Reference: 639
Author: Tucker, Robert W.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and American Foreign Policy."
Publication: Foreign Affairs
Volume: 69
Date: . (Spring, 1990)
Extent: 135-56

Notes: Argues that the ideals of American life remain Jeffersonian in the midst of powerful and corrupting institutions which he would reject. Points to his rejection of the notion of reasons of state for a belief that our interests are inseparable from our moral duties as an aspect of his desire to reject the whole apparatus of the modern state that had emerged in Europe in the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, he employed most of the means characteristic of the old statecraft; he desired for the U. S. both the traditional fruits of power--expansion--without having it be corrupted by the exercise of power. He wanted statecraft, diplomacy, without coercion or armament. In his hands foreign policy overrode other interests, in effect taking the place of "reasons of state," because of the demands of his isolationism. This isolationist mentality was unwilling to come to terms with the political world of his time and is related to the deeply ingrained "inwardness" of our national feeling. Adaptation from the authors' book, noted above.

Reference: 592
Author: Adler, David A.
Title: A Picture Book of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Holiday House,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: [32].

Notes: Juvenile, illustrated by John and Alexandra Wallner.

Reference: 593
Author: Bedini, Silvio A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: Statesman of Science.
Publisher: Macmillan,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: xviii, 616.

Notes: A biographical study of TJ which focuses on his interests in science and technology. This book differs from Edwin T. Martin's 1952 thematically organized monograph on TJ as scientist by putting his scientific activities and thinking more fully into the context of his everyday life, by showing his changing level of interest in particular areas of concern at different periods of his life, and by showing how his scientific imagination was crucially a social activity, something that revealed itself in his correspondence and conversations with those who shared his interests in science. The author is a master of the details of TJ's scientific life, but at time the details eclipse larger questions. The strictly biographic frame is marred by a tendency to impute psychological motives to TJ which are not often objectively supportable, but the book is, nevertheless, a valuable storehouse of information.

Reference: 594
Author: Durey, Michael
Title: "With the Hammer of Truth": James Thomson Callender and America's Early National Heroes.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville:
Date: (1990)
Extent: viii, 225.

Notes: The first full-scale study of Callender reveals a radical republican democrat, an extreme egalitarian, and a pioneer of muckraking journalism. Driven both by principle and by his own resentments, he was finally too monolithic and doctrinaire to win belief in his charges that Republicans were "as corrupt as the rest of mankind." Shows as other studies have not the depth of Callender's support for TJ, the price he paid for it, and why he turned on him the way he did. Without whitewashing Callender, gives a fuller context for his scandalous attacks on TJ.

Reference: 595
Author: Edmundson, Henry Turner, III.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, John Dewey, and Education for Public Affairs." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Georgia,
Publication: DAI 3513A.
Volume: 51
Date: (1990)
Date: (1991)
Extent: 210.

Notes: Argues that educators of public administrators need to recognize the disagreement between TJ and Dewey, who consciously updated and revised TJ's views. To avoid pedagogical confusion, educators must choose one position or the other; claims to offer a defensible rationale for preferring TJ to Dewey.

Reference: 596
Author: Hellenbrand, Harold
Title: The Unfinished Revolution: Education and Politics in the Thought of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: University of Delaware Press,
Place of Publication: Newark:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 208.

Notes: Discusses the fusion of political and educational thought that underlay TJ's conviction that only a broadly educated citizenry could complete the American Revolution. Argues that TJ's early education encouraged a preference for "affectionate pedagogy," the instruction of an "affectionate friend" by an intimate mentor. Occurring within the context of a larger eighteenth-century revolution against patriarchy, this relationship became for TJ a standard by which to measure relationships between generations and between nations. Examines his own education and reading as a background for his efforts to give education a public dimension. Considers the paradoxes in TJ's efforts as he sought to displace the authority of wealth with that of mind and wealth; by conceiving of the state as an extended family, he had to construct patterns of authority intended to encourage the independence of the young. An advocate of the autonomous sovereignty of each generation, he insisted on the superiority of classical, Anglo-Saxon, and whig authors.

Reference: 597
Author: Anonymous
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. Charles T. Cullen, Eugene R. Sheridan, George H. Hoemann, Ruth W. Lester, and J. Jefferson Looney.
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Volume: Volume 23, 1 January to 31 May 1792.
Date: (1990)
Extent: xxxv, 669.

Notes: Papers in this volume and the following item come out of the period of TJ's service as Secretary of State. Included are papers responding to the slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, documents revealing TJ's role in securing Senate confirmation of Washington's nominees of ministers to France, Great Britain, and the Netherlands, as well as the reorganization of the army and the war with the Indians in the Northwest Territory.

Reference: 598
Author: Anonymous
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, ed. John Catanzariti, Eugene R. Sheridan, George H. Hoemann, Ruth W. Lester, J. Jefferson Looney.
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Volume: Volume 24, 1 June to 31 December 1792.
Date: (1990)
Extent: xliii, 874.

Notes: In the second half of 1792 TJ had to deal with the radicalization of the French Revolution, the overthrow of the monarchy, and difficult negotiations with Great Britain and Spain concerning relations on the American frontiers with those countries' possessions in North America. The conflict with Hamilton heats up with pseudonymous attacks by Hamilton on TJ, and TJ tries to persuade Washington of the dangers of Hamilton's program.

Reference: 599
Author: Tucker, Robert W. and David C. Hendrickson
Title: Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: xvi, 360.

Notes: Examines TJ's thought about foreign relations and practice of diplomacy. Although he believed the U. S. was the bearer of a new diplomacy, one founded on the confidence of a free and virtuous people and intended to secure through peaceful measures ends based on the natural rights of man, his road to this new diplomacy was not uncomplicated; it grew out of the confrontation with Hamilton, a contest over the "very purpose and meaning of the country's existence ... which has never yielded a clear victor." TJ's rejection of the old diplomacy of the regime over which he enjoyed an immediate triumph led him in two directions: on the one hand TJ the crusader wished actively to reform the world in terms of American liberty, and on the other, fearing contamination from the world, he was willing for America to be merely a passive exemplar of liberty. A thoughtful study, offering a nuanced view of TJ's positions on foreign relations and his vision of America.

Reference: 600
Author: Ackerman, James S.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Villa: Form and Ideology of Country Houses
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 185-211.

Notes: Account of TJ's career as an architect of villas, country houses designed with as places of pleasure, and his movement from Palladian influences to neoclassical forms to his eventual ambition to make Monticello a ferme ornée on the model of the Leasowes. Points out the uniqueness of the social and economic setting of Monticello in post-Renaissance villa history in being rooted in slavery yet committed to democracy and in being a curious mixture of simplicity and elegance. Usefully sets TJ's architectural thinking and practice in a long tradition.

Reference: 601
Author: Ajami, Fouad
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Ultra All-American."
Publication: U.S. News and World Report
Volume: 109
Date: (August 6, 1990)
Extent: 24.

Notes: TJ is the right American ancestor for the present moment when liberty is ascendant in the world. But the reality of his legacy in foreign policy is more complicated than the myth. As Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson have recently shown, he wanted both empire and liberty.

Reference: 602
Author: Anderson, Douglas R.
Title: "To Be Great and Domestic"
Publication: A House Undivided: Domesticity and Community in American Literature
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 40-70.

Notes: On how TJ, Crevecoeur, Franklin focused on the nature of the family and on its capacity to symbolize both the future success and future failure of the Revolution. Suggests that TJ's understanding of slavery in Query 13 is based upon a high valuation of the importance of domestic life that resembles that shown in John Winthrop's "Modell of Christian Charity." Slavery corrupts the bond between parent and child, the most vital in a community.

Reference: 603
Author: Bailyn, Bernard
Title: "Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Faces of Revolution: Personalities and Themes in the Struggle for American Independence
Publisher: Alfred Knopf,
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1990)
Extent: 22-47.

Notes: Reprint with minor revisions of 1960 essay TJCAB #79.

Reference: 604
Author: Berger, Raoul
Title: "Justice Samuel Chase v. Thomas Jefferson: A Reply to Stephen Presser."
Publication: Brigham Young University Law Review.
Date: (1990)
Extent: 873-908.

Notes: Attacks Presser's characterization (# 627 below) of TJ as a demagogue, made as part of his argument for an "original intent" of the Framers which involved more of a belief in aristocracy than commonly believed. Contends that aristocracy and monarchy were among the framers' chief fears, and that TJ was indeed the idealist he has been portrayed to be. Chase is no model for a present day conservative jurisprudence, but TJ's democratic values remain central to American life. Presser's essay (1990) cited below.

Reference: 605
Author: Bresler, Robert J.
Title: "Jefferson Triumphs Over Lenin."
Publication: USA Today
Volume: 118
Date: (March, 1990)
Extent: 7.

Notes: On the collapse of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe. Not about TJ, beyond the mention in the title.

Reference: 606
Author: Bricker, Lauren Weiss
Title: "The Writings of Fiske Kimball: A Synthesis of Architectural History and Practice."
Publication: Studies in the History of Art
Volume: 35
Date: (1990)
Extent: 215-35.

Notes: Discussion of Kimball's career which considers both TJ's impact on him and his important position vis a vis scholarship on TJ's architecture. Useful for those interested in reception theory, less so for those interested in TJ's work as such.

Reference: 607
Author: Brown, C.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Poplar Forest: The Mathematics of an Ideal Villa."
Publication: Journal of Garden History
Volume: 10
Date: (April/June, 1990)
Extent: 117-39.

Notes: Demonstrates that Poplar Forest was not merely a simple, rustic retreat but one upon which TJ lavished a great deal of thought and care in extending the geometry of the house into the design of the grounds. The landscape design is remarkable for the mathematical relation of the parts to each other as well as for the whole design. The geometrical symmetry of the Poplar Forest design, involving a biaxial plan centered on the house, contrasts surprisingly with the asymmetrical landscape designs at Monticello. Describes TJ's careful siting of buildings with regard to views, privacy, etc. A significant essay on Poplar Forest.

Reference: 608
Author: Caldwell, Lynton K.
Title: "The Administrative Republic: The Contrasting Legacies of Hamilton and Jefferson."
Publication: Public Administration Quarterly
Volume: 13
Date: (Winter, 1990)
Extent: 470-93.

Notes: "An elaboration of the author's introduction to the second reissue of his book" (1987, see above). Argues that judicial interpretations of the amendments to the Constitution has more to do with the history of the public administration of the United States than does the Constitution itself. Claims that "the predominance of adjudicative power as it has evolved in America is not conducive to a governance that can anticipate and plan for the future." Hence, "a more serious and comprehensive examination" of the founders' ideas about public administration and their very different legacies can uncover for us "the generally warping effect" of the courts "upon the character of public administration." Describes Hamilton's central concern for effective and responsible government, TJ's for defense of individual liberties, and laments the apparent lack of interest many Americans today seem to have in them.

Reference: 609
Author: Carmody, Denise Lardner and John Tally Carmody
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and Disestablishment"
Publication: The Republic of Many Mansions: Foundations of American Religious Thought
Publisher: Paragon House,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 87-119.

Notes: Discusses TJ's life, his development of a rational religion, and the political and cultural institution of this both in the Statute for Religious Freedom and the First Amendment and also in the cultural pluralism encouraged by his plans for the University. Authors see TJ's religious program as central to America's civil religion. Well written, but not strikingly novel.

Reference: 610
Author: Costopoulos, Philip J.
Title: "Jefferson, Adams, and the Natural Aristocracy."
Publication: First Things
Volume: 3
Date: (May, 1990)
Extent: 46-52.

Notes: TJ favored provision for the discovery and recruitment of natural aristocrats, but Adams did not share his confidence that talent and virtue would always coincide. "We might say, paraphrasing Reinhold Neibuhr, that for Jefferson the best men's capacity for good makes democracy possible, while for Adams the best men's inclination to ill makes democracy necessary."

Reference: 611
Author: Cranston, Maurice
Title: "Is the Gulf America's Business?"
Publication: National Review
Volume: 42
Date: (December 3, 1990)
Extent: 40-44.

Notes: An imaginary dialogue. TJ here argues that Americans should stay home and mind American business, while Hamilton contends for the extension and exercise of U. S. power in the world.

Reference: 612
Author: DeGraaf, Leonard
Title: "Thomas Jefferson as a Collector of Books."
Publication: AB Bookman's Weekly
Volume: 86
Date: (July 16, 1990)
Extent: 121-23.

Notes: Sketch of TJ's book collecting interests and the history of his library. Nothing new.

Reference: 613
Author: Dreisbach, Daniel L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and Bills Number 82-86 of the Laws of Virginia, 1776-1786: New Light on the Jeffersonian Model of Church-State Relations."
Publication: North Carolina Law Review
Volume: 69
Date: (1990)
Extent: 159-211.

Notes: Argues that to focus on the Bill for Religious Freedom in isolation distorts TJ's church-state model, and it must be seen in the context of the four related bills in the Report of the Committee of Revisors . These preserved church property, punished disturbers of worship and sabbath breakers, authorized days of public fast and thanksgiving, and invoked biblical law for a bill on marriage. Claims that collectively the bills suggest TJ took a more accommodating view of church-state relations than the wall metaphor suggests. Hence, the Supreme Court has relied on an erroneous conception of TJ's views to inform its first amendment analysis, and its legal pronouncements may be flawed. Does not, however, give enough weight to these proposed laws as resulting from a committee of revisors, not perhaps TJ alone, and fails to consider TJ's support or rejection elsewhere for the various positions behind these laws. This essay in fact isolates the Bill for Religious Freedom to the narrow context of the Revisor's report.

Reference: 614
Author: Galloway, Joseph L.
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Test on Baltic Shores."
Publication: U.S. News and World Report
Volume: 108
Date: (April 9, 1990)
Extent: 12-13.

Notes: Compares Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis to TJ and claims the movement to regain Lithuanian independence is motivated by the same desire for liberty as the American Revolution.

Reference: 615
Author: Hakim, Joy
Title: "A History of Us."
Publication: American Educator
Volume: 14
Date: (Fall, 1990)
Extent: 35.

Notes: A children's history of the U. S. , written, it is claimed, with "drama, fun and real substance." Sample chapter relates the debate between Hamilton and Jefferson.

Reference: 616
Author: Anonymous
Title: "Jefferson's Other Home."
Publication: Southern Living
Volume: 25
Date: (June, 1990)
Extent: 24.

Notes: Description of Poplar Forest and current archaeological work there. Gives hours when house is open to visitors.

Reference: 617
Author: Karwatka, Dennis
Title: "Thomas Jefferson the Technologist."
Publication: School Shop/Tech Directions
Volume: 50
Date: (December, 1990)
Extent: 29.

Notes: Short sketch, noting TJ's interests in inventions such as his moldboard plow, his code wheel, etc.

Reference: 618
Author: Lerner, Ralph
Title: "Jefferson's Pulse of Republican Reformation"
Publication: Confronting the Constitution, Allan Bloom, ed
Publisher: AEI Press,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.
Date: (1990)
Extent: 142-65.

Notes: Reprints chapter from Lerner's 1987 book The Thinking Revolutionary . See above.

Reference: 619
Author: Littin, Bud
Title: "Citizen Weather Observers."
Publication: Weatherwise
Volume: 43
Date: (1990)
Extent: 254-59.

Notes: TJ began the tradition of volunteer citizen weather observers.

Reference: 620
Author: Lockwood, Alan and David Harris
Title: "A Luxury We Can't Afford."
Publication: Update on Law-Related Education
Volume: 14
Date: (Spring, 1990)
Extent: 37-41.

Notes: An exercise in ethical analysis and reasoning for secondary students which examines TJ's life and his attempts to reconcile his democratic principles with his ownership of slaves. Like many aids for educators of this sort, it suffers from limits to the amount of information it can provide, but it does point out that in making decisions in cases such as this "we often feel we need more information" and invites students to search it out. Reprinted from the authors' Publication: Reasoning with Democratic Values.
Publisher: Teachers College Press
Place of Publication: New York:
Volume: I
Date: (1985)
Extent: 54-66.

Reference: 621
Author: Manning, Susan
Title: "From puritanism to provincialism"
Publication: The Puritan-Provincial Vision: Scottish and American Literature in the Nineteenth Century
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 47-69.

Notes: In the context of a larger argument about the shared qualities of Scottish and American literature resulting from self-conscious differences from the English "center" and from their own philosophical traditions, this chapter discusses the distanced, impartial stance of the objective observer implied by the moral sense theorists as the background to the Declaration's divided discourse of sympathy and separation. Analyzes TJ's language against the background of Hume, Adam Smith, and Reid, without suggesting (like Garry Wills?) that he was merely rewriting Scottish texts. Suggestive for discussion of TJ's relation to common sense philosophy and to skepticism.

Reference: 622
Author: Margolies, Jane
Title: "Our Architect President."
Publication: House Beautiful
Volume: 132
Date: (June, 1990)
Extent: 144.

Notes: Very brief sketch of Monticello.

Reference: 623
Author: Matthews, William H, III.
Title: "American Fossil Hunters."
Publication: Earth Science
Volume: 43
Date: (Spring 1990)
Extent: 16-19.

Notes: Brief discussion of TJ in the context of a historical sketch of American paleontological studies. Minor.

Reference: 624
Author: McCormick, Thomas J.
Title: "Clérisseau, Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia Capitol"
Publication: Charles-Louis Clérisseau and the Genesis of Neoclassicism
Publisher: MIT Press,
Place of Publication: Cambridge:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 191-99.

Notes: Authoritative account of the collaboration between TJ and Clérisseau. Suggests that while TJ supplied the basic idea for the temple form and for copying a specific classical building (yhe Maison Carrée), Clérisseau's architectural expertise influenced both the design as a whole and specific details. Reduction of the portico depth, treatment of the windows, the inset plaques, and the change of the capitals from the Corinthian to the easier to carve Ionic represent Clérisseau's contributions.

Reference: 625
Author: Milkis, Sidney M.
Title: "The Rise of Party Politics and the Triumph of Jeffersonianism"
Publication: The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-1990
Publisher: CQ Press,
Place of Publication: Washington:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 87-116.

Notes: Conventional, brief account of TJ as president. Sees the "revolution of 1800" as the beginning of a realignment in American politics marked by the rise of the Democratic-Republicans, the construction of a centralized partisan system in the government, and after TJ left office the consequent diminution of the office in respect to Congress.

Reference: 626
Author: Parry, Jay A.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Architect of American Freedom"
Publication: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Heroes: America's Founding Presidents
Publisher: National Center for Constitutional Studies,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 68-95.

Notes: Conventional biographical sketch, emphasizing TJ as a non-radical who thought government should stay within constitutional limits. The author intends to help restore the constitutional system of the U. S. by restoring faith in the founding fathers and consequently offers a somewhat muted and old-fashioned view of TJ. States that neither of the major parties of today can legitimately claim the legacy of TJ, "though both parties pretend to do so." Reprints first inaugural address.

Reference: 627
Author: Presser, Stephen
Title: "The Original Misunderstanding: The English, the Americans, and the Dialectic of Federalist Constitutional Jurisprudence."
Publication: Northwestern University Law Review
Volume: 84
Date: (1990)
Extent: 106-85.

Notes: Argues for a pre-1800 "original understanding" of the Constitution as enunciated by Samuel Chase and opposed by TJ. Claims Chase as a possible model for a conservative jurisprudence because he revised the "original misunderstanding" of replacing a "republican" with a "liberal" jurisprudence. Rejects notion of TJ as a moderate as evidenced by his distrust of the judiciary and his support for a radical democracy. Claims TJ was unwilling to submit to a strict rule of law, but Chase was (without noting that if each man was equally sure in his own mind what the law was, Chase was in the better position to claim to be submitting to it. ) Posits an unrealized conservative alliance between Chase, TJ, John Taylor of Caroline, John Randolph as aristocrats with a hierarchical cast of mind; John Marshall relegated Chase's position to history by synthesizing his belief in commerce with TJ's faith in the wisdom of the masses and in democratic institutions. See reply to this argument by Raoul Berger, cited above.

Reference: 628
Author: [Rugina, Anghel N.
Title: "The Prelude: A Glossary of Political Thought -- The Voice of the Past as a Reminder Never to Stop Searching for a Better Form of Government in the Future."
Publication: International Journal of Social Economics
Volume: 17
Date: (February, 1990)
Extent: 3-9.

Notes: A "monograph" crafted out of selected quotations from political thinkers beginning with Plato and Aristotle and extending to Lenin and Maritain. Concludes, however, with two pages of comments by TJ, generally of a somewhat libertarian complexion, but also one or two on the need for respecting the "will of the majority" and the "will of the people."

Reference: 629
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: "The Discourse of Modernism in the Age of Jefferson."
Publication: Prospects
Volume: 15
Date: (1990)
Extent: 23-37.

Notes: Considers early republican United States as a time of "modernist transformation of historical self-understanding" and examines the usefulness of competing notions of modernism advanced by Paul de Man on the one hand and Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane on the other. Discusses TJ's Declaration, Notes on the State of Virginia, and "The Life and Morals of Jesus" as attempts to put off the burdensome hand of the past and encourage the emergence of a new man.

Reference: 630
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: "From Jefferson to Thoreau: The Possibilities of Discourse."
Publication: Arizona Quarterly
Volume: 46
Date: (1990)
Extent: 1-16.

Notes: Argues that TJ and Thoreau are "figures of capable imagination" who could be organizing points of an adequate American literary history that is democratic and neither narrowly ideological nor mindlessly expansive. They are agents of an American pragmatics whose writings are dialogic, open to the widest possible range of other experiences, and, because of an underlying skeptical position, the possessors of a non-exclusive ideology able to engage with differing ideological positions. Starting with these two voices in order to rediscover the American literary tradition, we find their dialogue opens to a colloquy with agents of our understanding as diverse as Cotton Mather, Margaret Fuller, W. E. B.DuBois, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, and Adrienne Rich.

Reference: 631
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: "In Different Voices: Gender in the American Republic of Letters."
Publication: Early American Literature
Volume: 25
Date: (1990)
Extent: 289-304.

Notes: Uses Carol Gilligan's theory of different patterns of moral development in men and women to analyze the epistolary exchanges in which John Adams quarrelled with Mercy Otis Warren and in the differences between John and Abigail Adams with TJ. Argues that their differences can be understood in terms of differences between an "ethic of justice" and an "ethic of care," and TJ's ability to comprehend the possibilities of both a masculine and a feminine voice demonstrates a version of the "post-conventional morality" which Gilligan posits as a better ethical position. Suggests TJ's ability to support an "ethic of care" can be understood as a positive valuation of contemporary Federalist charges that he was morally "effeminate."

Reference: 632
Author: Skillen, James W.
Title: "Religion and Education Policy: Where Do We Go From Here?"
Publication: Journal of Law and Politics
Volume: 6
Date: (1990)
Extent: 503-25.

Notes: Critiques TJ's educational philosophy as "dogmatic and parochial" and as unfortunately fundamental to the American common school system. Characterizes his thought as a "vacillation" between the individual person as one center of gravity and the universal law of nature as the other, and claims that his educational philosophy envisioned schools indoctrinating individuals in "rationalistic empiricism and enlightened moralism." Given this "bias," the answer is to abandon the common school in favor of independent schools, each defining its own philosophy of education. Such schools could discriminate according to gender or religion, but not by race or class, says the author. (Not clear why one sort of discrimination is legitimate and another not.)

Reference: 633
Author: Smith, Gene A.
Title: "A Perfect State of Preservation."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 39
Date: (Winter, 1990)
Extent: 118-29.

Notes: Well-written account of TJ's proposal for dry docks in which to lay up naval ships not needed in peacetime. Gallatin advised TJ against the plan on fiscal as well as political grounds, especially when Latrobe's design turned out to be more elaborate and expensive than expected. Congress turned down the dry docks but accepted the gunboat idea.

Reference: 634
Author: Stimson, Shannon C.
Title: "Law in the Context of Continuous Revolution"
Publication: The American Revolution in the Law: Anglo-American Jurisprudence before John Marshall
Publisher: Princeton University Press,
Place of Publication: Princeton:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 86-105.

Notes: Discusses TJ's jurisprudential thinking within the larger context of an analysis of the concept of judicial review out of eighteenth-century court practice and theories about the role of juries. Finds TJ shared with John Adams a belief in the fundamental importance of jury trials, but he took a more conservative position on the function of the jury and its power to interpret law. Traces this difference in part to TJ's materialist epistemology as well as to his response to French thought which distinguished him from other Founders. Argues that he paradoxically increased the legitimacy of public opinion as the basis of law while decreasing the individual's propensity to question his or her own views. He thus posited "revolution," either literal or legislative, as the means to resolve constitutional debate rather than by jural or judicial discourse. His failure to come up with an institutional alternative to the "majority will" of "the people" as the decisive voice in constitutional matters left him with a compact theory of politics, law, and constitutional "judgment" which collapsed the functions of will and judgment. Provocative and stimulating argument and book.

Reference: 635
Author: Strout, Cushing
Title: "American Dilemma: Lincoln's Jefferson and the Irony of History,"
Publication: Making American Tradition: Visions and Revisions from Ben Franklin to Alice Walker
Publisher: Rutgers University Press,
Place of Publication: New Brunswick:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 133-51.

Notes: After noting that "Of all the American presidents, only Jefferson and Lincoln have commanded a literary style that is indisputably their own and memorable to later generations," goes on to examine the ways in which TJ lived in Lincoln's imagination "more intensely than any other American figure." Lincoln saw the Declaration as the "electric cord" which connected him to TJ, and its "truth" of equality became his standard for marking the limit on popular sovereignty. Although TJ was unable to escape complicity with the institution of slavery which his own principles made untenable, Lincoln was able to apply the Jeffersonian notion of equal rights to the issue of slavery in a political context and contest. TJ's fear of civil war, as expressed in his response to the Missouri Compromise, overrode his objections to slavery. Ironically, when the South seceded in 1861, Lincoln, for whom TJ's idealism had been a source of inspiration, found TJ's tactics and constitutional theory deployed against him. The best essay yet on TJ and Lincoln.

Reference: 636
Author: Thompson, Paul B.
Title: "Agrarianism and the American Philosophical Tradition."
Publication: Agriculture and Human Values
Volume: 7
Date: (Winter, 1990)
Extent: 3-8.

Notes: Notes TJ's role as the patron of the agrarian ideal in America, but points out several positions that distinguish him from other, later agrarian thinkers from Emerson through James, Dewey and George Herbert Mead. His agrarianism did not point toward establishing rights to farm, rose from an assessment of farming's instrumental value, and was subordinate to his abiding interest in forming a viable democratic state.

Reference: 637
Author: Tobin-Schlesinger, Kathleen
Title: "Jefferson to Lewis: The Study of Nature in the West."
Publication: Journal of the West
Volume: 29
Date: (January, 1990)
Extent: 54-61.

Notes: Discusses TJ's interest in the scientific observations of Lewis and Clark and describes the expedition as "in great part a scientific endeavor." Graceful note, but nothing particularly new. Illustrated.

Reference: 638
Author: Tucker, George Holbert
Title: "Here Lies Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Cavalier Saints and Sinners: Virginia History Through a Keyhole
Publication: The Virginian Pilot and the Ledger Star,
Place of Publication: Norfolk:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 59-61.

Notes: Sketch about the history of the Monticello cemetery.

Reference: 640
Author: Vidal, Gore
Title: "The Tree of Liberty: Notes on Our Patriarchal State."
Publication: New Republic
Volume: 251
Date: (August 27, 1990)
Extent: 185, 202-04.

Notes: Frames a critique of the American patriarchal "garrison state" with a consideration of the counter example of TJ, at least as expressed in his revolutionary concepts of the pursuit of happiness and of the necessity of occasionally watering the tree of liberty with the blood of patriots and tyrants.

Reference: 641
Author: Wills, Garry
Title: "Jefferson: The Uses of Religion" and "Jefferson: The Protection of Religion"
Publication: in Under God: Religion and American Politics.
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 354-72.

Notes: The first essay discusses TJ's changing notions about Christianity, leading up to his preparation of his reformed gospels. Points to the early and significant influence of Bolingbroke, but maintains that TJ was not indifferent to the religion held by Americans. He did not separate religion and politics at the time of writing the Declaration, using Protestant fears of Catholicism as part of his argument. The second essay claims that the Statute for Religious Freedom was intended to protect the purity of religion, putting TJ in the camp of Roger Williams on this point, although he did not know Williams's work.

Reference: 642
Author: Wilson, Douglas
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Legacy of a National Library."
Publication: Wilson Library Bulletin
Volume: 64
Date: (February, 1990)
Extent: 37-41.

Notes: Well-informed and gracefully written account of TJ's interest in books, his building of a working library and use of it, and its foundational direction for the Library of Congress, most notably in terms of the breadth of his interests and the classification system he devised.

Reference: 643
Author: Aparisi Miralles, Maria Angeles
Title: "La Declaracion de Independencia Americana de 1776 y los Derechos del Hombre,"
Publication: Revista de Estudios Politicos [Spain]
Volume: 70
Date: (1990)
Extent: 209-23.

Notes: "The 1776 American Declaration of Independence and the Rights of Man." Argues that although TJ enumerated natural rights to self-government and private property in the Declaration of Independence, evidence from the rough drafts of the Declaration suggest he did not originally intend to advocate a practical, political separation from Britain.

Reference: 644
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "Historians, Community, and the Pursuit of Jefferson."
Publication: Studies in American Political Development
Volume: 4
Date: (1990)
Extent: 35-44.

Notes: Response to the essay of Christopher Tomlins, noted separately here. Discusses the ways in which scholars seek to have TJ on their side, in a variety of contradictory positions. Points out that while there are "three domains in Jefferson's world--the political, the scientific and the economic," he privileged science. TJ was more commited to freedom, self-discovery, and rational inquiry than to productivity or to economic independence. Expresses some reservations about the communitarianism implicit in Tomlins's position.

Reference: 650
Author: Catanzariti, John
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Correspondent."
Publication: Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
Volume: 102
Date: (1990)
Extent: 1-20.

Notes: Discusses TJ's letter-writing practices, with particular attention to his system of recording and indexing them in his Summary Journal of Letters. He began keeping the journal On November 11, 1783, and he recorded there the letters he received and sent. He summarized the letters he sent out, until he acquired a copy press in 1785 and began to rely on that for his record copy. By far the busiest years, in terms of both letters received and letters sent were during the time of his presidency, and the number sent and received fell off in his later years. The evidence of the Summary Journal of Letters seems to belie his claim to John Adams that he wrote 1287 letters in 1820; it was more like 400.

Reference: 651
Author: Clampitt, Amy
Title: "Notes on the State of Virginia."
Publication: Westward
Publisher: Knopf
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1990)
Extent: 5-7.

Notes: Poem.

Reference: 657
Author: Dunn, James M.
Title: "Neutrality and the Establishment Clause," in
Publication: Equal Separation: Understanding the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment, ed. Paul J. Weber.
Publisher: Greenwood Press,
Place of Publication: Westport, CT:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 55-72.

Notes: Author, the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, criticizes Justice Rehnquist's interpretation of the First Amendment. Contends that "it's downright silly" to pretend that TJ's words about a wall of separation between church and state have to be in the Constitution for the concept to be there.

Reference: 661
Author: Freehling, William W.
Title: "Conditional Termination in the Early Republic" in
Publication: The Road to Disunion: Vol. I, Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854
Publisher: Oxford University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1990)
Extent: pp. 121-143.

Notes: Sharply critical view of TJ's stance on slavery and its consequences. TJ described as a master of self-deceit who avoided the unpleasant reality of slavery while timidly decrying it. By loading the imposible burden of removal onto the question of freeing slaves, he made emancipation practically impossible. Succeeding chapters on "The Missouri Compromise" and "Class Revolt in Virginia" also have relevant pages on Jefferson.

Reference: 663
Author: Giorcelli, Cristina
Title: "Sui 'Vangeli' di Thomas Jefferson" in
Publication: Nascita di una identita: la formazione delle nazionalità americane. Atti del Seminario di Studio a cura di Vanni Blengino. Dipartimento di Studi Americani, University di Roma.
Publisher: Edizioni Associate,
Place of Publication: Roma:
Date: (1990)
Extent: pp. 257-67.

Notes: In Italian. Analysis of the first part of TJ's "Philosophy of Jesus Christ."

Reference: 667
Author: Healey, Robert M.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's 'Wall': Absolute or Serpentine?" in
Publication: Equal Separation: Understanding the Religion Clauses of the First Amendment, ed. Paul J. Weber.
Publisher: Greenwood Press,
Place of Publication: Westport, CT:
Date: (1990)
Extent: 123-48.

Notes: Adaptation of an essay that originally appeared in Church and State in 1988; adds a page on the latest decisions of the Supreme Court.

Reference: 671
Author: Huang, Keke
Title: "Shixi Jiefeixun de Zhiguo Sixiang" [Analysis of Jefferson's Thought on Administering the Country].
Publication: Shijie Lishi
Volume: 2
Date: (1990)
Extent: 46-54.

Notes: Explains TJ's economic, political, and diplomatic ideas in terms of his conduct of the presidency. His economic thinking reflected the shift in the US from an emphasis on agriculture to a recognition of the importance of commerce and manufacture as well. He advocated popular participation in government and believed in natural rights. He sought good trade relationships with other nations but was not willing to enter into entangling alliances. In Chinese.

Reference: 673
Author: Justus, Judith P.
Title: Down from the Mountain: The Oral History of the Hemings Family, Are They the Black Descendants of Thomas Jefferson?
Publisher: The Author
Place of Publication: Perrysburg, OH
Date: (1990)
Extent: pp. viii, 179.

Notes: Explores the genealogies of the descendants of Sally Hemings, Thomas Woodson, and Josepth and Edith Fosset. Accepts without serious question that TJ fathered Sally's children, including Thomas Woodson, although recognizes implicitly that there are difficulties difficulties in identifying Woodson as a child of Sally Hemings. Does not take a strong stand on the claim that Joe Fosset was the son of Thomas Jefferson with Mary Hemings, Sally's sister, but generally accepts oral family tradition as truthful. Although the author adds no new proof or disproof to the claims for TJ's parentage of black children, the genealogical features here trace the subsequent history of three families of remarkable and interesting people.

Reference: 678
Author: Liu, Tso-ch'ang
Title: Chieh-fei-hsun chuan
Place of Publication: Beijing:
Publisher: Chung-kuo she hui k'o hsüeh ch'u pan she,
Date: (1990)
Extent: pp. 2, 11, 509.

Notes: Biography, in Chinese. Not seen.

Reference: 680
Author: Manley, John F.
Title: "American Liberalism and the Democratic Dream: Transcending the American Dream."
Publication: Policy Studies Review
Volume: 10
Date: (1990)
Extent: 89-102.

Notes: Describes three "dreams." 1. the democratic dream that respects the will of the majority but depends more or less on social and economic equality of citizens. 2. The elitist dream of rule by a superior few over an inferior multitude. 3. The American dream, which is a copmpromise, elitist in economic affairs ("equal opportunity to become unequal") but promises legal and political equality. Neither conservatism nor liberalism in either of its major modes can advance democracy in American life because each is too closely tied to laissez faire capitalism. TJ's "radical democratic dream," however, reminds us that democracy is impossible without a large measure of social and economic equality. Contends that TJ was not a supporter of capitalism but of independent production, by farmers and, later on, by manufacturers as well. Discusses his awareness of anti-democratic forces that threatened progressive democracy as well as his notion of ward republics.

Reference: 691
Author: Severati, Carlo
Title: "Thomas Jefferson e la formazione di una identità nazionale in architettura" in
Publication: Nascita di una identita: la formazione delle nazionalità americane, Atti del Seminario di Studio a cura di Vanni Blengino. Dipartimento di Studi Americani, University di Roma.
Publisher: Edizioni Associate,
Place of Publication: Roma:
Date: (1990)
Extent: Pp. 310-25.

Notes: Critical discussion of TJ's development as an architect, his knowledge of European forms that he could adapt to American sites, and his designs for a total environment. In Italian.

Reference: 695
Author: Tomlins, Christopher L.
Title: "Law, Police, and the Pursuit of Happiness in the New American Republic,"
Publication: Studies in the New American Political Development
Volume: 4
Date: (1990)
Extent: 3-34.

Notes: Argues that in the late 18th century law and police constituted two different paradigms for republical social order; the police paradigm supported a politically managed distributive justice, and the law paradigm protected property rights by removing them from the realm of politics. Although the US moved toward the law paradigm, at the time of the revolution an alternative was offered by TJ. Police "in Jeffersonian thought implied not the security of property rights in liberal capitalism, but rather a strategy of civic regulation and state formation which, through education, a participatory polity, and curbs on the concentration of wealth, would safeguard the republic and empower the generality of its population." Thoughtful essay, although tends to make TJ too simply an egalitarian radical. See Joyce Appleby's response above.

Reference: 700
Author: Fitzgerald, Carol B.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Bibliography.
Publisher: Meckler Publishing,
Date: (1991)

Notes: Volume 3 in "Meckler's Bibliographies of the Presidents of the U. S." Fairly basic and relatively limited. Useful for students.

Reference: 701
Author: Greene, Carol and Steven.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: Author, Inventor, President.
Publisher: Children's Press,
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 48.

Notes: Juvenile, ages 9-12.

Reference: 702
Author: Mantell, Stephen and Harriet Fier, producers.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: The Pursuit of Liberty. [VHS videotape]
Publisher: Distributed by Films for the Humanities and Sciences,
Place of Publication: Princeton.
Date: (1991)
Extent: Running time: 38 min.

Reference: 703
Author: Mapp, Alf J., Jr.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: Passionate Pilgrim.
Publisher: Madison Books,
Place of Publication: Lanham, MD:
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. xvi, 445.

Notes: Completes the biographical project begun in 1987 with Thomas Jefferson: A Strange Case of Mistaken Identity . As useful as the earlier volume.

Reference: 704
Author: McEwan, Barbara.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: Farmer.
Publisher: McFarland and Co.,
Place of Publication: Jefferson, NC:
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. xii, 219.

Notes: Account of TJ's experiences as a farmer. Claims that he was hampered by debt and by relatively poor soil at Monticello and adjoining farms, and thus tried to make the land do too much. However, the soil at Poplar Forest and his Bedford County farms was very good. Discusses crops, animals, farming practices, farm personnel, and gardens. Informative but somewhat diffuse.

Reference: 705
Author: McLaughlin, Jack.
Title: To His Excellency Thomas Jefferson: Letters to a President.
Publisher: W.W. Norton,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. xxxi, 344.

Notes: Letters to TJ from his public, arranged in nine chapters by topic (eg. Politics, Literature) or by identity of the correspondent (eg. Women, Youth). Well supported by contextualizing comments that identify references, correspondents when possible, historical situation.

Reference: 706
Author: Meltzer, Milton.
Title: Thomas Jefferson, The Revolutionary Aristocrat.
Publisher: Franklin Watts,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 256.

Notes: A biography for young adults. Solid treatment with recommendations for further reading. Does not unduly dodge controversial issues such as the possible relationship with Sally Hemings and gives an appropriate treatment of the issue of slavery.

Reference: 707
Author: Reef, Catherine.
Title: Monticello.
Publisher: Dillon Press,
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 71

Notes: Juvenile, ages 9-12.

Reference: 708
Author: Risjord, Norman K.
Title: Jefferson's America.
Publisher: Madison House,
Place of Publication: Madison WI:
Date: (1991)

Notes: A history of Revolutionary era America in which anecdotal material from the life of TJ has been added "in order to give the tale a more human dimension." Good work of its sort, but not much direct focus on TJ. Intended for a non-specialist audience, so has no annotation.

Reference: 709
Author: Selfridge, John W.
Title: Thomas Jefferson: The Philosopher President.
Publisher: Fawcett Columbine,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1991)

Notes: Juvenile biography.

Reference: 710
Author: Sheldon, Garrett Ward.
Title: The Political Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Place of Publication: Baltimore
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. x, 174.

Notes: Useful survey of TJ's political ideas that puts them into the context of the traditions of Lockean liberalism, classical political thought, republican theory. Looks at the arguments of the 1980s about whether TJ was a liberal or a republican thinker, including the issue of his influence by the Scottish moralists, and exposes the occasional simplicity of their formulation. Sees TJ as changing the emphasis of his thinking at various points in his career; contends that he began as a Lockean liberal in order to critique the centralized power of king and parliament (especially after he became conscious of the problems of the theory of the Ancient English Constitution), but after the Revolution he spoke more clearly as a classical republican. He turned again to Lockean arguments later in life when he became concerned with increasing power of the central government and the moneyed classes.

Reference: 711
Author: Smith, Gene Allen
Title: "The Ruinous Folly of a Navy: A History of the Jeffersonian Gunboat Program."
Publication: Ph.D. dissertation, Auburn University,
Publication: DAI 52-07A, p. 2689.
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 286.

Notes: TJ's support for the gunboats owed as much to political and economic reasons as to military policy. He saw them as only a part of an overall defense program that would have included deep water ships and coastal and harbor fortifications, but Congress never implemented the rest of the policy. (There was a lot of patronage in awarding contracts to build gunboats. ) Perceived failure of the gunboats in the War of 1812 is in reality a failure of the government itself rather than of Jefferson's naval policy.

Reference: 712
Author: Not Provided
Title: Thomas Jefferson: Tim's Time Machine.
Publisher: Cherry Lane Press,
Date: (1991)

Notes: Juvenile, for grades 3-4.

Reference: 713
Author: Ziff, Larzer.
Title: Writing in the New Nation: Prose, Print, and Politics in the Early United States
Publisher: Yale University Press
Place of Publication: New Haven
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. xii, 209.

Notes: Study of literature of the period, arguing that print culture and American political culture enabled a movement from immanence to representation, from belief that reality resided below culture and could not be manipulated to belief that it could be constructed. Chapters 6, 7, and 8 discuss TJ's autobiography and Notes on the State of Virginia as part of this argument and contextualize them against Adams's and Rush's autobiographies, Timothy Dwight's Travels , and other texts.

Reference: 714
Author: Alexander, Gregory S
Title: "Time and Property in the American Republican Legal Culture."
Publication: New York University Law Review
Volume: 66
Date: (1991)
Extent: 273-352.

Notes: In opposition to Pocock's and Wood's view that a republican view of virtue, porperty, and citizenshipgave way to a liberal view sometime after the Revolution, argues for recognition of a dialectic view, an ongoing conversation about property which contains "antinomic elements." TJ's idea that the earth belongs to the living exemplifies the republican dialectic of time and property by attempting to create a public meaning for property in terms of time. TJ does not, however, address some important questions, eg. the tension bestween republican maintenance of a traditional, virtuous social order and an equally republican emphasis on individuals taking a meaningful role in political life. Also, should power rest in individuals or in a community of shared sentiment and ideas? TJ's though also contains a dialectic between "dynamic" and "static" conceptions of property, between a notion of property as moveable and commodified and one of it as the fee simple property of settled landholders. In addition there is a dialectic between alienable property in land and less tangible commercial property. TJ was anxious not about commerce itself but about its potential to transform the sociology of property, to make it dominate social relations. He never adequately explained how the law of porperty would accomodate these principles of stability and dynamism, nor did his distinction of allodial property make clear a positive meaning beyond its negative meaning established against the concept of feudal property.

Reference: 715
Author: Anderson, Douglas.
Title: "Jefferson, Hawthorne, and `The Custom House.'"
Publication: Nineteenth-Century Literature
Volume: 46
Date: (1991)
Extent: 309-27

Notes: Reflections on a perceived relationship between the Declaration of Independence as presented in TJ's "Autobiography" and the preface Hawthorne wrote for the second edition of The Scarlet Letter. The central issue is "adulteration," i. e. TJ's unhappiness at having his text changed by critics and Hawthorne's refusal to change his. Wide-ranging speculation that is interesting at times, but seems rather tenuous as well.

Reference: 716
Author: Beebe, Lynn A.
Title: "The Rescue and Restoration of Jefferson's Poplar Forest,"
Publication: Notes on the State of Poplar Forest
Volume: 1
Date: (1991)
Extent: 1-2

Notes: Brief overview of the restoration work going on at TJ's other home.

Reference: 717
Author: Belohlavek, John M
Title: "Politics, Principle, and Pragmatism in the Early Republic: Thomas Jefferson and the Quest for American Empire."
Publication: Diplomatic History
Volume: 15
Date: (1991)
Extent: 599-605

Notes: Review article on Tucker and Hendrickson's Empire of Liberty (1990) that puts it in context of other studies of TJ's statecraft. Classes it with other recent "neofederalist tracts" on TJ that will "cause concern in Charlottesville."

Reference: 718
Author: Burger, Warren E.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Court."
Publication: Year Book of the Supreme Court Historical Society
Date: (1991)
Extent: 97-104.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 719
Author: Chambers, S. Allen, Jr.
Title: "Revelations from the Records: The Documentary Research at Poplar Forest,"
Publication: Notes on the State of Poplar Forest
Volume: 1
Date: (1991)
Extent: 3-8

Notes: Discussion of TJ's correspondence and other written records concerning his life at Poplar Forest, including letters to him from some of his slaves such as Hannah, a cook, and John Hemings. Interesting and suggestive insights into the archives. Essay originally appeared in Lynch's Ferry: A Journal of Local History 4 (no. 1, 1991).

Reference: 720
Author: Degategno, Paul J
Title: "The Source of Daily and Exalted Pleasure': Jefferson Reads the Poems of Ossian," in
Publication: Ossian Revisited, ed. Howard Gaskill.
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Place of Publication: Edinburgh
Date: (1991)
Extent: 94-108.

Notes: Somewhat diffuse discussion of TJ's interest in Ossian and in Scottish culture, his letter to Charles McPherson, his interest in poetry and in the sublime, and in the power of thoughtful reading of poetry and fiction to strenghen the moral faculties. Ossian's "optimism, simplicity of purpose, amplitude of imagination" are all qualities that would have appealed to TJ.

Reference: 721
Author: Dreisbach, Daniel.
Title: "A New Perspective on Jefferson's Views on Church-State Relations: The Virginia Statute for Establishing Religious Freedom in Its Legislative Context."
Publication: American Journal of Legal History
Volume: 35
Date: (1991)
Extent: 172-204

Notes: Contends that Bill 82 for Religious Freedom needs to be considered in connection with Bills 83-86 that authorize the Anglican Church's retention of property, provide for Sunday closing, calling fast days, and defining marriage by Biblical standards. This would qualify the separationist church-state model. Assumes Supreme Court should look at "the record of church-state relations in Virginia" and not just the Statute for Religious Freedom in order to inform interpretations of the First Amendment. But are "church-state relations in Virginia" more, or less, relevant to the U. S. Constitution than the specific law that it arguably grows from? Argues that TJ's wall of separation was not an end, but a means to an end of protecting religious freedom.

Reference: 722
Author: Dumbauld, Edward.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Equity Commonplace Book."
Publication: Washington & Lee Law Review
Volume: 48
Date: (1991)
Extent: 1257-83

Notes: Description and analysis of TJ's much less well known commponplace book on equity law (Chinard published in 1926 selections from the Legal Commonplace Book where TJ quoted from the common law). This book has none of the longer disquisitions on law and government that come in the Legal Commonplace Book, but its marginal notes, cross references, and selections are of interest for their information on his interest in questions of natural law and natural justice that are at the heart of traditional equity cases. Contends that when TJ proclaimed in the Declaration allegiance to "the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God," his scholarship in equity law shaped his conception of moral precepts and natural justice as a part of the Anglo-American legal system.

Reference: 723
Author: Ellis, Joseph J.
Title: "Education in the Early Republic,"
Publication: History of Education Quarterly
Volume: 31
Date: (1991)
Extent: 77-80

Notes: Review essay of three books on education, including Harold Hellenbrand's study of TJ.

Reference: 724
Author: Ellis, Richard and Aaron Wildavsky.
Title: "`Greatness' Revisited: Evaluating the Performance of Early American Presidents in Terms of Cultural Dilemmas."
Publication: Presidential Studies Quarterly
Volume: 21
Date: (Winter, 1991)
Extent: 15-34.

Notes: In response to polls concerning the relative degrees of "greatness" of American presidents, the authors attempt to measure the first sixteen presidents in terms of their ability to manage cultural dilemmas posited by popular opposition to or suspicion of a strong executive and the need for presidential power in order to lead the country. TJ was a "great" president because of his succesful style of "hidden-hand" leadership. Other "greats" are Washington, Jackson, Lincoln.

Reference: 725
Author: Falkowski, James E.
Title: "Secessionary Self-Determination: A Jeffersonian Perspective."
Publication: Boston University International Law Journal
Volume: 9
Date: (1991)
Extent: 209-42

Notes: Examines the historical development of the doctrine of self-determination of peoples, and finds that in the American perspective it has been profoundly influenced by TJ. Argues that natural law theory shows how to resolve the dilemma between the right of all peoples to political self-determination and the principle in international law that the territorial integrity of states should be respected. Not particularly informative about TJ.

Reference: 726
Author: Fohlen, Claude.
Title: "Une Amitié née de la Révolution: Franklin et Jefferson," in
Publication: eds. Gerard Hugues and Daniel Royot, Benjamin Franklin: Des Lumières a Nos Jours.
Publisher: Didier
Place of Publication: Lyon
Date: (1991)
Extent: 33-41.

Notes: Compares Franklin and TJ as the initiators of Franco-American diplomatic relations and as men of the Enlightenment. Franklin cannily affected a simplicity and variously exercised his seductive talents on the ladies of Paris, the officers of the King, and the people at large. TJ was cooler, more aristocratic, a diplomatist better suited to the particular years he was in residence. Although they had a common interest in science, Franklin was more interested in the physical sciences, TJ in the natural sciences.

Reference: 727
Author: Greenaway, Frank.
Title: "The Third President."
Publication: Annals of Science
Volume: 48
Date: (July, 1991)
Extent: 385-89

Notes: Review essay of Silvio Bedini's study of TJ as science. Surveys TJ's interest in science and admires the range of his interests. Although TJ was a prominent person in founding a nation, his was not simply an "American" science. Rejects the notion of a "national" science, although he admits various factors can create a particular style of science within a nation.

Reference: 728
Author: Greenblatt, Milton.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Women."
Publication: Psychohistory Review
Volume: 19
Date: (1991)
Extent: 233-54

Notes: Begins with a cartoonish view of Virginia in TJ's time, gives a shallow and pointless account of the women in TJ's life that is marred with, mostly minor, errors. Not very useful.

Reference: 729
Author: Greenstone, J. David.
Title: "Adams and Jefferson on Slavery: Two Liberalisms and the Roots of Civic Ambivalence" in
Publication: The Constitution of the People, ed. Robert E. Calvert.
Publisher: University of Kansas Press,
Place of Publication: Lawrence:
Date: (1991)
Extent: 18-46.

Notes: TJ and Adams represent two very different, if complementary, liberal traditions. TJ was a "humanist liberal," emphasizing the rights of individuals as the holders of preferences and liberty as negative freedom from restraint. Adams was a "reformed liberal," who emphasized individuals as possessors of faculties to be cultivated, seeing liberty as the positive freedom to use one's abilities. TJ's liberalism, although it supported his early condemnation of slavery, could ultimately allow him to condone it because of his recognition of the need to compromise with others' preferences (such as those of fellow southern slaveowners) and to protect the liberal regime in which slavery had successfully been entwined, however, regretable that might be. TJ's liberal politics overrode his liberal ethics which had criticized slavery. Also notes the role played by TJ's philosophical materialism and sensationalism. Adams insisted on men as souls first, not bodies as TJ did, and he saw liberal reason as critical of society. TJ's liberal commitments, designed to protect individuals, could not be used to critique a liberal society or party. On the other hand, his principles are a barrier to the moral homogeneity reformers seek to bring about as they attempt to eradicate "sin." A thoughtful, suggestive essay.

Reference: 730
Author: Grinde, Donald A, Jr. and Bruce E. Johansen
Title: "A New Chapter," in
Publication: Exemplar of Liberty: Native America and the Evolution of Democracy
Publisher: University of California Press,
Place of Publication: Berkeley:
Date: (1991)
Extent: 141-68.

Notes: In support of both authors' arguments that the League of the Six Nations (Iroquois) influenced the American founding, explores images of native America in the writings of Franklin, Jefferson, and Paine. Less insistent on direct, determining influence of the example of Iroquois government than earlier versions, but despite a tendency to seize upon every possible reference and to present it out of context, more convincing about the thorough penetration of images and awareness of native American culture in the Euro-American consciousness.

Reference: 731
Author: Griswold, Charles L.
Title: "Rights and Wrongs: Jefferson, Slavery, and Philosophical Quandaries" in
Publication: A Culture of Rights: The Bill of Rights in Philosophy, Politics, and Law--1791 and 1991, ed. Michael J. Lacey and Knud Haakonssen.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press,
Place of Publication: New York:
Date: (1991)
Extent: 144-214.

Notes: Examines TJ's philosophical synthesis of Epicurean philosophy and moral sense theory that underlies his view about the nature of rights and their implementation in an imperfect world, one in which slavery existed for example. TJ's prudential theory of moral deliberation means that he was not a hypocrite as some "immediatist" critics charge, but ultimately his rationale for the institution of slavery, to say nothing of that for his personal ownership of slaves, is unpersuasive. This failure derives from the underlying incoherence of his attempted synthesis of Epicureanism and the moral sense theory that he extracted in part from a demystified Christianity. Thoughtful, closely reasoned essay.

Reference: 732
Author: Hatch, Peter J.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Citizen Genet, and the Fuji Apple."
Publication: Pomona
Volume: 24
Date: (October, 1991)
Extent: 13-16.

Notes: Genet gave TJ cuttings of an apple that did well; TJ passed it on to a Virginia horticulturalist who promoted it as the Ralls Genet and made it a popular apple in the nineteenth century. The Japanese crossed the Ralls Genet and the Red Delicious in order to develop the Fuji.

Reference: 733
Author: Jenkinson, Clay.
Title: "The West of Jefferson's Imagination."
Publication: Halcyon
Volume: 13
Date: (1991)
Extent: 115-29

Notes: A somewhat impressionistic, but readable, overview of TJ's thinking about the West. He saw it as offering room for the great democratic experiment of liberal development and republican government, but he also saw it as empty, as a "vast board game." He could be ruthless in his attitudes toward the necessity of Indian displacement, even though he was sympathetic to their situation in many ways and interested in their culture.

Reference: 734
Author: Johansen, Bruce E.
Title: "Native American Roots for Freedom of Expression as a Form of Liberty"
Publication: Journal of Communication Inquiry
Volume: 15 (no. 2)
Date: (1991)
Extent: 48-69.

Notes: Claims once more that native American cultures, particularly the Iroquois, influenced the political ideas of the colonists, including TJ. Will change no opinions on either side of this issue.

Reference: 735
Author: Johnson, Ludwell H., III
Title: "Sharper Than a Serpent's Tooth: Thomas Jefferson and His Alma Mater."
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 99
Date: (1991)
Extent: 145-63

Notes: Reviews the familiar story of TJ's on again off again relationship with the College of William and Mary. Not so well known is the story behind his acceptance of a cash loan in 1823 and then his politicking to keep the College from moving to Richmond (where it might pose competition to TJ's new university. ) The debt passed down to TJ's grandson and great-grandson and was not repaid until 1879.

Reference: 736
Author: Kelso, William M.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Time Capsule: Archaeology at Poplar Forest,"
Publication: Notes on the State of Poplar Forest
Volume: 1
Date: (1991)
Extent: 15-20

Notes: Description, with photographic illustrations, of archaeological work on the grounds of Poplar Forest and discussion of what it says about the manner of life there in TJ's time. Originally appeared in Lynch's Ferry: A Journal of Local History 4 (no. 1, 1991).

Reference: 737
Author: King, Lisa.
Title: "America's First Connoisseur."
Publication: Wine Spectator
Volume: 15
Date: (March 15, 1991)
Extent: 24-33.

Notes: Well-informed essay on TJ and wine. Points out that the TJ, the connoisseur of expensive wines, promoted wine as a beverage for the common people, in preference to "the poison of whiskey." He saw wine as healthy when drunk in moderation. Discusses TJ's preferences in wines, and notes that Washington had him order wine for the presidential cellar. In his retirement when his debts mounted, he ordered and drank les expensive wines.

Reference: 738
Author: Larson, Chiles T. A.
Title: "Alarm on Little Mountain."
Publication: Historic Preservation
Volume: 43
Date: (March/April, 1991)
Extent: 46-49.

Notes: The threat of obtrusive development in Monticello's "viewshed," i. e. the landscape visible from the mountaintop, is being combated by the Monticello staff under the leadership of Daniel Jordan, along with help from the Trust for Public Land and the Piedmont Environmental Council.

Reference: 739
Author: Lawler, Peter Augustine.
Title: "Classical Ethics, Jefferson's Christian Epicureanism, and American Morality."
Publication: Perspectives on Political Science
Volume: 20
Date: (1991)
Extent: 17-22

Notes: Set against an overview of recent critiques by Allan Bloom, Richard John Neuhaus, etc. of American moral relativism, the author examines TJ's ethical mix of classical philosophy and Christianity as a "moral compromise" that fails to accept the radical claims of either. TJ, standing here as an exemplar for other framers, makes Epicurus a liberal and Jesus a democrat, taking the moral claims of neither reason nor revelation seriously enough. Interesting, but based on a selective reading of sources.

Reference: 740
Author: Malone, Michael Eugene.
Title: "The Parties Quarrae."
Publication: M.A. thesis, Old Dominion University,
Publisher: MAI 30/02, 241.
Date: (1991)
Extent: Pp. 70.

Notes: A "creative" project involving the fictional discover of TJ's "lost" Autobiography that elaborates about aspects of his early life, particularly his friendships with William Small and George Wythe.

Reference: 741
Author: Martin, Peter
Title: "Landscape Gardening at Mount Vernon and Monticello" in
Publication: The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Place of Publication: Princeton
Date: (1991)
Extent: 134-64.

Notes: Discusses the work of TJ and Washington as the last two great eighteenth-century amateur practitioners of the art of landscape gardening. Situates TJ's practice in terms of his knowledge of English gardens and his patriotic sentiments about the American landscape. Describes the changing arrangements of the Monticello landscape as well as TJ's unrealized, often unrealizeable or even "comically eccentric" (150), schemes. An intelligent overview of TJ as landscape artist, put into the context of the state of the art in Virginia before him (and undervalued by him).

Reference: 742
Author: McDonald, Travis C., Jr.
Title: "The Architectural Investigation of Poplar Forest,"
Publication: Notes on the State of Poplar Forest
Volume: 1
Date: (1991)
Extent: 9-14.

Notes: Description of the work to uncover the architectural history of the Poplar Forest house, TJ's second residence in the later decades of his life. Author is Restoration Coordinator at Poplar Forest. Originally appeared in Lynch's Ferry: A Journal of Local History 4 (no. 1, 1991).

Reference: 743
Author: McKenzie, David.
Title: "Fundamentalism and Founding Faith."
Publication: Religious Humanism
Volume: 25
Date: (Spring, 1991)
Extent: 92-101.

Notes: Responds to Tim LaHaye's attempt in Faith of Our Fathers (1987) to present the founders as good Christians. Critiques LaHaye's methods, including his rejection of the last fifty years of historical scholarship because it is "secularist," but particularly his avoidance or minimizing of TJ. Against LaHaye's contention that TJ was "a secularized politician" who got his ideas in France, asserts that TJ combined a belief in the moral values of the Christian religion with a rejection of a role for organized religionists in politics and government. Describes TJ as a "religious humanist" and charges Lahaye with reading back his own understanding of Christianity onto the 18th century founders. But admits that LaHaye has a point against secularists reading back their own positions onto TJ and others.

Reference: 744
Author: McLaughlin, Jack.
Title: "The Organized President: When Jefferson Wanted a Job Done Right, He Did It Himself."
Publication: American Heritage
Volume: 42
Date: (July-August, 1991)
Extent: 86-89.

Notes: TJ created an index for his copy of Benjamin Smith Barton's Elements of Botany (Philadelphia, 1803) and for several other books in his library. Discusses his procedures of indexing, his indexing habits, and the importance of indexes for recovering information.

Reference: 745
Author: Mioni, Federico.
Title: "James Madison Tra Federalismo e Republicanesimo."
Publication: Politico (Italy)
Volume: 56
Date: (1991)
Extent: 663-70

Notes: Focus is on Madison, describing him as an inadequately studied figure (perhaps in Italy); calls for a comparison of his ideas with those of Hamilton and TJ, and discusses the TJ comparison, relationship. In Italian.

Reference: 746
Author: Nakano, Kii.
Title: "Po No Gugo--Bungaku To Rekishi No Setten" ("Poe's Coincidences--An Intersection of History and Literature").
Publication: Journal of American and Canadian Studies (Japan)
Volume: 7
Date: (1991)
Extent: 1-21

Notes: Poe sought justification for literary coincidences from the theory of probability after noting the deaths of TJ and John Adams on July 4th, 1826, and the death of James Monroe on the same day five years later.

Reference: 747
Author: Perreault, Jean M.
Title: "An Essay on the Prehistory of General Categories (I): T. Jefferson,"
Publication: International Classification: Journal of Theory and Practice of Universal and Special Classification.
Volume: 18
Date: (1991)
Extent: 134-42

Notes: Discovery in the library of the University of Alabama at Huntsville of a bound volume of political pamphlets from TJ's library (and the Library of Congress) encourages the author to look for principles of organization and categorization in TJ's library catalogue (ed. Gilreath and Wilson, 1990). Considers whether TJ systematically formed subclasses of larger categories as a means of organization. Examination of the sections on African and Asian geography suggests not. TJ organized information for himself, not for another reader. Gives titles of the pamphlets in the University of Alabama volume (Chapter 24, No. 263 in TJ's original catalogue.)

Reference: 748
Author: Presser, Stephen B.
Title: "Et tu, Raoul? Or the Original Misunderstanding Misunderstood,"
Publication: Brigham Young University Law Review
Date: (1991)
Extent: 1475-96.

Notes: Discussion of Samuel Chase v. Thomas Jefferson as treated in Raoul Berger's essay of 1990 ( TJ, 1981-1990 #604); response by Berger. Claims that TJ was more committed to a philosophy that the ends justified the means rather than to the rule of law. Also finds that Notes on the State of Virginia is "not the work of a thinker who has much respect for the common man."

Reference: 749
Author: Quinby, Lee.
Title: "Securing the Freedom of the Subject: Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia and the State of Happiness" in Freedom, Foucault, and the Subject of America.
Publisher: Northeastern University Press
Place of Publication: Boston
Date: (1991)
Extent: 17-46.

Notes: Reads Notes as "a trope for an aesthetic-ethical self" that links personal virtue with civic virtue. TJ's "virtuous self-stylization" is a "technology of the self" that opposes the modern era's subject of desire, a subjectivity that can never be fulfilled. Notes the contradictions between TJ's classical moral principles that focus on self regulation and pleasure and the moral sense philosophy that "subsumed individuality within the requirements of society."

Reference: 750
Author: Reck, Andrew J.
Title: "The Declaration of Independence."
Publication: The Review of Metaphysics
Volume: 44
Date: (1991)
Extent: 549-74

Notes: Contends that the "crowning achievements of the Enlightenment in the sphere of politics and law" are the Declaration, Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Reviews philosophical background of the Declaration in Locke, Hutcheson, and Burlamaqui and provides a systematic discussion of its four parts which form "a compressed practical syllogism." The first paragraph gives the purpose and sets the whole in the context of natural law. The second paragraph gives a general theory of rights and government, although its enumerated rights present problems as to meaning and application. Discusses the Lockean source for the notion of "self-evident truths" and notes that TJ later moved toward moral sense philosophy, away from the more Lockean position here. The list of charges adumbrates a theory of the British Empire as a league of states under one king, similar to what TJ and James Wilson had separately argued in 1774. The conclusion declares independence but presents a political problematic in that it opposes to the opening's grounding in a single People a claim to speak for 13 separate and equal states.

Reference: 751
Author: Ridge, Martin.
Title: "In the Shadow of Jefferson: Explorers and the Great West,"
Publication: Montana
Volume: 4 (no. 4)
Date: (1991)
Extent: 2-3.

Notes: TJ's combination of scientific curiosity and sense of national self-interest projected an Enlightenment vision of exploration that became a paradigm for future explorations and surveys.

Reference: 752
Author: Ronda, James P.
Title: "`A Knowledge of Distant Parts': The Shaping of the Lewis and Clark Expedition,"
Publication: Montana
Volume: 41 (no. 4)
Date: (1991)
Extent: 4-19.

Notes: Discusses the Lewis and Clark expedition in the context of a great age of scientific explorations and discoveries. TJ sent out Lewis and Clark not as a result of long years of planning but as a relatively immediate response after reading Alexander Mackenzie's Voyages. TJ planned an American response to a British strategy for economic and political dominion over the West. Puts the Lewis and Clark expedition in the context of other scientific explorations of which TJ was aware, including those of Cook, Laperouse, and Humboldt. Informative, with suggestions for further reading.

Reference: 753
Author: Rose, Frank.
Title: "Beyond Monticello."
Publication: House and Garden
Volume: 163
Date: (November 1991)
Extent: 122-26.

Notes: On Poplar Forest and its preservation now underway. Discusses the findings of landscape architect and historian C. Allan Brown, who among other points has suggested that TJ's landscape design resembles a mandala.

Reference: 754
Author: Rossignol, Marie-Jeanne.
Title: "La Louisiane en 1803: Terre d'Expansion, Terre d'Exploration, ou Comment les Sciences Naturelles et la Diplomatie se Melent."
Publication: Revue Française d'Etudes Américaines
Volume: 16 (nos. 48-49)
Date: (1991)
Extent: 125-35.

Notes: On the Louisiana Purchase and TJ's sending out of exploring expeditions. From being originally a state secret, Lewis and Clark's expedition was transformed into a national epic by the press, by the scientific community, and by TJ himself in his 1806 Message. There was an "appropriation sentimentale" to accompany the "appropriation de fait."

Reference: 755
Author: Russell, Greg.
Title: "Jeffersonian Ethics in Foreign Affairs: John Quincy Adams and the Moral Sentiments of a Realist."
Publication: Interpretation: A Journal of Political Philosophy
Volume: 18
Date: (1991)
Extent: 273-91

Notes: Discusses TJ's worldview as based on a "Christianity which had passed through the rationalism of the French Enlightenment." This view of the world assumes that America's dual importance as a native achievement and as a universal example requires an "element of restraint" and must respect the varieties of possible political experience elsewhere." J. Q. Adams, then, is the epitome of such Jeffersonian ethics.

Reference: 756
Author: Salviati, Yvette.
Title: "Mythe et Realite dans Dernieres Annees de l' Ancien Regime: Thomas Jefferson à Paris (1784-1789),"
Publication: Mythes, Croyances, et Religions dans le Monde Anglo-Saxon [France]
Volume: 9
Date: (1991)
Extent: 103-14

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 757
Author: Schleifer, James T.
Title: "Jefferson and Tocqueville," in
Publication: Interpreting Tocqueville's Democracy in America, ed. Ken Masugi.
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Place of Publication: Savage, MD
Date: (1991)
Extent: 178-203

Notes: Compares the political and social thinking of TJ and Tocqueville, who read the Virginian's writing in the two-volume Conseil edition of 1833 and who referred to him frequently in Democracy in America. Tocqueville shared fundamental assumptions about human nature with TJ, including the equality of human beings. They similarly shared a strongly critical attitude toward the institution of slavery and of the difficulty, even the impossibility, of blacks and whites living along side each other after abolition. Tocqueville believed this so stronly that he thought the slave owners ought to retain slavery as long as possible for their own protection. Tocqueville, however, did not share TJ's suspicion that blacks were physically and mentally inferior. He also did not share TJ's suspicion of a too powerful judiciary, although he did share his concern about too powerful legislatures. He overlooked the historical development of TJ's thought, endorsing only the early phase. A useful essay for its quotations from unpublished Tocqueville mss. and working papers.

Reference: 758
Author: Simpson, Lewis P.
Title: "The Autobiographical Impulse in the South," in
Publication: Home Ground: Southern Autobiography, ed. J. Bill Berry.
Publisher: University of Missouri Press
Place of Publication: Columbia
Date: (1991)
Extent: 63-84.

Notes: In the context of discussing the relative "paucity of formal autobiographical writing in the South," discusses TJ's Autobiography as presenting a central problem for Southerners. In order to find themselves in texts that reveal their awakened selves and that of their people they must inevitably come to the recognition of their family and blood connections to African American selves. TJ suppressed this knowledge in the Autobiography and elsewhere.

Reference: 759
Author: Ward, Nathan.
Title: "Tabloid Wars."
Publication: American Heritage
Volume: 42
Date: (October, 1991)
Extent: 36

Notes: On TJ's backing of Philip Freneau as editor of the National Gazette in response to Hamilton's support of John Fenno's Gazette of the United States.

Reference: 760
Author: Wenger, Mark R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Tenant."
Publication: Winterthur Portfolio
Volume: 26
Date: (Winter, 1991)
Extent: 249-65.

Notes: In 1790 and 1791TJ rented houses in New York and Philadelphia to live in while he was Secretary of State. In each case he persuaded the landlord to make extensive changes to the building, and he prepared designs for the work. These renovations display a strategy of seclusion that profoundly influenced the rebuilding of Monticello in 1796. Author discusses how each design functioned as a social environment and how together they anticipated the rebuilding TJ would shortly begin at Monticello.

Reference: 761
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "What Jefferson and Lincoln Read."
Publication: The Atlantic Monthly
Volume: 267
Date: (January, 1991)
Extent: 51-62.

Notes: Systematic comparison of reading habits of TJ and Lincoln, whoduring his term as a U. S. representative could have consulted TJ's own books in the Library of Congress. TJ and Lincoln were each "hard students," but TJ continued to be a serious reader throughout his life where Lincoln did relatively little serious reading after establishing himself in the law. However, Lincoln, unlike TJ, did continue to read poetry and Shakespeare throughout his adult life.

Reference: 762
Author: Yarborough, Jean.
Title: "Race and the Moral Foundation of the American Republic: Another Look at the Declaration and the Notes on Virginia."
Publication: Journal of Politics
Volume: 53
Date: (1991)
Extent: 90-106

Notes: Closely argued essay contending that the moral implications of the Declaration of Independence are incompatible with TJ's so-called scientific discussion of race in TJ's Notes . Demonstrates that his project to account for racial differences in Query 14 is "ill-conceived and contradictory. Critiques earlier arguments by Boorstin, Jordan, and Wills. Concludes that TJ's "Enlightenment faith in progress" blinded him to the tension between the self-evident truths of the Declaration that recognized the equality of all humans and the methods of modern "science" which rest precisely on "proofs" based on"facts." He further seems to have overlooked this tension because of his insistence that his doubts about black inferiority were no more than "suspicions."

Reference: 763
Author: Zuckert, Michael.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson on Nature and Natural Rights" in
Publication: The Framers and Fundamental Rights, ed. Robert A. Licht.
Publisher: American Enterpreise Institute
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 137-69.

Notes: Reads Notes as a philosophical discussion of rights. Argues that TJ identifies the laws of nature and the laws of nature's God in order to derive rights from the passions, here understood particularly as the desire for security. Rejects the notion that TJ grounds the Declaration's famous triad of rights on moral sense theory and argues that a system of rights is necessary to correct or replace the practical and epistemological inadequacies of the moral sense in a civilized political system. Distinguishes between "protorights," i. e. the claims that all individuals are inclined to raise on their own behalf with no regard for the claims of others, and "rights-in-the-proper-sense," rights held with the recognition that others have legitimate claims to the same rights and recognize that rights carry with them duties that "are co-constituted with rights in the process of mutual recognition." Forcefully argued, thoughtful essay, although not necessarily convincing at every point.

Reference: 1007
Author: Dittgen, Willi
Title: Jeffersons Rheintour oder das Ökonomische Himmelbett .
Publisher: Mercator-Verlag
Place of Publication: Duisburg
Date: (1991)
Extent: pp. 104.

Notes: Translates TJ's notes on his trip to Holland and back by way of the Rhine valley and adds interspersed historical and explanatory comment. Also translates or refers to other observations or advice TJ had on travel, including his 1788 letter to Thomas Shippen. In German.

Reference: 1010
Author: Lisanti, Linda M.
Title: Finding Isaac Jefferson: A Monticello Slave .
Publisher: TJ Memorial Foundation
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1991)

Notes: A classroom teaching unit for secondary school students. Not seen.

Reference: 764
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: Without Resolution: The Jeffersonian Tension in American Nationalism.
Publisher: Clarendon Press
Place of Publication: Oxford
Date: (1992)
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. 26.

Notes: Argues that TJ “more than any other leader had a vision of what America should stand for. ” His contribution was ideological, “the fusing of emotionally charged convictions into a single discursive grid,” but his natural rights doctrine of equality and popular sovereignty generated new prejudices that hindered the abolition of slavery and the extension of rights to freed slaves and aliens. By purporting to explain reality and not just to express aspirations, his natural rights philosophy eventually encouraged an American “hostility to differences. ” However, TJ's rejection of the domination of the past, embracing change and future possibility, distinguishes him from the other leaders of his generation.

Reference: 765
Author: Blardinelli, Lola
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The Making of a Republican"
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Washington University
Publication: DAI 53-09A, p. 3343
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. 757.

Notes: In order to study the growth of TJ's republican principles, looks to his reading and to the influence on him of William Small and George Wythe. Argues that despite recent corrective scholarship that notes the influence of the Scottish Enlightenment, Lockean ideas pervade his thought, not least because the Scottish Enlightenment itself responded to Locke. Also examines his religious beliefs and rejects the idea that there was a "conversion in the White House," arguing instead for the continuing influence of the anticlerical writings of Rapin, Milton, and Bolingbroke.

Reference: 766
Author: Christman, Margaret C. S.
Title: "The Spirit of Party": Hamilton and Jefferson at Odds.
Publication: The National Portrait Gallery
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. 64.

Notes: Catalogue to accompany an exhibit at the National Portrait Gallery on view from September 11, 1992 to February 7, 1993. Well-considered text charts and explains the rivalry between Hamilton and TJ and the emergence of a party system around their differences. Illustrated with portraits of many of the people involved, political cartoons, engravings, etc.

Reference: 767
Author: Davy, George Alan
Title: "Argumentation in Thomas Jefferson's `Notes on the State of Virginia'."
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University
Publication: DAI 53-05A, p. 1516
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. 212.

Notes: Claims that TJ's efforts in Notes on the State of Virginia to win adherence to his beliefs often failed because of the discrepancy between his actual readers and the “universalized” audience he projected. His proposals, such as abolition of slavery, were often impractical at the time in which he advanced them because of the resistance of slaveowners to such ideas. Notes , however, has a common, unifying argumentative purpose as a defense of TJ's approach to knowledge.

Reference: 768
Author: Fohlen, Claude
Title: Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Presses Universitaires de Nancy
Place of Publication: Nancy, France
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. viii, 223.

Notes: In French. Biography of TJ, detailed and well-written. Sees TJ as the founding father who is most emblematic of American history, the founder of American democracy and the visionary of its expansion. Tries to place TJ in the context of his times, and thus tends to be a bit too apologetic of his record on slavery, for example, and also positions the story of his life in the context of the work of other biographers. Especially detailed about TJ in France.

Reference: 769
Author: Frisch, Morton J.
Title: The Hamilton-Madison-Jefferson Triangle.
Publisher: John M. Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs
Place of Publication: Ashland OH.
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. viii, 39.

Notes: Examines the positions of TJ, Madison, Hamilton on constitutional issues in the new republic. Sees the issues in terms of the need to strike balances between government power and individual liberty, and sees TJ as an ideologue who did not understand the role of powr in maintaining a regime for liberty. Madison, vulnerable to being seduced by TJ, did not become simply a Jeffersonian and represents a third position between TJ and Hamilton. Discusses the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions and the Louisiana Purchase in light of debates about the Constitution, the latter showing a connection between TJ's adherence to abstract principle and flirtation with illegal executive prerogative when special circumstances arose.

Reference: 770
Author: Lockridge, Kenneth A.
Title: On the Sources of Patriarchal Rage: The Commonplace Books of William Byrd and Thomas Jefferson and the Gendering of Power in the Eighteenth Century.
Publisher: New York University Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. xi, 133.

Notes: Contends that TJ's entries in his literary commonplace book demonstrate a misogyny akin to that of William Byrd of Westover. However, the author does not deal successfully with the fact that these entries were made when TJ was young, before his marriage, and do not seem to be echoed in later writings or attitudes. Furthermore, there is insignificant recognition that many of these passages are represented speeches of literary characters, and thus are capable of being read in more complex ways than as simple psychoanalytic insights into the unconscious. There is a case here for adolescent gender anxiety, but it needs more sophisticated analysis and more careful use of the sources than is provided.

Reference: 771
Author: Merritt, Daniel A.
Title: Monticello.
Publication: VF Thesis. Loeb Design Library, Harvard University,
Date: (1992)
Extent: not provided

Notes: Made up of three short papers with minimal text, scholarly documentation, or argument. The first compares Monticello to Shenstone's Leasowes as fermes ornee, finding the main difference in the agricultural areas where Leasowes was more organic and free-flowing in its boundaries and Monticello had a more “rational” layout. The second looks at Monticello in the context of its surrounding and claims TJ's siting “in a lofty position relative to his fellow country people” contradicts his fundamental political principles. The third looks at TJ's “laboratory garden” as a site of modernity that broke with tradition and established “ a language of abstraction for Jefferson's ideas of democracy. ” Illustrated with photocopied material.

Reference: 772
Author: Unknown
Title: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 25, 1 January to 10 May 1793., ed. John Catanzariti, Eugene R. Sheridan, J. Jefferson Looney, George H. Hoemann, and Ruth W. Lester.
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Place of Publication: Princeton
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. xliii, 773.

Notes: This volume includes material documenting TJ's response to Jacobinism, particularly in the letter of January 3 to William Short, notes on Hamilton's Report on Foreign Loans, debates about honoring treaty obligations with France and preserving American neutrality (Washington's Proclamation of Neutrality was issued on April 22nd. ) Also includes instructions for Andre Michaux's proposed expedition to the West.

Reference: 773
Author: Sandak, Cass R.
Title: The Jeffersons.
Publisher: Crestwood House,
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. 48.

Notes: Juvenile, ages 9-12. Account of TJ's life and of his family with focus on events of his presidency. Part of a series on “First Families. ”

Reference: 774
Author: Sloan, Samuel H.
Title: The Slave Children of Thomas Jefferson.
Publisher: Orsden Press
Place of Publication: Lynchburg
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. vi, 309.

Notes: Author became convinced that TJ was the father of children by Sally Hemings and other black women because Virginius Dabney's argument seemed so overstated that the contrary must be true. Rambling account based almost entirely on mostly unfounded suppositions, some of them verging on the ludicrous, eg. the closet over TJ's bed was in fact an “orgy room” used for sex with various slave women; or, TJ's slave children had a strange affinity for the name Madison, as in Madison Hemings, whose brother moved to Madison, WI, and another supposed descendant lived for a time on Madison Street in Lynchburg. Not very useful.

Reference: 775
Author: Tierney, Tom
Title: Thomas Jefferson and His Family: Paper Dolls in Full Color.
Publisher: Dover Publications
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1992)

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 776
Author: United States Congress. House
Title: HR5056. To Establish a Commission to Commemorate the 250th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Census and Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Services. House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, Second Session, June 17, 1992.
Publication: U.S.G.P.O.
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. iii, 19.

Reference: 777
Author: Aptheker, Herbert
Title: "Grègoire, Banneker, and Jeffersonianism" in Anti-Racism in U.S. History.
Publisher: Greenwood Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1992)
Extent: 47-52.

Notes: Unsatisfying account of Banneker and Grègoire as defenders of the intellectual accomplishments of blacks and their correspondence with TJ. Quotes some of TJ's tougher antislavery comments without noting that his deprecation of black intellectual ability had in fact provoked the submissions from Banneker and Grègoire of evidence to the contrary.

Reference: 778
Author: Balleck, Barry
Title: "When the Ends Justify the Means: Thomas Jefferson and the Louisiana Purchase."
Publication: Presidential Studies Quarterly
Volume: 22
Date: (1992)
Extent: 679-96.

Notes: In opposition to those who see TJ as contradicting his most cherished political principles of states rights and strict constructionism in the matter of the Louisiana purchase, the author argues that he acted to achieve the greater end of survival of republican government in the U. S. New territory guaranteed a pastoral, agrarian future. Based largely on secondary sources.

Reference: 779
Author: Bauerlein, Mark
Title: “Economizing America: Virginia Farmer, Tuskegee Student,”
Publication: Cultural Critique
Volume: 20
Date: (1992)
Extent: 89-122.

Notes: Discusses the ways in which American writers “enframe” space. Some writers attempt to frame American space as land and see land as economy without subdividing it in to discrete commodities; others undermine the myth of “America” by restoring to it its history and the necessity of its borders and exchanges. TJ, an example of the former, proposed that American individuals could maintain their Americanness (and their individuality) by supplying their wants entirely from the resources of the land and by withdrawing from economic exchanges. Booker T. Washington proposes that Americans encourage the commodification of American land but that “they master the exchanges incumbent upon commodity culture.”

Reference: 780
Author: Baumgarten, Linda
Title: “Under Waistcoats and Drawers,”
Publication: Dress
Volume: 19
Date: (1992)
Extent: 4-16.

Notes: Discusses the construction and materials of the underclothing worn by TJ and by Thomas Coutts as examples of masculine dress in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. TJ and Coutts kept themselves warm with under waistcoats, undershirts, drawers, and underdrawers, maintaining the layered look.

Reference: 781
Author: Bice, Raymond C., Jr
Title: “Historical Vignette: Mr. Jefferson's Rotunda.”
Publication: Journal of Neurosurgery
Volume: 76
Date: (May, 1992)
Extent: 883-84.

Notes: Brief history of the Rotunda and its restoration in 1976 to TJ's original design, albeit with modern “amenities” and safety features.

Reference: 782
Author: Blackman, James A.
Title: "Confronting Thomas Jefferson, Slave Owner."
Publication: Phi Delta Kappan
Volume: 74
Date: (November, 1992)
Extent: 220-22.

Notes: Notes difficulty of reconciling TJ as author of Declaration and as a slave owner. Describes a teaching unit for secondary students developed by the Monticello Education Department about Isaac Jefferson which also exposes students to the processes of historical research and interpretation.

Reference: 783
Author: Brownell, Charles E.
Title: "A Treasury of Designs. "
Publication: Arts in Virginia
Volume: 30
Date: (Fall/Winter, 1992)
Extent: 26-47.

Notes: Discusses TJ use of architectural pattern books on pp. 32-35. Illustrated

Reference: 784
Author: Carey, Thomas J. and Zimmermann, Pamela
Title: "Jefferson, Steinbeck, and The Grapes of Wrath : The Failed Quest for Land. "
Publication: Social Education
Volume: 56
Date: (1992)
Extent: 376-78.

Notes: Grapes of Wrath echoes TJ's political and economic philosophies, but the outcome of the novel reflects a 20th-century dilemma: political and economic strength of the individual have decreased the emphasis on land ownership. TJ's agrarian ideal effectively ended with the closing of the frontier. Steinbeck substitutes for the agrarian ideal of farmers on their own land a vision of “one big soul,” a socialistic or communalist ideal.

Reference: 785
Author: Carson, David A.
Title: "Blank Paper of the Constitution: The Louisiana Purchase Debates."
Publication: Historian
Volume: 54
Date: (1992)
Extent: 477-90.

Notes: Account of debates in TJ's cabinet and in Congress over the Purchase. TJ himself compromised his opinions about strict construction of the Constitution because he believed the American people would approve the Purchase if it were possible to put the question to them. Many Republicans, such as John Randolph and John Taylor, who would later reassert strict constructionist principles supported the Purchase, and Federalists in opposition to the treaty (and TJ's administration) adopted for the moment states rights arguments.

Reference: 786
Author: Curry, David Park
Title: "Looking Backward: The Presence of the Past in Virginia's Architecture."
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 142
Date: (December, 1992)
Extent: 852-63.

Notes: On the use of older architectural models and orders by architects in Virginia, including TJ.

Reference: 787
Author: Dalal, B. P.
Title: “Thomas Jefferson and the Struggle for Religious Freedom in the United States,”
Publication: Indian Journal of American Studies
Volume: 22
Date: (no. 2,1992)
Extent: 63-68.

Notes: Narrative account of the attempt in Virginia to pass TJ's Statute for Religious Freedom and the later first amendment separation of church and state The secularist displacement of religion from politics continues to be of interest in many contemporary nations in Asia and Africa that have serious religious problems.

Reference: 788
Author: de Gategno, Paul J.
Title: "`The Source of Daily and Exalted Pleasure': Jefferson Reads The Poems of Ossian ."
Publication: Studies on Voltaire
Volume: 305
Date: (1992)
Extent: 1385-86.

Notes: American readers had a more practical response to Ossian than did British readers. TJ recommended these “sublime poems” as an education in moral courage and virtuous behavior. His interest in Ossian was stimulated by his education based on Scottish common-sense philosophers and by his “early interest in writing poetry of a fragmentary nature. ” Ossian embodied values TJ wished to indentify with: observance of duty, sincerity of purpose, tenderness of affection, deep regard for nature, and love of family.

Reference: 789
Author: Gillette, Jane Brown
Title: "Mr. Jefferson's Retreat. "
Publication: Historic Preservation
Volume: 44, #4
Date: (1992)
Extent: 42-49, 79-81.

Notes: On the restoration at Poplar Forest. Good overview for a general readership of some of the restoration theoretical issues and problems involved. Describes the house as still a puzzle for the restorers since it was drastically altered after a fire in 1845 and the only floor plan and drawing surviving from TJ's time are misleading. Comments on techniques of modern restoration methodology being used to resolve the puzzle and on some the evidence that has been uncovered to date.

Reference: 790
Author: Holthoon, Frèdèric
Title: "Natural Jurisprudence and Republicanism: the Case of Jefferson."
Publication: Tocqueville Review
Volume: 13
Date: (#2,1992)
Extent: 43-60.

Notes: Author finds both sides of the liberalism-republicanism debate flawed, but claims, “If there is a case for American republicanism, it is because the revolutionaries developed a new version of it. ” TJ discussed as an exemplary figure of the founding generation which managed to bring together the theoretically incompatible discourses of republicanism and of natural jurisprudence. Notes the “curious innocence” of TJ's theories which took for granted a basically unchanging world but at the same time expressed a readiness for change. Because TJ's eighteenth-century republican theory became nineteenth-century republican ideology, turning his reasonable expectations that the pursuit of private interest would be transformed as public good into an unexamined assumption, he has left a “problematic legacy. ” Sometimes suggestive essay, but sketchy.

Reference: 791
Author: Hough, Christina
Title: "New Discoveries on the Architectural Drawings of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Magazine of Albemarle County History
Volume: 50
Date: (1992)
Extent: 28-37.

Notes: Examination of TJ's architectural drawings reveals his innovative use of gridded paper and his technique of copying images by using a needle to prick holes in a blank piece of paper held beneath the original.

Reference: 792
Author: Howard, Jennifer
Title: "Jefferson Country"
Publication: Travel Holiday
Volume: 175
Date: (April, 1992)
Extent: 32-34.

Notes: Tips for tourists in and around Charlotteville.

Reference: 793
Author: Kaplan, Lawrence S.
Title: "Jefferson as Anglophile: Sagacity or Senility in the Era of Good Feelings?"
Publication: Diplomatic History
Volume: 16
Date: (1992)
Extent: 487-94.

Notes: Notes TJ's letter of 24 October 1823 to J. Monroe advising acceptance of British Foreign Minister George Canning's proposal for an alliance against Franco-Spanish intervention in South America. Why this apparent change of attitude toward Britain? Argues that TJ's hostility to Britain was directed at the corruption of the government's rule by “the great aristocratical families of the nation,” not toward its people. After the War of 1812, TJ showed more appreciation for Britain, but he was no closet Anglophile. He also underestimated British hostility to America, but thought British power could be used for American ends.

Reference: 794
Author: Kennedy, Roger G.
Title: "Jefferson and the Indians."
Publication: Winterthur Portfolio
Volume: 27
Date: (1992)
Extent: 105-22.

Notes: Argues that TJ's knowledge of Indian mounds in the Ohio country influenced his design of Poplar Forest and led him to revise his remarks in Notes about the absence of Indian monumments. Offers good, concise account of the discovery and reports about the mounds created by the Adena-Hopewell cultures in Ohio, West Virginia, and Kentucky and explains how the information would have been available to TJ. He seems to have been particularly struck by the geometric figuration of some of the more extensive earthworks, particularly those that used octagons and circles.

Reference: 795
Author: Kennedy, Roger G.
Title: "Poplar Forest --Jefferson's Quest for a True American Architecture."
Publication: Architectural Digest
Volume: 49
Date: (May, 1992)
Extent: 24-

Notes: TJ's mounds at Poplar Forest were supposedly inspired by examples of Indian mounds. TJ followed closely accounts of such mounds that were coming from travelers and settlers in the Ohio River valley and elsewhere.

Reference: 796
Author: Kostyal, K. M.
Title: "Beyond Monticello. "
Publication: National Geographic Traveler
Volume: 9
Date: (September/ October, 1992)
Extent: 107-08.

Notes: Note for tourists on Poplar Forest and TJ's life there.

Reference: 797
Author: Laube, James
Title: "Th. J., Fighting Words, and Tangled Vines."
Publication: The Wine Spectator
Volume: 17
Date: (September 30, 1992)
Extent: 16.

Notes: Calls for wine collector Hardy Rodenstock to reveal the provenance of the bottles of supposed 1787 Lafite allegedly purchased by TJ, who then supposedly had the bottles engraved Th. J. Real doubts remain about the authenticity of this wine until Rodenstock reveals where he obtained it.

Reference: 798
Author: Martin, John Stephen
Title: "Jefferson, Democracy, and Commonsense Rhetoric."
Publication: Studies on Voltaire
Volume: 305
Date: (1992)
Extent: 1382-85.

Notes: Claims that TJ shifted rhetorical strategies during his lifetime, moving from a “rhetorical pragmatics” based on typology to one based on ideology. The style of the Declaration follows from the deductive syllogism and the rhetoric of typology in which specific instances offer logical support for a belief. The rhetoric of typology is related to the argumentation of the Aristotleian syllogism and enthymeme, and he learned it from William Duncan's 1748 Elements of Logick . But TJ came to believe that an articulated idea clarifes experience, which leads to emotions. Responsive emotions demonstrate the validity of ideas as articulated perceptions, demonstrate valid beliefs which affect a reader or audience and fashion a “community of belief.” TJ shifted to the new rhetoric because it was well suited to the new democracy emerging in the United States.

Reference: 799
Author: Martin, Russell
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Bacon: Two American Farmers."
Publication: Magazine of Albemarle County History
Volume: 50
Date: (1992)
Extent: 1-27.

Notes: Account of two Albemarle County farmers, tracing similarities and looking at the relationship between TJ and Bacon, his overseer from 1806-1822. Details about farm management, including management of slaves, and about Bacon's life after he left TJ and moved to Kentucky.

Reference: 800
Author: Mueller, Franz H.
Title: "A Triad of Revolutions: 1776"
Publication: International Journal of Social Economics
Volume: 19
Date: (February, 1992)
Extent: 3-5.

Notes: James Watt, Adam Smith, and TJ in 1776. Inconsequential.

Reference: 801
Author: Persky, Joseph J.
Title: "Agrarianism and the Paper System," in The Burden of Dependency: Colonial Themes in Southern Economic Thought .
Publisher: Johns Hopkins University Press
Place of Publication: Baltimore
Date: (1992)
Extent: 25-60.

Notes: TJ's philosophy of “agrarian republicanism” had a profound and persistent impact on the South. His “preoccupation with dependency played a central role in that philosophy. ” From the time of the Summary View on his writings had a libertarian emphasis, although not without regard for the role of government in encouraging an economy able to sustain virtuous individuals. His agrarian ideas were behind his support for free commerce.

Reference: 802
Author: Rahe, Paul A.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Spirit of Popular Resistance" and "A Republican Distribution of Citizens" in Republics Ancient and Modern: Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution .
Publisher: University of North Carolina Press
Place of Publication: Chapel Hill
Date: (1992)
Extent: 687-747.

Notes: TJ discussed in passing elsewhere in this important study, but these two chapters focus particularly on the fateful collision of republican principles and the problem of slavery in his thought and heritage. The first chapter examines his principled opposition to Hamiltonian policy, especially to the recommendations of the “Report on ... Manufactures. ” The victory of 1800 “unwittingly restored to the sates something of the supremacy which they had possessed under the Articles of Confederation,” a perilous move for a republic divided by the question of slavery. However, TJ and Madison recognized, unlike the Federalists, the need for a “new species of demotic virtue ... [that] could and must be fashioned from the popular penchant for resistance to authority.” For TJ support for education and freedom of conscience served this end. The second chapter examines TJ's agrarianism and suspicion of cities, and it traces the malign consequences of its encouragement of sectional divisions and suspicions based upon notions of the superior virtue of agricultural states as well as the continuation of a predominately agricultural, slave-holding society in the South.

Reference: 803
Author: Regis, Pamela
Title: "Jefferson and the Department of Man" in Describing Early America: Bartram, Jefferson, Crèvecoeur, and the Rhetoric of Natural History .
Publisher: Northern Illinois University Press
Place of Publication: DeKalb
Date: (1992)
Extent: 79-105.

Notes: Natural history is the key to Notes on the State of Virginia , contributing its organization and rhetoric, but natural history fails TJ in his representation of blacks and Indians. Blacks elude both natural historical and legal classification, and Indians are deprived of a civil and political history, being seen as mere natural historical artifacts.

Reference: 804
Author: Ritz, Wilfred J.
Title: "From the Here of Jefferson's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside."
Publication: Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 116
Date: (1992)
Extent: 499-512.

Notes: Argues that the Declaration was first printed in a small quantity, following the text as first submitted by TJ's committee, by John Dunlap so that each member of Congress could have the full text before him. These copies were later apparently collected and destroyed, but were used for the debate on July 3rd over the revisions to the committee report (also known as TJ's “Rough Draft” version). The clear, corrected copy sent to Dunlap after this stage is represented by the so-called “uncorrected printer's proof” now held by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. This was not a proof copy, strictly speaking, but a distinct printing between the now lost first printing and the final printing known as the Dunlap broadside. The author contends that Dunlap would have set up type for the now lost first printing, would not have distributed the type, and would have done all subsequent revisions in the form.

Reference: 805
Author: Ronda, James P.
Title: "Jefferson and the Imperial West."
Publication: Journal of the West
Volume: 31
Date: (July, 1992)
Extent: 13-19.

Notes: Despite TJ's partly self-created myth of himself as “born and bred among the mountains,” he was basically attracted to Atlantic civilization, not the “savage” West. His interest in the West was not continuous but expressed in fits and starts. But his Western vision was not merely circumstantial or opportunistic but based on “a clear, often elegantly reasoned theory linking western exploration and imperial expansion,” his idea of “an expanding republic. ” Notes the price paid for Western expansion by Native Americans and others and the failure of it to live up to TJ's fantasies about it. An excellent concise overview of TJ's interest in the West.

Reference: 806
Author: Selby, Nick
Title: “Revolutionary Figures in Canto XXXI” in Ezra Pound and America , ed. Jacqueline Kaye.
Publisher: Macmillan
Place of Publication: London
Date: (1992)
114-31.

Notes: Explores the significance of Pound's notion that TJ “canalized” European traditions into American thought by taking advantage of “a nation of communication networks. ” According to the author, Pound in this Canto constructs TJ as a revolutionary figure to whom Pound can “correspond,” thus creating a text that “constantly makes us aware of the process of its own production within history. ” Out of “monumental and ahistorical sources” Pound figures a “continuous and dynamic” revolution

Reference: 807
Author: Semonin, Paul
Title: "`Nature's Nation': Natural History as Nationalism in the New Republic."
Publication: Northwest Review
Volume: 30
Date: (no. 2, 1992)
Extent: 6-41.

Notes: Contends that “under the guise of natural history, American naturalism made itself a universal creed. ” Discusses briefly TJ's interest in natural history in Notes and elsewhere, but pp. 13-23 on paleontology and race are informative. Contemporary excavation of mammoth bones raised questions about human origins, for example, and comparison of human skulls from various “races” as well as those of apes were not uncommon. Does not excuse TJ's remarks on African abilities but shows their context in 18th-century scientific discourse, particularly in terms of a history of learned speculation (often misinformed) about the place of the orangutan and of theories about the gradation of races.

Reference: 808
Author: Sheridan, Eugene R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Giles Resolutions."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 49
Date: (1992)
Extent: 589-608.

Notes: TJ played a key role almost from the start of the 1793 effort to censure Hamilton and drive him from office. Earlier historians have minimized his involvement, but careful reading of his papers from this time suggest otherwise. His actions mark a significant change in his role as a party leader. The Federalists were quick to spy TJ's involvement although TJ and the Republicans tried to conceal it. TJ's notes to Madison about Hamilton's Report on Foreign Loans, written at some time before January 18, 1793, show his involvement was earlier than supposed. Gives a detailed account of political infighting and maneuvering by TJ and Hamilton in the Cabinet as well as TJ's use of Congress that reflects his continued ambivalence about “parties.” He concealed his role because he continued to believe in the permanent value of a “common good.”

Reference: 809
Author: Sherwood, Patricia C.
Title: "The Mystery Solved: New Dates and a New Perspective on Thomas Jefferson's Architectural Plans for Educational Institutions in Virginia."
Publication: Arts in Virginia
Volume: 30
Date: (Fall/Winter, 1992)
Extent: 11-25.

Notes: Discusses TJ's architectural drawings and verbal plans for educational institutions in Virginia. TJ distinguishes between “colleges,” which in the 1779 proposed law on education are intended as a secondary school, and the “university” in which all the sciences will be taught “in their highest degree. ” TJ became a trustee of the Albemarle Academy in 1814 with the intention of transforming the proposed school into a university. His architectural plan for the Academy, submitted in 1814, is an early version of the eventual plan of the University. The 1817 plan for Central College is a step on the way to the eventual plan for a University. Cites TJ's letters to establish his early commitment to what became the University of Virginia and reproduces relevant architectural drawings.

Reference: 810
Author: Simpson, Jeffrey
Title: "Jefferson's Counterpane."
Publication: Architectural Digest
Volume: 49
Date: (September, 1992)
Extent: 210-12.

Notes: A bed coverlet TJ had made in Paris returns to Monticello.

Reference: 811
Author: Slade, Joseph W.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson,"
Publication: in Robert J. Scholnik, ed. American Literature and Science
Publisher: University Press of Kentucky
Place of Publication: Lexington
Date: (1992)
58-76.

Notes: Sees Notes as TJ's only substantial contribution to literature and claims that Notes “shows that his literary talents exceeded his scientific accomplishments. ” Shallow account of TJ's scientific interests and activities and a narrow, unimaginative assessment of his literary art.

Reference: 812
Author: Snider, Rose Marie
Title: “The Practice of Jeffersonian Democratic Ideals in Selected Contemporary American High Schools: A Naturalistic Inquiry.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Texas A&M University
Publication: DAI-A 53/06, 1759
Date: (1992)
Extent: Pp. 259.

Notes: TJ's conception of the school as an agent of democratic socialization is still held to be important; examines three diverse high schools in order to determine how socialization for democratic life takes place. Only peripherally on TJ.

Reference: 813
Author: Thorup, Oscar A., Jr
Title: “Thomas Jefferson and a Few of His Physician Friends,”
Publication: Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
Volume: 104
Date: (1992)
Extent: 138-45.

Notes: Reviews correspondence of TJ with Benjamin Waterhouse, Benjamin Rush, and Samuel Brown.

Reference: 814
Author: Walters, Kerry S.
Title: “The Deistic Christian: Thomas Jefferson” in Rational Infidels: The American Deists .
Publisher: Longwood Academic Press
Place of Publication: Durango, CO.
Date: (1992)
Extent: 153-91.

Notes: Unsurprising view of TJ as a champion of reason and tolerance, who demythologized scripture and admired Jesus as a moral teacher. Says that of all the American deists, TJ “was most peoccupied with questions of virtue and justice. ” Criticizes his uncritical endorsement of common sense doctrines, however, and his inconsistent discussion of moral doctrine.

Reference: 815
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Character Issue."
Publication: The Atlantic Monthly
Volume: 270
Date: (November, 1992)
Extent: 57-74.

Notes: Thoughtful defense of TJ against charges of racism, having an affair with Sally Hemings, etc. Argues for careful look at evidence; cautions against the dangers of presentism in historical analysis.

Reference: 816
Author: Wilson, Stephen
Title: “Pound's American Revolutions” in Ezra Pound and America, ed. Jacqueline Kaye.
Publisher: Macmillan
Place of Publication: London
Date: (1992)
Extent: 181-99.

Notes: Discusses Pound's notion of the Cantos as “a poem including history” by examing his imaginative and political use of the American Revolution and the figures of TJ and John Adams for his own political ends. The collocation of Sigismundo Malatesta and TJ points to his sense of the American Revolution as a revival of renaissance and Roman ideal city states and of the founders not as democrats but as patrician republicans. Pound quotes TJ as an anti-monarchist rather than as a democrat.

Reference: 817
Author: Wrabley, Raymond B., Jr
Title: "Nation-Building and the Presidency: Competing National Visions at the Founding"
Publication: Presidential Studies Quarterly
Volume: 22
Date: (1992)
Extent: 261-77.

Notes: Describes Hamilton's vision of a strong national government and TJ's agrarian, republican vision and discusses their continuing influence on the modern presidency. The challenges of liberal democracy as first articulated by TJ and Hamilton continue to provide the fundamental basis of political conflict in the U. S.

Reference: 1014
Author: Strupp, Jim
Title: Revolution Song: Thomas Jefferson's Legacy .
Publisher: Ashland Press
Place of Publication: Summit, NJ.
Date: (1992)
Extent: pp. xiii, 126.

Notes: Author hopes to provide a “democratic alternative to the works of Chairman Mao and other non-democratic revolutionary leaders” by collecting quotations from TJ's writings that show his revolutionary principles. Adds various documents ranging from the Declaration of Independence, the decision of Brown vs. the Board of Education, and a snatch from a Bob Dylan song in order to illustrate TJ's impact on later generations. The '60s live.

Reference: 1015
Author: Walters, Kerry S.
Title: “Thomas Jefferson: Reason and Free Enquiry Are the Only Effectual Agents against Error,” in The American Deists: Voices of Reason and Dissent in the Early Republic .
Publisher: University of Kansas Press
Place of Publication: Lawrence
Date: (1992)
Extent: 106-40.

Notes: Selections of TJ on religion and religious freedom with an introduction emphasizing his concern for freedom of conscience and for “scriptural demythologizing. ”

Reference: 998
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Library and the Skipwith List."
Publication: Harvard Library Bulletin
Volume: n. s. 3
Date: (Winter, 1992-1993)
Extent: 56-72.

Notes: Informative and important discussion of the books TJ proposed for the library of his prospective brother-in-law, Robert Skipwith, in the famous letter of 1771. Warns that the letter cannot simply be read as a reflection of TJ's interests, because he was taking Skipwith's own tastes and demands into account. For example, the Skipwith list includes very few of the classical authors of whom TJ was fond, and it includes a great deal of fiction that never made its way into the catalogue of TJ's great library. Provides a list of the books on the Skipwith list that TJ apparently never acquired for his great library, and, based upon valuable unpublished research by Gregory A. and Cynthia Z. Stiverson, catalogues the titles on the list apparently not available in Williamsburg at the time.

Reference: 818
Author: Baron, Robert C., ed.
Title: Jefferson, the Man: In His Own Words .
Publication: Fulcrum
Place of Publication: Golden, CO.
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xv, 54.

Notes: Introductions by editor and by John Y. Cole on “The Legacy of Thomas Jefferson” and “Thomas Jefferson and the Library of Congress. ” Extracts from TJ's writings organized under 12 headings.

Reference: 819
Author: Ben-Atar, Doron S.
Title: The Origins of Jeffersonian Commercial Policy and Diplomacy .
Publisher: Macmillan/New York: St. Martin's Press
Place of Publication: London
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. ix, 261.

Notes: Thoroughly grounded in contemporary scholarship, but a tendency to generalize, to be reductive, and to use quotations from TJ rather unhistorically significantly lessens the value of this study. Sees TJ's thinking as caught in the paradoxical endorsement of free trade and suspicion or contempt for commerce without discriminating sufficiently between internal and external commerce, commerce as a medium for exchanging goods and commerce that is, in TJ's understanding, “gambling” or “speculation. ” Admittedly TJ was seldom explicit on these distinctions, but they seem important in his thinking about commerce even if unarticulated. Ultimately sees TJ's commercial ideology, diplomacy and policy as bankrupt, revealed as such by the Embargo, “the disaster Jefferson had been courting for over thirty-five years. ”

Reference: 820
Author: Bigelow, Alden E. C.
Title: “Edward Livingston vs. Thomas Jefferson in the Batture Affair.”
Publication: M.A. thesis, University of Virginia,
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 67.

Notes: On the land dispute over riparian lands in New Orleans. Not seen.

Reference: 821
Author: Burstein, M(eyer) L.
Title: Understanding Thomas Jefferson: Studies in Economics, Law, and Philosophy .
Publisher: St. Martin's Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xxviii, 409.

Notes: A clumsily written, badly edited, and idiosyncratically organized monograph with a polemic edge about TJ's moral philosophy, his economic ideas, and the French Revolution. Argues that TJ was “an excellent economist” whose reputation has “been buried by an avalanche of Keynesian rubble. ” He embraced the “whiggish themes” of Bolingbroke's writings but not the hypothesis of the “country party. ” He, Madison, and Gallatin arrived at a modern industrial policy whereas Hamilton was basically a mercantilist whose Society for the Encouragement of Useful Manufactures was “perhaps merely a stock-parking operation. ” Also discusses TJ and Hume (TJ was unable “to shed all his seventeenth-century trappings” and follow Hume to a “scientific” understanding of liberty), TJ's philosophical materialism, utilitarianism, and Tocqueville. An eccentric study, sometimes too eager to be contrary to contemporary historical consensus, with some interesting and challenging remarks from time to time.

Reference: 822
Author: Byrd, Max
Title: Jefferson .
Publisher: Bantam
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 424.

Notes: A novel that probes the complexities of TJ's character and life. Narrated from the point of view of William Short, his secretary in Paris and protégé. Conversations and dialogue are often reconstructed from comments in letters and other primary sources; this leads to a somewhat formal, at times almost stilted, style of speaking by some of the characters, but it also has them saying things that they clearly thought or said in other contexts. Perhaps the best novel about TJ with a sound historical basis, along with Chase-Riboud's Sally Hemings . But see also the entry for Steve Erickson's Arc d'X. .

Reference: 823
Author: Chambers, S. Allen, Jr
Title: Poplar Forest and Thomas Jefferson .
Publisher: The Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest
Place of Publication: Forest, VA.
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xiii, 243.

Notes: Well-illustrated and researched account of TJ's second home, his design and construction of it, and his life there. Traces the house's history down to its acquisition by the Corporation, including changes made by subsequent tenants. Unrivalled as the best treatment to date of Poplar Forest.

Reference: 824
Author: Cole, John Y.
Title: Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress .
Publisher: Library of Congress
Place of Publication: Washington
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 103.

Notes: As suggested by the subtitle, this is an account of the Library of Congress with TJ's role in its development discussed only on pp. 12-14.

Reference: 825
Author: Döblmeier, Martin, prod
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Complex Legacy .
Publisher: Central Virginia Public TV.
Place of Publication: Richmond
Date: (1993)
running time 57 minutes.

Notes: Videorecording reporting on the October 1992 Legacy conference in Charlottesville that led to the collection of essays published in 1993 and edited by Peter Onuf (q. v. ).

Reference: 826
Author: Elkins, Stanley and Eric McKitrick
Title: The Age of Federalism .
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 925.

Notes: An authoritative historical study of the 1790s, the legitimation of the new constitutional regime, and the emergence of the first party system. TJ discussed throughout, but particular attention is paid in the section on “Jefferson and the Federal City” (169-82) and Chapters V and VI, entitled “Jefferson and the Yeoman Republic” (195-208) and “Jefferson as Secretary of State” (209-256). Essential reading for anyone wishing to understand this period.

Reference: 827
Author: Ellenbogen, Paul D.
Title: “Political Inequality in a Democratic Society: Adams, Jefferson, and the Natural Aristocracy.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Duke University
Publication: DAI-A 55/02, 363
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 409.

Notes: Examines the conflict between the principle of equality and the principle of liberty in TJ's and Adams's ideas about a natural aristocracy of virtue and talent. Sees Adams as more “pessimistic” than TJ, agreeing with his commitment to democratic government and republicanism but disagreeing about human equality, the nature of politics, and the possibility of reason to govern human affairs.

Reference: 828
Author: Erickson, Steve
Title: Arc d'X. .
Publisher: Poseidon Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 299.

Notes: A post-modern novel about TJ and Sally Hemings and the men who loved her or her incarnations in later history. Goes from Paris in the 1780s to Berlin in 1999. As an example of fictional art, perhaps the most interesting of the TJ-Sally novels.

Reference: 829
Author: Fleigelman, Jay
Title: Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance .
Publisher: Stanford University Press
Place of Publication: Stanford
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xviii, 268.

Notes: Discusses the Declaration in the context of a new rhetorical ideal that emerged in the later eighteenth-century in which speakers were expected less narrowly to convince their audiences with their rational arguments than to engage their sympathy by performatively enacting thoughts and feelings as part of their delivery. Examines along the way TJ's interest in contemporary rhetorical and oratorical theory, his interest in Ossian, his rivalry with Patrick Henry, and his interest in music. An engaging book, written as one long statement without separate chapter divisions, it imitates to some extent the form it describes.

Reference: 830
Author: Grimes, Roberta
Title: My Thomas: A Novel of Martha Jefferson's Life .
Publisher: Doubleday
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 313.

Notes: Young adult fiction.

Reference: 831
Author: Hale, Christopher, director
Title: Mr. Jefferson and His University, Videorecording.
Publisher: Films for the Humanities & Sciences
Place of Publication: Princeton
Date: (1993)
Extent: Videocassette playing time, 52 minutes.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 832
Author: Loi, Maria Cristina
Title: Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826: Primo Architetto Americano .
Publisher: CittàStudi
Place of Publication: Milan
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 165.

Notes: Well-informed and thorough account of TJ's work as an architect and of his architectural interests. Sees his architecture as strongly innovative in response to work by his contemporaries and as presenting in an exemplary way the “American experience. ” In Italian.

Reference: 833
Author: Malone, Dumas
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Brief Biography .
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 48.

Notes: First separate printing of the updated version of Malone's DAB entry on TJ; originally appeared in Thomas Jefferson: A Reference Biography , ed. Merrill Peterson, 1986.

Reference: 834
Author: Mathews, Barbara A.
Title: Thomas Jefferson in Historical Context: An Exhibition Held at the John Carter Brown Library, March 25 to May 15, 1993, on the Occasion of the 250th Anniversary of Jefferson's Birth .
Publication: The Library
Place of Publication: Providence, RI.
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 34.

Notes: Not seen.

Reference: 835
Author: Morgan, Kathryn
Title: Jefferson and the Natural World: An Artist's Choice .
Publisher: University of Virginia Library
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xvii, 27.

Notes: Catalogue of an exhibition in commemoration of the 250th anniversary of the birth of TJ; "Introduction" by Joseph Ewan describes TJ's interest in natural history, particularly his botanical and horticultural interests. Comments on his gardening activities and the relevant books in his library. The exhibition also included watercolor botanical drawings by Margaret Stones of plants collected at Monticello and the University; these were commissioned as part of the anniversary celebration.

Reference: 836
Author: Nardo, Don
Title: Thomas Jefferson
Publisher: Lucent Books
Place of Publication: San Diego
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 112.

Notes: Juvenile biography.

Reference: 837
Author: Newberry Library
Title: Th. Jefferson, A Life with Letters: An Exhibition Honoring the 250th Anniversary of the Sage of Monticello: March 15-May 1, 1993 .
Publisher: Newberry Library
Place of Publication: Curators Charles T. Cullen, Martha T. Briggs. Chicago
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. iii, 80.

Notes: Exhibition catalogue.

Reference: 838
Author: Onuf, Peter S., ed.
Title: Jeffersonian Legacies .
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xiv, 478.

Notes: Collection of original essays, originally presented at a conference in this same year at Monticello that was designed to present recent directions in scholarship about TJ. Essays are listed and described separately below.

Reference: 839
Author: Piñero, José Maria López and Thomas Glick
Title: El megaterio de Bru y el presidente Jefferson: Una Relación Insospechada en Los Albores de la Paleontología .
Publisher: Instituto de Estudios Documentales e Istóricos sobre la Ciencia
Place of Publication: Valencia
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 157.

Notes: Thorough account of the work of the Spanish Royal Cabinet of Natural History's anatomist and illustrator, Juan Bautista Bru, on the megatherium or giant ground sloth and of TJ's paleontological studies a few years later on the megalonyx, basically the same animal. (TJ thought, or hoped, it was a ferocious carnivore. ). William Carmichael had communicated information to TJ about Bru's work, but when TJ came to write up his own study, he apparently forgot about Bru's specimens which gave more evidence than the single piece he had to work with. Put's Bru's work in the context of contemporary paleontological studies in Spain and TJ's in the context of his growning interest in the American fossil record. Print's Bru's 1793 description, Carmichael's report, and TJ's account in appendices. In Spanish.

Reference: 840
Author: Randall, Willard Sterne
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Life .
Publisher: Henry Holt
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xix, 708.

Notes: Badly proportioned biography, eg. spends over 130 pages on TJ in France, only 50 on the years of his presidency and 10 on the last two decades of his life. Also shows signs of hasty and sloppy research. Merrill Peterson's and Noble Cunningham's one volume biographies offer more balanced treatment, Joseph Ellis's has a more interesting, challenging point of view.

Reference: 841
Author: Rice, Kym
Title: Thomas Jefferson and the Design of Monticello .
Publisher: American Architectural Foundation at the Octagon Museum
Place of Publication: Washington D. C.
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 36.

Notes: Catalogue of an exhibition that appeared at the Equitable Gallery in NYC, the MIT Museum in Cambridge, and the Octagon Museum in Washington between October 1993 and April 1994.

Reference: 842
Author: Shackelford, George Green
Title: Jefferson's Adoptive Son: The Life of William Short, 1759-1848 .
Publisher: University Press of Kentucky
Place of Publication: Lexington
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. x, 250.

Notes: Short was TJ's secretary in Paris and a life-long protégé and friend. TJ is frequently mentioned or discussed in this biography, and looking at the Short-TJ relationship offers some interesting insight into TJ himself.

Reference: 843
Author: Stein, Susan R.
Title: The World of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello .
Publisher: Abrams
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)

Notes: A catalogue of the items originally in TJ's possession and now exhibited at Monticello during the 250th anniversary of his birth.

Reference: 844
Author: Sylvers, Malcolm, ed.
Title: Il Pensiero Politico e Sociale di Thomas Jefferson: Saggio introduttivo e antologia dei testi .
Publisher: Lacaita
Place of Publication: Monduria (Italy)
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 373.

Notes: Preface by Giorgio Spini. Selected texts translated into Italian.

Reference: 845
Author: Tucker, Spencer C.
Title: The Jeffersonian Gunboat Navy .
Publisher: University of South Carolina Press
Place of Publication: Columbia
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. xiii, 265.

Notes: Not about TJ's controversial naval policy but a detailed, specific discussion of the design, construction, and service of each of the 170 gunboats. Although argues that the gunboats were not a total failure, concludes that they generally did not live up to the claims that were made for them or the demands imposed by many of the missions they were assigned.

Reference: 846
Author: Wilson, Richard Guy, ed.
Title: Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village: The Creation of An Architectural Masterpiece .
Publisher: Bayly Art Museum of the University of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 93.

Notes: Contains essays by Patricia C. Sherwood and Michael Lasala, the editor, and James Murray Howard, all described below. Foreword by Anthony Hirschel explains how the book was published to coincide with a museum exhibit in honor of TJ's 250th birthday. Illustrated.

Reference: 847
Author: Aldridge, A. Owen
Title: "Franklin, Paine, and Jefferson," in The Dragon and the Eagle: the Presence of China in the American Enlightenment
Publisher: Wayne State University Press
Place of Publication: Detroit
Date: (1993)
Extent: 85-97.

Notes: TJ recommended two classic Chinese works for the library of Robert Skipwith, the drama Chao-shih-ku-erh , translated by Bishop Percy as The Pleasing History , and a novel, Hau-kiou-choan . Also notes a few other references TJ made to China. Does not establish a significant interest by TJ in China or Chinese culture.

Reference: 848
Author: Appleby, Joyce
Title: "Introduction: Jefferson and His Complex Legacy," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 1-16.

Notes: Notes that the real Jeffersonian legacy is to be hostile to legacies, and adds that his most enduring legacy is an understanding of personal freedom rooted in nature and accessible to reason. For him social processes such as government and the market were part of nature with their own ordering mechanisms, and economic and political liberty could overcome ignorance, superstition, and tyranny by allowing men to act rationally.

Reference: 849
Author: Ayer, Robert Copeland
Title: “Shifty Seafarers, Shifting Winds: Governmental Policies toward Maritime Smuggling in North America from Colonization to the War of 1812.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Tufts University
Publication: DAI-A 54/04, 1513
Date: (1993)
Extent: pp. 425.

Notes: Includes a critical discussion of TJ's attempts to enforce the Embargo, seen here as a failure that cost the country because of his political philosophy and republican principles, exacerbated by his shortcomings in the administrative application of the policy.

Reference: 850
Author: Babbitt, John S.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson Is Honored on a U.S. Stamp"
Publication: Stamps
Volume: 243
Date: (May 8, 1993)
Extent: 177, 186.

Notes: Account of the ceremonies at Shadwell and Monticello on TJ's 250th birthday, including the celebrating of the first day of issue of a new 29 cent stamp picturing TJ.

Reference: 851
Author: Bailyn, Bernard
Title: “Jefferson and the Ambiguities of Freedom,”
Publication: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Volume: 137
Date: (1993)
Extent: 498-515.

Notes: Examines TJ's contradictions as seen by posterity but also as evident in his own thoughts and actions and implicitly links these contradictions to his continuing impact on American culture and politics. Because TJ was both theorist and pragmatist, ideologist and practical politician, he beyond all of his contemporaries “sought to realize the Revolution's glittering promise” and in the process he “learned the inner complexities of these ideals. ”

Reference: 852
Author: Baumgarten, Linda R.
Title: "Jefferson's Clothing"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 100-05.

Notes: TJ's clothes responded to changes infashion but were slected for serviceability--keeping warm since he was particularly sensitive to cold--and sometimes for economy. He was apparently fond of red vests. Illustrated.

Reference: 853
Author: Beahan, C. R.
Title: "The Jefferson Year"
Publication: Travel Holiday
Volume: 176
Date: (March, 1993)
Extent: 48-49.

Notes: Note on the Monticello 250th birthday exhibit and information on other celebrations of TJ across the country.

Reference: 854
Author: Beiswanger, William L.
Title: "Jefferson's Sources from Antiquity in the Design of Monticello"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 58-69.

Notes: Well-informed account of TJ's use of classical models and orders in the first and second Monticellos. Illustrated.

Reference: 855
Author: Bell, Judith
Title: "Jefferson's Real Monticello."
Publication: Art & Antiques
Volume: 15
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 50-57.

Notes: Account of the 1993 Monticello exhibit curated by Susan Stein sketches the contents of Monticello and TJ's life there. Notes some of the reactions of visitors in TJ's lifetime. Illustrated with photographs by Tria Giovan.

Reference: 856
Author: Bonwick, Colin
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: Pragmatist or Visionary?"
Publication: History Today
Volume: 43
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 18-23.

Notes: Thoughtful assessment of TJ's significance for the new American republic. Sees him as both a man of high principle and a pragmatic politician. Claims that the correct question to be asked is not how frequently TJ diverged from his principles, but how close to them he succeeded in remaining under differing political circumstances. TJ's success as a working politician legitimized his democratic theory (even if he did not live it out fully in his own experience) and enabled it to acquire prescriptive authority.

Reference: 857
Author: Brick, Blanche H.
Title: “Changing Concepts of Equal Educational Opportunity: A Comparison of the Views of Thomas Jefferson, Horace Mann, and John Dewey,”
Publication: Thresholds in Education
Volume: 19
Date: (no. 1-2, 1993)
Extent: 2-8.

Notes: Comparatively little on TJ. Points out that TJ believed schools should compensate for lack of opportunity, but not for lack of readiness to learn, and that education was not a means to equalize society.

Reference: 858
Author: Bringhurst, Newell G.
Title: "Fawn Brodie's Thomas Jefferson: The Making of a Popular and Controversial Biography."
Publication: Pacific Historical Review
Volume: 62
Date: (1993)
Extent: 433-54.

Notes: Extensive account of the genesis and publication of Brodie's controversial biography, including her initial support from the Jefferson establishment, then sharp criticism. Focuses on responses by readers, other historians, reviewers, but has less to say about Brodie's own research methods.

Reference: 859
Author: Bryant, Barbara
Title: "LC to Host Jefferson Symposium"
Publication: Library of Congress Information Bulletin
Volume: 52
Date: (1993)
Extent: 142-43, 147.

Notes: Describes scholarly symposium on "TJ and the Education of a Citizen in the American Republic," sponsored by Library and by the Institute of Early American History and Culture in Williamsburg, Va.

Reference: 860
Author: Carnahan, Burrus M.
Title: "Reason, Retaliation, and Rhetoric: Jefferson and the Quest for Humanity in War."
Publication: Military Law Review
Volume: 139
Date: (Winter, 1993)
Extent: 83-130.

Notes: TJ's pursuit of humane conduct of warring armies toward civilians and toward prisoners of war had three phases: 1. During the Revolution, as Governor of Virginia he relied on appeals to reason and threats of retaliation whether dealing with the Convention prisoners taken at Saratoga or negotiating for better treatment for Virginians captured by the British. 2. After 1783 he pursued diplomatic efforts to protect rights of non-combatants, following Franklin's lead) through bilateral treaties. 3. In view of the state practices of the Napoleonic wars, he again considered the utility of retaliation in the context of a perceived decline in international morality. However, even then he retained a hope for the use of restraint and moral suasion.

Reference: 861
Author: Carrington, Paul D.
Title: "Remembering Jefferson."
Publication: William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal
Volume: 2
Date: (1993)
Extent: 455-70.

Notes: Rambling discussion of the life and accomplishments of “Mr. Jefferson” with occasional recurrence to the question of what his attitudes or positions might be today. Not based on the most recent scholarship and sometimes offers dubious assertions, eg. “The substitution of “the pursuit of happiness” for “property” [in the Declaration] was made by Mr. Jefferson and Wythe so that all might understand that the new nation did not intend to preserve the institution of chattel slavery.” Reflects on TJ's connections to the law school at William and Mary.

Reference: 862
Author: Cassedy, Susannah
Title: "A Jefferson for Our Time?"
Publication: Museum News
Volume: 72
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 28-30.

Notes: On the 1993 Monticello exhibit. Suggests that TJ could be considered as one of this nation's first museum curators. Based on interviews with Susan Stein.

Reference: 863
Author: Chambers, S. Allen, Jr
Title: "Poplar Forest, Jefferson's Hermitage"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 106-13.

Notes: Account of TJ's Bedford County retreat and his furnishings for it.

Reference: 864
Author: Clinton, William J.
Title: "Remarks at a Ceremony Honoring the 250th Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson,”, reprinted in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States
Publication: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
Volume: 29
Date: (April 19,1993)
Extent: 576-79;
Publisher: U. S. Government Printing Office,
Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.
Date: (1994)
Extent: 422-424.

Notes: Asks what TJ would say about our time, noting that he believed in the need for governments to change with the progress of knowledge and the changing customs of the people. He would be pleased with many accomplishments in science and in the spread of egalitarian principles, but he would be disappointed with many of the continuing problems with education, racial relations, health care for everyone, etc.

Reference: 865
Author: Conkin, Paul K.
Title: "The Religious Pilgrimage of Thomas Jefferson," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 19-49.

Notes: Disappointing essay because of its overly broad definition of religion and its implicit critique of TJ for not confronting Christian theology on its own terms. Finds his religious beliefs "incoherent." Useful, however, for the discussion of the relationship between the ideas of Priestley and TJ.

Reference: 866
Author: Conrad, Stephen A.
Title: "Putting Rights Talk in Its Place: The Summary View Reconsidered," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 254-80.

Notes: Questions the extent to which TJ accorded primacy in his civic discourse to a reductive notion of individual rights. Argues that TJ believes in the contingency of “rights talk,” and that in 1774 he explicitly turned away from rights talk to a discourse of justice. Suggests that modern misreadings of TJ's rights talk in the Summary View results from a failure to contextualize it in the transition from an understanding of rights as restraints on arbitrary government to conceptions of rights as “instruments for liberating individuals” and a consequent failure to understand the complex vision of rights held by TJ. Excellent essay.

Reference: 867
Author: Unknown
Title: "The Cracks in Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Economist
Volume: 327
Date: (April 17, 1993)
Extent: 30. (American edition).

Notes: Claims TJ was one of the least attractive people to dine with because he "would always know more than you about any subject." He is "the intellectual's president; the president of the uncalloused hands; the president of those who have never had to meet a payroll." Tory sniveling.

Reference: 868
Author: Dalzell, Robert F., Jr
Title: "Constructing Independence: Monticello, Mount Vernon, and the Men Who Built Them. "
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 543-80.

Notes: Rambling comparative essay about TJ, Washington, and their construction of their homes; includes a discussion of Palladian traditions and English country houses as architectural and cultural models, the role of houses in Virginia society, the eventual disposition of the houses and their furnishings.

Reference: 869
Author: Daufenbach, Claus
Title: “'The Eye Composes Itself': Text and Terrain in Jefferson's Virginia,”
Publication: in ed. Lothar Honnighausen, et. al. Rewriting the South: History and Fiction .
Publisher: Francke
Place of Publication: Tubingen
Date: (1993)
Extent: 99-111.

Notes: Argues that TJ's “ideal Virginia” as textually realized in Notes became a geographical, social, and temporal projection that in future years underwrote a vision of social stability that would include the West of the Louisiana Purchase. The aesthetic and rhetorical strategies of Notes provided an intellectual and cultural model that could easily be transferred to the trans-Mississippi West, a region that some contemporaries found troubling because of its “immense, unbounded” extent.

Reference: 870
Author: Davy, George Alan
Title: "Argumentation and Unified Structure in Notes on the State of Virginia ."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 581-94.

Notes: Argues that TJ follows cues from Locke and from William Duncan's Elements of Logick in order to rearrange Marbois's original list of queries into a progression from factual statements about nature to reasoning upon society on the basis of those facts.

Reference: 871
Author: Dawidoff, Robert
Title: "The Jeffersonian Option."
Publication: Political Theory
Volume: 21
Date: (1993)
Extent: 434-52.

Notes: Claims that TJ “retains the valuable quality of representing a response to democracy from someone incompletely of it. ” His contribution, the “option” that forms the core of a workable liberalism, is his vision of a natural aristocracy that would be educated by the people and who would disinterestedly pursue their interests as public servants. Traces an evolving tradition beginning with TJ of figures who both recognized their differences from the body of common people as well as their shared identity with them. Discusses Emerson, Whitman, and Eleanor Roosevelt as figures who preserved their differences from the people while embracing a responsibility rooted in a sense of shared humanity and citizenship to work and speak for them. A somewhat oddly written but engaging, suggestive argument.

Reference: 872
Author: Deyoe-Chiullan, Rita
Title: “To: Thomas Jefferson. Re: Your Proposal,”
Publication: Educational Leadership
Volume: 50
Date: (no. 4, 1993)
Extent: 77.

Notes: Satire. What Lord North's reply to TJ might have been had he been a 20th-century bureaucrat replying to a grant proposal, eg. “... you refer to the 'Opinions of Mankind. ' Whose polling data are you using? Without specific evidence, it seems to us, the 'Opinions of Mankind' are little more than that.”

Reference: 873
Author: Dorra, Mary Tonetti
Title: "Colonial Kitchen Gardens"
Publication: Gourmet
Volume: 53
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 126-29, 208-12.

Notes: On TJ's gardens at Monticello, mainly, with briefer comments on kitchen gardens at Mount Vernon and elsewhere. Illustrated.

Reference: 874
Author: Eastman, John C.
Title: “On the Perpetuation of Institutions: Thoughts on Public Education at the American Founding.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Claremont Graduate School
Publication: DAI-A 53/09, 3265
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 273.

Notes: Chapters three and four discuss TJ educational plans, arguing that an idea of self-government is at the center of them. Also considers the apparent paradox in his belief in a natural aristocracy among men who are by nature created equal.

Reference: 875
Author: Ellis, Joseph J.
Title: "Friends at Twilight."
Publication: American Heritage
Volume: 44
Date: (May/June, 1993)
Extent: 86-99.

Notes: On the correspondence between Adams and TJ, characterizing them as respectively the “words”and the “music of the ongoing pageant begun in 1776. ” Adams was the “is,” TJ the “ought” of American politics.

Reference: 876
Author: Favretti, Rudy J.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's `Ferme Ornée' at Monticello."
Publication: Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
Volume: 103
Date: (1993)
Extent: 17-29.

Notes: TJ was the first in Virginia, if not all the colonies, to build on top of a mountain. His plans followed the contours of the land and used ideas of English landscape architects, whose books were in his library. He followed contemporary Virginia plantation practice by laying out zones of use, with ornamental gardens, then orchards and vegetable gardens, finally fields and pastures laid out in receding order from the plantation house at the center. TJ separated his zones of use by the roads of the various roundabouts that circled the hill; these roads were determined both by ease of use and by aesthetic considerations. Discusses the flower gardens and the ornamental grove, where TJ's plantings were selected for varying foliage texture and color as well as for the quality of their shade.

Reference: 877
Author: Fields, Wayne
Title: "Jefferson's Second Home."
Publication: American Heritage
Volume: 44
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 104-113.

Notes: On Poplar Forest and the restoration work underway there, with illustrative photos by Jill Enfield.

Reference: 878
Author: Filler, Martin
Title: "Designing President."
Publication: House and Garden
Volume: 165
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 112-19, 174.

Notes: The design and furnishing of Monticello. Illustrated.

Reference: 879
Author: Fineberg, Stephen
Title: "From improbus to impius : Jefferson and Buckingham's Epitaph."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 595-606.

Notes: Discusses TJ's (mis)quotation in his literary commonplace book of the Duke of Buckingham's epitaph. TJ knew Buckingham's revisions of Shakespeare and quoted from his two plays made out of Julius Caesar . Notes that the Buckingham epitaph occurs in the context of other quotations about the appropriate response to fate, a recurring concern in the commonplace book. TJ's conscious or unconscious revision of Buckingham's language points to his rejection of positions that depend upon revealed truth rather than on reason and a sense of one's responsibilities to others.

Reference: 880
Author: Fineberg, Stephen
Title: "The Music of Jefferson's Greek"
Publication: Classical Journal
Volume: 88
Date: (1993)
Extent: 359-74.

Notes: Well-informed study of TJ's interest in Greek language based upon an examination of his Greek Grammar, now in a private collection, his letter of Nov. 28, 1786, to Mme. de Tott, and his metaphoric reference to the “music” of the Greek language. The grammar was possibly originally Peter Jefferson's, and TJ used it as early as 1752; it also contains annotations in his mature hand, suggesting that he used it later in life as well. The section on Greek prosody is heavily annotated, and he apparently referred to it when he drafted a note on Greek prosody for Mme. de Tott. TJ's interest in the sound of Greek revived during his Paris years when he met several native Greeks and heard modern Greek.

Reference: 881
Author: Finkelman, Paul
Title: "Jefferson and Slavery: Treason Against the Hopes of the World," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 181-221.

Notes: Argues that because TJ was the author of the Declaration of Independence he is required to be the leader of the best in his generation and able to transcend his economic interests and sectional background to implement the ideals he articulated. By this standard, TJ obviously failed. Claims that from 1769 on TJ learned not to open discussions of slavery that “might lead to unpleasant confrontations with his colleagues. His unwillingness to permit free blacks to remain in a republican, white society come because he was “Blinded by negrophobia and notions of black inferiority. ” Not only did TJ not lead his generation, he bore a great responsibility for the failure of the nation to realize its ideal of liberty for all. An extreme argument, making the worst case against TJ; reads a bit more like a prosecutorial indictment (complete with “fictitious” accounts of TJ's supposed motives and thoughts) than a balanced assessment. Nevertheless, it makes a case that needs to be stated, if only to be rebutted or modified.

Reference: 882
Author: Unknown
Title: "First Impressions: Early Portraits of Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: , 42 #4,
Date: (1993)
Extent: 172-77.

Notes: Brief account of the published portraits of TJ that began to appear in 1800 at the time of the presidential election. These engravings, typically of previously existing portraits in oil, ran the gamut from fairly accurate to ludicrous.

Reference: 883
Author: Ford, Gary D.
Title: "The State of Jefferson's Virginia"
Publication: Southern Living
Volume: 28
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 88-95.

Notes: Biographical sketch that emphasizes the places in Virginia associated with TJ: Shadwell, Tuckahoe, Williamsburg, Richmond, Poplar Forest, and Monticello. Reports conversations with archaeologists, architectural historians, and conservators at these sites.

Reference: 884
Author: Freeman, Joanne
Title: "Slander, Poison, Whispers, and Fame: Jefferson's Anas and Political Gossip in the Early Republic."
Publication: M. A. thesis. University of Virginia,
Date: (1993)

Notes: See Freeman's 1995 essay in Journal of the Early Republic .

Reference: 885
Author: French, Scot A. and Edward L. Ayers
Title: "The Strange Career of Thomas Jefferson: Race and Slavery in American Memory, 1943-1993," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 418-456.

Notes: Discusses debates since 1943 (and the dedication of the Jefferson Memorial in Washington) over TJ's place in America's involvement in slavery and its continuing difficulties with race as part of a larger struggle over cultural authority. White male scholars have been challenged by women and African-Americans, professional historians by journalists, imaginative writers, descendants of Monticello's slaves, including those who trace their descent from Sally Hemings. Includes an account of the appearance at the Jefferson Legacies conference in 1993 of Robert H. Cooley III, who traced his ancestry to Sally Hemings and TJ and challenged historians to recognize the truth of his family's oral tradition.

Reference: 886
Author: Gage, Marjorie
Title: "Inside Monticello"
Publication: Country Living
Volume: 16
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 34-35.

Notes: Brief article on TJ at home, inspired by the exhibition curated by Susan Stein for TJ's 250th birthday.

Reference: 887
Author: Garrett, Wendell
Title: "And Our Own Dear Monticello, Where has Nature Spread So Rich a Mantle Under the Eye?"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 48-49.

Notes: Brief introduction to this magazine's special issue on TJ.

Reference: 888
Author: Gawalt, Gerard W.
Title: "`Strict Truth': The Narrative of William Armistead Burwell"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 103-32.

Notes: Presents “an authoritative insider account of the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. ” Burwell was TJ's personal secretary and seems to have prepared his narrative in 1808, possibly in response to TJ's request for materials that might provide “future vindication” for his efforts to preserve republican government.

Reference: 889
Author: Goetz, Sidney
Title: "Commemorating Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: The Humanist
Volume: 53
Date: (May/June, 1993)
Extent: 26-27.

Notes: Celebrates TJ as author of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Suggests his example can be used against efforts to proselytize in the schools or otherwise insert religion in the schools. The American Humanist Association has provided seed money for establishing Thomas Jefferson Societies for students “who wish 6to preserve an open society on their campuses. ”

Reference: 890
Author: Golden, Alan L. and James L. Golden
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Perspectives on the Press as an Instrument of Political Communication."
Publication: American Behavioral Scientist
Volume: 37
Date: (November-December, 1993)
Date: (194-)
Extent: 99.

Notes: Argues that TJ's faith in the people's ability to govern themselves led to support for a free press; he “wanted to be certain that all points of view would be presented to the American people. ” Not convincing, doesn't respond to (or cite) Leonard Levy's very different conclusions.

Reference: 891
Author: Greenbaum, Louis S.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, the Paris Hospitals, and the University of Virginia."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 607-626.

Notes: Makes a good case for the architectural influence of Jean-Baptiste Le Roy's designs for a new hospital in Paris in the 1780s and places TJ's concerns for health and healthcare in the context of the discussions by the physiocrats and others of the time. Le Roy's design featured a hospital with separate “pavilions,” and he justified his design in language very similar to that with which TJ justified the design of his “academical village. ”

Reference: 892
Author: Greene, Jack P.
Title: "The Intellectual Reconstruction of Virginia in the Age of Jefferson"
Publication: Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 225-53.

Notes: On the premise that “corporate entities” are constructed from behavior and belief, examines the way in which Virginia was re-imagined as a society and culture in the years after the Revolution. Notes on the State of Virginia is a crucial text in this reconstruction of the meaning of Virginia, both for the transformation of earlier versions of Virginia and Virginians that it offers as well as for its element of social critique that introduced a vision of what Virginia ought to be. TJ's text influenced later contributors to this reconstruction, notably St. George Tucker's writings against slavery and the histories of Edmund Randolph and John Daly Burk. A thoughtful and rich essay.

Reference: 893
Author: Greenstone, J. David
Title: “Adams and Jefferson: A Shared Liberalism” and “Adams, Jefferson, and the Slavery Paradox” in The Lincoln Persuasion: Remaking American Liberalism
Publisher: Princeton University Press
Place of Publication: Princeton
Date: (1993)
Extent: 71-117

Notes: Interesting re-interpretation and critique of the Hartz thesis, arguing that while American political culture is pervasively liberal, the real division is between different sorts of liberalism, here denominated “humanist” and “reform. ” These chapters discuss TJ and Adams as early exemplars of this split who shared a “genus liberalism” but disagreed over philosophical principles and means. TJ as a humanist liberal was invested in protecting individual preferences and interests and mediating differences when they clashed; Adams placed a priority on duties that flowed from a transcendent moral law and “the cultivation of faculties according to communally or socially rather than individually determined standards. ” TJ and Adams shared a commitment to the “genus liberalism” that was behind the revolutionary synthesis, but they disagreed, even after their reconciliation, on basic philosophic commitments and on the issue of slavery. The first of these issues, they debated over and over in their late letters, but slavery was passed over in silence. Argues that their stands on slavery were paradoxical and that they can only be understood in terms of their basic philosophic disagreements.

Reference: 894
Author: Grizzard, Frank Edgar, Jr
Title: “'Three Grand and Interesting Objects': An 1828 Visit to Monticello, the University, and Montpelier,”
Publication: Magazine of Albemarle County History
Volume: 51
Date: (1993)
Extent: 114-30.

Notes: Margaret Bayard Smith travelled with her husband from Washington, D. C. She visited the University and Martha Jefferson Randolph at Monticello, then went on to visit James Madison at Montpelier. She described her activities and impressions in letters, here edited and annotated.

Reference: 895
Author: Grunwald, Lisa, Doris G. McKinney and Jay Maisel
Title: "The Enduring Vision of Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Life
Volume: 16
Date: (May, 1993)
Extent: 30-45.

Notes: Celebrates TJ's legacy as student, revolutionary, naturalist, statesman, architect,humanist, legend. Arranged around Maisel's photographs.

Reference: 896
Author: Gummerson, William Mitchell
Title: “Severing the Gordian Knot: The Search for a Workable Interpretation of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, University of South Carolina
Publication: DAI-A 55/01, 139
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 271.

Notes: Examines the history of the Supreme Court's interpretation of the religious clauses of the First Amendment as applied to public and religious schools. The Gordian knot is TJ's “wall of separation” metaphor, which is argued to be descriptive neither of the Founding Father's views nor of the working relationship between church and state. Discusses TJ's views about religious education in and around the University of Virginia as rasing questions about the “wall of separation. ”

Reference: 897
Author: Unknown
Title: "Hail to the Cheese"
Publication: Yankee
Volume: 57
Date: (January, 1993)
Extent: 29.

Notes: Note on TJ's gift on New Year's Day, 1802, of a "mammoth cheese" from John Leland's congregation in Cheshire, Massachusetts.

Reference: 898
Author: Hantman, Jeffrey L. and Dunham, Gary
Title: "The Enlightened Archaeologist. "
Publication: Archaeology
Volume: 46
Date: (May/June, 1993)
Extent: 44-49.

Notes: Recent excavations confirm many of TJ's findings in his own dig into an Indian mound. Because he did not do a broad horizontal excavation, he missed the elaborate arrangement of bones that were a part of native burial rites here (defleshed bones were separated and buried in abstract patterns). TJ's excavation was in response to Marbois's query about Indian monuments; he did not connect his findings to Indian history, although he reported them accurately and objectively. Unlike some later 19th-century scholars he did not rationalize his policy of removing Indians to the West by manipulating his archaeological writing to deny that the mounds were made by Indians.

Reference: 899
Author: Hatzenbuehler, Ronald L.
Title: "Growing Weary in Well-Doing: Thomas Jefferson's Life Among the Gentry"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 5-36.

Notes: Reads TJ's epitaph as an expression of “a life-long devotion devotion to reforming the gentry culture of Virginia. ” Reviews debates about the background and sources of the Declaration of Independence, and argues that TJ worked from a draft copy of George Mason's Declaration of Rights; consequently suggests that TJ wrote the Declaration “less as a statemnt of American nationalism than as evidence that his views coincided with those of his gentry peers at Virginia's constitutional convention. ” However, his peers resisted many of his attempted reforms, including his efforts to legislate religious freedom, educational reforms at the level of elementary schools, etc. Discouraged, TJ in his old age withdrew from reforming efforts, beyond founding the University, leaving issues like slavery to a younger generation; he was also attracted to the pleasures of gentry life.

Reference: 900
Author: Houston, Jean
Title: “Thomas Jefferson” in Public Like a Frog: Entering the Lives of Three Great Americans .
Publisher: Quest Books
Place of Publication: Wheaton IL.
Date: (1993)
Extent: 79-183.

Notes: Publisher is “The Theosophical Publishing House,” and the three lives examined here are exercises in something called the “Mystery School” where participants “stretch [their] bodies with psychophysical exercises, explore realms of psyche and spirit, create personal and community expressions of art and high play, and journey through dimensions of consciousness. ” Various exercises accompany an account of TJ's life, intended to reveal him as an archetypal figure through whom participants can encounter deeper selves and “the Divine Architect of your life. ” Participants are encouraged to imagine themselves into TJ's words in order to tap into “what is trying to emerge in the global heart and mind” by writing their own “Declaration of Interdependence,” “Head and Heart letter,” etc.

Reference: 901
Author: Howard, James Murray
Title: “The Academical Village Today,”
Publisher: Bayly Art Museum
Place of Publication: in Wilson, ed. Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 75-83.

Notes: Discusses the restoration and preservation program for TJ's buildings at the University, with an interest in preserving the integrity of TJ's plans as well as the need to address the needs of modern users. Notes historical features uncovered in the process of restoration.

Reference: 902
Author: Hunt, Richard H.
Title: "`A Splendid Misery': Challenges of Thomas Jefferson's Presidency"
Publication: Prologue
Volume: 25
Date: (1993)
Extent: , 223-33.

Notes: Reviews the major problems that TJ faced in his presidency and his responses to them. Discusses briefly the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and the sending out of Lewis and Clark, the war with the Barbary Pirates, the Aaron Burr conspiracy, yellow fever epidemics, and the Embargo.

Reference: 903
Author: Imbarrato, Susan Clair
Title: “'Declarations of Independency': Renegotiating the Self in Eighteenth-Century American Autobiography.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Claremont Graduate School
Publication: DAI-A 54/03, 932
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 192.

Notes: Chapter 4 discusses different levels of personal disclosure in the autobiographies of TJ and of John Adams, bringing into question issues of deliberate or unintentional masking of self in political autobiography.

Reference: 904
Author: Isaac, Rhys
Title: "The First Monticello"
Publication: Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 77-108.

Notes: Sophisticated and suggestive discussion of the history of TJ's life at Monticello with his wife as constructed in a series of layered stories, complete with contradictions, suppressions, and revelations. Examines Monticello as “an imagined household” and imaginatively uses Douglas Wilson's recent edition of the literary commonplace book as a guide.

Reference: 905
Author: Jenkinson, Clay
Title: "The Pursuit of Happiness"
Publication: Country Living
Volume: 16
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 130-31.

Notes: TJ and his knowledge of and taste for European wine, particularly French; at Bordeaux and in Burgundy he observed carefully the vineyards and the quality of thewine made there.

Reference: 906
Author: Jones, Robert F.
Title: "The Vision of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Volume: 14
Date: (March/April 1993)
Extent: 4-7.

Notes: TJ is associated with many major “myths” of American History, in so far as “myths” are the “ways in Americans have chosen to regard and understand themselves,” particularly the myths of the Revolution, of an empire for liberty and not conquest, of yeoman farmers as the best citizens, and of permanently opposing political parties.

Reference: 907
Author: Jordan, Daniel P.
Title: "Monticello Today"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 50-53.

Notes: Monticello as mecca for tourists and students. Brief discussion of efforts to preserve and restore the house and grounds. Illustrated.

Reference: 908
Author: Jordan, Daniel P.
Title: "The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson--statesman, philosopher, architect -- and amateur scientist"
Publication: Omni
Volume: 15
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 2.

Notes: Note on TJ's broad interests; remarks that he was not a theoretical scientist by modern standards but he was "an informed patron and champion of scientific inquiry."

Reference: 909
Author: Kelly, James C. and B. S. Lovell
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: His Friends and Foes"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 133-57.

Notes: Describes exhibit at the Virginia Historical Society of portraits of TJ's principal allies and antagonists and of political cartoons of the era. Illustrated.

Reference: 910
Author: Knittel, Gregory Lawrence
Title: “The Euthanasia of Platonic Christianity: Thomas Jefferson, Plato, Religion and Human Freedom. ” M. A. thesis, San Jose State University,
Publication: MAI 32/05, 1291
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 202.

Notes: Studies TJ's mostly hostile reaction to Plato and neo-Platonism and his attempts, influenced by Joseph Priestley, to separate Platonic philosophy from the study of Christian doctrine. He insisted that at the University of Virginia Plato be studied as a rhetorician, not as a metaphysician.

Reference: 911
Author: Kotkin, Joel
Title: "Johnson or Jefferson."
Publication: Reason
Volume: 24
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 34-35.

Notes: Asks whether President Clinton will support the Great Society wing of the Democratic Party or its neo-Jeffersonian wing which thinks “the central government's role is to lead individuals and communities to ever greater self-reliance. ”

Reference: 912
Author: Koshland, Daniel E., Jr
Title: "A Scientific Approach to Governing"
Publication: Science
Volume: 261
Date: (July 16, 1993)
Extent: 275.

Notes: Tongue-in-cheek editorial proposing TJ as a “benevolent dictator. ” He's dead? No matter, image-makers can take care of that, and his contradictary postions on slavery will allow everyone to think he really agrees with them.

Reference: 913
Author: LaFeber, Walter
Title: "Jefferson and an American Foreign Policy," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 370-91.

Notes: An ironic view of TJ's foreign policy, contending that his early commitments to agrarian expansionism led to conflicts in the international arena that forced him to support a stronger central government to protect both agrarian and national interests. He eventually ends up accepting, in at least some of his statements, war, manufacturers, and an entangling alliance. He also apologizes for slavery at the time of the Missouri compromise and becomes increasingly frustrated and bitter on a personal level about the possibilities for the success of the American experiment.

Reference: 914
Author: Laland, Patricia
Title: "A Glorious Reunion."
Publication: House Beautiful
Volume: 135
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 68-74.

Notes: Describes the exhibition at Monticello of furnishings and other objects that were originally in TJ's house. Some of these have been acquired for Monticello over the years, and others are there on loan from museums and private owners. The exhibition has been curated by Susan Stein in honor of the 250th anniversary of TJ's birth.

Reference: 915
Author: Lamolinara, Guy
Title: "A Man for All Seasons: LC Celebrates 250th Birthday of Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Library of Congress Information Bulletin
Volume: 52
Date: (1993)
Extent: 137-42.

Notes: On an exhibition, "TJ and the Library of Congress," recognizing his interest in books and the Library. Describes how TJ's books came to the Library and their subsequent fate, including the loss of nearly 4,000 volumes in the fires of 1825 and 1851.

Reference: 916
Author: Larson, John Lauritz
Title: "Jefferson's Union and the Problem of Internal Improvements," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed.Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 340-69.

Notes: After the War of 1812 TJ's Jeffersonian successors in national government split over the issue of internal improvements, marking the inability of “latter-day Republicans to reconcile Thomas Jefferson's radical creed of liberal self-creation with a stable framework of constitutional government under rapidly changing conditions. ” This split, revealed in the debates over the Bonus Bill of 1817, followed from TJ's own encouragement of Western settlement and his unwillingness to allow the federal government the powers required to regulate it. Argues that TJ's republicanism became a rigid orthodoxy in the generation succeeding him, and he himself lent his prestige to critics of “consolidation” without much regard for the merits of their claims.

Reference: 917
Author: Ledes, Allison Eckardt
Title: "Jefferson and the University of Virginia"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (October, 1993)
Extent: 410-14.

Notes: Note on an exhibition, “Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village: The Creation of an Architectural Masterpiece,” at the University of Virginia's Bayly Museum in the fall of 1993.

Reference: 918
Author: Leiner, Frederick C.
Title: “The Norfolk War Scare,”
Publication: Naval History
Volume: 7
Date: (1993)
Extent: 36-38

Notes: Captain Stephen Decatur could man only two of TJ's gunboats when the British Nany occupied Hampton Roads in 1807, providing evidence for the minimal usefulness of the gunboats and for the need for a well-trained and disciplined naval force.

Reference: 919
Author: Lewis, Jan
Title: "`The Blessings of Domestic Society': Thomas Jefferson's Family and the Transformation of American Politics," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 109-146.

Notes: Examines TJ's family as “a realm of happiness that his political philosophy did not engage. ” His “explosions of love for his family,” expressions of affection and need, were usually made in contrast to the world of politics, and he tended to conceive of family as an extension of his self. This was among other things a strategy “to divest politics of the passions that threatened always to push it over the edge into violence,” but for women in the home the injunction to avoid conflict implicitly urged them to subordinate their desires to those of men.

Reference: 920
Author: Lienesch, Michael
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the American Democratic Experience: The Origins of the Partisan Press, Popular Political Parties, and Public Opinion," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 316-39.

Notes: Argues that TJ's contribution to the creation of forms of American democratic experience was highly ironic, was the product of a troubled transition from republicanism to liberalism, and reflected a difficult passage from eighteenth-century to nineteenth-century political ways. At the beginning of the 1790s TJ thought of the press as a defender of the people against government, but by the middle of the decade he began to think of it in increasingly partisan terms as a medium for debate with other newspapers representing other points of view. At the same time TJ's conception of the nature of parties changed, acting more like a party leader even though he continued t profess to be above party. With the Genet affair, however, TJ, who had opened American politics to public opinion, found the power of that opinion turned against him, his party, and the republican cause.

Reference: 921
Author: Lucas, Ann M.
Title: "Jefferson's Print Collection"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 86-91.

Notes: At his death TJ owned more than a hundred prints as well as an important collection of maps, cipy plans and architectural engravings. He patronized and promoted American print makers.

Reference: 922
Author: MacAdam, Barbara
Title: "No More Pigs in the Flower Beds."
Publication: ARTnews
Volume: 92
Date: (January, 1993)
Extent: 19

Notes: Note on the 1993 Monticello exhibit. Describes TJ as a “spendthrift extraordinaire. ”

Reference: 923
Author: Malone, Linda A.
Title: "Reflections on the Jeffersonian Ideal of an Agrarian Democracy and the Emergence of an Agricultural and Environmental Ethic in the 1990 Farm Bill."
Publication: Stanford Environmental Law Journal
Volume: 12
Date: (1993)
Extent: 3-49.

Notes: Main body of the essay reviews the conservation provisions of the 1985 and 1990 farm bills. A preceding brief consideration of TJ as farmer and his efforts toward responsible land use sets up a conclusion that asks what TJ would have thought of today's government-sponsored soil conservation programs. Claims that he would have supported traditional cost-sharing and voluntary assistance programs but would reject programs that intrude upon land-use decisions made by the individual property owner. Most of TJ's agrarian ideals no longer have much presence except for a continuing respect in American society for the farmer as the friend of nature. But as agriculture has distanced itself from the land with corporate, absentee, non-organic management, it has itself lost TJ's vision.

Reference: 924
Author: Maurer, David W.
Title: "Renaissance Man"
Publication: Colonial Homes
Volume: 19
Date: (June, 1993)
Extent: 82

Notes: TJ at Monticello.

Reference: 925
Author: McCormick, Richard P.
Title: “The 'Ordinance' of 1784?”
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 50
Date: (1993)
Extent: 112-22.

Notes: Demonstrates that neither TJ nor Congress placed the so-called Ordinance of 1784 in the category of what it termed ordinances, legislation in areas where it was specifically empowered by the Articles of Confederation, called such, and recorded in a Register of Ordinances maintained by Charles Thomson. TJ's and the Congress's reluctance to term the report of his committee as an “ordinance” points to uncertainty within the Congress about how to define its powers.

Reference: 926
Author: McDonald, Travis C., Jr
Title: "Poplar Forest: A Masterpiece Revisited."
Publication: Virginia Cavalcade
Volume: 42
Date: (1993)
Extent: 112-21.

Notes: Account of Poplar Forest and its ongoing restoration. Emphasizes the importance of the site as well as the house itself, and calls it possibly the best American example of a villa in the classical sense. Author is restoration coordinator for the Corporation for Jefferson's Poplar Forest. Well illustrated and informative.

Reference: 927
Author: McLaughlin, Jack
Title: "Jefferson, Poe, and Ossian."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 627-34.

Notes: Comparison of Poe and TJ, mostly in terms of their shared interest in Ossian.

Reference: 928
Author: McClaughry, John
Title: "A Dubious Link with Jefferson."
Publication: Insight on the News
Volume: 9
Date: (February 15, 1993)
Extent: 17-18.

Notes: New President Clinton's effort to assert a connection to TJ, despite some superficial similarities, will need to come to terms with TJ as libertarian tax cutter, friend of the markets, and enemy of big government. Given the tendencies of the present day Democratic Party, the connection is likely to go no farther than the inaugural Clinton photo opportunity at Monticello.

Reference: 929
Author: Mercer, Gordon E.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Bold Vision for American Education."
Publication: International Social Science Review
Volume: 68
Date: (1993)
Extent: 19-25.

Notes: Asserts that the Jeffersonian revolution in American education is still incomplete. The difficulty lies in the tension between the goals of a general education for all citizens, reflecting TJ's egalitarian ideal, and the demands for specialized professional education, reflecting his vision of an aristocracy of the talented and virtuous. Not a well developed or compelling argument beyond the most general level.

Reference: 930
Author: Montgomery, Dennis
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Son of Virginia."
Publication: Colonial Williamsburg
Volume: 15
Date: (no. 3, 1993)
Extent: 14-27.

Notes: Standard biographical sketch, competent and efficient albeit a bit breezy; refers throughout to TJ as "Tom." Illustrated with photographs by Dave Dooly.

Reference: 931
Author: Morgan, Jefferson
Title: "A Weekend at Monticello"
Publication: Bon Appetit
Volume: 38
Date: (March 1993)
Extent: 100-06.

Notes: On TJ as a host and as connoisseur of good food and wine. The usual, except for speculations about what TJ would think if he were to return to Charlottesville today: he would appreciate the good food being served in many local inns and the success of the wine industry he tried to start, but he would be perplexed by the “politicobabble issuing from the politicians and congressional staffers who favor Charlottesville as a weekend retreat” and would be annoyed by the government-required health warnings on wine labels.

Reference: 932
Author: Unknown
Title: "Mr. Jefferson and the `Wolf,'"
Publication: U.S. News and World Report
Volume: 114
Date: (February 1, 1993)
Extent: 57.

Notes: TJ condemned slavery yet owned hundreds of slaves.

Reference: 933
Author: Mulconrey, Brian G.
Title: "Jefferson's Leadership Legacy"
Publication: Journal of Commerce and Commercial
Volume: 397
Date: (July 2, 1993)
Extent: 6A.

Notes: Argues that leaders today should master TJ's principles, particularly his belief in equality. Suggests that Congress “could go a long way toward restoring our nations early vision of equality” by restoring the deleted passage in the Declaration attacking the slave trade. Contemporary leaders should also create new, open forms of organizational learning, a “culture of openness and continuous learning,” and they should liberate the creative energies of their people by encouraging them “to free the minds of their people from the sacred texts of outdated practices. ”

Reference: 934
Author: Murray, Laura Jane
Title: “Going Native, Becoming American: Colonialism, Identity, and American Writing, 1760-1820.”,
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Cornell University
Publication: DAI-A 54/09, 3437
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 249.

Notes: Includes a discussion of “indigenizing strategy” in Notes on the State of Virginia , or in other words its representations of Native Americans in ways to white American military power, aesthetic power, and attachment to the land.

Reference: 935
Author: Unknown
Title: "New Tests on Jefferson Bottle Support Rodenstock."
Publication: The Wine Spectator
Volume: 17
Date: (February 28, 1993)
Extent: 9.

Notes: On the authenticity of supposed bottle of wine originally purchased by TJ and resold by wine merchant Hardy Rodenstock.

Reference: 936
Author: Onuf, Peter S.
Title: "The Scholar's Jefferson."
Publication: William and Mary Quarterly
Volume: 50
Date: (1993)
Extent: 671-99.

Notes: A thoughtful, wide-ranging discussion of scholarship on TJ in the last decade or so.

Reference: 937
Author: Onuf, Peter S.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson, Federalist"
Publication: Essays in History
Volume: 35
Date: (1993)
Extent: 19-32.

Notes: Contends that historians have not given sufficient serious attention to the second half of TJ's claim in his first inaugural speech: “We are all republicans, we are all federalists. ” Argues that he “was always a federalist,” as shown by a fresh reading of the Declaration of Independence. Even the Summary View is a plan for federal union, and the Declaration's implicit hierarchical scheme of citizens speaking as the people, states speaking for the people in the national Congress, and the Union speaking for them to the world “constituted the paradigm or framework for elaborations of the federal idea in succeeding decades.

Reference: 938
Author: Pangle, Lorraine Smith and Thomas K. Pangle
Title: "Thomas Jefferson on the Education of Citizens and Leaders" and "Thomas Jefferson and the Natural Basis of Moral Education" in The Learning of Liberty: The Educational Ideas of the American Founders .
Publisher: University Press of Kansas
Place of Publication: Lawrence
Date: (1993)
Extent: 106-24; 250-64.

Notes: The first of these chapters provides an excellent, concise account of TJ's ideas about education, particularly focusing on the issue of how to provide education on an egalitarian basis and at the same time encourage the development of the natural aristocrats of talent and virtue who will become political leaders of the future. The later chapter examines TJ's moral sense theory, concluding with a discussion of it as a compromise between seeing virtue as a social duty, measured by the approbation of others, and virtue as a good in itself, measured by self-respect. One might argue with this as a reductive reading of TJ's moral position, but each of these chapters is a thoughtful, suggestive discussion.

Reference: 939
Author: Paret, Peter
Title: “Jefferson and the Birth of European Liberalism,”
Publication: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Volume: 137
Date: (1993)
Extent: 488-97.

Notes: Comments that from the beginning TJ and the United States were integrated into European liberal thought. Early European liberalism, beginning after the fall of Napoleon, saw TJ as a model of an intellectual and man of affairs who understood power but did not love it. Notes that TJ's situation in America differed from that of European liberals living under various regimes that tended to be more autocratic; he took more radical positions on valuing republican government and desiring an extended franchise that his European admirers did not agree with but chose to overlook. Compares him to Wilhelm von Humboldt.

Reference: 940
Author: Parr, Marilyn K.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Short, Selected List of References"
Publication: Library of Congress Information Bulletin
Volume: 52
Date: (1993)
Extent: 144-45.

Notes: Lists and briefly describes 15 standard collections and scholarly texts.

Reference: 941
Author: Parshall, Gerald
Title: "The Feuding Fathers"
Publication: U.S. News and World Report
Volume: 114
Date: (February 1,1993)
Extent: 52-57.

Notes: TJ's disputes with Hamilton and Adams in the 1790s and political contentions leading up to the election of 1800.

Reference: 942
Author: Parshall, Gerald
Title: "A Polymath at His Peak."
Publication: U.S. News and World Report
Volume: 114
Date: (February 1,1993)
Extent: 58-59.

Notes: On the 1993 exhibit at Monticello.

Reference: 943
Author: Patton, Phil
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: A Look at America's Founding Father of Design on His 250th Birthday"
Publication: ID.
Volume: 40
Date: (May/June, 1993)
Extent: 38-39.

Notes: The Monticello exhibit.

Reference: 944
Author: Peterson, Merrill D.
Title: "Afterword," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 457-64.

Notes: Reflections on the 1992 "Jeffersonian Legacies" Conference in Charlottesville that resulted in the essays contained in this volume. Concludes that James Madison got it right when he judged that "the ironies, paradoxes, and contradictions in Jefferson's life and thought, so much dwelled upon by scholars, mattered little in the light of this fundamental harmony and consistency" of his philosophy of human rights.

Reference: 945
Author: Peterson, Merrill D.
Title: "Jefferson's Legacy"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 54-57.

Notes: The chief legacy is his philosophy of fundamental human rights and as a culture hero (architect, scientist, etc. ).

Reference: 946
Author: Ponte, Lowell
Title: "Happy Birthday, Mr. Jefferson"
Publication: Reader's Digest
Volume: 142
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 147-56.

Notes: Adulatory sketch of TJ as the father of liberty; mentions the issue of his ownership of slaves but evades addressing it.

Reference: 947
Author: Pyne, C. S. and Barbara Bryant
Title: "Jeffersonian Ideals: LC Symposium Focuses on First `Education President'"
Publication: Library of Congress Information Bulletin
Volume: 52
Date: (1993)
Extent: 308-11

Notes: On the conference on “TJ and the Education of a Citizen” sponsored by the Library in celebration of the 250th anniversary of TJ's birth.

Reference: 948
Author: Randall, Willard Stern
Title: "Pacifist at War"
Publication: MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History
Volume: 5
Date: (#4 1993)
Extent: 34-43.

Notes: Good account of TJ's experiences as war-time governor of Virginia and of the invasions of Arnold and Cornwallis. Adapted from the author's biography described above. No sources cited.

Reference: 949
Author: Randolph, Laura B.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Black and White Descendants Debate His Lineage and Legacy."
Publication: Ebony
Volume: 48
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 25-29.

Notes: On the claims of the descendants of Thomas Woodson to descent from TJ and Sally Hemings. Robert Cooley, III, a member of the Woodson family was moved by white scholar's disparagement of the likelihood of the TJ-Hemings relationship to speak out at the 1992 Jeffersonian Legacies conference about the oral history of the Woodson family. In 1993 the Woodson family association met at Monticello.

Reference: 950
Author: Rehnquist, William H.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and His Contemporaries."
Publication: Journal of Law and Politics
Volume: 9
Date: (1993)
Extent: 595-608.

Notes: Praises TJ as a champion of individual liberty even though he “did not capture the necessity of structuring the government in order to fully effectuate these ideals” as Hamilton and Marshall did. Discusses TJ's confrontations with Marshall in the Samuel Chase impeachment and the Burr trial.

Reference: 951
Author: Riechers, Maggie
Title: "Monticello: Reflections of an Eclectic Mind."
Publication: Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Volume: 14
Date: (March/April 1993)
Extent: 8-12.

Notes: Account of the 1993 Monticello exhibit. Points out that beyond revealing the complexity of TJ's mind, the exhibit reveals his contradictions. Notes the role of women in the life at Monticello, and discusses TJ's relationships to various women in his life.

Reference: 952
Author: Rigal, Laura
Title: "Peale's Mammoth" in American Iconology: New Approaches to Nineteenth-Century Art , ed. David C. Miller.
Publisher: Yale University Press
Place of Publication: New Haven
Date: (1993)
Extent: 18-38.

Notes: Interprets Charles Willson Peale's 1801 excavation of mastodon bones, the subsequent exhibition of them along with a painting of the excavation and his son Rembrandt's Disquisition in order to argue that the exhibit demonstrates that “the discursive framework of Jeffersonian-Republican political economy was (and remains the remains of) the machinery of production which produces and naturalizes the United States as a collective historical entity. ” Focus on the Peales and their project, but TJ and Jeffersonian political ideology treated throughout; throws light on the “mammoth” craze in the early years of TJ's presidency.

Reference: 953
Author: Rosen, Jeffrey
Title: "Ornamental Farm"
Publication: New Republic
Volume: 209
Date: (December 13, 1993)
Extent: 50.

Notes: Reply to Garry Wills's New York Review of Books essay of this year, rejecting his thesis that TJ's aesthetic principles were divorced from and compromised his stated political principles. TJ's ferme ornée is “no Proustian grove, aspiring to useless elegance or purposeless beauty. It is a microcosm of Jefferson's continental ambitions, a declaration of economic independence from the Old World .. ”

Reference: 954
Author: Sawyer, Rebecca
Title: "Presidential Plot"
Publication: Country Living
Volume: 16
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 29-30, 132.

Notes: On TJ as gardener.

Reference: 955
Author: Sente, Marjory J.
Title: "The Jefferson Definitives"
Publication: Stamps
Volume: 243
Date: (April 10, 1993)
Extent: 45.

Notes: Notes the imminent release of a new 29 cent Jefferson stamp in Charlottesville on April 13. This is the latest of a number of definitive Jefferson stamps, i. e. stamps with TJ's portrait which are valued at the basic rate for a first class letter.

Reference: 956
Author: Sheridan, Eugene R.
Title: "Apostle of Republican Liberty."
Publication: American History Illustrated
Volume: 28
Date: (March/April, 1993)
Extent: 28-37, 69-70.

Notes: Biographical sketch, emphasizing TJ as a Founding Father who contributed largely to the emerging American polity. Argues that his commitment to the "establishment of a republican political and social order in America" is central to this contribution. Sees his sharpest limitation as his failure to overcome racial prejudice against blacks. Illustrated.

Reference: 957
Author: Sheridan, Eugene R.
Title: "Jefferson and Monticello."
Publication: American History Illustrated
Volume: 28
Date: (July/August, 1993)
Extent: 58-69.

Notes: Follows up on previous essay with a well-informed account of TJ's involvement with and life at Monticello. Sees TJ's "tragic flaw" reflected in the house itself. Discusses the role of the slave community there and accepts, without offering any new evidence, the reality of the affair with Sally Hemings. Illustrated with photographs.

Reference: 958
Author: Sherwood, Patricia C. and Joseph Michael Lasala
Title: “Education and Architecture: The Evolution of the University of Virginia's Academical Village,” in Wilson ed.
Publisher: Bayly Art Museum
Place of Publication: Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 9-46.

Notes: Good account of the development of TJ's design for the University buildings, including his consultations with William Thornton and Benjamin Latrobe among others. Pays attention to TJ's evolving ideas about higher education and links them to his architectural thinking. Usefully illustrated with relevant architectural drawings.

Reference: 959
Author: Shklar, Judith Nisse
Title: "Politics and Friendship"
Publication: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Volume: 137
Date: (1993)
Extent: 207-12.

Notes: Discusses the friendship of TJ and Adams in the context of philosophical concerns from Plato to Montesquieu about the possibility of entertaining both friendship and political engagement at the same time. Concludes, “In the end Adams and Jefferson became Aristotelian friends, virtuous men sharing noble thoughts. Ciceronian friendship, comradeship in a cause had proven frail when normal political competition and ambition appeared. Yet it was the very heart of all their later memories. ”

Reference: 960
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: "Jefferson: Conscience v. Church. "
Publication: Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Volume: 14
Date: (March/April 1993)
Extent: 17-19.

Notes: TJ's prediction that Unitarianism would become the general religion of the United States did not come true, but despite his desire for a unifying civil religion, he more often recognized that individual commitments to principle would inevitably produce contention, sometimes violent contention.

Reference: 961
Author: Shuffelton, Frank
Title: "Race, Culture, and the Failure of Anthropological Method" in A Mixed Race: Ethnicity in Early America .
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1993)
Extent: 257-77.

Notes: Considers why TJ was relatively generous in his assessment in Notes of native American's ability and cultural achievements in comparison to his negative judgments about blacks. Places his writing in the eighteenth-century context of emerging discourses of the human sciences, particularly of anthropology, and notes that he uses the criteria of what would become cultural anthropology to discuss native Americans and of physical anthropology to discuss blacks. Sees this choice as driven by an underlying racism which is reinforced by the languages of these different discourses.

Reference: 962
Author: Sloan, Herbert
Title: "`The Earth Belongs in Usufruct to the Living'," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 281-315.

Notes: On TJ's letter to Madison of September 6, 1789, its revelations about his attitudes toward various forms of public indebtedness and its connections to his own debt burdens. Points to the significance of TJ's use of the concept of a “generation” and to his mathematical calculations. Sees TJ's famous remarks in this letter about the earth belonging to the living as a key to his political path in the 1790s.

Reference: 963
Author: Smith, C. Carter
Title: “Thomas Jefferson” in The Founding Presidents: A Sourcebook on the U. S. Presidency .
Publisher: Millbrook Press
Place of Publication: Brookfield CT.
Date: (1993)
Extent: 58-71.

Notes: Juvenile biography.

Reference: 964
Author: Smith, Gene A.
Title: "`For the Purposes of Defense': Thomas Jefferson's Naval Militia."
Publication: American Neptune
Volume: 53
Date: (1993)
Extent: 30-38.

Notes: On TJ's gunboat defense plan and the 1805 proposal to Congress, defeated the following year, to establish a naval militia to man the gunboats. Defends TJ against accusations of being opposed to any naval establishment.

Reference: 965
Author: Smith, Gene A.
Title: "Thomas Paine's Naval Proposal to the Directory in 1797 and Thomas Jefferson's Implementation of the Plan in the U.S. "
Publication: The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1850: Proceedings, 1992
Place of Publication: Tallahasee: Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution, Florida State University,
Date: (1993)
Extent: 290-98.

Notes: Paine proposed offensive deployment of gunboats for a possible French invasion of Britain; TJ envisioned defensive missions for gunboats. Eventually, however, each of them adapted each others arguments for their own policy.

Reference: 966
Author: Smith, Gene A.
Title: "U.S. Navy Gunboats and the Slave Trade in Louisiana Waters, 1808-1811"
Publication: Military History of the West
Volume: 23
Date: (1993)
Extent: 133-47.

Notes: Only peripherally about TJ, more about the use of his gunboats to interdict the slave trade after the 1808 law abolishing it. They had very limited success, resulting more from inability to man and maintain the vessels than to their design. Claims, however, that their operations in enforcing the ban on the slave trade and in suppressing the River Road slave insurrections “vividly illustrates Jefferson's program of using the gunboats to uphold and support political policy. ”

Reference: 967
Author: Unknown
Title: "Sorry, Tom."
Publication: Time
Volume: 141
Date: (April, 26, 1993)
Extent: 15.

Notes: Note on the Hartford Courant 's recent apology for an 1800 editorial opposing TJ; if he were to be elected, "Murder, robbery, rape, adultery, and incest will openly be taught and practiced, the soil will be soaked with blood and the nation black with crimes."

Reference: 968
Author: Stanton, Lucia C.
Title: "Jefferson and the Amusements of Science"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 92-99.

Notes: TJ's collection of scientific instruments and apparatus: camera obscura, magnifiers, telescopes, surveying instruments, etc.

Reference: 969
Author: Stanton, Lucia C.
Title: "Looking for Liberty: Thomas Jefferson and the British Lions."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 649-68.

Notes: Interesting account of TJ's relations with various British visitors, including Anthony Merry, Thomas Moore, Frances Wright, and Robert Owen. When TJ met Moore, who was very short and youthful-looking, he mistook him for a boy; Moore went off in a huff to Philadelphia, where he enjoyed the company of Joseph Dennie and other anti-Jeffersonian Federalists who influenced his later satiric verses about TJ and American democracy. Moore's verses nettled TJ and his family in part perhaps because they admired his other lyrics, and Moore in his turn later regretted his harsh criticism of TJ (although he reprinted the offending verses in 1841). Owen and Wright admired TJ as a democratic theorist, and Wright tried to get his support for her Nashoba experiment.

Reference: 970
Author: Stanton, Lucia C.
Title: "`Those Who Labor for My Happiness': Thomas Jefferson and His Slaves," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 147-180.

Notes: One of the best accounts of the relationships between TJ and his slaves and among the slaves themselves. Informed by first-rate scholarship, this offers new information and thick description. Notable for its explanation of how TJ underwent a "gradual closing of the imagination that distanced and dehumanized the black families of Monticello." Focus on the Hemings family, although not particularly on Sally.

Reference: 971
Author: Stein, Susan R.
Title: "Furnishings at Monticello"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 70--79.

Notes: Knowlegeable, illustrated account of TJ's purchases and designs for the interiors of Monticello, especially furniture and draperies.

Reference: 972
Author: Stein, Susan R.
Title: "Jefferson's Museum at Monticello"
Publication: The Magazine Antiques
Volume: 144
Date: (July, 1993)
Extent: 80--85.

Notes: TJ's collections of paintings, Indian artifacts, natural history specimens, etc.

Reference: 973
Author: Stephenson, Charles T.
Title: in "Celebrating American Heroes: The Commemoration of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Theodore Roosevelt, and Thomas Jefferson."
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation. Brown University
Publication: DAI-A 54/10, 3858
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 374.

Notes: Discusses the Jeffersonian Memorial in Washington, D. C. , the celebration of the bicentenial of TJ's birth, and Mount Rushmore, among other issues. Considers questions of architecture and ideology, debates about the memory of public heroes, and changing atitudes about national history.

Reference: 974
Author: Swanson, Donald F.
Title: “'Bank-Notes Will Be but as Oak Leaves': Thomas Jefferson on Paper Money,”
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 37-52.

Notes: Discusses TJ's attitudes towards banks, paper currency, and finance. With one or two exceptions he consistently rejected the idea of bank notes, seeing the use of banks mostly as places of deposit or of discount that discounted bills of exchange. Banks should issue specie and not loan more than the amount they held in deposit in specie. Governments, however, could issue paper money linked to specific taxes that would retire it. His belief in currency finance supported his objections to the two Banks of the United States.

Reference: 975
Author: Swanson, Donald F.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson on Establishing Public Credit: The Debt Plans of a Would-be Secretary of the Treasury?"
Publication: Presidential Studies Quarterly
Volume: 23
Date: (1993)
Extent: 499-508.

Notes: If TJ had been the Secretary of Treasury, he too would have funded the public debt and established public credit, but unlike Hamilton he would have funded only with a time limit for retiring the debt. The plans of each man would have established public credit, but TJ's would have taken longer to accomplish and required more economic pain at the start.

Reference: 976
Author: Tauber, Gisela
Title: " Notes on the State of Virginia : Thomas Jefferson's Unintentional Self-Portrait."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 635-48.

Notes: Pschoanalytic interpretation of Notes without supporting annotation for sources, some of which seem to require more substantiation. Suggests that the references to violence, e. g. the passage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge, point to feelings of guilt about causing the pregnancy that led to his wife's death. May strike many readers as a forced and extravagant reading.

Reference: 977
Author: Unknown
Title: “Thomas Jefferson, architetto della democrazia,”
Publication: Abitare
Volume: 316
Date: (March, 1993)
Extent: 88-89.

Notes: On the Monticello exhibit. In Italian.

Reference: 978
Author: Unknown
Title: "Thomas Jefferson: The First Advocate for Simplification"
Publication: Journal of Accountancy
Volume: 175
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 15.

Notes: Brief notice of TJ as record keeper. Not significant.

Reference: 979
Author: Traynor-Albert, Kerry Leslie
Title: “Thomas Jefferson's Use of Landscape Section in the South Pavilion and Dependencies at Monticello.”, M. A. thesis, Mississippi State University,
Publication: MAI 32/01, 3
Date: (1993)
Extent: Pp. 196.

Notes: Examines TJ's alterations of the land topography around the south pavilion and dependencies in order to obtain a profile that would complement his building design. Discusses his training as a surveyor, his knowledge of architecture, and his aesthetic sensibility.

Reference: 980
Author: Vanderstel, David G.
Title: "The Worlds of Thomas Jefferson at Monticello"
Publication: Journal of the Early Republic
Volume: 13
Date: (1993)
Extent: 397-402.

Notes: Reviews the 1993 Monticello exhibit which brought back many of the items originally in the house and which sought to demonstrate the convergence of TJ's world of Enlightenment universal ideas, his world in public service, and his private world. Finds the exhibit does reveal TJ's complexity but suggests it might be overwhelming to some visitors and that the general public may find it difficult to grasp the implicit thesis behind the exhibit.

Reference: 981
Author: Vermeule, Emily Townsend
Title: “Jefferson and Homer,”
Publication: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
Volume: 137
Date: (1993)
Extent: 689-703.

Notes: Somewhat disjointed essay that in the first half comments on TJ's admiration for Homer because of the copiousness and powr of his language. Claims that comments in his “Thoughts on English Prosody” reveal his as one of the first Americans to understand instinctively Homeric epic as a rhetorical, sung performance. Second half of essay is more interested in the historical referentiality of the Homeric texts in view of modern understanding of Homeric authorship.

Reference: 982
Author: Vincent, Bernard
Title: “Thomas Paine, The Louisiana Purchase, and the Rights of Man,”
Publication: Plantation Society in the Americas
Volume: 3
Date: (no. 2, 1993)
Extent: 63-72.

Notes: Reviews Paine's supposed role in the 1803 purchase, including his correspondence with TJ, his support of Jeffersonian diplomacy, and his advice on matters relating to Louisiana. Paine was less successful when he recommended support for Toussaint and the rebel slaves in Saint Domingue. Rather exaggerates Paine's significance as an advisor to TJ.

Reference: 983
Author: Unknown
Title: "Virginia Celebrates Jefferson"
Publication: Southern Living
Volume: 28
Date: (April, 1993)
Extent: 56.

Notes: Account of events occurring throughout the year to celebrate TJ's 250th birthday.

Reference: 984
Author: Walker, David
Title: "The Radical Reactionary"
Publication: Times Higher Education Supplement
Volume: 1103
Date: (December 24, 1993)
Extent: 13.

Notes: Does TJ have a legacy for the wider world? Despite his flaws and contradictions, yes, because without some version of the Jeffersonian faiths, “what becomes of human rights, democratic pluralism, or any of that bag of tricks that the West has exported world wide and seen re-presented in the United Nations. ”

Reference: 985
Author: Wang, Xiaoxun
Title: “Jiefuxun Yu Zongjiao Ziyou” (Jefferson and Freedom of Religion)
Publisher: Shije Lishi (World History )
Volume: 2
Date: (1993)
Extent: 83-92.

Notes: Discussion of TJ's writings and actions in favor of religious freedom and against religious oppression. Emphasizes his commitment to the free exercise of religion, not merely separation of church and state. In Chinese.

Reference: 986
Author: Weisz, Pam
Title: "Jefferson's Other Home: Poplar Forest."
Publication: Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
Volume: 14
Date: (March/April 1993)
Extent: 13-16.

Notes: Account of TJ's life at Poplar Forest, relying in part on recent archaeological and preservationst work there. Notes that TJ's original arrangement of the kitchen wing suggests a matter-of-fact attitude toward the presence of slaves in contact with the family; later Victorian owners took steps to physically separate family members and slaves.

Reference: 987
Author: Wenger, Mark R.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Virginia State Capitol"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 77-102.

Notes: Considers dating of some of TJ's architectural drawings on the basis of the paper used. Examines his efforts to design a new capitol for Williamsburg and examines how he used that plan for the state house in Richmond. Places his architectural work in the context of creating an effective, impressive symbolism for government.

Reference: 988
Author: Wernick, Robert
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and the Stuff of Greatness: At Monticello, A Big Birthday for the Former Owner."
Publication: Smithsonian
Volume: 24
Date: (May, 1993)
Extent: 80-93.

Notes: Illustrated account of Monticello and its furnishings, inspired by the 1993 exhibit.

Reference: 989
Author: Wertime, Richard A.
Title: "The Landscape Genius."
Publication: Archaeology
Volume: 46
Date: (May/June, 1993)
Extent: 50-55.

Notes: On the landscape architecture and archaeological projects of Shadwell, Monticello, and Poplar Forest. Interviews William Kelso on his work on the ruins at Shadwell which seems to have finally pinpointed its location. Kelso notes that Shadwell, the oldest of the TJ-related sites, probably had more slaves who were native to Africa, and it had a fence separating the living spaces of the white owners from the slaves. Monticello, with its much more racially and culturally diverse society and a more complex internal economy, had slaves and masters living in proximity on the hilltop.

Reference: 990
Author: West, John G., Jr
Title: "Monticello's New Democrat: What William Jefferson Clinton Can Learn from Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Policy Review
Volume: 64
Date: (Spring1993)
Extent: 58-60.

Notes: Notes Clinton's nods to TJ, hopes that he will emulate TJ's agenda: support for limited government, a reinvigorated federalism, respect for the Constitution, and defense of political liberty. “The bad news for the president is that such an agenda would not look anything like what he has been proposing so far. ” (This journal is published by the Heritage Foundation, a center for conservative thought. )

Reference: 991
Author: Whitman, Betsy Blizard
Title: "Meet Mr. Jefferson"
Publication: Learning
Volume: 21
Date: (April/May, 1993)
Extent: 46-52.

Notes: Suggested activities to introduce students (approx. 8-12 years of age?) to TJ's life and accomplishments.

Reference: 992
Author: Will, George F.
Title: "Mr. Jefferson Comes to Town."
Publication: Public Interest
Volume: 112
Date: (Summer, 1993)
Extent: 50-59.

Notes: Asks if TJ is still instructive to us? “Or has he become a glittering anachronism” because we have become a largely urban and suburban society? Notes TJ's condemnation of cities but contends that by asserting the values of personal independence, beginning with education and finding fruition in work, “the Jefferson legacy can live downtown. ”

Reference: 993
Author: Wills, Garry
Title: “The Aesthete.”
Publication: New York Review of Books
Volume: 41
Date: (August 12, 1993)
Extent: 6-10.

Notes: Review essay of Susan Stein's catalogue for the 1993 exhibit at Monticello. Criticizes TJ for a dedication to beauty and refinement that “reflected an urge to hover above the squalor and slavery that existed below him on his mountaintop. ” Discusses TJ's mania for collecting, his expensive schemes for insuring his own comfort wherever he lived, even to the extent of rebuilding rented quarters. A strong argument, if ultimately a bit one-sided.

Reference: 994
Author: Wills, Garry
Title: "Jefferson's Other Buildings."
Publication: The Atlantic Monthly
Volume: 271
Date: (January, 1993)
Extent: 80-89.

Notes: Discusses five buildings that TJ knew or designed and how they figured in his life: Tuckahoe, his boyhood home; John Page's Rosewell; Madison's Montpelier; Barbourville, a mansion he designed, and Poplar Forest.

Reference: 995
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Dating Jefferson's Early Architectural Drawings"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 101
Date: (1993)
Extent: 53-76.

Notes: Points out that Kimball and others who have tried to date TJ's architectural drawings have overlooked the usefulness of examining his changing style of penmanmanship in the late 1760s. Considers specifically drawings for the first Monticello and concludes that very few date before 1770. Also, many of the drawings Kimball dated to the early 1770s are somewhat later, particularly his drawing K34, and a later dating must be considered for some of the important decisions about the design of the first Monticello.

Reference: 996
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Jefferson and the Republic of Letters," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 50-76.

Notes: Excellent discussion of TJ as a writer with particular attention to Notes , his research into Christianity, his "Thoughts on English Prosody," his epistolary style, and the brief on the batture. Notes the peculiarity of one of America's writers of real importance being a man who avoided publication "almost as assiduously as he wrote" and explains it in terms of TJ's sensitivity to criticism, his passionate and excitable nature, and "his brooding self-consciousness and self-regard."

Reference: 997
Author: Wilson, Douglas L.
Title: "Thomas Jefferson's Library and the French Connection."
Publication: Eighteenth-Century Studies
Volume: 26
Date: (1993)
Extent: 669-85.

Notes: Engaging discussion of TJ's interest in books by French authors, in French culture, and in his acquisition of books in France. Discusses as examples of French texts that had an impact on his own thinking Fénelon's Télémaque and Marmontel's Belisarius and also the Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert.

Reference: 999
Author: Wilson, Richard Guy
Title: “Jefferson's Lawn: Perceptions, Interpretations, Meanings,”
Publisher: Bayly Art Museum
Place of Publication: in Thomas Jefferson's Academical Village Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 47-74.

Notes: Discusses the critical and architectural response to TJ's design for a University. Looks both at the buildings later added to his plan and at the renovations by Stanford White and others of his original buildings. Also discusses the impact the design had on visitors and how it was represented in later illustrations and descriptions. An interesting and suggestive essay on the architectural life history of a site.

Reference: 1000
Author: Wood, Gordon S.
Title: "Jefferson in His Time."
Publication: The Wilson Quarterly
Volume: 17
Date: (Spring, 1993)
Extent: 38-51.

Notes: Considers the status of TJ as the representative American in view of the critiques of his character made in the last 3 decades. Sketches TJ as a man of his time and finds that his words transcend his time, even if he himself did not. Sees him as becoming self-isolated and as turning inward in his final years. But his belief in the people and their ability to govern themselves and in the future are the source of his “symbolic power” in the American imagination.

Reference: 1001
Author: Wood, Gordon S.
Title: “Jefferson Within Limits.”
Publication: The New York Review of Books
Volume: 40
Date: (May 13, 1993)
Extent: 6-9.

Notes: Review essay based on Onuf, ed. Jeffersonian Legacies . Describes the conference at which the essays originated and focuses on the introduction of questions about slavery and TJ's slaveholding. Argues that Americans make a mistake in idealizing “our so-called 'founding fathers'. ” If we insist on making Jefferson into the representative America, we “will end up stressing our deficiencies and ignoring just how far we have progressed since the eigtheenth century.

Reference: 1002
Author: Wood, Gordon S.
Title: "The Trials and Tribulations of Thomas Jefferson," in Jeffersonian Legacies , ed. Onuf,
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1993)
Extent: 395-417.

Notes: Examines the contemporary critical understanding of TJ against the background of critiques of American society and polity. In our time he has been exposed as a knee-jerk liberal and as a racist slave owner who fathered children with one of his slaves. “The Jefferson that emerges out of much recent scholarship therefore resembles the America many critics have visualized in the past three decades---self-righteous, guilt-ridden, racist, doctrinaire, and filled with liberal pieties that under stress are easily sacrificed. ” Argues against this view that TJ was never in control of nor fully understood “the democratic revolution that he himself supremely spoke for. ” Sees TJ as “the pure American innocent” who in his later years turned inward and cut himself off from the larger world. His life-long faith in the natural sociability of people linked to a contempt for the modern state energized a radicalism that had consequences he did not foresee.

Reference: 1003
Author: Zuckerman, Michael
Title: "The Power of Blackness: Thomas Jefferson and the Revolution in St. Domingue,"
Publication: in Almost Chosen People: Oblique Biographies in the American Grain .
Publisher: University of California Press
Place of Publication: Berkeley
Date: (1993)
Extent: 175-218.

Notes: Originally published in 1989 in Italy. See description above for item # 699.

Reference: 1089
Author: Smith, Gene A.
Title: "`To Conquer Without War': The Philosophy of Jeffersonian Expansion in the Spanish Gulf Borderlands, 1800-1820," The Consortium on Revolutionary Europe, 1750-1850, Proceedings, Date: (1993)

Publisher: Institute on Napoleon and the French Revolution
Place of Publication: Florida State University, Tallahassee
Date: (1994)
Extent: 415-22.

Notes: TJ sought to control the Mississippi and other rivers that ran to the Gulf of Mexico from U. S. territory because of the needs of western settlers. He sought to acquire Florida because it posed a threat to U. S. security when in the hands of a foreign power, either as a staging base for operations on the southern states, a haven for hostile Indians, or a refuge for runaway slaves who might encourage uprisings in neighboring states. Also contends that the policy of acquisition was related to belief in “the pursuit of happiness” by providing land for future republican farmers, or in Madison's and Monroe's understanding, by serving as a site for economic development that would contribute directly to happiness and would forestall the need to employ surplus population in manufacturing.

Reference: 1017
Author: Brawne, Michael
Title: University of Virginia, The Lawn: Thomas Jefferson .
Publisher: Phaidon
Place of Publication: London
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 60.

Notes: Account of TJ's architectural designs for the University of Virginia that gives a history of his evolving plans and drawings and discusses his architectural sources, especially the Chateau de Marly and the work of Palladio. Notes the precise detail of his drawings and specifications. Illustrated with architectural plates, photographs,and reproductions of TJ's drawings.

Reference: 1018
Author: Burstein, Andrew
Title: "Life Follows My Pen: Jefferson, Letter-Writing and the Quest for Imaginative Friendship.",
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation. University of Virginia
Publication: DAI 707-A.
Date: (1994)
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 55

Notes: On TJ as writer. His correspondence reveals the role of sentiment in his self-understanding. See the author's book based on this dissertation, The Inner Jefferson: Portrait of a Grieving Optimist (1995).

Reference: 1019
Author: Chandler, David Leon
Title: The Jefferson Conspiracies: A President's Role in the Assassination of Meriwether Lewis .
Publisher: Morrow
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 368.

Notes: Supposedly General James Wilkinson conspired to kill Lewis and TJ covered it up by endorsing the suicide theory, suppressing an investigation into the facts, and protecting Wilkinson. Circumstantial argument at best, but usually not that even that strong. Unconvincing, diffusely written. Still, like most conspiracy theories, this one offers lots of details. Also, like most such theories, they don't add up.

Reference: 1020
Author: Chase-Riboud, Barbara
Title: The President's Daughter .
Publisher: Crown
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 467.

Notes: Novel. Sequel to the author's earlier Sally Hemings which focuses on Harriet Hemings, the (supposed) daughter of TJ and Sally Hemings. At age 21 Harriet is allowed to leave Monticello with TJ's blessing but without being emancipated. She goes to Philadelphia, passes for white, and narrates events from 1822 through the Civil War and the Emancipation Proclamation. Includes an “Author's Note on Historical Sources.”

Reference: 1021
Author: Fitzmorris, Bob, dir
Title: The Bill of Rights and Beyond: Thomas Jefferson's Perspective .
Publisher: Community Video Center
Place of Publication: Pikes Peak Library District
Date: (1994)
Extent: running time 121 min.

Notes: VHS videocassette, produced by Steven Antonuccio and Dave Rickert. TJ, as portrayed by Clay Jenkinson, talks about the Bill of Rights from a historical perspective in order to set the stage for panel discussions moderated by Bernard A. Margolis.

Reference: 1022
Author: Giblin, James Cross
Title: Thomas Jefferson: A Picture Book Biography .
Publisher: Scholastic,
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 48.

Notes: Juvenile for grades 4-6. Illustrations by Michael Dooling. Portrays TJ as complicated figure and within its limits deals with his involvement with slavery.

Reference: 1023
Author: Hunt, John Gabriel, ed.
Title: The Essential Thomas Jefferson .
Publisher: Gramercy Books
Place of Publication: New York
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. xvi, 334.

Notes: In the “Library of Freedom” series. Slight introduction to relatively familiar texts and parts of texts.

Reference: 1024
Author: Jenkinson, Clay
Title: Jefferson at Two Hundred and Fifty: What's Left .
Publisher: California Council for the Humanities
Place of Publication: San Francisco
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 12.

Notes: Tabloid-style publication on TJ's legacy, concluding “The words are greater than the man.

Reference: 1025
Author: Kaminski, John P., ed.
Title: Citizen Jefferson: The Wit and Wisdom of an American Sage .
Publisher: Madison House
Place of Publication: Madison, WI.
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. xii, 132.

Notes: Aphoristic selections arranged topically.

Reference: 1026
Author: Loui, Sizanne Jeanette
Title: “Practical Transcendentalism: The Role of Nature in the Political Theories of Thomas Jefferson and Ralph Waldo Emerson.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, St. Louis University
Publication: DAI-A 56/06, 2297
Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp 241.

Notes: Argues for a kinship between TJ and Emerson because each believes in the moral autonomy of citizens, that the moral sense can be strengthened through interaction with nature, and that cultivation of the moral sense is essential for the success of a democracy. Claims that TJ's response to the material forms of nature “is distinguished by an enthusiastic appreciation for the transcendent reality which he perceives” through it. Calls Jefferson a “Practical Transcendentalist. ” Maybe so, but probably not in these terms; TJ's suspicion of philosophical idealism is well-established, and depending upon a shared appreciation of nature may lead to a reductive notion of Emersonian transcendentalism.

Reference: 1027
Author: Martin, Russell Lionel III.
Title: “Mr. Jefferson's Business: The Farming Letters of Thomas Jefferson and Edmund Bacon, 1806-1826.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, University of Virginia
Publication: DAI-A 55/10, 3191
Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp. 426.

Notes: Edition of 161 letters exchanged between TJ and Bacon, his overseer at Monticello (80 from TJ, 81 from Bacon). Includes an historical introduction that argues for the value of the letters as offering insight into agriculture in the early republic as well as the way in which TJ's ideals about American democracy worked themselves out in the lives of ordinary men and women such as Edmund Bacon. Points out that when Bacon left for the West in 1822, his happiness continued to depend on the labor of slaves, another aspect of the Jeffersonian legacy.

Reference: 1028
Author: Maybury, Richard J.
Title: Evaluating Books: What Would Thomas Jefferson Think About This?
Publisher: Bluestocking Press
Place of Publication: Placerville CA.
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 106.

Notes: “Guidelines for Selecting Books Consistent With the Principles of America's Founder. ” Writing as “Uncle Eric,” the author presents TJ as the Friend of Liberty and Enemy of Statism. Attacks the “mistakes” present in “statist” textbooks by presenting the “truth” and then quoting a relevant statement by TJ. Example: Statists claim the Great Depression was caused by a failure of capitalism or free enterprise; the other side of the story: the Great Depression was caused by the Federal Reserve Bank and its oversupply of money. Eccentric.

Reference: 1029
Author: Mayer, David N.
Title: The Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson .
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. xiv, 397.

Notes: Thorough, albeit a bit repetitive, discussion of TJ's ideas about constitutions, constititution making, and constitutional government. Attentive to the historic context of TJ's statements of constitutional thought and thus able to give a coherent account of his changing emphases at different moments in his life. At the same time, the author argues for a number of continuing, unifying principles that are constantly at work in TJ's thinking no matter what the specific situation, particularly his belief in a government that was both federal and republican. Describes TJ's thinking as shaped by the traditions of the Real Whigs, noting the slightly different implications of the whig historians and of the whig political theorists. TJ came to understand federal government as one in which a national government oversaw relations with foreign governments and the states attended to internal government within their own boundaries. Defends TJ against accusations that he understood the national polity as simply a collection of states. Even more important for TJ, the author suggests, was his belief in republican government defined as one that recognizes that power resides in the people and has continuing recourse to them for approval of its actions. The best book-length study to date on this topic.

Reference: 1030
Author: McDonald, Robert M. S.
Title: “Thomas Jefferson's Anonymous Authorship of the Declaration of Independence.” M.A. thesis, University of North Carolina,
Publisher: University of North Carolina
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 55.

Reference: 1031
Author: Morris, Jeffrey Brandon
Title: The Jefferson Way .
Publisher: Lerner Publications Co
Place of Publication: Minneapolis
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 128.

Notes: Juvenile for ages 9-12.

Reference: 1032
Author: Richard, Carl J.
Title: The Founders and the Classics: Greece, Rome, and the American Enlightenment .
Publisher: Harvard University Press
Place of Publication: Cambridge
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. viii, 295.

Notes: No single chapter devoted entirely to TJ, but he is discussed throughout. Book is organized in terms of the founders' uses of the classics as source for a symbolic language, as social and political models and anti-models, as ethical guides, etc. Of particular interest are passages on TJ and the use of classical architectural models, on pastoral republicanism, and on TJ and Epicurean thought, among others. In addition to TJ, discusses and occasionally compares him to Hamilton, Adams, Madison, James Wilson, Benjamin Rush, and Franklin. Typically looks at the historical and political context in which the founders drew upon the classics, and thus this work goes beyond earlier studies of the classics in this period which merely tended to demonstrate that the classics were widely read without paying as much attention to how they were used and the different ways in which they could be used.

Reference: 1033
Author: Risjord, Norman K.
Title: Thomas Jefferson .
Publisher: Madison House
Place of Publication: Madison
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. xiii, 210.

Notes: A brief biography suitable for undergraduates. Focuses on TJ's political career and has a particular interest in explaining his life and career in terms of the thesis held by Joyce Appleby and others that TJ was an early supporter of liberal capitalism. Tends to be apologetic about all areas in which TJ's behavior or ideas have been called into question; calls the Sally Hemings story a “legend, utterly without factual foundation. ” Does give a good explanation of the significance of TJ's debts and how they were acquired (although there is an occasional falling back on to the simplistic notion that he was unwilling to compromise his taste for good wine, thus suggesting that he was an excessive consumer himself. ) Good at summarizing complex issues in brief form.

Reference: 1034
Author: Unknown
Title: The World of Thomas Jefferson: A Guide for Teachers .
Publisher: Thomas Jefferson Commemoration Commission,
Place of Publication: Charlottesville, VA.
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. 16.

Notes: Includes a biographical sketch by Merrill Peterson and and essay by R. Freeman Butts, “Jefferson's Legacy: Civic Learning in Public Education. ”

Reference: 1035
Author: Yamamoto, Mikio
Title: Dai doreinushi, tabako shinshi Jefason: Amerika shi no genf_kei.
Publisher: Aunsha
Place of Publication: Ky_to-shi
Date: (1994)
Extent: pp. iii, 361.

Notes: Biography in Japanese. Not seen.

Reference: 1036
Author: Allen, Ray Hoyt
Title: “An Historiographical Survey: Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings.” M. A. thesis, California State University at Fresno,
Publication: MAI 33/02, 402 Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp. 123.

Notes: Surveys the writing about TJ and Sally Hemings and finds two schools of thought, one confirming the affair and the other arguing that the evidence does not permit such an assumption.

Reference: 1037
Author: Andrews, Susan Trevarthan
Title: “Inside Archaeology: The Archaeology Lab and How to Make Bones Talk,”
Publication: Notes on the State of Poplar Forest
Volume: 2
Date: (1994)
Extent: 25-30.

Notes: Archaeologists working in labs analyze animal remains found at Poplar Forest that give clues about the diets of the inhabitants, as well as the types of animals being raised, the age at which they were butchered, etc. This helps to provide a fuller picture of the manner of daily life and of farming practices in TJ's time.

Reference: 1038
Author: Belz, Herman
Title: “In Pursuit of Jeffersonian Constitutionalism,”
Publication: Capital University Law Review
Volume: 23
Date: (1994)
Extent: 1139-48.

Notes: Review essay of David Mayer's Constitutional Thought of Thomas Jefferson . Contends contra Mayer, however, that it is difficult to claim TJ as a conservative because of his “zeal for constitutional change,” but argues that “the best feature of his constitutional thought” was his awareness of the need to “bind down government. ” A view of TJ that tries to understand his thinking in the context of his time creates difficulties in articulating why is thought is of continuing theoretical importance.

Reference: 1039
Author: Blake, David Haven, Jr
Title: "`Posterity Must Judge': Private and Public Discourse in the Adams-Jefferson Letters"
Publication: Arizona Quarterly
Volume: 50
Date: (1994)
Extent: 1-30.

Notes: Situates the correspondence as private discourse in a politicized late republican culture in order to “restore its conversation with other kinds of discourse, to recognize the textual and cultural import of its resistance to public texts. ” Thoughtful, suggestive discussion.

Reference: 1040
Author: Blake, David Haven, Jr
Title: “Writing the Republic: Whitman and the Emergence of a Republican Poetics.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Washington University
Publication: DAI-A, 56/03, 928
Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp. 203.

Notes: First two chapters argue that the Federalist Papers , Paine's Rights of Man , and the correspondence of TJ and Adams work to create a distinctly civic voice which draws upon the authority of American print culture. TJ and Adams escape the partisanship of civic discourse while retaining its authority. This creates a context for Whitman, whose affinities with TJ and Adams are later considered.

Reference: 1041
Author: Bumgarner, John R.
Title: “Thomas Jefferson” in The Health of the Presidents .
Publisher: McFarland & Co
Place of Publication: Jefferson NC.
Date: (1994)
Extent: 16-25.

Notes: Good summary of TJ's medical history, but adds little to earlier essays on this topic.

Reference: 1042
Author: Burstein, Andrew
Title: "Jefferson and the Familiar Letter"
Publication: Journal of the Early Republic
Volume: 14
Date: (1994)
Extent: 195-220.

Notes: Discursive essay that explains the importance of familiar letters for TJ as a means of expression that was both filled with anxiety and emotionally satisfying. Looks at examples of TJ's familiar letters, the rhetorical tradition behind the genre from Cicero and Pliny to his own time, and the manner in which familiar letters provides a clearer view of TJ's character, revealing him as the possessor of “a heart easily aroused. ”

Reference: 1043
Author: Burstein, Andrew and Catherine Mowbray
Title: "Jefferson and Sterne"
Publication: Early American Literature
Volume: 29
Date: (1994)
Extent: 19-34.

Notes: Argues that TJ “found in Sterne a confirmation of life's fragility and uncertainty. ” He also looked to Sterne “to clarify a sense of duty to the living. ” Well-developed and thoughtful discussion of TJ's response to Sterne as ethical and literary influence.

Reference: 1044
Author: Burstein, Andrew
Title: "The Problem of Jefferson Biography"
Publication: Virginia Quarterly Review
Volume: 70
Date: (Summer, 1994)
Extent: 403-20.

Notes: The unresolved problem in most biographies of TJ centers on the difficulty of dealing with his private life, his psychology, motives, and feelings. Criticizes recent efforts by Alf Mapp, Jr. and Willard Sterne Randall for imprecision, sloppiness, and romantic, unsubstantiated speculations about TJ's thoughts and feelings. Argues that biographers need to understand TJ's “linguistic environment” that provides the context for his writing and characterizes TJ as a man of nostalgic feeling.

Reference: 1045
Author: Cizauskas, Albert
Title: “Jefferson and Kosciusko: Two Views of Equality,”
Publication: Lituanus: Baltic States Quarterly of Arts and Sciences
Volume: 40
Date: (no. 3, 1994)
Extent: 45-50.

Notes: Kosciusko's conception of freedom and equality was more advanced than TJ's because his will freed his serfs and gave them the land they lived on and because he universalized the principle of freedom.

Reference: 1046
Author: Clinton, Robert Lowry
Title: "Game Theory, Legal History, and the Origins of Judicial Review: A Revisionist Analysis of Marbury vs. Madison"
Publication: American Journal of Political Science
Volume: 38
Date: (1994)
Extent: 285-302.

Notes: Author “employs both traditional legal-historical analysis and game theory to demonstrate that the behavior of both Marshall and Jefferson was consistent with the assumption that they were merely rational actors maximizing their payoffs at each stage of the controversy. ” Concludes that textbook accounts have overstated Marshall's political aggressiveness and the extra-legal dimensions of the case while understating the role of TJ's administration.

Reference: 1047
Author: Clinton, William J.
Title: "Proclamation 6669--251st Anniversary of the Birth of Thomas Jefferson"
Publication: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
Volume: 30
Date: (April 18, 1994)
Extent: 807-08.

Notes: Subsequently reprinted in the Federal Register.

Reference: 1048
Author: Clinton, William J.
Title: "Remarks at the Thomas Jefferson Dinner"
Publication: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton Date: (1994)

Place of Publication: Washington, D.C.,
Volume: vol. I., 667
Date: (1995)

Notes: President Clinton cited the immense contribution TJ made to the country, particularly in terms of his ideas about freedom, devotion to education, and the state. More than 200 years later, these views continue to affect the nation.

Reference: 1049
Author: Cohen, Richard E.
Title: "Jeffersonian Ideals, Harsh Reality"
Publication: National Journal
Volume: 26
Date: (February 19, 1994)
Extent: 435.

Notes: Congressional Democrats invoke TJ as both against debt and big government and as a deficit spender for national development (as TJ did in the case of the Louisiana Purchase). Although TJ argued for limited government, he was an “improviser,” like FDR and Ronald Reagan. TJ's inspiration may be of limited use as Congress has to face public demands for less government and lower taxes as well as for a response to increasingly expensive health care.

Reference: 1050
Author: Conkin, Paul K.
Title: “Priestley and Jefferson: Unitarianism as a Religion for a New Revolutionary Age,” in Religion in a Revolutionary Age , ed. Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert.
Publisher: University Press of Virginia
Place of Publication: Charlottesville
Date: (1994)
Extent: 290-307.

Notes: Asks what attracted TJ to Priestley's views and after an examination of Priestley's theological positions suggests that most important for TJ was the new understanding of Christianity Priestley's work presented to him rather than any particular doctrines. Priestley's doctrines mostly reinforced what TJ had believed all along, but his criticism of the Bible led him to reject later encrustations of the real Jesus. The author does not consider the similar impact of TJ's earlier reading of Bolingbroke.

Reference: 1051
Author: Dreisbach, Daniel L.
Title: “In Pursuit of Religious Freedom: Thomas Jefferson's Church-State Views Revisited, “
Publisher: University of Tennessee Press
Place of Publication: in Religion, Public Life, and the American Polity Knoxville
Date: (1994)
Extent: 74-111.

Notes: Argues that TJ's Statute for Religious Freedom “must be interpreted in terms of [his] complete legislative strategy for redefining church-state relations in Virginia. ” This means examining bill no. 82 in TJ's proposed revision of the Virginia statutes with the following four bills that also had to do in some way with religious issues. Contends that TJ's Statute for Religious Freedom seen in this way does not indicate “a strict separationist arrangement. ” Fails to consider adequately, however, that bills no. 83, 85, and 86 never became law, and that bill no. 84, punishing sabbath breakers, is as easily explainable as intended to provide one day of rest out of seven for everyone, since church attendance or religious affiliation was not required to obtain the day of rest. May also fail to take seriously enough the recognition that TJ's revision was relatively conservative in most regards, preserving traditional Virginia practice and law with a few notable exceptions such as inheritance and religious freedom.

Reference: 1052
Author: Ellis, Joseph J.
Title: “American Sphinx: The Contradictions of Thomas Jefferson,”
Publication: Civilization
Volume: 1
Date: (November/December, 1994)
Extent: 34-45.

Notes: Asks why Americans are “in the midst of a resurgent love affair with Jefferson that speaks, in some mysterious way, to our innermost condition. ” Notes that academic evaluations of TJ as of 1993 did not mirror popular views, being more critical particularly in regard to his record on slavery. While the academic view will inevitably affect popular opinion, affection for TJ will continue because of “the core of his thinking, the sentence in the Declaration beginning 'We hold these truths self-evident ... '. ”

Reference: 1053
Author: Finkelman, Paul
Title: "Thomas Jefferson and Slavery: The Myth Goes On"
Publication: Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
Volume: 102
Date: (1994)
Extent: 193-228.

Notes: Criticizes historians speaking to both professional and popular audiences who have written of TJ in nearly hagiographic terms, especially for their failure to deal either honestly or rigorously with TJ's racism and involvement with slavery. Sees TJ as a deeply flawed even when judged against his own words and the standards of his time. Points out that TJ, despite his few criticisms of slavery, did nothing to bring it to an end. Condemns him finally for his “hatred of free blacks, his utter inability to understand the humanity of his slaves, and his unrestrained spending habits” that kept him dependent on the labor of others. The specific historiographic critique is shrewd and persuasive; this is a better essay than the author's 1993 essay to the same effect. However, there seems to be little if any understanding of TJ's life-long struggle with debt and its effect on his ownership of slaves; note Herbert Sloan's 1995 volume on this topic and its rather different analysis of TJ's spending. Also, in describing the standards of TJ's time, insufficient attention is paid to the full range of opinions about slavery: see Jon Kukla's essay in the same issue of this journal.

Reference: 1054
Author: Gabriel, Robin H.
Title: “Thomas Jefferson and Architecture,”
Publication: OAH Magazine of History
Volume: 8
Date: (Summer 1994)
Extent: 36-44.

Notes: Brief comment on TJ and architecture, then suggested exercise to have students identify elements of classical architecture in their communities. No explanation of what the latter has to do with the former.

Reference: 1055
Author: Greenstone, J. David
Title: “Covenant, Process, and Slavery in the Thought of Adams and Jefferson,” in Daniel J. Elazar, ed., Covenant in the Nineteenth Century: The Decline of an American Political Tradition .
Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield
Place of Publication: Lanham, MD.
Date: (Summer 1994)
Extent: 75-110.

Notes: Briefer version of the argument published in 1993 concerning the distinct varieties of liberalism embraced by TJ and John Adams, and the implications this difference had for their responses toward slavery. Suggests that the pro-slavery shift in TJ's ethics rested upon his philosophical materialism, whereas Adams's reforming attitudes reflected the Puritan tradition of covenant theology in New England.

Reference: 1056
Author: Groening, Ute Hanna
Title: “Paradise Regained, Paradise Lost: The American Dream of Synchronicity in Postrevolutionary and Early Romantic Prose.”
Publication: Ph. D. dissertation, Brandeis University
Publication: DAI-A 55/03, 566
Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp. 240.

Notes: Discusses Notes on the State of Virginia as an example of “an ahistorical and sometimes even anti-historical strain [that] informs late 18th- and early 19th-century American prose. ” Claims TJ designs his text as a “static, anti-narrative, cartographic challenge to chronological European history-writing. ”

Reference: 1057
Author: Harvey, Lisa St. Clair
Title: “Mr. Jefferson's Wolf: Slavery and the Suburban Robot,”
Publication: Journal of American Culture
Volume: 17
Date: (Winter, 1994)
Extent: 79-89.

Notes: Contends that the introduction of robots into our culture will raise serious questions about master/slave relationships and about the idea of the “human” akin to the dilemmas TJ faced over slavery and racial difference. TJ recognized both the dehumanizing effects of slavery on both slaves and masters. He was also unable to resolve his opposition to slavery in principle and his personal dependence on slave labor.

Reference: 1058
Author: Hamilton, James Milburn
Title: “Jefferson's Leap of Faith: The Embargo Acts of 1807-1809 as a Failure of Jeffersonian Ideology.” M. A. thesis, University of North Texas,
Publication: MAI 33/04, 1134
Date: (1994)
Extent: Pp. 98.

Notes: Sees the Embargo as a betrayal of TJ's belief in the importance of individual liberty and choice for the common man, in part because of his failure to explain to the nation why he thought these drastic measures were necessary.