

Lee presents Reed with a corps badge for sanitary inspection services.

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Reed congratulates Kean on his promotion to Colonel. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes that he visited the Vedado Post to see their son. Lawrence Reed was given a 24 hour leave to go to Havana with him.

Wyman issues new orders to Carter, making him the quarantine officer at the port of Havana.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Truby is relieved from the Eighth Infantry; he is to report to the post surgeon for duty.

Kean, Brewer, and Truby are appointed to investigate the loss of medical supplies at Columbia barracks.

Reed writes about an experiment with pigs and work involving the bacillus icteroides.

Godfrey writes a confidential letter requesting the reassignment of Dr. Alden and Dr. Jackson, who do not work well with him.

This list provides names of the medical officers of the Department of Cuba and the names and duties of hospital corps men and privates.

This Act increases the pension provided to Mabel Lazear.

Connor describes the progress against yellow fever in Mexico. He would like to have Carter's yellow fever articles translated into Spanish.

The editor praises the work of Reed, Lazear, Carroll and Agramonte as having laid the foundation for all future efforts against yellow fever and malaria. Carroll is singled out for commendation and called a martyr.

Truby discusses Carroll's career.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Welch extensively describes Reed's work at Johns Hopkins.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

[Carter?] details ways to prevent the proliferation of mosquitoes.

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

Kelly asks Cullen to assist Sears.

Peabody discusses yellow fever work dating back to 1897, with particular emphasis on the work done in Cuba, in 1900 and 1901, by Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission.

Student of Yellow Fever: Dr. Lazear Really Sacrificed His Life to Science

This report gives a brief description of Reed's titles and duties for the year 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These are original lists of men undergoing the yellow fever experiments, with an autograph note by Hench.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These reports describe Agramonte's duties and leaves of absences for the months September to November 1900. Included are notes written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

The author analyzes the death rates of Cubans from malaria and yellow fever.

Sternberg stops the annulment of Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Welch gives a recommendation for Jesse W. Lazear. Included is a handwritten note by Truby.

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

In Special Orders #11, Echeverria and Ames are appointed to a board of officers to qualify men for the position of hospital steward. Included is a note written by [Hench]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of January 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #24 directs enlisted men to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of February 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg terminates Agramonte's contract. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #42 orders Agramonte to report to the Chief Surgeon in Havana for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #44 directs surgeons and hospital stewards to various posts. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of March 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #46 directs Ames to Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #83 directs Gorgas and Kean to Pinar del Rio, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #49 assigns Echeverria to Military Hospital #1 in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard inquires about the whereabouts of the mosquitoes Lazear sent up from Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports about his investigation of electrozone in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard is announced as Chief Surgeon of the Division. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #69 assigns Agramonte to the Department Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Echeverria to additional duties in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of April 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg asks Agramonte to settle a question whether the infectious agent of yellow fever is present in the blood. Sternberg also includes an excerpt of his report on Ruiz, which should help Agramonte's experiments. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg orders Reed and Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #122 establishes the Medical Board, consisting of Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte, at Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reports of yellow fever cases at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Civil Orders #5 creates a board of medical examiners to examine cases of yellow fever and/or suspicious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed acknowledges the receipt of a check for $50.00 for use in the Medical Board's research.

Stark reports cases of yellow fever.

Special Orders #130 transfers Neate to Quemados, Cuba to report to Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

Saleeby writes about the epidemic that afflicted Columbia Barracks in late 1899 and describes the symptoms of the disease.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #135 directs Cooke from Boyce, Virginia to Tampa, Florida and then to Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #88 directs Echeverria to temporary duty in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark gives a detailed report on the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba and Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Stark claims that Mrs. Henry S. King is the first case of yellow fever. A Medical Board with Ames, Lazear, and three Cubans is created to investigate the outbreak. Stark highly commends the doctors and staff at Post Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #38 directs Echeverria to duty at the camp of civilian non-immunes at Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #39 directs a hospital steward and a private to assist Echeverria at the non-immune camp near Quemados, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard amends the yellow fever report sent June 18, 1900 to change the mortality count. A map is included of the town of Quemados. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #43 orders Stark to take over duties for Kean, who is ill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 relieves Agramonte from his duty as Acting Assistant Surgeon in Havana and transfers him to the Division Laboratory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

News About Town

Will Study Fever

Quemados Situation

Special Orders #97 orders Agramonte to Santa Clara, Cuba on sanitary duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #48 assigns Cooke to Pinar del Rio Barracks. Lawrence Reed is appointed to a court-martial hearing. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Special Orders #99 directs Cooke to Quemados, Cuba. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of June 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #51 grants Kean and Hepburn a leave of absence and assigns Teeter to Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #54 directs Ames to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Reed provides a description of his quarters at Camp Columbia and relates the typical schedule of his day. He laments the lack of rain for Emilie Lawrence Reed's garden. He discusses finances and political trouble in China.

Lazear reports that Reed has them working on Sanarelli's bacillus, but he wants to discover the real organism. He offers his opinion of Carroll.

Special Orders #69 orders Agramonte to Pinar del Rio to investigate cases of pernicious fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed comments about the family. He writes about the English physicians Durham and Meyers, who are studying yellow fever.

Reed sees their son, Lawrence, in Havana. He enjoys a meal given for the English physicians. He discusses China news, and relays information about a transport from the States.

Special Orders #64 assigns Gorgas and Echeverria to a medical board to decide about disposing medical property used for yellow fever patients. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #65 establishes various boards to investigate damages due to the outbreak of yellow fever . [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Presnell for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Cooke for his handling of a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Special Orders #1 direct Truby, Presnell, and Schweiger to accompany the 1st U.S. Infantry to the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Black responds to Reed's report on the Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba and wants to correct errors. He includes two reports by G. C. Rowe entitled “Review of the Most Salient Points of Dr. Reed's Report” and “Electrozone Plant.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #5 assigns Lazear to investigation of recent yellow fever outbreak. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of July 1900 as President of the Board of Officers investigating infectious diseases and yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #126 sends Havard to Guanajay and Presnell and Truby to accompany the 1st Infantry on transport “Rawlins” to the United States. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Reed is sending Howard specimens of mosquitoes from Lazear and is planning on seeing Howard in a few days. Included is a listing of the types of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #18 assigns Kean, Amador, and Cooke to a board of survey to decide about posts that have been infected by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #25 sentences Weatherwalks to hard labor for obtaining a team of mules under false pretenses and being drunk. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

[Lazear] disagrees with Reed and Carroll's concentration on Sanarelli's work. He believes that the true cause of yellow fever lies elsewhere.

Reed sends Howard more specimens of mosquitoes that Lazear collected in Cuba. Reed is anxious to know the results. Included is a list of the types of mosquitoes collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard informs Reed that Dr. Coquillett identified the species of the mosquitoes that Lazear collected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #33 assigns Cooke to a board of officers and then directs him to Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed details his duties for the month of August 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Agramonte signs this contract which enables him to perform the duties of a medical officer under Army Regulations. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed offers advice to de Schweinitz concerning the examination of medical students. Reed has learned of Carroll's illness in Cuba.

Reed notifies Jennie Carroll of James Carroll's improved condition.

Kean reports to Surgeon General [Wyman] that Carroll's condition has improved.

Special Orders #158 directs Cooke to the ship, Crook, to act as attending surgeon on board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #164 grants Agramonte a leave of absence. He is also granted an extension. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll informs his wife that he is recovering from yellow fever and now is comforted that he will be immune from the terrors of the disease. He also explains that Lazear is very ill and predicts an even chance for his recovery.

Special Orders #50 assigns Kean and Reed to a board of survey. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Special Orders #227 relieves Godfrey of duty. Slocum is temporarily assigned duty as Acting Chief Quartermaster. Stark's leave of absence is extended. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #228 appoints Reed, Kean, and Stark to an examining board to determine the fitness of officers for promotion. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Havana, during which he gives medical care to a child. Emilie Lawrence Reed would not accompany Reed to Cuba, and did not want him to go.

El Doctor Lazear

Doctor Lazear

Godfrey requests a wagon to pick up the baggage of the arriving medical officers. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed would like one of his assistants, Williamson, to study a specimen of mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #59 grants Pinto a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence Reed of his safety. He explains the circumstances of Jesse Lazear's death.

Sternberg requests the return of a medical journal, and makes reference to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He asks for notification on Reed's progress.

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed and Blossom Reed. He writes that Carroll is on a month's leave. He describes cases of dysentery.

Special Orders #178 grants Carroll a leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed wants to meet a delegate from the Public Health Association.

Reed returns to Washington for a meeting with the Surgeon General. He will continue on to Indianapolis for the American Public Health meeting. On November 1, Reed will leave for Cuba.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #243 directs Pilcher to Ft. McHenry for medical examination and Godfrey to the Philippines for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #183 extends Pinto's leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed act as a delegate for the Army at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis in order to convey pertinent information on yellow fever.

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is ordered to return to Washington, D.C. instead returning to his proper station in Cuba. This is an amendment to Special Orders #246. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #247 grants Carroll an extension to his leave of absence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Special Orders #188 directs Agramonte to Quemados, Cuba. A handwritten note by Hench states his contention that Agramonte did not do any mosquito work for Lazear or Reed until Camp Lazear was operational. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed presents this report on yellow fever to the American Public Health Association.

Sternberg informs Reed that Gould will publish Reed's paper in the Philadelphia Medical Journal. Included is a note by Truby.

Howard informs Carroll the mosquito he sent him from Cuba has been identified as a species described from Brazil. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is told to return to Washington, D.C. after the conference instead of returning directly to Cuba.

Baird recommends that Reed's orders be changed so that there will be no confusion in the payment process when Reed returns to Cuba via New York City and Washington D. C. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #256 directs Kean to Ft. McHenry. Pilcher is retired from active service. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of October 1900.

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of September 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed requests an address change. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #74 directs Colby to the board of medical officers to determine his fitness for the position of acting hospital steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes his voyage to Cuba. He also comments on the upcoming presidential election in the United States.

Special Orders #260 revokes Special Orders #256 for Kean. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #265 annuls Cooke's contract as acting assistant surgeon for the U. S. Army. Extension to Stark's leave of absence is granted. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear wants to know the circumstances behind her husband's death of yellow fever. She has a hard time believing that her husband allowed an infected mosquito to bite his hand. She thanks Carroll for sending her the money orders.

Reed reports his duties for the month of September 1900.

Reed settles into camp life, and observes a malaria case. He discusses finances, and notes that Carroll has returned to Cuba from the United States.

Reed asks Howard to resolve issues around a certain species of mosquito, the C. fasciatus. Reed is apologetic for asking such an obvious question.

Special Orders #266 directs Havard, Gorgas, and Kean to the Pan-American Medical Congress. Echeverria is honorably discharged. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These Special Orders #83 detail Forbes, Morris, Kissinger, and Ames to report to Walter Reed at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll thanks Howard for all the information he has sent him regarding the different markings of the mosquito, and gladly volunteers to collect any specimen that Howard needs for his research. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This is a Cuban Treasury Deposit receipt for the expenses of the Yellow Fever experiments at Camp Lazear.

Reed goes into great detail about the markings of the C. fasciatus and C. taeniatus species of mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

Reed writes that he has found mosquitoes and volunteers for his experiments, and will now proceed with the laboratory work. He comments on newspaper reports about yellow fever.

Special Orders #272 revokes Special Order #265 for Cooke. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #3 directs Colby to special duty under Reed at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #4 details the changes of station for surgeons in Cuba. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports that the experimental camp is nearing completion. He notes the effect of cool weather on yellow fever cases and suggests the mosquito as a vector for the disease.

Howard identifies the mosquito Reed is working as the Culex fasciatus. Howard appreciates answering Reed's questions and considers it a privilege. He then acknowledges receipt of Reed's report and informs Reed of his own upcoming publication. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed expresses concern for his wife's gout, but he also teases her. He relates a newspaper controversy over the yellow fever experiments, particularly concerning the American and Spanish volunteers, and consent forms.

Reed is concerned about his wife's health, but teases her. He discusses work at Keewaydin, and comments on their son's class rank.

Lawrence Reed writes about post news, correspondence from the United States, and his rank. He notes that Truby is to be post surgeon and believes this will be a favorable change.

Reed expresses empathy for his wife's gout. He writes that the experimental camp is almost completed and will soon be ready for work.

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Lawrence Reed gives post news and notes Truby's comments concerning the yellow fever experiments. He inquires if she will visit at Christmas. He turns twenty-three tomorrow.

The writer requests a receipt for blank checks forwarded to Kean.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital trustees petition Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Reed teases his wife.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

Reed writes that he cannot return home. He describes the enthusiastic response to the experiments, and he prepares a paper for the Pan-American Medical Congress.

Sternberg congratulates Reed.

Reed reports that sixteen Cuban physicians have visited to confirm the experimental yellow fever cases. He responds to Washington social news.

Special Orders #25 orders Olsen and Hildebrand to report to Reed and appoints Kissinger as Acting Hospital Steward. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg responds to Reed's letter concerning the success of the experiments. He notes that he has received reprints of Reed's paper in the "Journal of Experimental Medicine."

Sternberg requests Reed's monthly report for the month of November 1900. Reed did not submit it on time. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. A handwritten note states that Kean wrote up this order in the absence of Havard. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In Honor of Dr. Finlay

En Honor del Dr. Finlay

Reed describes a dinner given for Finlay and the general acceptance of the mosquito theory. He will continue tests involving infected clothing.

Reed details his duties for the month of November 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg requests that Reed attend the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #302 relieves Lyster of duty in Cuba. Reed is ordered to attend the Pan-American Medical Congress. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes the round of holiday parties, including one at the governor's palace, in Havana. He injects blood from the last yellow fever patient into a volunteer.

Reed details his duties for the month of December 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

Sternberg writes about the importance of scientific investigation. Sternberg orders Reed to return to Washington. He also discusses Carroll's planned promotion and the necessity of Carroll's continued assignment in Cuba.

Scott informs Jackson that a $2 per diem allowance has been approved for Reed and for Carroll. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed teases Emilie Lawrence Reed. His colleague McConnell will be visiting her. Reed mentions a drawing of mosquitos.

Special Orders #27 orders Cooke to Camp Mackenzie for duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean is in Washington, D.C. for his promotion exam. She mentions that Ames has contracted yellow fever and that she attended a memorial service for Queen Victoria.

Special Orders #27 elects Stark to a board of officers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters Department of Cuba, directs Neate and Carroll to Washington, D. C. for duty in the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31 orders Carroll to report to Washington, D. C. for duty in the pathological laboratory of the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #31, Headquarters of the Army, assigns Ross to duty in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Latest About Yellow Fever

Reed arrives in Washington. He discusses an article for the Journal of the American Medical Association and comments on the editor's changes. No promotion for Carroll is forthcoming.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

Kean requests funds for Camp Lazear. Included is a note by [Truby]. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]