Reference: 170.

Notes: Thoroughly researched account of TJ's efforts to preserve copies of his letters and papers, first through use of a copy press, later by means of the polygraph. Discussion focuses on the latter device, including its earlier versions, and provides insight on TJ's relationship with Charles Willson Peale, the manufacturer of his polygraphs. Explains the drawbacks and continuing problems with the device and illumines TJ's efforts to encourage its use by others. Although copying machines might be considered one more minor "gadget" in TJ's gallery of useful contrivances, the author's solid scholarship is both entertaining and finally suggestive in several directions concerning TJ's production of writing.

Reference: 171.

Notes: The editor's introduction ( 3-90) describes fully TJ's interest in exploring the southern parts of the Louisiana Purchase and his negotiations with William Dunbar and Thomas Freeman to bring this about. Discusses as well his interest in natural history and his difficulty in finding competent naturalists to record material in this region. Informative about responses of the Spanish authorities who defined the southern borders of the Louisiana territory rather differently and were nervous about the activities of Aaron Burr. The author describes the limited geographical knowledge concerning the head of the Red River and notes that the Americans generally assumed it rose somewhere near Santa Fe and could open direct trade with that Spanish possession. Describes the 1806 expedition to explore the Red River by arranging in chronological order material from the journal and reports of Freeman and Peter Custis (the expedition's naturalist). Thoroughly annotated; a major source for this aspect of TJ's interest in the West.

Reference: 172.

Notes: Provides a comprehensive account of the state of scientific work and thought in the early republic and, in the author's words, "gives considerable prominence to the ideas and activities of Thomas Jefferson, not because he was a great scientist, which he was not, but because he participated in one way or another in nearly every field of scientific inquiry, stimulating his compatriots with his ideas and researches and inspiring them with the knowledge that their efforts were appreciated at the highest level of government." Gives less focus on the coherence at the personal level of TJ's scientific interests than does the earlier study of Edwin T. Martin (3073) and less attention to the ideological context of the American scientific world than Daniel J. Boorstin (2144), but easily surpasses each with its well-researched and detailed account of American scientists and their activities. Fifteen chapters discuss major centers of scientific activity and then the status of astronomy, chemistry, geography, geology, botany, zoology and paleontology, physical anthropology, archaeology, and comparative linguistics and the problem of Indian origins.

Reference: 173.

Notes: Extracts from TJ's writings without comment or notes. Insignificant for scholarly purposes.

Reference: 174. 174.

Notes: Contends that since 1826 America has abandoned TJ's "faith in the individual's right and ability to enlighten himself," with schools shifting first to attempting to inculcate a common moral viewpoint, then to instill essential values for citizenship in a democracy. At the same time, he argues, schools have increasingly passed from the control of parents to "government and educational reformers." TJ's wall of separation doctrine supposedly would bar a state role in education since "education is primarily a spiritual-intellectual process" and thus falls on the church side of the wall. Claims public funds should be available to private schools and state-imposed guidelines and mandates should be removed from public schools. Dubious propositions, reifications, partial history, and faulty logic mar the argument here.

Reference: 175.

Notes: In Polish.

Reference: 176.

Notes: Contends that TJ has been more misrepresented or misunderstood than any other founding father. Both conflict historians such as Beard and consensus historians such as Hartz see him as the prophet of a liberal future, based in Locke and exemplified by a triumphant capitalism. On the other hand ideological historians such as Bailyn and Pocock by emphasizing the influence of the whig, republican tradition portray a TJ defined by a nostalgic desire for an Edenic past. The picture of TJ is further clouded by a tendency among many writers to confuse Jefferson and "Jeffersonian" idea systems, and Matthews particularly emphasizes the need to disengage TJ from Madison, who stands ideologically closer to Hamilton in his view. Looks at TJ's notions of property, human nature, and personal ends in order to argue for a figure whose humanism, communitarian anarchism, and radical democracy "stand as an alternative to the market liberalism of the past and present." Uses insights from Hannah Arendt and C. B. Macpherson in order to contend that TJ "not only presents a radical critique of American market society but also provides an image for ... a consciously made, legitimately democratic future." Somewhat overstates the case for TJ's radicalism, but nonetheless a thoughtful monograph and a useful corrective to the tendency to try to normalize TJ as a genial liberal.

Reference: 177.

Notes: Examines the lives of two political founders of the United States and discusses their impact on the emerging political institutions of the bourgeois republic. In Russian.

Reference: 178.

Notes: In Polish; summary in English. Argues for party formation out of the rivalry between provincial elites oriented toward trade and industry on the one hand and agricultural (particularly Southern) interests on the other. Categorizes TJ rather too easily as an agrarian republican and contends in too simplistic and presentistic a manner that the party system and party mechanisms of today have essentially been in place since the end of the eighteenth century. Sees TJ as an ideological and party leader, perhaps more than he actually was. Argues that his goal in the 1790's was to create a strong, well-organized permanent opposition; this work may have more relevance to the Poland of the 1980's than to the United States of the 1790's. The comparison, although allowed to remain merely implicit, is interesting.

Reference: 179.

Notes: Focuses on TJ's religious ideas, seeking to project a vision of him as, in the terms of the initial chapter, a "religious person." Attempts to discover a TJ safe for a Christianity more conventional than his own, one in which belief and faith are more important than reason and principle and in which TJ, "when he was not being unduly influenced by his Enlightenment authors," recognized "higher concepts of God." Chapters on TJ's Bibles are written without benefit of consulting Dickinson W. Adams's work and before the publication of the Papers edition of Extracts from the Gospels , and they are consequently dated. The fullest attempt to deal with a significant theme in TJ's life and thought, sometimes suggestive but ultimately disappointing.

Reference: 180.

Notes: A checklist which is neither particularly well thought out nor well presented. Not useful.

Reference: 181.

Notes: Argues that differing court practices and essentially different conceptions of sovereignty and the nature of law separate English and American conceptions of jurisprudence. Concerned with particular and differing conceptions of reason and will, and of law and government, offered by John Adams, TJ, and Alexander Hamilton, political thinkers whose writings contributed not only to the formulation of the Constitution but also, unavoidably, to later understandings of it.

Reference: 182.

Notes: Claimed by right and left, TJ stands not so much for democracy as for freedom understood as liberation from all social authority. He "wrote the last will and testament" for the founding fathers, and his bequests have generated the conflicts among us, his heirs. Central for understanding TJ is his trust in man to be able to take care of himself, and his distrust of authority generated the "paradox of a passionately committed president working to divest the presidency of national relevance."

Reference: 183.

Notes: Review essay of Joyce Appleby's Capitalism and a New Social Order (1984) weighing its argument for the liberal and capitalist orientation of the Jeffersonians against the views of scholars such as Lance Banning who emphasize the debt they owe to classical republican ideology. Makes an essential point often overlooked in these efforts at ideological definition, "We need to know how typical a Jeffersonian Jefferson was." Finds that over various issues such as virtue, equality, commerce, and capitalism, the labels often do not stick when applied so as to discriminate between (among) Jeffersonians and Federalists.

Reference: 184.

Notes: Informative account of the instruments used on the Lewis and Clark expedition. TJ had definite opinions about the scientific data to be collected and the instruments to be used. He made his library and instruments available to Lewis for his instruction in their use, and he consulted with numerous scientific experts for advice on the expedition's scientific program. Lewis selected the actual instruments which are now dispersed and lost. Discusses use of various instruments. Illustrated with photographs of similar period scientific instruments.

Reference: 185.

Notes: Examines how American opinion on church-state relations shifted from Roger Williams's tolerationist position to TJ's advocacy of full religious freedom. TJ's position necessitates a separation of church and state, which should be maintained against threats in our day.

Reference: 186.

Notes: Presents an instructional unit in which academically gifted students analyze the contributions of TJ to American society. Suggests various instructional strategies such as a background assignment, study activities, discussion questions based on a text, culminating activities, and differentiated activities. Lists filmstrips and other resources.

Reference: 187.

Notes: Brief accounts, with anecdotes.

Reference: 188.

Notes: Mills sought TJ's support for his plans for a proposed South Carolina penitentiary. Focus on Mills's plans excludes any real discussion of relations with TJ. Peripheral.

Reference: 189.

Notes: Discusses 1981 excavations on Mulberry Row, particularly the fragments of animal bones found outside the doorway of a building used originally to store nail rod but later apparently for human occupation and the contents of a dry well or deep cellar dug near the original kitchen yard. The first gives some evidence of the contents of the slaves diet and the latter of that of the main house. Pig, cow, and sheep remains were at both sites, but the dry well had more remains from younger animals and bones associated with meatier cuts such as roasts. Bones at the storehouse were more fragmented, suggesting use of meat in stews, etc., and dry well bones were more likely to show burn marks suggesting roasting or grilling. Pig remains were the most common type at each site, but sheep remains were considerably more common in the dry well than at the storehouse site. Evidence also points to the use of somewhat older animals at the storehouse site.

Reference: 190.