This document provides details about the members of the Yellow Fever Commission and lists all the volunteers for the yellow fever experiments. There is also a motion to provide a better monetary reward to these volunteers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Office of the Surgeon General lists the individuals on the yellow fever roll of honor. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carter asserts that Reed laid the foundation for work on yellow fever.

These regulations describe the inspection, quarantine, and disinfection procedures to be implemented at ports to prevent the introduction of yellow fever into the United States. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document covers the accomplishments of the Army Medical Corps, including the conquest of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Deaths and Obituaries

This lists ten volunteers, including eight Spaniards, for the yellow fever experiments done by Juan Guiteras.

The American Association for Medical Progress briefly outlines the history of yellow fever and the Yellow Fever Commission, and concludes that animal experimentation is crucial in order to save human lives.

This is a report on Henry Rose Carter's yellow fever work.

The American Association for Medical Progress briefly outlines the history of yellow fever and the Yellow Fever Commission, and concludes that animal experimentation is crucial in order to save human lives.

This document gives a brief and concise history of the places, the death toll, and the cost of yellow fever epidemics in the United States. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Andrus answers questions about Ames and mentions the kindness of Lambert.

This documents lists the Yellow Fever Board and the volunteers in the yellow fever experiments. Also see [03143001]. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This brief note discusses a sick patient.

[Hench] outlines details of the yellow fever investigation, including a diagram of the Board's laboratory at Columbia Barracks.

In this pamphlet published for the American Museum of Natural History, Peabody discusses the history of yellow fever, the yellow fever experiments in Cuba, and the later history of the yellow fever heroes of 1900. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This manuscript discusses Walter Reed's yellow fever experiments in Cuba and provides letters written by Reed.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

On The Yellow Malignant Fever

Tate is surprised at the length of the questionnaire from Hench but will answer the questions to the best of his ability.

Reed writes a paper on hygiene for qualification as an Army Surgeon. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by National Library of Medicine, Bethesda (Md.)

Quarantine Precautions Against Yellow Fever

Incidents of the Scourge at the South

New York's Contribution to the Suffering South

The front page of this issue has illustrations of New York citizens donating to victims of yellow fever.

The Yellow Fever Visitation. Terrible Scenes in New Orleans and Memphis.

The Lessons of Calamity

This table charts deaths from smallpox and yellow fever in Havana, from 1870-1879.

Camp Father Mathew, in Memphis, Tenn., During the Yellow Fever Epidemic

Yellow Fever in Memphis

Memphis Under Quarantine Rule

Carter provides family news and describes Christmas celebrations.

Carter provides camp and family news.

Carter provides camp and family news.

Carter writes about his new post, as well as his family.

Carter comments on the quarantine service and his wife's health.

Carter expresses his fear that yellow fever will be a problem in the Yucatan during the upcoming season.

Geddings' discussion of the treatment of yellow fever includes baths, purgatives, coal-tar products, cocaine, carbonated beverages, perchloride of iron, ice, counter-irritation, tisane of orange leaves, enemas, and quinine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg discusses his theory of yellow fever and the necessary preventative measures to combat the spread of yellow fever.

Carter describes a hurricane and notes the resulting damage it caused. His quarantine work is slackening and he thinks there will be no additional cases of yellow fever. He writes that he would rather be farming, but that he realizes he must stay with his current vocation.

This circular letter gives disinfection instructions to be instigated after a yellow fever epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by U. S. Army Signal Corps

Sternberg writes about yellow fever infection from soiled linen and flies. He proposes measures for disinfection and quarantine to control epidemics.

Sternberg reports on the prevalence of yellow fever in Cuba. He relates the history of yellow fever epidemics, and provides statistics on yellow fever throughout Cuba.

Reed writes about field service in the Spanish War. He worries over his son's enlistment plans. Sternberg has proposed keeping all non-immune medical officers out of Cuba.

Wyman introduces R. D. Murray's paper on yellow fever.

Patton, on behalf of the Louisiana State Board of Health, thanks the U.S. Marine Hospital Service for their assistance in stamping out yellow fever at Camp Fontaine Bleau and McHenry.

Sternberg recommends that Agramonte proceed to Havana to study the cause and prevention of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

Wyman places Carter in charge of all quarantine matters in Cuba, except for the province of Santiago.

Carter discusses quarantine and maritime sanitation in Cuba. Carter has already had yellow fever, so he does not fear infection.

Agramonte informs Sternberg that during the past several weeks there have been very few cases of yellow fever from which he could obtain material for research. Attached to the letter is a note by Truby stating that Agramonte and Carroll assisted Reed in the lab in 1898.

Finlay discusses the theory that mosquitoes can transmit malaria and yellow fever. To bolster his case he describes Koch's work with the tick that transmits Texas Fever. He writes about the effect of temperature on mosquitoes, and suggests that measures be taken to eliminate mosquitoes and prevent their entry into houses.

Sternberg sends checks for research-related expenses.

Agramonte describes his work with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The military career of Edmunds' is outlined until his death from yellow fever on June 18, 1899. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean considers sending his family back to the United States because of the risk of yellow fever.

Carter discusses his public health work in Cuba. He comments on the American presence in Cuba.

Louise Kean provides news about yellow fever.

Kean discusses the mystery of yellow fever, its effects and spread. He comments the state of sanitary conditions at the newly built Camp Columbia.

Wood provides news of a yellow fever epidemic among American troops.

In a Yellow-fever Camp: How the Pestilence Made Its Presence Known in Siboney---The American Hospital Tents in the Mountains--A Brave Physician and His Scanty Equipment

Agramonte reports on his study of yellow fever from a bacteriological standpoint while at Santiago. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood writes concerning the appointment of the Secretary of War. He describes actions taken by the military to avoid yellow fever.

Rossiter reports on the recent epidemic of yellow fever at Cabana Fortress in Havana. He describes the patients and their symptoms as well as the disinfection of clothing, bedding, and property.

The writer discusses endemic centers of yellow fever and the origin of the disease.

This Act increases the pension provided to Mabel Lazear.

Connor describes the progress against yellow fever in Mexico. He would like to have Carter's yellow fever articles translated into Spanish.

The editor praises the work of Reed, Lazear, Carroll and Agramonte as having laid the foundation for all future efforts against yellow fever and malaria. Carroll is singled out for commendation and called a martyr.

Carter informs the Board that yellow fever has broken out in Peru and the Peruvian government is seeking help. Carter offers to stay, but will be unable to do field work.

[Carter] sends Connor a historical epidemiological study of yellow fever in Mexico and Central America for his comments.

Truby discusses Carroll's career.

Andrus describes the work of the Yellow Fever Board and his role as a volunteer. He provides exacting lists of his fellow volunteers and their cases of yellow fever.

This list records names and addresses of persons in the United States and Cuba who received copies of "Conquerors of Yellow Fever."

Howard reflects on his lifetime of work with mosquitoes. He includes a transcript of a January 13, 1901 letter from Walter Reed describing the success of Reed's experiments. A transcript of a February 20, 1902 letter from Ronald Ross discusses Ross' work in Africa.

This draft of Wood's biography of Walter Reed was written for young readers and was eventually published by Julian Messner, Inc.

This partial manuscript of Moran's autobiography describes his early life, military career, service as a sanitary inspector under Gorgas in Panama, marriage, and business ventures. He discusses his relationship with Hench and their search for the actual site of Camp Lazear, as well as the difficulties stemming from the Reed-Finlay controversy. The section of the draft covering the yellow fever experiments is missing.

Kosslow writes a succinct but vivid account of Walter Reed's life, dealing with his work on typhoid and yellow fever.

Sturgis sends a contribution for Kissinger.

LePrince discusses field work in Texas to control the outbreak of yellow fever.

Photo by Cuban Tourist Commission, Havana (Cuba)

Kissinger describes the yellow fever experiments and comments on the men involved. He also describes the experience of suffering from yellow fever and the treatment for the disease. Kissinger remarks on inaccuracies in the play "Yellow Jack." He maintains that he volunteered before Moran.

[Carter] discusses the prevention of yellow fever, including past experiments involving control of the human host vs. control of mosquitoes.

Carter describes early epidemics of various diseases, some of them mistaken for yellow fever. He differentiates between yellow fever and malaria, describes different mortality rates, and lists characteristics of yellow fever.

This map shows the area around Camp Columbia, Cuba.

The writer details Carter's career, ending with his mitigated retirement.

This document describes items related to yellow fever in detail; including letters, reports, medical charts, medals, artifacts, books, photographs, interview transcripts, magazines, and sketches.

Goldbacher sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Frye sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Laura Carter requests books from the Library of Congress for use in a yellow fever bibliography.

Thomas sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Carter reports on yellow fever in Venezuela and Colombia.

Watson discusses the possibility and ramifications of yellow fever spreading into Asia and the Indian sub-continent.

Laura Carter informs Russell that she left the Ravenel correspondence with Read, but did not use it because her father's book ends before Reed's yellow fever work commenced.

Peabody discusses yellow fever work dating back to 1897, with particular emphasis on the work done in Cuba, in 1900 and 1901, by Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission.

[Lambert] answers twenty-one questions dealing with the yellow fever experiments at Camp Lazear. He describes how he assisted with the care of the patients, the work of female nurses, his involvement with the sanitary work, and an incident in which he broke quarantine to get Ames' help with his patient, Andrus.

Detailed report on the history of yellow fever by H.R. Carter which includes areas such as geographical distribution, etiology, conveyance, pathology, clinical history, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and prophylaxis.

Truby describes his experiences and observations in Cuba from 1898-1902, focusing on Lazear's story.

Student of Yellow Fever: Dr. Lazear Really Sacrificed His Life to Science

The report describes efforts to pass a Congressional bill honoring the yellow fever volunteers and securing pensions.

Fragment of newspaper article relating to details of Carter's incubation theory

Pinto describes Reed's use of mosquitoes acquired from Finlay and the first experiments with volunteers.

This document records Kean's pulse, temperature, urine, stool, diet, medicine and remarks during his bout with yellow fever.

This report supports Ames' inclusion in the Act, approved February 28, 1929, to recognize the public service rendered and disabilities incurred as voluntary subjects for inoculation during the yellow fever investigations in Cuba.

Dr. Carter Off Today

This biography focuses on the reasons why Ames should be included with the Yellow Fever Board and the volunteer soldiers in the Roll of Honor.

Carter provides Rosenau with notes from his book on yellow fever. He discusses the origins of yellow fever, as well as other points about yellow fever and malaria.

[Frost's?] notes describe Carter's study of yellow fever incubation periods prior to Reed's experiments.

Darling writes that he has not found abnormalities in blood of yellow fever cases. He had hoped to join the yellow fever work, but has been advised to stay with Department of Hygiene, in Sao Paulo, Brazil.

This document gives a brief account of Carter's education, work, and achievements.

These are original lists of men undergoing the yellow fever experiments, with an autograph note by Hench.

This is a series of partial manuscripts detailing the yellow fever experiments. Topics include the Yellow Fever Roll of Honor, Moran's role in the experiments, the controversy concerning Reed's and Finlay's contributions to the conquest of yellow fever, and Moran's experiences at the University of Virginia.

Mosquito Control Ends Fatal Plague of Yellow Fever

This article, which appeared in "Outlook," discusses efforts to memorialize Walter Reed.

Hanson estimates funding needed from the International Health Board for the Peruvian yellow fever campaign, with the employees and salaries for the different locations listed.

The list of Reed's publications includes articles on Trikresol, typhoid fever, variola, bacillus icteroides and bacillus cholerae suis, and yellow fever.

This table charts the inoculation of individuals bitten by mosquitoes. Some of them develop yellow fever.

Explains Flying Resistance of Mosquitoes

Peake's story on the work of Henry Rose Carter and William Gorgas in ridding Panama of yellow fever includes excerpts from Laura Armistead's Panama diary.

Carter's abstract summarizes the yellow fever article in Nelson Loose Leaf Medicine.

The writer believes Cuba should not be quarantined until yellow fever appears again.

To Be Named in Honor of Dr. Lazear

Progress at the Hopkins

Notes describe the New York Academy of Medicine's acquisition of Walter Reed's notebook on the yellow fever experiments. [The notebook had somehow come into the possession of Reed's former laboratory assistant, John S. Neate.]

Five New Cases in Cienfuegos

Tate analyzes the checkbook stubs for Camp Lazear. He thinks that Lambert has reason to feel upset, because he nursed yellow fever patients and the only extra check made out to him was for $20.

Von Mansfelde writes that he is eager to see that Carroll and Lazear receive due credit for their yellow fever work.

Would Honor Dr. Reed

This typescript deals with Hench's discussion of the recently discovered notebook containing the lab notes of Lazear and Reed. Hench credited Laura Wood with the discovery. The speech was given before the American Association of Obstetricians, Gynecologists and Abdominal Surgeons.

The conference includes Noguchi, Flexner, White and Rose and involves yellow fever in West Africa.

This bibliography lists the articles on yellow fever and malaria written by Carter.

This is Moran's account of his experience with the Yellow Fever Commission as a human test subject.

The writer briefly discusses the content of Carter's "History of Yellow Fever."

[Carter] discusses the infective properties of yellow fever and the influence of his work on Reed and Lazear.

Hanson requests a copy of Carter's article on the incubation period of yellow fever, from 1900.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

Trinity Hall Closing Day - Tablet Unveiled in Memory of the Late Jesse William Lazear, M.D.

Death Of Mr. J.W. Lazear

Great Frenchman Once Lived in Waverly

[Carter] writes Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, the Finlay controversy, and how the discovery of the mosquito as the vector of transmission for yellow fever relied on the work of many contributors.

Heroism in Medical Investigation

Dr. Jesse W. Lazear

[Carter] starts a letter to Mary Clayborne Carter about Gorgas, Finlay, and patients with yellow fever.

Hanson writes about the reason for coming to Peru, the conditions found on his arrival, and the difficulties encountered. He discusses the various diseases identified and the causes of the general sanitary problems. Hanson presents remedies for the present conditions and discusses the possibility of the public and the Peruvian government accepting foreign aide.

Carter discusses the sanitary issues surrounding yellow fever.

This account details a list of expenses incurred for stenography, typing, office supplies, and taxi fares to the Library of Congress.

Deaths of yellow fever in the city of Havana in military and civilians between 1871 and 1900.

Holman requests a copy of Hench's article, "Conquerors of Yellow Fever."

Autograph notes by Hench identifying the errors in Hemmeter's journal article entitled "Major James Carroll," published in Janus 13: 57-72 and 150-176; 1908.

CThe chronology begins in 1898 with the Spanish-American War and ends in March 1901.

The author analyzes the death rates of Cubans from malaria and yellow fever.

The writer offers a political explanation for Ross's actions.

This obituary encourages friends and admirers of the late Jesse Lazear to contribute to a fund for a Memorial in his name.

Woldert suggests allowing tobacco to macerate in kerosene oil as a means to kill mosquito larvae quicker and in a more dilute solution than plain oil. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

Reed states that the mosquito theory for the propagation of yellow fever is a fact, not a theory. Reed's postscript gives credit to Kean for cleaning measures against the mosquito. [Reed mistakes the year, it should be 1901, not 1900.]

Cuban Investigator Victim of His Investigations

Special Orders #51 orders Reed to Tampa, Florida and then back to Havana, Cuba on business pertaining to an investigation of electrozone as a disinfectant and germicide. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This report guards against the introduction and spread of yellow fever. The symptoms of yellow fever are clearly outlined.

Lazear describes the camp location and commanders. He offers his opinion of Cubans and reports that Mabel Lazear will leave for the United States before the fever season quarantine begins.

Lazear writes that his workload will be lighter after Reed leaves. He reports that his son is well.

Selected pages of the report give statistics regarding deaths in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about quarantine and sanitation rules for yellow fever in Cuba, Jefferson Randolph Kean's work in Havana, and her plans to leave Cuba.

Sternberg asks Agramonte to settle a question whether the infectious agent of yellow fever is present in the blood. Sternberg also includes an excerpt of his report on Ruiz, which should help Agramonte's experiments. Included is a handwritten note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg orders Reed and Carroll to Camp Columbia, Cuba for the investigation of infectious diseases, especially yellow fever. This requires the establishment of a Medical Board. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reports of yellow fever cases at Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg instructs Reed on the numerous experiments he should conduct in the investigation of infectious diseases. Also included are notes by Hench and Truby expressing their personal views of Sternberg's instructions. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans for the summer. He is pleased to be named a member of a board to study infectious diseases, headed by Walter Reed.

Civil Orders #5 creates a board of medical examiners to examine cases of yellow fever and/or suspicious diseases. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report individual deaths, including those from yellow fever, from June 10 to June 20, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths from June 1 to June 10, 1900, some by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Telegrams to the War Department report deaths caused by yellow fever from May 8 to May 30, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter writes that he has just finished an article on Havana yellow fever statistics. He gives his son academic advice.

Stark reports cases of yellow fever.

Lazear reports on medical cases suspected of being yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean provides reasons for infection of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks and possible ways to prevent spread of disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer gives a yellow fever case history, among others now lost.

These endorsements regard the relationship between the laundry facilities and the spread of yellow fever at Columbia Barracks.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter the town of Quemados, Cuba.

Saleeby writes about the epidemic that afflicted Columbia Barracks in late 1899 and describes the symptoms of the disease.

Stark requests that no individual affiliated with Columbia Barracks be permitted to enter a saloon where yellow fever broke out. Endorsements are dated June 6 to June 8, 1900.

Orders with endorsements request disinfectants for Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Lazear writes about family plans. He explains the work of the investigative board and is glad that Reed will be its leader.

Stark responds with a facetious remark to a request for carbolic acid for sanitary purposes at Columbia Barracks. Endorsements are dated June 9 to June 15, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about daily life in Cuba and cases of yellow fever in Havana and on the Post.

Stark gives a detailed report on the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba and Columbia Barracks, Cuba. Stark claims that Mrs. Henry S. King is the first case of yellow fever. A Medical Board with Ames, Lazear, and three Cubans is created to investigate the outbreak. Stark highly commends the doctors and staff at Post Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard details the outbreak of yellow fever in Quemados, Cuba in May 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard amends the yellow fever report sent June 18, 1900 to change the mortality count. A map is included of the town of Quemados. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Lee on Fever

Will Study Fever

An Emphatic Protest

Quemados Situation

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic is waning. Reed, Carroll and he will study malaria.

Reed requests that Private Tracey be detailed to Havana to help in the animal laboratory, and also requests additional funding for the purchase of more animals. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Moran is honorably discharged from the Army of the United States, with permission to re-enlist.

Reed describes his laboratory, the hot weather and mosquitoes. He reviews work to be done at Keewaydin.

Reed reassures Emilie Lawrence Reed about yellow fever, claiming there is no danger. He writes about work done at Keewaydin and explains how he is organizing his laboratory.

Lazear reports that the yellow fever epidemic seems to be over, and that the board is hard at work studying Cuban infectious diseases.

Lazear reports that Reed has them working on Sanarelli's bacillus, but he wants to discover the real organism. He offers his opinion of Carroll.

Echeverria reports of medical activity in Marianao di Quemados for the week ending July 14th, 1900. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed comments about the family. He writes about the English physicians Durham and Meyers, who are studying yellow fever.

Special Orders #64 assigns Gorgas and Echeverria to a medical board to decide about disposing medical property used for yellow fever patients. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #65 establishes various boards to investigate damages due to the outbreak of yellow fever . [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark reprimands Presnell for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Nouel for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Reed is astonished that yellow fever remains unrecognized at Pinar del Rio. He recommends measures taken to avoid an epidemic, and the use of human experimentation to study the disease.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for failing to properly handle a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Cooke for his handling of a yellow fever outbreak at Pinar del Rio.

Stark reprimands Godfrey for his course of action in the face of an epidemic of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lazear is ordered to proceed to Pinar Del Rio to collect pathological material on the recent yellow fever outbreak.

Reed's baggage has to be disinfected for “Yellow Jack” before he leaves for the States. He believes this to be an absurd formality. Reed wants to install a shower at the renovated Keewaydin house.

Special Orders #5 assigns Lazear to investigation of recent yellow fever outbreak. Included is a note written by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Stark takes over duties as Chief Sanitary Officer after Kean is taken ill by yellow fever. Stark describes his preventative measures against the spreading of the disease. He commends numerous individuals for their help in the epidemic. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #8 elects Stark to a board of officers to deal with compensation for destroyed or damaged property through disinfection procedures. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Gorgas details the yearly deaths caused by yellow fever in the month of July, and states that the sanitary conditions for July 1900 are better than any time in the past ten years. His report includes two charts of deaths in Havana: “Deaths by Months for the Years 1890 to 1900” and “Arrivals and Departures of Passengers at Havana.”

Special Orders #18 assigns Kean, Amador, and Cooke to a board of survey to decide about posts that have been infected by yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This document discusses the diagnosis and treatment of yellow fever in Cuba.

Lazear writes about family plans. He is now working on malaria, and says yellow fever is decreasing in Havana.

[Lazear] disagrees with Reed and Carroll's concentration on Sanarelli's work. He believes that the true cause of yellow fever lies elsewhere.

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks and reports about the precautionary methods taken to prevent the spread of the disease. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dunshie lists the cases of yellow fever at Guanajay Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes that Christopher Reed's son does not have tuberculosis. Reed has been in Cuba studying yellow fever but has returned to finish the typhoid fever report.

Photograph by US Army Medical Museum

Wood reports on that there are more yellow fever cases in Havana than the year before because of the great influx of non-immune Spanish immigrants.

Reed worries about Carroll's sickness and wonders if it is the result of the bite of a mosquito that had previously bitten yellow fever patients. He discloses that they had all determined to experiment on themselves, and he would have done so if he had been there. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed offers advice to de Schweinitz concerning the examination of medical students. Reed has learned of Carroll's illness in Cuba.

Reed notifies Jennie Carroll of James Carroll's improved condition.

Kean reports to Surgeon General [Wyman] that Carroll's condition has improved.

The fever chart has a notation written by Ames stating that Dean is the same as X.Y.Z.

Lazear believes he is on the track of the yellow fever germ but this news must be kept secret for now.

Durham and Myers discuss the investigation of yellow fever by the American commission in Cuba and the perplexing nature of the disease.

Carroll informs his wife that he is recovering from yellow fever and now is comforted that he will be immune from the terrors of the disease. He also explains that Lazear is very ill and predicts an even chance for his recovery.

General Orders #4 announces the death of Cartwright and provides documentation of his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Special Orders #50 assigns Kean and Reed to a board of survey. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the mosquito as the vector for yellow fever and the amount of evidence necessary to prove this hypothesis.

Kean describes the contributions and sacrifices that Lazear has made for science, and asks Sternberg to make a public statement about Lazear's death and his courage in life. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the probability of a mosquito vector for yellow fever. He regrets his absence from Cuba. He will not experiment on himself, and anticipates a publication on the etiology of the disease.

Kean informs Mabel Lazear of Lazear's death.

The Questions of the Day

Dr. J.W. Lazear Is Dead

The Death Roll

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

Dr. Jesse W. Lazear Dies in Havana

Expert Dies of Yellow Fever

Yellow Fever Kills a Surgeon.

Studied Yellow Fever

Dr. J.W. Lazear Is Dead

Lazear Obituary

The Summons of Death

El Doctor Lazear

Doctor Lazear

This is an obituary for Jesse Lazear.

Horlbeck concludes in this report to the American Public Health Association that the bacillus icteroides, discovered by Sanarelli, is the cause of yellow fever.

Reed assures Emilie Lawrence Reed of his safety. He explains the circumstances of Jesse Lazear's death.

Sternberg requests the return of a medical journal, and makes reference to an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association. He asks for notification on Reed's progress.

Circular Order #8 includes Kean's letter of October 13. Kean states in his communication that the mosquito is responsible for the transmission of malaria and filarial infections, and more than likely yellow fever. He recommends a course of action for all posts in the eradication of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Goodale describes Peterson's burial at Grave 146, Post Cemetery, Columbia Barracks, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #27 announces the death of Peterson and documents his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed act as a delegate for the Army at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis in order to convey pertinent information on yellow fever.

Reed is recommended to be a delegate at the meeting of the American Public Health Association in Indianapolis to give important information about the cause and prevention of yellow fever. Special Orders #246 is included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean discusses efforts to control yellow fever, and notes the extent to which it has spread in the corps.

Liceaga summarizes the cases of yellow fever that have been observed on the Gulf Coast of Mexico and the measures taken to prevent the spread of the disease.

This report lists the minutes of the meeting at the Public Health Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana. The First Day, Afternoon Session includes numerous papers on infectious disease and yellow fever, with a paper by Walter Reed. Included is a note by Hench.

Reed presents this report on yellow fever to the American Public Health Association.

Defending His Record; Fever Cases Concealed [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow-Fever Figures: Explanation by Governor-General Wood [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

General Orders #28 announces the death of Page and documents his military career. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ludlow responds to Wood's accusation that data was concealed regarding the number of cases of yellow fever in Havana.[Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ludlow defends his position against Wood's charges of concealing facts about yellow fever in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Mosquito Carries Yellow Fever Germ

This obituary, which appeared in the "Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin," honors Jesse Lazear.

Wood describes Lazear's infection and death, and advocates for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Obituary: Jesse William Lazear

This article describes new cases of yellow fever and recent deaths from yellow fever.

Welch writes about the mosquito theory of yellow fever transmission and the Yellow Fever Commission.

Mosquitoes and Yellow Fever

This article mentions the interest in yellow fever by the press.

The Mosquito Hypothesis

Wood states that he never accused Ludlow of concealing information, but that newspapers have misconstrued his statements, through false deductions and inferences. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This article, which appeared in the "St. Louis Medical Review," discusses the transmission of yellow fever via mosquitos.

Wood claims that the New York Sun misconstrued his statements regarding yellow fever, and he wants those errors to be corrected. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Wood rebuts an accusation that Officers concealed outbreaks of yellow fever in Havana.

Lawrence Reed anticipates his father's return to Cuba. He comments on rumors of reassignment, yellow fever cases, and packages from home.

Kean writes about his rationale for remaining as Post Surgeon at Columbia Barracks instead of taking position at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. He comments on the lasting value of Reed's work.

This article describes new cases of yellow fever and recent deaths from yellow fever.

Reed remarks on Bryan's defeat in the United States presidential election. He describes various people at the camp. He discusses his work on yellow fever, including the possibility of human experimentation.

Gen. Wood Explains

Mabel H. Lazear asks Carroll for information on the circumstances of Jesse Lazear's death.

Special Orders #83 relieves Forbes of his assignment, assigns Morris and Kissinger to temporary duty at the experimental sanitary camp at Columbia Barracks, and orders Ames to report to Reed for temporary duty.

Lambert informs Truby that he has tried to gain recognition as a nurse for the experimental yellow fever cases. He explains the reasons why he thinks he should be included.

This is a list of the names, dates, and hometowns of the American volunteers and also lists the individuals who recruited them for the yellow fever experiments.

Sternberg forwards Reed's paper for peer review. He agrees that the inoculation experiments must continue in order to provide scientific proof. He recommends that a search for the yellow fever parasite should begin.

The Keans discuss social events among the army personnel and a move to new quarters. The postscript mentions the reaction of the popular press and the medical journals to the mosquito theory.

Reed writes that he has found mosquitoes and volunteers for his experiments, and will now proceed with the laboratory work. He comments on newspaper reports about yellow fever.

The article describes the connection between the mosquito and yellow fever.

Reed reports that the experimental camp is nearing completion. He notes the effect of cool weather on yellow fever cases and suggests the mosquito as a vector for the disease.

Horrendo...Si Es Cierto. This article is an expression of outrage by the newspaper staff regarding the rumor that Spanish immigrants are unknowingly being used in an experiment to test transmission of yellow fever by mosquito bites.

This is a translation of an article, originally appearing in “La Discusion” (November 21, 1900 - page 2a), in which the rumor of human experimentation is discussed and criticized.

This article lists the cases and deaths from yellow fever in October and November.

Horrific... If it's true!

Horrendo...Si Es Cierto

La Prensa

Reed expresses concern for his wife's gout, but he also teases her. He relates a newspaper controversy over the yellow fever experiments, particularly concerning the American and Spanish volunteers, and consent forms.

In this article, taken from La Discusion (November 22, 1900 - page 1), the Spanish ambassador is interviewed regarding the rumor of human experimentation by the Yellow Fever Commission.

Horrible...Si Es Cierto. This article provides details from an anonymous contributor about a yellow fever experiment.

Horrible...If's it's true!

A Cazar...Por Fuerza Huyendole A La Quema

Del Consulado de Espana

La Fiebre Amarilla

Louise Kean writes about cases of yellow fever and news of the family.

This consent form includes the minimum age requirements, the limited liability of the Yellow Fever Commission, and the amount of money volunteers shall receive.

This consent form includes the minimum age requirements, the limited liability of the Yellow Fever Commission, and the amount of money volunteers will receive.

Reed mentions the houses constructed at the experimental camp. He describes the experimentation methods and plans. He anticipates a trip to Keewaydin in May.

Reed expresses empathy for his wife's gout. He writes that the experimental camp is almost completed and will soon be ready for work.

Fourteen patients are listed by name, place of birth, dates of illness and other details, for Camp Lazear, Columbia Barracks, Cuba.

Ludlow states he never concealed the yellow fever statistics, but that they were actually available to the public at all times. Ludlow then criticizes Wood for not giving accurate information to the newspapers. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed describes methods of experimentation and the progress of the work at Camp Lazear.

Reed gives an assessment of the criticism directed at the experimental project. He believes that it is unfounded.

Lawrence Reed gives post news and notes Truby's comments concerning the yellow fever experiments. He inquires if she will visit at Christmas. He turns twenty-three tomorrow.

Reed writes of Emilie Lawrence Reed's health. He discusses finances and plans for their house at Keewaydin. He expresses concern over the experiments since they have not yet achieved positive results.

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean's stepmother is coming to Cuba. She describes the excitement over the first case of experimental yellow fever at Camp Lazear.

Reed announces the first proven case of yellow fever from a mosquito bite. The diagnosis of the case will be tested by experts.

Reed announces that his theory about the mosquito is right and describes Kissinger's illness and the good health of the volunteers in the infected bedding house. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes about the possibility of Emilie Lawrence Reed coming to Cuba. He also describes the visit of the examining board from Havana, and records responses to the mosquito theory.

The Johns Hopkins Hospital trustees petition Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Wood explains that Cuba is largely free from epidemic or contagious diseases and he suggests that commercial relations to be resumed with the island. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Emilie Lawrence Reed will not visit Cuba. Reed discusses additional research questions, including the larvae of infected mosquitoes. The experiment involving the injection of infected blood was successful.

Reed's experiments have convinced Gorgas that the mosquito theory is valid. Gorgas discusses the implications for sanitation and non-immune troops.

Louise Kean writes about the success of Reed's yellow fever experiments with infected mosquitoes and clothing.

Reed states that cases of yellow fever are diagnosed and confirmed from his experiments, which proves the mosquito theory.

Reed reports that there are four diagnosed cases of yellow fever within the period of incubation.

Reed writes that he cannot return home. He describes the enthusiastic response to the experiments, and he prepares a paper for the Pan-American Medical Congress.

Mosquitos and Yellow Fever

Reed reports that sixteen Cuban physicians have visited to confirm the experimental yellow fever cases. He responds to Washington social news.

Sternberg congratulates Reed on the success of his experiments. He hopes Reed can identify the parasite, and thinks it would be desirable to conduct experiments that would involve inoculation with blood from yellow fever cases.

This document lists the names of the volunteers for the fomite experiments along with what soiled clothing and bedding they were given. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

General Orders #6 states that the mosquito is responsible for malaria, yellow fever, and filarial infection, and that all military posts should take every precaution to eradicate the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Still Fumbling with Yellow Fever

Kean writes about studying for his upcoming promotion examination. He notes that the scientists are seeing important results from the mosquito experiments. A dinner will be held in honor of Finlay.

Reed describes a dinner given for Finlay and the general acceptance of the mosquito theory. He will continue tests involving infected clothing.

Fever chart A ends on January 2, 1901.

Fever chart “B” ends on January 3, 1901.

Reed provides a description of the experiment buildings at Camp Lazear and the method of mosquito inoculation.

Reed describes the round of holiday parties, including one at the governor's palace, in Havana. He injects blood from the last yellow fever patient into a volunteer.

Reed writes about Emilie Lawrence Reed's recovery, as well as his toothache. He discusses financial matters, including expenditures at Keewaydin. His last yellow fever patient is recovering.

This is the famous New Year's Eve letter. Reed's toothache requires cocaine treatment. Reed comments on La Roche's Yellow Fever (1853), and his own role in the historic discovery. He hears taps sound for the old year, and celebrations for New Year's Day. He requests orders to return to the United States in six weeks.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum.

Photo by US Army Medical Museum

This is a list of twelve U.S. Army Hospital Corps members who were stationed at Camp Lazear.

Howard describes what is known about mosquitoes biologically and medically. He shows how different kinds of mosquitoes can be distinguished and indicates the characteristic habits and breeding places of those forms which spread malaria and yellow fever. Directions are given for collecting mosquitoes, rearing their early stages, and eliminating mosquitoes in neighborhoods. The 241 page book was published in New York by McClure, Phillips & Co. and includes over fifty illustrations.

These three notes list the human-experiment volunteers who were exposed to fomites, infected by injections of blood, and infected by mosquitoes.

This is an outline, organized chronologically, of Kean's experience with the Yellow Fever Commission.

This document lists the enlisted men involved in the yellow fever experiments and their rate of pay per day. It also lists the men that were paid $100 and $200 for volunteering. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed writes that the yellow fever experiments have answered his prayers to do some good for mankind.

Reed mentions the sixth case of experimental yellow fever, and that volunteers have gone thirty-five days without contracting yellow fever in the infected clothing test. He describes the condition of a yellow fever case and an experiment with blood injection.

Kean describes the round of New Year's parties, his children, and studying for his promotional exam. Kean also details the success of the mosquito experiments and the army's efforts to eliminate mosquitoes.

Carry Yellow Fever Germs

Gorgas encloses and explains a map of the cases of yellow fever in the City of Havana for the year 1900. Two endorsements are included, January 14 and January 22, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Yellow Fever Mosquitoes

Reed thanks Howard for sending him Woldert's suggestion about how best to use kerosene in eradicating mosquitoes, and asks for more information concerning the genus of the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sternberg recommends that Reed be sent back to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Howard congratulates Reed on the success of his work and mentions he will quote Reed's work favorably in his upcoming lectures. He asks Reed to use care in saying anything about his connection with the kerosene remedy. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This bill would award a pension to Mabel Lazear.

Valuable Discoveries in Havana

Sternberg orders Reed to proceed to Washington, D.C. from Havana, Cuba, in order to continue his investigation into yellow fever at the Army Medical Museum in Washington, D.C. The letter and order are dated January 17 and January 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed discusses the army reorganization bill. He has finished his paper and remarks that the last experimental yellow fever cases are recovering.

Kean discusses the health of friends back in the United States. He includes a satirical paragraph on the health of acquaintances.

Louise Kean writes that Jefferson Randolph Kean is in Washington, D.C. for his promotion exam. She mentions that Ames has contracted yellow fever and that she attended a memorial service for Queen Victoria.

Reed describes the triumph of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, and a Congressional resolution of appreciation.

Las Secciones and Higiene General

The Questions of the Day

The Latest About Yellow Fever

Howard identifies the bee that Carroll had sent to him earlier, giving specifics about its range and habits. He looks forward to talking with Carroll and Reed about the success of the yellow fever experiments, and wishes them success in identifying the organism that causes yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Reed writes a letter of recommendation for Moran.

The Mosquito and the Frost

Reed appreciates Carter's support. He admires Carter's work in Mississippi.

Reed asserts Carter's work in Mississippi contributed more to his belief in the theory of an intermediate host than anything else.

Reed writes just after his return from Cuba. He informs Blincoe of the results of the yellow fever experiments and the reception of the work by the scientific community. He quickly relates family news. [Courtesy of the Library of Virginia]

The Yellow Fever Experiments

The Etiology of Yellow Fever

The Yellow Fever Commission examines Ole A. Jensen and pronounces his illness as yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Yellow Fever Commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Morro 58. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Louise Kean writes about the use of fumigation against yellow fever, the quarantine in New Orleans, and Jefferson Randolph Kean being placed in charge of the finances for the Yellow Fever Commission.

Yellow Fever Germs

What Surgeon General Sternberg Says

Surgeon General George M. Sternberg

The commission examines potential cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of potential yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Causes Yellow Fever

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital and Benefica. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

In Circular #5, Scott specifies how to prevent the spread of yellow fever and malaria at military posts by controlling mosquitoes, and instructs physicians how to monitor possible yellow fever patients.

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at San La zaro, Cuba. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The commission examines cases of yellow fever at Las Animas Hospital. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Surgeon General forwards to Lord Julian Pauncefote twenty copies of the Report on the Etiology of Yellow Fever.

Reed states that he never doubted that mosquitoes might be the means of spreading yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Surgeon General Sternberg's Circular

Ames certifies that Moran was diagnosed with yellow fever and was admitted to the Post Hospital on December 25, 1900 and was discharged on January 7, 1901. Members of the Yellow Fever Board also signed the certificate.

On behalf of the Department of State, Hay requests two copies of Sternberg's circular on yellow fever for the Portuguese Minister.

Sternberg sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” to the Secretary of State for transmission to the Portuguese Minister.

The Assistant Secretary of War sends two copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sparkman requests fifteen to twenty copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” from Sternberg.

Reed considers Durham's work on a bacillus. Although there is no work for the Yellow Fever Board in Cuba at present, he advises Kean to maintain Camp Lazear. Reed discusses immunization against yellow fever.

Mosquitoes' Deadly Work

Sternberg sends Sparkmen ten copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever.”

Sparkman requests 150 to 200 copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” for distribution. He believes several thousand copies should be distributed to southern States.

Sternberg can only spare a few more copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” and does not have the authority to print several thousand copies. He proposes that Sparkman introduce a bill to Congress in order to print additional copies.

Sparkman encourages the printing of several thousand copies of “The Etiology of Yellow Fever” so that the people of the Gulf Coast can be informed of the mosquito theory. Sparkman realizes that it is very important that the yellow fever issue be cleared up, as there are numerous variant theories about the cause of yellow fever.

General Orders #10 lists military stations and various ranks for Edmunds up to his death by yellow fever on June 18, 1901. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Circular #2, written in both English and Spanish, shows that the mosquito is responsible for the spread of disease, in particular yellow fever. The author outlines the necessary precautions that must be taken to prevent the spread of diseases by the mosquito. A summary of other Circulars regarding the spread of diseases is also included. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The Suppression of Yellow Fever

Havard reports on the health situation of the troops in Cuba for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1901.

Special Orders #172 orders Carroll to Havana to continue the investigation of yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Caldas describes the process to obtain serum and vaccine for yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who is coming to Havana for experiments on yellow fever.

These letters and supporting documents concern the request by Caldas and Bellingaghi to demonstrate their yellow fever serum. Included are translations from original Spanish letters and recommendations from Caldas and Tellez. Havard requests a medical commission to examine these claims. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Sanger introduces Caldas, a Brazilian scientist who developed a yellow fever vaccine, to the Havana community. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Amaral thanks the Military Governor of Cuba for his courtesy towards Caldas and Bellingaghi.

Xavier informs Scott that Caldas, inventor of a yellow fever serum, wants to conduct experiments in Havana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Havard reports on the claims of Caldas and Bellingaghi that they discovered a preventative and curative serum for yellow fever. Havard is skeptical because Caldas does not provide any information regarding his process of isolation and culture. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Chart plots temperature and pulse of a yellow fever volunteer after the use of the Caldas' vaccine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Scott directs Gorgas to increase the funding for Carroll's yellow fever research.

This contract is a copy of the original contract made with non-immunes for Caldas' yellow-fever experiment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This contract is a copy of the original contract made with non-immunes for Caldas' yellow-fever experiment. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Illustration: Hoy las Ciencias Adelantan Que es una Barbaridad!

The Third Mosquito Victim

The Martyrs of Science

Louise Kean writes about yellow fever research, including the failed experiments of Caldas and Carroll's work.

Caldas, in defense of his vaccine, outlines reasons for his diagnosis of septic fever rather than yellow fever for the volunteers who became sick after being infected with yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Board Says Caldas Serum Is Failure

Havard provides evidence that Caldas' and Bellingaghi's theories are unsound and should not be accepted. He includes a detailed time-line of events and a list of arguments to conclude his report against Caldas. Enclosed are charts, reports, and other documents used as evidence. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Snarles of the Pessimist

Yellow Fever Experiments

Yellow Fever and Quarantine

Topics of the Times

Proceedings of the 29th American Health Conference include the “President's Address” by Benjamin Lee, “The Results of Yellow Fever....” by William Crawford Gorgas, “Practical Discussion of Yellow Fever” by Alvah H. Doty, “Fomites and Yellow Fever” by A. N. Bell, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Reed expresses great appreciation for Kean's recommendation that he apply himself to become Surgeon General, but says he will not join the ranks of those who “beg” for promotion. He informs Kean of Lawrence Reed's upcoming wedding, then recommends that Camp Lazear be discontinued. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Reed discusses Carroll's experiments, comments on Springer's involvement, and makes recommendations.

Special Orders #230 transfers privates Hamann and Covington to the hospital at Columbia Barracks. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean explains why Dunshie was discharged from the medical corps.

Proposing strategy to advance Reed's candidacy for Surgeon General; Results of Carroll's experiments - organism passes through filter; includes typescript of article from the Army and Navy Journal in favor of Reed's promotion.

Carroll thanks Pilcher for mentoring him early in his career.

Louise Kean writes about the Keans' travels, her daughter's ear infections, and a case of experimental yellow fever.

Howard thanks Reed for the copies of two papers on yellow fever. He then corrects Reed on the proper way to spell out fasciata Stegomyia. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

A Candidate for Honors

The Lazear Memorial

Wood advocates a pension for Mabel Houston Lazear.

Photo by National Library of Medicine, Bethesda (Md.)

[Kean?] comments on the paucity of public praise that Reed has received. He maintains that his work should be recognized by the United States government, and ends with a call for a generous pension to Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Root credits major figures in the fight against yellow fever and requests that higher ranks be given to them. He reports that a battery at Fort Howard in Baltimore has been named “Battery Lazear.” [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

In Memory of Lazear

Conquest Of Yellow Five

This report contains extracts and resolutions honoring Walter Reed furnished by various individuals and institutions.

This testimonial supports a petition to Congress for a pension for Mabel Lazear.

Reed praises the service of Lazear and insists he died in the line of duty.

Gorgas discusses Reed's success with Carlos Finlay's mosquito theory. Gorgas would like a post in Panama after Cuba.

Warner's article describes her role in the yellow fever experiments and how to best care for yellow fever patients. An autograph note follows the text and calls the piece a "pure fabrication as to her part."

Surgeon General's Records listing military and personal history for Reed until June 2, 1902.

Reed writes concerning B. Icteroides and hog cholera, and the observations of microorganisms. He notes the affected populations' presence in Cuba. He appreciates congratulations for his honorary Harvard degree.

This report documents yellow fever cases in the Army for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1902.

Reed turns down an invitation to speak at Flexner's Pathological Society in Philadelphia.

Howard asks Carroll for extra copies of his paper on the yellow fever mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Major Walter Reed Dead

This obituary of Reed, which appeared in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," describes his education, career, and contributions to medicine.

In Memory of Lazear

The Late Major Walter Reed

Sternberg provides his impressions of Reed and his work relative to Kelly's plans to write a biography of Reed.

A World Benefactor

Wood lobbies for a pension for Lazear's widow.

Christopher Reed provides a biographical sketch of Walter Reed written.

This document concerns the work of Walter Reed.

Stark presents a paper about the measures taken by Reed and his commission to prove it was the mosquito, and not fomites, that was responsible for the spread of yellow fever. Published in The University of Virginia Alumni Bulletin, vol. 3.

In Behalf of Mrs. Reed

Scientists Urge a Pension

A preamble to the bill about to be presented to Congress grants Emilie Lawrence Reed a yearly pension of $4,000. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Dr. Reed's Great Work

Kean encourages Kelly to support the pension bill with a letter to the Washington Post.

Mrs. Reed's Pension Indorsed.

Pension for Mrs. Reed

Blincoe provides recollections of Walter Reed, and includes a transcription of Thomas Reed's letter.

Wood gives a history of the American occupation in Cuba and discusses the yellow fever outbreak and consequent investigation by Reed and Lazear. Article appears in “The Annals of the American Academy.” Only pages 16 and 17 are included.

Carroll writes that Agramonte was not present at the meeting where self-inoculation was discussed by Reed, Carroll and Lazear. Furthermore, he was only informed about the results of the experiments when Reed was about to leave Cuba, in October of 1900. He maintains that Finlay should not be awarded credit for the discovery of the mosquito theory.

O'Reilly reports about the state of yellow fever in the United States and foreign territories, and claims that it will not be a factor for health concerns in the future. He also includes a chart which details the admissions of important diseases by months for 1902. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

News of the Week

Howard is concerned about Carroll's reaction to the statement in Century Magazine about Finlay producing three cases of mild fever. Howard is investigating the matter further. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

These selections from presentations given at the 1903 annual meeting of the American Public Health Association concern the scientific reception of the Yellow Fever Commission's work, particularly the etiology of yellow fever, quarantine procedures, and the discovery of the role of the mosquito. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Tablet Unveiling

Wood attributes the mosquito theory principally to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The report contains extracts from various individuals attesting to Reed's contributions to science. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean states that Reed did not give up his life demonstrating the mosquito theory. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

McCaw outlines Reed's career, especially his work with yellow fever, and concludes by requesting a monument to Walter Reed in Washington, D.C. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Carroll presents his autobiography. He includes a note on immunity to yellow fever.

Gorgas hires Moran as sanitary inspector for the Panama Canal Zone.

Thayer believes that Lazear should receive credit for being the first to advocate the mosquito theory to the Yellow Fever Commission.

O'Reilly reports on the cases of yellow fever in the Army, and is concerned about the transmission of the disease from Mexico into Texas.

Maryland in Medicine

Ames objects to the inadequate recognition given to Carroll, Lazear, and Agramonte for their yellow fever work.

Noted Doctors at the Hopkins

Wyman forwards references on yellow fever to Kelly.

Kean forwards Kelly information about Walter Reed for Kelly's biography.

Maury forwards Kelly a book on the yellow fever epidemic of 1878, as well as journal references. Maury contacts Lena Warner, a yellow fever survivor, for her recollections.

Warner writes about the unreported side of the yellow fever epidemic, including her own experiences during an 1878 outbreak in her hometown.

Gorgas writes about his own work with the Canal Zone Sanitary Commission.

This report was prepared for the Smithsonian Institution and includes autographed notes.

Hurd shares his recollections of Walter Reed at Johns Hopkins and later.

Mason reports on the Panama Canal Zone Sanitary Department activities with appendices: A - plan of action; B - departmental organization; C - free distribution of quinine.

On behalf of the U.S. Navy Department, Morton expresses gratitude to Carter for his efforts in tending to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

Taylor encloses a letter thanking Carter for his attention to the yellow fever outbreak on board the U.S.S. Boston.

The writer informs Kelly about a yellow fever epidemic in Norfolk, Virginia, in 1855.

Thomas writes about a yellow fever epidemic in Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1862.

Carroll presents a chronology of Walter Reed's involvement with the Yellow Fever Commission. Carroll gives his own autobiography and provides information on the other participants in the study.

Agramonte writes about the responsibilities of the Yellow Fever Commission members, and gives a brief chronology of their activities.

Gorgas writes about yellow fever cases in Panama, as well as sanitary efforts and political maneuvering.

Matas provides references on yellow fever, and gives information on his own work and experience with the disease.

Gorgas writes about his administration of sanitary affairs in the Canal Zone and political machinations.

Gorgas reports on yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone, as well as administrative issues.

Gorgas lists yellow fever patients to date in the Panama Canal Zone.

Magoon writes about yellow fever cases in the Canal Zone. He makes an official offer of full financial and manpower support for Gorgas to eradicate the disease.

Gorgas describes cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone, and the reaction to the new Sanitary Commission.

Gorgas seeks support for his yellow fever work in Panama.

Gorgas writes about the use of pyrethrum in the Canal Zone for the treatment of yellow fever and plague.

Smith explains the importance of the Reed's work with the Yellow Fever Commission and asks that his accomplishments be publicized. He includes an article on Reed's work, distributed by the New Orleans & North-Eastern Railroad Company, the Alabama & Vicksburg Railway Company, and the Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railway Company.

Gorgas reports on conditions in Panama regarding yellow fever and malaria. He recommends that the Nobel Prize be given to America.

Gorgas recommends King as superintendent of Yellowstone Park. He discusses the functions and administration of the Sanitary Department.

Yellow fever infection

Windsor Mill Place

Proceedings of the 31st meeting of the American Public Health Association, including “Lessons to be Learned from the Present Outbreak of Yellow Fever in Louisiana” by James Carroll, “Some New Points in the Etiology and Symptomatology of Yellow Fever” by Juan Guiteras, “Yellow Fever in Mexico” by Eduardo Liceaga, and the “Official Report of the Proceedings....”.

Magoon reports the number of cases of yellow fever in the Canal Zone has dramatically decreased. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Guiteras responds to negative publicity about sanitary work in Panama. He states that neglect of mosquito work in the American South is the result of “moneyed interests”. He offers favorable recollections of Walter Reed.

Hurd writes with suggestions for changes to Kelly's manuscript on the life of Walter Reed.

Howard forwards to Kelly statistics on yellow fever cases from New Orleans epidemics.

Welch provides journal article references on yellow fever.

Walter Reed and Yellow Fever

This copy of Kelly's Reed biography is a 1906 first edition published by McClure, Phillips & Co. of New York. It was owned by Philip Hench, and contains autograph notes by him and others, mostly commenting on information believed to be in error. In addition to presenting a detailed biography of Reed, Kelly discusses at length the history of yellow fever, research on the disease, and the work of the Reed Yellow Fever Commission and its members. The book features several photographs of Reed, other members of the commission, and Cuban experimental sites.

Howard requests that Carroll send his papers on yellow fever to a professor in Indiana. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll gives a history of yellow fever in Baltimore and the debates that ensued among physicians as to whether yellow fever was contagious or not. Published in “The Hospital Bulletin” by The Hospital Bulletin Company of the University of Maryland.

Gorgas offers his opinion on the organization of the Sanitary Department in the Canal Zone. He also comments on his candidacy for the office of Surgeon General.

Carroll comments on Kelly's manuscript. He corrects errors of fact, and objects to the attention given Reed to the detriment of himself, Lazear, and the rest of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Carroll gives Latimer permission to quote from letters that he provided to her. He objects to their characterization of his work after Walter Reed's experiments.

This brief review, which appeared in the "Army Navy Journal," discusses Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Dr. Reed and Yellow Fever

Gorgas seeks advice on candidates for the Chief of Laboratory. He reports on the state of disease in Panama, noting a small pox outbreak and the absence of yellow fever since May.

This article, which appeared in "Outlook," deals with Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Walter Reed

Gorgas suggests that Finlay and Carter be nominated for the Nobel Prize. In the postscript, Gorgas writes an autograph note for Carter.

Kean informs Carroll that efforts are being made for Carroll to receive some substantial recognition for his services with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean argues that Carroll deserves more recognition for his service. The last page includes Kelly's reply, dated September 10, 1906. Kelly writes that he will help to secure cooperation of Congressmen and write an article in support of Congressional action on behalf of the survivors and their families.

Carroll gives a detailed report about his involvement with the yellow fever project in Cuba and the necessity of having human volunteers. He also provides a listing of his publications. Included are notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carroll writes about the Yellow Fever Board's determination to investigate the mosquito theory. Carroll claims that he first proposed Board inoculate themselves. Included is an apparent draft, with autograph notations, and a final copy of the same letter.

This review, which appeared in the "St. Louis Medical Review," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Carroll appeals to Kelly to consider Carroll's own statement of the facts concerning the responsibilities and actions of the Yellow Fever Board members. Carroll objects to Kean's version of the events and to Kelly's assertions in his book.

This review, which appeared in the "Medical Press," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Carroll will meet Latimer to discuss Kelly's book. Carroll offers corrections, and states that Lazear's work is not given due credit.

Walter Reed and Yellow Fever

This review, which appeared in "The Journal of Insanity," praises Kelly's biography of Walter Reed.

Taft is anxious for Finlay to work with Jefferson Randolph Kean on stamping out yellow fever in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Taft writes that Kean has been detailed to assist Finlay in stamping out yellow fever in Cuba.

Carroll forwards to Kelly his account of the autopsy of the first fatal case in his yellow fever experiments.

Howard provides his recollections of Reed and the formation of the Walter Reed Memorial Association.

The decree states that a medical officer shall be assigned to each municipal board of health, serving as a liaison between municipal and military authorities, in the interest of preventing yellow fever among troops stationed in Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ireland requests that Kean inform Valery Havard of yellow fever cases in Havana. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Howard sends Kelly copies of two letters from Reed.

Roosevelt, O'Reilly, and McCaw make statements about the value of the yellow fever experiments to humanity. A detailed history of the project is given, along with mention of all the individuals involved, including a listing of all the volunteers in the project. Numerous quotations are cited from various speeches and memorials dedicated to Walter Reed. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Walter Reed Memorial

This article, which appeared in the "Medical Record," discusses efforts to erect a monument to Walter Reed.

The Walter Reed Memorial

Carroll requests the return of his letter describing a post mortem exam.

Major Kean (Slap) Works (Slap) To Rid Cuba (Slap) of Mosquitoes

The report argues in support of nominating Finlay and Agramonte for the Nobel Prize in Medicine. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

This note encloses a contribution for Kissinger, and mentions the Outlook essay.

The Lesson of Little Things: The Conquest of Yellow Fever

These minutes include a discussion of the failure of Congress to pass a bill to provide financial relief to James Carroll's family.

Wilson writes to the Editor concerning the situation of Kissinger. She hopes that something can be done for him.

This report concerns James Carroll.

Moran provides his autobiography, including his experiences as a participant in the yellow fever experiments.

Mason refutes the assertion that he used mosquitoes sent by Ames in his experiments, and that the mosquitoes Ames did send were worthless specimens. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Stewart praises Kelly's book. He suggests corrections for clarification, and notes that he would emphasize the role of the Public Health Service.

Von Mansfelde comments on the work of Lazear and Carroll regarding the Yellow Fever Commission. He believes that Mabel Lazear and James Carroll should receive the same pension as Emilie Lawrence Reed.

Wilson relays Kissinger's situation to Kelly.

Kissinger requests an article on yellow fever experimentation from Kelly.

Kissinger thanks Kelly for his financial support.

Dean writes about the financial and physical condition of Kissinger (a yellow fever experiment patient) and discusses a pension bill for him in Congress.

Watson writes that the New York Merchants' Association wants to work for a pension increase for her. He believes Lazear's work has been slighted.

Mead requests a financial statement so that he can continue working to increase her pension.

Wallace sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Winifred Lyster sends a contribution for Kissinger.

A Hero from the Ranks

The article, which appeared in "Outlook," outlines Kissinger's contribution to the yellow fever work and appeals for financial contributions for his care.

Christensen sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Minturn sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Morgan sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Dorothy and Wise send a contribution for Kissinger.

The writer sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Getman sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Kleberg sends a contribution for Kissinger.

McKnight sends a contribution for Kissinger.

McCutchen sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Duffield sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Sherman sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Sanford sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Hall sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Rittenhouse sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Spooner sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Hawkins sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Blackwood sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Ropes sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Penrose sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Ida Kissinger profusely thanks Kelly for the latest check and claims that his continued friendship is more important than the money.

The writer sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Gilman sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Morgan requests Kissinger's address and mentions the Shut-in Society, which provides wheelchairs to needy persons.

Hinkle sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Otis sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Babcock sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Kimball sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Jackson sends a contribution for Kissinger. Her husband knew Kissinger as a hospital attendant.

Senter sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Wingate sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Wilson sends a contribution for Kissinger.

The Editors of Outlook forward a contribution for Kissinger to Kelly.

Hall sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Keen sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Hamlin refers to the Outlook article on the Kissingers.

Wilson sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Gould sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Kennedy sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Bonham sends a contribution for Kissinger.

The mayor of Cienfuegos announces, in light of an outbreak of yellow fever, that all water containers must be brought up to code within 48 hours.

Denby makes a contribution to the fund for Kissinger. As a member of Congress, he offers to introduce a bill in the House of Representatives. Included at the end of the letter is a reply from [Kelly] to Denby, on September 4, 1907, thanking him for his contribution.

__________________________________________________

Questions of the Day

Only Three Soldiers Have Yellow Fever

Washington Gets Magoon's Report

The Zeal and Efficiency Shown by Our Medical Officers

Magoon Will Issue Sanitary Decree

Butcher sends a contribution for Kissinger.

The Cuban Side of It.

Decree Nationalizing Sanitation in Cuba

National Sanitation - Some Objections.

Ramos writes about the yellow fever work in Cuba. He encloses a table showing charting fatalities from yellow fever smallpox.

On Cuban Sanitation.

Osgood sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Carroll thanks Kelly for his letter of sympathy. She will loan him a photograph of her late husband.

The Kissingers thank Kelly for his financial support. John Kissinger does not regret taking part in the experiment.

Kissinger expresses gratitude for the letters supporting him.

Cushing writes about plans to speak at a meeting in support of Jennie Carroll.

Carroll thanks Latimer for her sympathy. She notes additional speakers for the meeting at Johns Hopkins.

Skinner writes that he will attend a meeting at the Maryland Club. He expresses his sentiments for Carroll.

King honors Carroll and others. He lays emphasis on his contribution to national health. He supports a pension.

Arnold defends the reputation of Ross.

This letter to Kean regards a variety of matters: 1) an additional case of yellow fever; 2) the acceptance by Dr. O'Bourke of an agreement regarding the Diagnosis Board; 3) an agreement by the author to report often; 4) personnel; 5) assurances by the author that he would keep the official objectives of the projects as a first priority, despite differences, and 6) the case of Rogelio Castro Rey. [In Spanish] [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kelly requests permission to publish a letter from Carroll stating that Guiteras refused permission to take blood for the yellow fever experiments. Guiteras responds - in a autograph note on the same document - that he had no authority to permit or prevent Carroll from proceeding as he wished.

Kelly discusses the conflict between Carroll and Guiteras.

Finlay discusses the creation and function of the Superior Board of Health, which included establishing new sanitary ordinances. He continues by discussing the two most severe outbreaks of disease in Cuba since 1901: smallpox and yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Lopez del Valle reports on the duties of the National Sanitary Board, which required all the local sanitary offices to submit to new rules of operation. He goes into great detail about all the various sanitary methods used throughout Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean sends Magoon the report of the Chief Sanitary Officer of Cuba for the past year and comments extensively on sanitation and the yellow fever.

Are Our Heroes of Peace Neglected?

Ross writes to Gorgas concerning the debate between Carroll and himself. He includes a note explaining his side of the story.

Ross writes to Kelly to clarify his position in regards to an unnamed incident involving Carroll. He stresses that Gorgas was the commanding officer at the time of the incident.

Ross explains his and Guiteras's position regarding Carroll.

Mead, on behalf of the Merchants' Association of New York, expresses support for the Carroll and Lazear pension bills.

Gorgas confirms Ross's story concerning Carroll and Guiteras.

Kean discusses the present sanitary conditions in Cuba. He states that there has been a breakdown in sanitary procedures since the American withdrawal and recommends that local sanitation boards be abolished in favor of a National Sanitary Board. Kean writes that yellow fever is moving out to rural areas, instead of concentrating in urban centers. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This pamphlet details preventative measures against yellow fever, especially the control of mosquitos.

This is a bill for Mabel Lazear's pension. It credits Lazear with discovering the theory of mosquito transmission of yellow fever.

Hill comments on a strategy to lobby Congress for pension bills.

Dalzell will support an increase in Mabel Lazear's pension.

Denby inquires about Kissinger's existing pension.

The writer sends a contribution for Kissinger.

Mead writes about work to increase the pensions for the families of Lazear and Carroll.

Gorgas writes to Kelly that Ross, not Guiteras, was the director of Las Animas Hospital.

Hemmeter gives a chronological account of all the work done by Carroll with regard to yellow fever, and includes a series of letters written by Carroll to his wife, to Walter Reed, and to several others. Hemmeter attempts to rectify what he sees as a lack of proper recognition or reward to Carroll and his family for the part he played in determining the cause of yellow fever.

Mabel Lazear expresses appreciation for the play about her husband, Jesse Lazear.

This circular relates Lazear's role in the yellow fever research.

Photo by US Army Signal Corps.

This pamphlet contains letters bearing on yellow fever conditions in Cuba.

This bill grants an annuity to Mabel Lazear.

Grateful Nation Pensions Widows of Fever Martyrs

This is an incomplete, hand-corrected draft of an obituary of James Carroll, written for the Washington Academy of Sciences.

Kean cites a lack of support for sanitary measures by the Cuban authorities, and an increase in the incidence of yellow fever. He requests assignment of another medical officer to his staff.

[Morejos?] writes about mosquito eradication and other sanitary measures in various Cuban locations.

Gorgas is convinced that mosquito eradication is the only method to keep yellow fever from developing into an epidemic.

Guiteras disputes Gorgas' theories about immunity to yellow fever and eradication of the disease.

O'Reilly relays that no harm could result from delaying the date of the imposition of quarantine against Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Gorgas reports on work done in Cuba and Panama to eradicate yellow fever.

Pillsbury writes to Senator Perkins in support of a pension increase for Mabel Lazear.

O'Reilly confirms that his office has no objection to the approval of a bill that proposes increasing the pensions being provided for Jennie Carroll and Mabel H. Lazear. The letter is accompanied by a partial copy of Report No. 431 of the 60th Congress, which specifies the rationale for the proposed bill. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

The writer asks Wilmot to consider supplementing Kissinger's pension.

Photo by U.S. Army Signal Corps

The extracts from Agramonte's report detail Beauperthuy's work with mosquitos as disease vectors. The extracts from Boyce's report [in French] also deal with mosquitos and their connections to yellow fever.

Magoon urges Amesse to support an end to the quarantine of Cuba, arguing that there is no danger to the United States.

Agramonte describes his role with the Yellow Fever Commission. Included are autograph notes by Truby and Hench.

Agramonte writes about a case of yellow fever he observed in Daiquiri, Cuba.

The Chief Sanitary Officer details actions taken to prevent yellow fever.

Finlay discusses recent cases of yellow fever, in Santiago and Daiquiri, in order to quell rumors of massive outbreaks.

Gorgas sends Kean results of experiments on Phinotas Oil in exterminating mosquitoes. He encloses two letters from Joseph A. LePrince. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collection Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean suggests that a case of yellow fever was contracted not in Santiago di Cuba but in Daiquiri.

In this sworn statement, Agramonte details the Board's work on yellow fever. Agramonte asserts he began to discuss mosquito transmission in June 1900. A month later, the Board seriously began to consider mosquito agency and the Board then began its mosquito research. Lazear, because of his training in mosquito work, assumed leadership in the mosquito testing. Following Lazear's death, Agramonte carried out the breeding and infecting of mosquitoes. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Thomason discusses a yellow fever patient, Manuel Casas.

Guiteras discusses his hesitancy to publicize yellow fever cases.

The New Quarantine

Kean protests against the American quarantine of all Cuban ports.

Guiteras reports to Kean regarding the possible yellow fever cases of Manuel Casas de la Mina and Jesus Torres.

Finlay outlines measures taken to ensure that a case of yellow fever, in Havana, does not develop into an epidemic.

Del Valle discusses yellow fever cases in Havana and sanitation measures.

Lebredo discusses the diagnosis of a possible yellow fever case.

Finlay discusses sanitation measures taken in response to possible cases of yellow fever.

Finlay reports on recommendations for prophylactic measures against yellow fever in Felton.

Agramonte is notified that his letter has been received and filed for future reference. Agramonte's letter of August 31, 1908, is included, testifying to the sequence of events in the work carried out by the Army Board on Yellow Fever. Included are two notes by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ernst seeks advice on the status of the Carnegie Hero Fund application for Kissinger.

Lopez del Valle describes the methods used to combat yellow fever, typhoid fever, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and other infectious diseases in Havana. The methods of covering all water deposits that might breed mosquito larvae are thoroughly discussed. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Barnet comments on the effectiveness of the National Sanitary Service, the problems of quarantine, and the general improvement of sanitary standards within Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay discusses the nationalization of the Cuban Sanitary Department, developments in sanitary procedures regarding mosquitoes and yellow fever, and the control of tuberculosis. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Kean submits the report of the National Sanitary Department, and states that yellow fever is presently exterminated throughout Cuba. Kean, however, claims that the U.S. is too harsh with the quarantine regulations imposed upon Cuba. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Welch is listed as having given a speech honoring Carroll. A bronze tablet memorializing Carroll was also unveiled.

[Kean] requests additional experiments using wire mesh as a mosquito control.

Guiteras and Agramonte describe a case of yellow fever.

Pilcher offers his recollections of Carroll.

Keen requests information on all those who volunteered for the yellow fever experiments.

The report concludes that improved sanitation efforts between 1906 and 1909 left Cuba entirely free of yellow fever. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Magoon discusses the creation of the Nationalized Sanitary Department, which has caused the final extinction of yellow fever. He also mentions the violation of the quarantine restrictions by the United States. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Pilcher encloses a letter from Carroll, written in 1901.

Guiteras is thankful for the opportunity to study Kean's office records. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Finlay informs Kean that nothing has turned up to lessen the belief that Cuba is free of yellow fever, and reports of personnel changes in Cuba's Sanitary Department. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Ernst discusses difficulties involving Carnegie funding for the Kissingers.

This article discusses mosquito control efforts in Panama around the Canal Zone.

Gorgas describes the achievements of the Panama Canal Zone Sanitary Department.

This article, appearing in the "Journal of the American Medical Association," makes an appeal for monetary contributions to James Carroll's surviving family.

[Kean] informs Ellis about the military service of John R. Kissinger and gives details of Kissinger's participation in the yellow fever experiments. Included is a note by Truby. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Ida Kissinger thanks Kelly for the photograph of his family. John Kissinger's health is improving.

The Junta Administradora del Hospital Santo Tomas (Administrative Board) recognizes the work done by Carter in the fight against yellow fever.

Kean details the methods the Sanitary Inspectors used in Cuba to combat yellow fever. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

More Pension for Mrs. Reed

Fiction and Yellow Fever. Charles Brockden Brown, the Father of Our Novelists, and His Lurid Stories

This extract, by Guiteras, discusses Finlay's work on yellow fever and his association with the U.S. Yellow Fever Commission.

Agramonte informs Kissinger that he has written to members of the United States Congress on his behalf.

This document describes in detail the appointment and work of the Yellow Fever Commission and includes an autographed note by Kean.

[Kean] gives a brief summary of conditions in Cuba before the arrival of the Yellow Fever Board. He provides an account of the activities of the Board, which ultimately shows the mosquito as the bearer of yellow fever. Included are notes by Truby.

This bill proposes a statue and tablet to honor the members of the Yellow Fever Commission.

Trying to Reward a Great Hero

Guiteras informs the Surgeon General that they have seemingly overlooked the work of Taylor when listing those involved with the yellow fever investigation, and urges him to have Taylor's name included.

[Caverico] compliments Kelly on his book, "Walter Reed and Yellow Fever."

The Surgeon General requests more information from Guiteras on Taylor. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Taylor writes that the mother of Clara Louise Maass is receiving a pension. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

This article deals with disease in the tropics.

The article reviews contrasting administrative methods of Gorgas and Goethals in the Panama Canal Zone.

This 250 page book includes chapters about Walter Reed as well as the publications of Reed and his associates, the publications of James Carroll, reports from the sanitary officers in Havana, Cuba, and directions for destroying mosquitoes. Published in Washington by the Government Printing Office, it includes illustrations, portraits, and diagrams. The book is autographed by Mrs. Walter Reed, Jefferson R. Kean, A. S. Pinto, L. O. Howard, Albert E. Truby, Mrs. Jesse Lazear, William H. Lazear, and A. Diaz Albertini. It is also autographed by John R. Kissinger, John J. Moran, John H. Andrus, James Leonard Hanberry and John R. Bullard, who served as volunteers for the U. S. Yellow Fever Commission's experiments in Cuba. Mrs. Walter Reed gave the book to Philip Showalter Hench who heavily annotated it.

Excerpts regard the publication of “Major Walter Reed and the Yellow Fever Commission - A Compilation.” The Smithsonian Institution requests photographs of Walter Reed. The record card is dated January 12, 1911 through September 12, 1911. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean requests Agramonte's photograph for a publication about the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Victory Over Disease Justifies Spanish War Cost of $1,148,000,000

Agramonte informs Kean of Finlay's declining health. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Kean acknowledges that Agramonte should get proper credit for his yellow fever work. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Photostat of page 411 of Finlay's Selected Works. Included are notes by Truby.

Kean discusses the sanitation efforts used to prevent yellow fever in Cuba from 1906 to 1909. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

To Give Credit Where It Is Due

Bishop requests a photograph of Moran from the yellow fever experiment years to be used in an article in Scribner's Magazine.

Latimer elaborates the differences between the first and second editions of the book: Walter Reed and Yellow Fever.

This is a detailed account of Carter's public health work and associated study of yellow fever.

Agramonte demands that Kean correct the injustice done to him regarding his unfair portrayal in the Yellow Fever Commission. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Torney reports that Agramonte has requested that a statement published in the Yellow Fever Bureau Bulletin be corrected. Torney explains how he believes the apparent injustice occurred, and requests the correction on behalf of the Office of the Surgeon General.

Kean states that Carroll was responsible for the injustice done to Agramonte. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Students Honoring Memory of Heroic Army Surgeon

Excerpts from a record card pertain to the biographies of Walter Reed, as well as to the discussion of a monument to commemorate the completion of the Panama Canal that should include Walter Reed. The record card is dated from January 20, 1913 through June 28, 1913. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Conquest of Yellow Fever

Carter discusses the transmission, spread and containment of yellow fever.

Tyler recounts yellow fever outbreaks.

A review of Havard's book on military hygiene comments on its more comprehensive treatment of infectious diseases and sanitary methods than the first edition. [Courtesy of The Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia Library]

Rose and Gorgas discuss the relative severity of ankylostomiasis and malaria in Malaya, as well as plans to eradicate yellow fever worldwide.

This report recognizes officers whose work was instrumental in the construction of the Panama Canal.

Rose describes yellow fever trouble spots and eradication methods.

Freeman celebrates Carter, Reed, and Gorgas as Virginians.

Freeman praises the accomplishments of Henry Rose Carter, Walter Reed, and William Crawford Gorgas.

Ross thanks Carter for the reprints of his yellow fever lectures.

Pertinent Portraits - George W. Goethals

Colonel Goethals Was Not Hampered By The Canal Commission

[Carter] lectures on immunity to yellow fever.

Blue orders Carter to lecture on yellow fever and malaria.

Leidelin claims that he has successfully infected a guinea pig with yellow fever. He hopes to receive U.S. Public Health Service support.

Leidelin thanks Carter for a reprint on impounded waters and malaria. He expresses disappointment about the lack of support by others for his work.

Blue orders Carter to investigate a fever outbreak in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

Carter recommends a campaign to eliminate mosquitoes.

Wilder expresses her appreciation for Carter's work.

Blue informs Carter that the dates for the lectures on yellow fever and malaria are satisfactory.

Blue orders Carter to proceed to Washington to deliver lectures on yellow fever and malaria.

The Chief Quarantine Officer relates information on a case of yellow fever and notes disagreement over the diagnosis.

Agramonte informs Gorgas that all his reports about the Yellow Fever Commission are completely accurate and can be proven, and that he believes he will never receive proper recognition for his contribution. [Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration]

Carter discusses mosquito breeding.

Carter writes about his journey from Guayaquil, Peru and his future travel plans.

Carter writes that he has arrived at his destination safely and discusses yellow fever quarantine procedures.

Carter discusses needed mosquito-control work in Guayaquil and the endemic focus of yellow fever. He believes that the local population will cooperate, and so work should proceed. The city should be provided with a proper water supply to ensure continued success of the work.

Laura Carter describes her visit to see Henry Carter in South America.

Carter reports on yellow fever in Colombia.

[Guiteras] reports to Gorgas on a Barbados epidemic, which he suspects may be yellow fever.

Kirk, on behalf of the Rockefeller Foundation, reimburses Carter for his expenses in 1916.

Guiteras sends Carter a copy of his extensive report to Gorgas concerning a Barbados epidemic.

Gorgas discusses yellow fever theories and the possibility of war with Germany.

Carter requests that his paper, "Spontaneous Disappearance of Yellow Fever," be read before the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

Gorgas requests that Carter join a yellow fever board to work in South America for a year or more.

Carter discusses a possibly mis-diagnosed case of yellow fever.

The writer is interested in continuing yellow fever work, but cannot be of assistance at the moment.

Rose writes that he does not wish to publish the yellow fever report yet, but Carter may release information that may be helpful in adjusting quarantine regulations.

Gorgas requests that Carter go to South America in order to continue his yellow fever work for the Rockefeller Foundation. He mentions the work of Guiteras and Wrightson.

Whitmore requests Carter's opinion for a paper he is writing. Whitmore discusses Weil's Disease and its relation to yellow fever.

Carter expresses regret that he will not be able to hear Whitmore present his paper. He discusses the difficulty of yellow fever diagnosis and recommends a pathologist for yellow fever work.

Gorgas writes that he favors combining the U.S. Public Health Service and the War Department. Gorgas does not know if he will be retained after his retirement, although he looks forward to resuming yellow fever work after war.

John H. Andrus

J.H. Andrus Dies; Army Fever Hero

Gorgas Recalls Death of Famous Mosquito

Carter writes about daily life and a possible trip, at Gorgas' request, to Ecuador.

[Carter] wants to engage in yellow fever research once he is finished with his malaria work.

Rose informs Carter that the Rockefeller Foundation will continue to employ him for yellow fever work.

Rose requests case record charts from the yellow fever report by Guiteras.

[Carter] writes that he does not have case records from Guiteras' report and that the report did not encompass yellow fever.

Carter reports on his investigation of a foreign sailor's illness and death, in Sabine, Texas.

Carter requests permission to go to Guatemala with Gorgas for yellow fever work.

Carter writes that it would make little sense for him to go to Guatemala for yellow fever work now.

[Carter] requests information from Guiteras regarding yellow fever blood samples.

[Carter] requests information on blood samples of yellow fever from Darling's work in Panama.

Carter requests information regarding the 1911 yellow fever quarantine, in Hawaii.

This chart tracks the number of cases of yellow fever per year, from 1880-1919, in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Carter is sending Byam a paper on yellow fever for publication. Carter intends to consult with Noguchi to see if he may quote the results of latest research.

[Carter] inquires about yellow fever publications.

Byam writes that Carter may make additions to his article. Byam hopes that Carter will include Noguchi's discoveries.

Rose reports that Flexner wants the title of the best study on yellow fever epidemiology.

Carter recommends various works on yellow fever epidemiology.

Allmand informs Carter about yellow fever publications.

Gorgas writes that he is preparing to travel to Guayaquil. He is uncertain of his plans for the next year.

Bass invites Carter to take part in a symposium on yellow fever.

Bass thanks Carter for contributing a paper on yellow fever for the American Society of Tropical Medicine meeting.

Weedon asks Carter if U.S. gulf ports should begin a campaign to eliminate mosquitoes.

Weedon writes that [he] will work to persuade Tampa officials to outlaw rain water cisterns for mosquito control.

Carter reflects, at length, on his career in public medicine and his accomplishments.

Carter writes that a mosquito eradication campaign should be started in the ports along the Gulf of Mexico.

Blue sends Carter to Atlantic City, New Jersey to present a paper at a yellow fever symposium.

Noguchi writes that he is sending Carter articles on yellow fever in Guayaquil.

Byam writes that the additional material on Finlay will be included in Carter's article. He discusses Finlay's role in the yellow fever work.

Carter writes to the editor concerning a recent article on yellow fever in South America.

Carter writes that he will change his map to reflect the distribution of yellow fever.

Carter writes that he would appreciate the Boy Scouts' help for malaria control.

This program includes a symposium on yellow fever featuring presentations by Noguchi, Elliott, Carter, White, Pareja, Lebredo and Guiteras.

Simon inform Carter that he will publish his yellow fever paper from the Atlantic City, New Jersey symposium.

Carter requests a pamphlet on the parallels between Texas cattle fever and yellow fever.

This report details the Army's mosquito control operations around Camp Meade, Maryland.

Carter requests a copy of an illustration to use in an article on yellow fever.

Gorgas discusses an outbreak of yellow fever and solicits Carter's advice.

Carter writes that he will be able to join Gorgas in January 1920.

Carter informs Cattell that he published two papers on the incubation of yellow fever, which were the basis of Reed's experiments with the Yellow Fever Commission.

[Blue] orders Carter to proceed to Florida for mosquito control work.

The writer reports the progress of the yellow fever work in South America, Mexico and West Africa and includes data tables.

This document includes excerpts from Sternberg's biography of her husband's involvement with tropical diseases, including yellow fever.

Carter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of Guiteras and White.

Carter informs Russell about the progress that she and Frost made over the Christmas holiday and about the maps and bibliographical references for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever that she is currently working on.

Carter discusses the benefits and disadvantages of accompanying Gorgas to an unnamed location.

Carter requests library and reference cards she needs in order to change a reference for the manuscript of the History of Yellow Fever.

Carter discusses the control of mosquitoes in southern U.S. ports.

Carter discusses details of a future trip to an unnamed location.

Williams discusses the value of money in relation to the work in the Public Health Service.

Carter thanks Russell for supplying the Connor reference she sought and describes her work at the Library of Congress.

Carter describes his trip to New York and discusses travel plans to South America. He also writes about financial matters.

Carter offers suggestions regarding the format of the bibliography for the History of Yellow Fever and asks him if he might be able to include Gorgas in the bibliography. She also questions Frost's inclusion in the text of Henry Rose Carter's supposed acceptance of Noguchi's leptospira.

Carter requests a copy of address given on yellow fever.

Carter writes that he is considering retiring. Carter believes he is facing a wide-spread yellow fever epidemic in Peru.

Rose expresses confidence in Carter's abilities to control the spread of yellow fever, but he is concerned about Carter's health.

Carter inquires if it is possible to make a correction before publication of his book on yellow fever.

Carter requests the correction of a typographical error in his article.

White certifies that Carter has immunity to yellow fever.

To Fight Yellow Fever in Peru

The Acting Secretary informs Carter that he is being placed on waiting orders. He thanks Carter for his years of service.

Carter believes Frost's name should be included on the title page of the published version of the History of Yellow Fever. Due to Frost's hard work, Carter believes that Henry Rose Carter would be proud of the book.

Carter writes about his travels and his work.

Rose describes plans for yellow fever work in West Africa. He also reports on the situation in Mexico and Central America.

Carter informs Cardenas about the sanitary conditions in the department of Piura, Peru.

Carter informs Cardenas about the sanitary conditions in the department of Piura, Peru.

Carter informs Cardenas that he will be acting Sanitary Advisor of the Peruvian Government until January, 1921, when Gorgas will take over the post.

Carter writes about life in Peru and his field work. He discusses his health and financial matters as well.