[Carter] outlines anti-malarial measures for farmhouses and plantations.

Carter asserts that Reed laid the foundation for work on yellow fever.

These regulations describe the inspection, quarantine, and disinfection procedures to be implemented at ports to prevent the introduction of yellow fever into the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Laura Armistead Carter mentions articles about malaria written by Henry Rose Carter that were translated into Spanish and Portuguese.

Sawyer sends Carter a telegram granting her sick leave.

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter writes about when anti-breeding methods can be safely stopped.

This manuscript details stories of the young Henry Rose Carter including his mathematic ability, his reaction to the Civil War, and his education.

Carter writes about the Public Health Service, his children, and his health.

Quarantine Precautions Against Yellow Fever

Incidents of the Scourge at the South

The Yellow Fever Visitation. Terrible Scenes in New Orleans and Memphis.

This table charts deaths from smallpox and yellow fever in Havana, from 1870-1879.

Camp Father Mathew, in Memphis, Tenn., During the Yellow Fever Epidemic

Yellow Fever in Memphis

Memphis Under Quarantine Rule

This report gives the sanitary conditions of the officers' quarters, yard, barracks, guardhouse, post hospital, and water at Fort Robinson. It also reports on rations and clothing.

Carter provides camp and family news.

Carter describes his work and comments on the quarantine. He also provides family news.

Carter writes about his new post, as well as his family.

Carter writes that his life has been unsettled for the part ten years and a struggle for the past four or five. He discusses his work of caring for patients in hospitals and aboard vessels.

Carter comments on the quarantine service and his wife's health.

Carter discusses the quarantine and his plans for the winter.

Carter writes that he has returned home, but has contracted malaria.

Carter writes about the health of his wife, as well as his own health.

Carter discusses family and work news.

Carter provides family news and discusses his land in Florida.

Carter expresses his fear that yellow fever will be a problem in the Yucatan during the upcoming season.

Carter discusses quarantine procedures.

Sternberg discusses his theory of yellow fever and the necessary preventative measures to combat the spread of yellow fever.

Carter describes a hurricane and notes the resulting damage it caused. His quarantine work is slackening and he thinks there will be no additional cases of yellow fever. He writes that he would rather be farming, but that he realizes he must stay with his current vocation.

Carter discusses his family and his orange grove in Florida.

This circular letter gives disinfection instructions to be instigated after a yellow fever epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wyman introduces R. D. Murray's paper on yellow fever.

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

These special orders include a section appointing Reed, Vaughan, and Shakespeare to a board for the purpose of investigating the cause of the prevalence of typhoid fever in U.S. military camps. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

On behalf of the city of New Orleans, Souchon thanks Carter for his assistance.

Reed suggests several methods to determine whether patients have typhoid or malarial remittent fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In addition to the topics mentioned in the title, this report by Davis, the Chief Sanitary Officer in Havana, Cuba, includes a sanitary report and the number of cases of infectious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Carter discusses quarantine and maritime sanitation in Cuba. Carter has already had yellow fever, so he does not fear infection.

Vaughan and Reed submit a report about their examination of three crematories at Washington Barracks. They ascertain that none of the models submitted by inventors meet all the conditions required by the Army. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Sternberg recommends that Reed go to Havana, Cuba, to make a sanitary inspection of the camps, barracks, and hospitals near Puerto Principe, with particular attention to the prevalence of typhoid fever.

Sternberg directs Reed to inspect the camps, barracks, and hospitals occupied by U.S. troops in the vicinity of Puerto Principe, Cuba, and to make any necessary recommendations for improvement. He is to report on the prevalence of typhoid or other infectious diseases.

Finlay discusses the theory that mosquitoes can transmit malaria and yellow fever. To bolster his case he describes Koch's work with the tick that transmits Texas Fever. He writes about the effect of temperature on mosquitoes, and suggests that measures be taken to eliminate mosquitoes and prevent their entry into houses.

Wyman issues new orders to Carter, making him the quarantine officer at the port of Havana.

Kean considers sending his family back to the United States because of the risk of yellow fever.

Carter discusses his public health work in Cuba. He comments on the American presence in Cuba.

Kean discusses the mystery of yellow fever, its effects and spread. He comments the state of sanitary conditions at the newly built Camp Columbia.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

In a Yellow-fever Camp: How the Pestilence Made Its Presence Known in Siboney---The American Hospital Tents in the Mountains--A Brave Physician and His Scanty Equipment

LePrince reports on the effectiveness of the malaria control in railroad cars. LePrince also comments on the anti-malaria work in Georgia and Tennessee.

LePrince writes to Carter about the ongoing anti-malaria work and a conference they attended. [enclosed: a note on the use of wave action to control mosquitoes]

Connor describes the progress against yellow fever in Mexico. He would like to have Carter's yellow fever articles translated into Spanish.

Carter informs the Board that yellow fever has broken out in Peru and the Peruvian government is seeking help. Carter offers to stay, but will be unable to do field work.

Barber excerpts selections of recollections by Henry Rose Carter of malaria in Virginia and around Cairo, Illinois. He would like to use these selections in a publication.

Howard reflects on his lifetime of work with mosquitoes. He includes a transcript of a January 13, 1901 letter from Walter Reed describing the success of Reed's experiments. A transcript of a February 20, 1902 letter from Ronald Ross discusses Ross' work in Africa.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

LePrince discusses field work in Texas to control the outbreak of yellow fever.

[Carter?] details ways to prevent the proliferation of mosquitoes.

[Carter?] discusses the history of malaria in England.

The unknown author describes the settlement for lepers that Carter established in Panama.

[Carter] advises the chairman of the National Malaria Committee to reconsider abolishing a subcommittee that helps promote education in the fight against malaria.

[Carter] discusses the prevention of yellow fever, including past experiments involving control of the human host vs. control of mosquitoes.

The writer details Carter's career, ending with his mitigated retirement.

Griffitts reports on the breeding of Anopheles in salt water, mainly in Virginia.

Carter writes about his surroundings.

[Hanson] suggests details for Dunn's investigation of mosquitoes.

Carter reports on yellow fever in Venezuela and Colombia.

Watson discusses the possibility and ramifications of yellow fever spreading into Asia and the Indian sub-continent.

[Lambert] answers twenty-one questions dealing with the yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear. He describes how he assisted with the care of the patients, the work of female nurses, his involvement with the sanitary work, and an incident in which he broke quarantine to get Ames' help with his patient, Andrus.

[Carter?] proposes census questions that would assist anti-malarial work.

Detailed report on the history of yellow fever by H.R. Carter which includes areas such as geographical distribution, etiology, conveyance, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.

[Carter] proposes that the International Health Commission carry out an experiment involving the control of malarial mosquitoes. He includes a detailed procedure for such an experiment.

This biography focuses on the reasons why Ames should be included with the Yellow Fever Board and the volunteer soldiers in the Roll of Honor.

Carter and LePrince describe a planned pond and the mosquito control measures that should be undertaken in constructing and maintaining it.

[Frost's?] notes describe Carter's study of yellow fever incubation periods prior to Reed's experiments.

Darling writes that he has not found abnormalities in blood of yellow fever cases. He had hoped to join the yellow fever work, but has been advised to stay with Department of Hygiene, in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This document gives a brief account of Carter's education, work, and achievements.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

Mosquito Control Ends Fatal Plague of Yellow Fever

The Virginia Board of Health will have control over all impounded waters in matters affecting public health.

Hanson estimates funding needed from the International Health Board for the Peruvian yellow fever campaign, with the employees and salaries for the different locations listed.

This bill is meant to regulate the impounding of water.

This Florida ordinance forbids untreated water collection, specifies treatments for collected water, and permits inspection and charges for violations.

Peake's story on the work of Henry Rose Carter and William Gorgas in ridding Panama of yellow fever includes excerpts from Laura Armistead's Panama diary.

The writer believes Cuba should not be quarantined until yellow fever appears again.

These excerpts detail orders for Reed to give talks at various health conferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter discusses ways to modify a pond in order to minimize mosquito infestation.

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This form letter from DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

DeWitt solicits contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

This bibliography lists the articles on yellow fever and malaria written by Carter.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

Carter reports on the breeding habits of the Anopheles mosquito.

[Carter] discusses the infective properties of yellow fever and the influence of his work on Reed and Lazear.

Carter describes the effect of impounded water level variation on the control of Anopheles breeding, reviewing work done by himself and others in North Carolina, South Carolina, and Alabama.

This is an unsigned manuscript on impounded waters, which details public health regulations, worker conditions, and the bodies of water themselves.

Hanson writes about the reason for coming to Peru, the conditions found on his arrival, and the difficulties encountered. He discusses the various diseases identified and the causes of the general sanitary problems. Hanson presents remedies for the present conditions and discusses the possibility of the public and the Peruvian government accepting foreign aide.

[Carter] reports on the prevalence of mosquitos along the Yadkin River.

Carter discusses the sanitary issues surrounding yellow fever.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

CThe chronology begins in 1898 with the Spanish-American War and ends in March 1901.

The author analyzes the death rates of Cubans from malaria and yellow fever.

[Carter] writes about his travel plans and work.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Bonzi informs Carter that a vaccine is being shipped by the Rockefeller Foundation.

Lazear describes the camp location and commanders. He offers his opinion of Cubans and reports that Mabel Lazear will leave for the United States before the fever season quarantine begins.

Selected pages of the report give statistics regarding deaths in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean mentions a mutiny on the Sedgewick and a reception for Senators at the governor's palace. Either Jefferson Randolph Kean or Gorgas will be named Chief Surgeon of the Department.

Reed reports about his investigation of electrozone in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about quarantine and sanitation rules for yellow fever in Cuba, Jefferson Randolph Kean's work in Havana, and her plans to leave Cuba.

Carter describes his life in Cuba. He discusses the Cuban-American political situation.

Telegrams to the War Department report individual deaths, including those from yellow fever, from June 10 to June 20, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths from June 1 to June 10, 1900, some by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths caused by yellow fever from May 8 to May 30, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reports cases of yellow fever.

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about daily life in Cuba and cases of yellow fever in Havana and on the Post.

Stark gives a detailed report on the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba and Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Stark claims that Mrs. Henry S. King is the first case of yellow fever. A Medical Board with Ames, Lazear, and three Cubans is created to investigate the outbreak. Stark highly commends the doctors and staff at Post Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard details the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba in May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Lee on Fever

An Emphatic Protest

Quemados Situation

Special Orders #97 orders Agramonte to Santa Clara, Cuba on sanitary duty. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes his efficiency report for the period, June 30, 1899 to June 30, 1900. Both Sternberg and Baldwin officially endorse Reed's report. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Carter writes that he has been summoned to Washington because his work in Havana may be finished.

Echeverria reports of medical activity in Marianao di Quemados for the week ending July 14th, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #65 establishes various boards to investigate damages due to the outbreak of yellow fever . [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Black responds to Reed's report on the Electrozone Plant in Havana, Cuba and wants to correct errors. He includes two reports by G. C. Rowe entitled “Review of the Most Salient Points of Dr. Reed's Report” and “Electrozone Plant.” [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed's baggage has to be disinfected for “Yellow Jack” before he leaves for the States. He believes this to be an absurd formality. Reed wants to install a shower at the renovated Keewaydin house.

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Wood reports on that there are more yellow fever cases in Havana than the year before because of the great influx of non-immune Spanish immigrants.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

Reed wants to meet a delegate from the Public Health Association.

Reed returns to Washington for a meeting with the Surgeon General. He will continue on to Indianapolis for the American Public Health meeting. On November 1, Reed will leave for Cuba.

Sternberg recommends that Reed act as a delegate for the Army at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis in order to convey pertinent information on yellow fever.

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses efforts to control yellow fever, and notes the extent to which it has spread in the corps.

Fitzhugh Lee Sees the Light at Last

Liceaga summarizes the cases of yellow fever that have been observed on the Gulf Coast of Mexico and the measures taken to prevent the spread of the disease.

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Reed presents this report on yellow fever to the American Public Health Association.

Sternberg informs Reed that Gould will publish Reed's paper in the Philadelphia Medical Journal. Included is a note by Truby.

Yellow-Fever Figures: Explanation by Governor-General Wood [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed reports his duties for the month of October 1900.

This article describes new cases of yellow fever and recent deaths from yellow fever.

This article mentions the interest in yellow fever by the press.

Wood claims that the New York Sun misconstrued his statements regarding yellow fever, and he wants those errors to be corrected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Kean writes about his rationale for remaining as Post Surgeon at Columbia Barracks instead of taking position at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. He comments on the lasting value of Reed's work.

This article describes new cases of yellow fever and recent deaths from yellow fever.

Gen. Wood Explains

The form requests $5000 payable from Customs receipts for sanitary work in Cuba.

The article describes the connection between the mosquito and yellow fever.

This article lists the cases and deaths from yellow fever in October and November.

La Prensa

Ludlow states he never concealed the yellow fever statistics, but that they were actually available to the public at all times. Ludlow then criticizes Wood for not giving accurate information to the newspapers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean writes about studying for his upcoming promotion examination. He notes that the scientists are seeing important results from the mosquito experiments. A dinner will be held in honor of Finlay.

Sternberg requests that Reed attend the Pan-American Medical Congress in Havana, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

Kean describes the round of New Year's parties, his children, and studying for his promotional exam. Kean also details the success of the mosquito experiments and the army's efforts to eliminate mosquitoes.

Kober sends Kelly extracts of a report, written by himself, entitled “Flies in the transmission of Typhoid”

The Questions of the Day

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

Louise Kean writes about the use of fumigation against yellow fever, the quarantine in New Orleans, and Jefferson Randolph Kean being placed in charge of the finances for the Yellow Fever Commission.

Yellow Fever Germs

What Surgeon General Sternberg Says

Causes Yellow Fever

Sternberg sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” to the Secretary of State for transmission to the Portuguese Minister.

The Assistant Secretary of War sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sparkman requests fifteen to twenty copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” from Sternberg.

Reed considers Durham's work on a bacillus. Although there is no work for the Yellow Fever Board in Cuba at present, he advises Kean to maintain Camp Lazear. Reed discusses immunization against yellow fever.

Mosquitoes' Deadly Work

Sparkman requests 150 to 200 copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” for distribution. He believes several thousand copies should be distributed to southern States.

Sparkman encourages the printing of several thousand copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” so that the people of the Gulf Coast can be informed of the mosquito theory. Sparkman realizes that it is very important that the yellow fever issue be cleared up, as there are numerous variant theories about the cause of yellow fever.

Glennan reveals the costs of the new disinfecting building for the Shore Plant for the upcoming six months. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Circular #2, written in both English and Spanish, shows that the mosquito is responsible for the spread of disease, in particular yellow fever. The author outlines the necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent the spread of diseases by the mosquito. A summary of other Circulars regarding the spread of diseases is also included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard provides evidence that Caldas' and Bellingaghi's theories are unsound and should not be accepted. He includes a detailed time-line of events and a list of arguments to conclude his report against Caldas. Enclosed are charts, reports, and other documents used as evidence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Experiments

Reed is detailed to represent the Medical Department of the Army at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association in Buffalo, New York, from September 16 through September 20, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

This report contains extracts and resolutions honoring Walter Reed furnished by various individuals and institutions.

Howard responds to Reed's most recent letter, and discusses the notion of insects affecting both humans and domestic animals. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Benis thanks Kean for his assistance in public health projects.

[Kean] writes an endorsement concerning modifications to orders for the Superior Sanitary Board.

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

Wood gives a history of the American occupation in Cuba and discusses the yellow fever outbreak and consequent investigation by Reed and Lazear. Article appears in “The Annals of the American Academy.” Only pages 16 and 17 are included.

These selections from presentations given at the 1903 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association concern the scientific reception of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, particularly the etiology of yellow fever, quarantine procedures, and the discovery of the role of the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report contains extracts from various individuals attesting to Reed's contributions to science. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

McCaw outlines Reed's career, especially his work with yellow fever, and concludes by requesting a monument to Walter Reed in Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The President of Panama, Manuel Amador Guerrero, invests the Canal Zone Sanitary Officer with full sanitary authority for Panama City and Colon.

Carter discusses financial matters, as well as issues regarding the local authorities.

Moran is appointed clerk in the Canal Zone Health Department.

Carter describes his daily life and his work.

Gorgas writes about the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission, and his wife's illness.

Maury forwards Kelly a book on the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, as well as journal references. Maury contacts Lena Warner, a yellow fever survivor, for her recollections.

Carter discusses Henry Carter's academic progress and his plans to come home.

This report was prepared for the Smithsonian Institution and includes autographed notes.

Mason reports on the Panama Canal Zone Sanitary Department activities with appendices: A - plan of action; B - departmental organization; C - free distribution of quinine.

Gorgas writes to Reed concerning the organization of the Canal Zone Sanitary Department, and details problems in its function. Memorandum details the problems in the Panama Canal.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Gorgas responds to criticisms of Charles A. Reed. He presents an analysis of the Canal Zone Commission organization.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas asks LaGarde, the superintendent of Ancon Hospital, to resign.

La Garde requests to be relieved from duty.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas requests assignment of John W. Phillips for duty in the Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Smith congratulates Carter for his promotion.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Smith explains the importance of the Reed's work with the Yellow Fever Commission and asks that his accomplishments be publicized. He includes an article on Reed's work, distributed by the New Orleans & North-Eastern Railroad Company, the Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Company, and the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railway Company.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Gorgas recommends King as superintendent of Yellowstone Park. He discusses the functions and administration of the Sanitary Department.

Yellow fever infection

Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the American Public Health Association, including “Lessons to be Learned from the Present Outbreak of Yellow Fever in Louisiana” by James Carroll, “Some New Points in the Etiology and Symptomatology of Yellow Fever” by Juan Guiteras, “Yellow Fever in Mexico” by Eduardo Liceaga, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Magoon reports the number of cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone has dramatically decreased. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

Howard forwards to Kelly statistics on yellow fever cases from New Orleans epidemics.

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

These documents solicit contributions to the Walter Reed Memorial Association, and also provide lists of members and contributions.

Carroll gives a history of yellow fever in Baltimore and the debates that ensued among physicians as to whether yellow fever was contagious or not. Published in “The Hospital Bulletin” by The Hospital Bulletin Company of the University of Maryland.

Gorgas offers his opinion on the organization of the Sanitary Department in the Canal Zone. He also comments on his candidacy for the office of Surgeon General.

Carroll gives Latimer permission to retain his letters until the fall, and gives her references to journal articles.

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

Gorgas writes about a planned increase in the Canal Zone medical force, and encloses correspondence recommending physician Alexander Murray for service in Panama.

Gorgas refers to his previous letter soliciting suggestions for the Chief of Laboratory. He offers additional names from which to choose. He mentions other departmental news, including the use of drugs and chemical compounds.

Taft is anxious for Finlay to work with Jefferson Randolph Kean on stamping out yellow fever in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Taft writes that Kean has been detailed to assist Finlay in stamping out yellow fever in Cuba.

Howard provides his recollections of Reed and the formation of the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

The decree states that a medical officer shall be assigned to each municipal board of health, serving as a liaison between municipal and military authorities, in the interest of preventing yellow fever among troops stationed in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Stewart praises Kelly's book. He suggests corrections for clarification, and notes that he would emphasize the role of the Public Health Service.

La Nacionalizacion de los Servicios Sanitarios.

The mayor of Cienfuegos announces, in light of an outbreak of yellow fever, that all water containers must be brought up to code within 48 hours.

__________________________________________________

Questions of the Day

Magoon Will Issue Sanitary Decree

Decree Nationalizing Sanitation in Cuba

National Sanitation - Some Objections.

Carter's report on pneumonia in the Canal Zone concludes that pneumonia is prevalent among recent arrivals who have contracted infectious catarrh. He recommends that prevention efforts concentrate on better medical treatment of catarrh and ensuring that new men have blankets.

Ramos writes about the yellow fever work in Cuba. He encloses a table showing charting fatalities from yellow fever smallpox.

King honors Carroll and others. He lays emphasis on his contribution to national health. He supports a pension.

This letter to Kean regards a variety of matters: 1) an additional case of yellow fever; 2) the acceptance by Dr. O'Bourke of an agreement regarding the Diagnosis Board; 3) an agreement by the author to report often; 4) personnel; 5) assurances by the author that he would keep the official objectives of the projects as a first priority, despite differences, and 6) the case of Rogelio Castro Rey. [In Spanish] [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

The author gives a status report on the work being carried out in Havana. He reports that homes have been fumigated, and an inn fined for a violation of sanitation ordinances. He laments the lack of resources available to complete projects and comments on the poor quality of materials. Finally, he reports a work-related injury.[In Spanish] [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lopez del Valle reports on the duties of the National Sanitary Board, which required all the local sanitary offices to submit to new rules of operation. He goes into great detail about all the various sanitary methods used throughout Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean sends Magoon the report of the Chief Sanitary Officer of Cuba for the past year and comments extensively on sanitation and the yellow fever.

Are Our Heroes of Peace Neglected?

Por Decoro de la Administracion.

Interesante Entrevista con el Jefe Local de Sanidad, Doctor Mc. Millan.

Kean discusses the present sanitary conditions in Cuba. He states that there has been a breakdown in sanitary procedures since the American withdrawal and recommends that local sanitation boards be abolished in favor of a National Sanitary Board. Kean writes that yellow fever is moving out to rural areas, instead of concentrating in urban centers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This pamphlet details preventative measures against yellow fever, especially the control of mosquitos.

The Adviser requests information as to the depth of wells in which mosquitoes breed, so that ordinances may be revised and possibly some expense spared to the people in the towns of Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

[Morejos?] writes about mosquito eradication and other sanitary measures in various Cuban locations.

The Provisional Governor of Cuba grants Kean's request for another medical officer.

Gorgas is convinced that mosquito eradication is the only method to keep yellow fever from developing into an epidemic.

Guiteras disputes Gorgas' theories about immunity to yellow fever and eradication of the disease.

O'Reilly relays that no harm could result from delaying the date of the imposition of quarantine against Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Gorgas reports on work done in Cuba and Panama to eradicate yellow fever.

El Estado Sanitario de Cuba. Spanish translation of article, by Dr. Darlington, originally appearing in the “New York Daily News.”

Mosquito Brigade Has Slain 234,678,548,876,234,789,432,623,734,816,212 of the Pesky Critters Wounded Number More Than 3,621,738,541,776,928,316,294,444,360,727,663,361,246,818

Magoon urges Amesse to support an end to the quarantine of Cuba, arguing that there is no danger to the United States.

Sanitation in Cuba

The Chief Sanitary Officer details actions taken to prevent yellow fever.

Jennings gives a report of how Phinotas Oil affects the pupa stage in the immature mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay discusses recent cases of yellow fever, in Santiago and Daiquiri, in order to quell rumors of massive outbreaks.

LePrince informs Gorgas of the efficiency of Phinotas Oil as a larvacide. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Gorgas sends Kean results of experiments on Phinotas Oil in exterminating mosquitoes. He encloses two letters from Joseph A. LePrince. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collection Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean suggests that a case of yellow fever was contracted not in Santiago di Cuba but in Daiquiri.

Thomason discusses a yellow fever patient, Manuel Casas.

Guiteras discusses his hesitancy to publicize yellow fever cases.

The New Quarantine

Kean protests against the American quarantine of all Cuban ports.

Finlay outlines measures taken to ensure that a case of yellow fever, in Havana, does not develop into an epidemic.

Del Valle discusses yellow fever cases in Havana and sanitation measures.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Finlay reports on recommendations for prophylactic measures against yellow fever in Felton.

Lopez del Valle describes the methods used to combat yellow fever, typhoid fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases in Havana. The methods of covering all water deposits that might breed mosquito larvae are thoroughly discussed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Barnet comments on the effectiveness of the National Sanitary Service, the problems of quarantine, and the general improvement of sanitary standards within Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay discusses the nationalization of the Cuban Sanitary Department, developments in sanitary procedures regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever, and the control of tuberculosis. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean submits the report of the National Sanitary Department, and states that yellow fever is presently exterminated throughout Cuba. Kean, however, claims that the U.S. is too harsh with the quarantine regulations imposed upon Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

[Kean] requests additional experiments using wire mesh as a mosquito control.

Guiteras and Agramonte describe a case of yellow fever.

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Magoon discusses the creation of the Nationalized Sanitary Department, which has caused the final extinction of yellow fever. He also mentions the violation of the quarantine restrictions by the United States. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay informs Kean that nothing has turned up to lessen the belief that Cuba is free of yellow fever, and reports of personnel changes in Cuba's Sanitary Department. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This article, appearing in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," makes an appeal for monetary contributions to James Carroll's surviving family.

Gorgas would like Kean to inspect the hospitals in Panama in order to pass on recommendation to Torney so they can be used as instructional institutions. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas asks Kean if he would like to assist in writing a book on tropical hygiene. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Fiction and Yellow Fever. Charles Brockden Brown, the Father of Our Novelists, and His Lurid Stories

Carter, Jr., reports that he has been reassigned to Ancon hospital.

This extract, by Guiteras, discusses Finlay's work on yellow fever and his association with the U.S. Yellow Fever Commission.

[Kean] gives a brief summary of conditions in Cuba before the arrival of the Yellow Fever Board. He provides an account of the activities of the Board, which ultimately shows the mosquito as the bearer of yellow fever. Included are notes by Truby.

The article reviews contrasting administrative methods of Gorgas and Goethals in the Panama Canal Zone.

This 250 page book includes chapters about Walter Reed as well as the publications of Reed and his associates, the publications of James Carroll, reports from the sanitary officers in Havana, Cuba, and directions for destroying mosquitoes. Published in Washington by the Government Printing Office, it includes illustrations, portraits, and diagrams. The book is autographed by Mrs. Walter Reed, Jefferson R. Kean, A. S. Pinto, L. O. Howard, Albert E. Truby, Mrs. Jesse Lazear, William H. Lazear, and A. Diaz Albertini. It is also autographed by John R. Kissinger, John J. Moran, John H. Andrus, James Leonard Hanberry and John R. Bullard, who served as volunteers for the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba. Mrs. Walter Reed gave the book to Philip Showalter Hench who heavily annotated it.

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Glennan confidentially informs Carter of a possible detail in Hawaii.

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

To Give Credit Where It Is Due

Carter describes his public health work in Panama.