Reference: 592.

Notes: Juvenile, illustrated by John and Alexandra Wallner.

Reference: 593.

Notes: A biographical study of TJ which focuses on his interests in science and technology. This book differs from Edwin T. Martin's 1952 thematically organized monograph on TJ as scientist by putting his scientific activities and thinking more fully into the context of his everyday life, by showing his changing level of interest in particular areas of concern at different periods of his life, and by showing how his scientific imagination was crucially a social activity, something that revealed itself in his correspondence and conversations with those who shared his interests in science. The author is a master of the details of TJ's scientific life, but at time the details eclipse larger questions. The strictly biographic frame is marred by a tendency to impute psychological motives to TJ which are not often objectively supportable, but the book is, nevertheless, a valuable storehouse of information.

Reference: 594.

Notes: The first full-scale study of Callender reveals a radical republican democrat, an extreme egalitarian, and a pioneer of muckraking journalism. Driven both by principle and by his own resentments, he was finally too monolithic and doctrinaire to win belief in his charges that Republicans were "as corrupt as the rest of mankind." Shows as other studies have not the depth of Callender's support for TJ, the price he paid for it, and why he turned on him the way he did. Without whitewashing Callender, gives a fuller context for his scandalous attacks on TJ.

Reference: 595.

Notes: Argues that educators of public administrators need to recognize the disagreement between TJ and Dewey, who consciously updated and revised TJ's views. To avoid pedagogical confusion, educators must choose one position or the other; claims to offer a defensible rationale for preferring TJ to Dewey.

Reference: 596.

Notes: Discusses the fusion of political and educational thought that underlay TJ's conviction that only a broadly educated citizenry could complete the American Revolution. Argues that TJ's early education encouraged a preference for "affectionate pedagogy," the instruction of an "affectionate friend" by an intimate mentor. Occurring within the context of a larger eighteenth-century revolution against patriarchy, this relationship became for TJ a standard by which to measure relationships between generations and between nations. Examines his own education and reading as a background for his efforts to give education a public dimension. Considers the paradoxes in TJ's efforts as he sought to displace the authority of wealth with that of mind and wealth; by conceiving of the state as an extended family, he had to construct patterns of authority intended to encourage the independence of the young. An advocate of the autonomous sovereignty of each generation, he insisted on the superiority of classical, Anglo-Saxon, and whig authors.

Reference: 597.

Reference: 600.

Notes: Account of TJ's career as an architect of villas, country houses designed with as places of pleasure, and his movement from Palladian influences to neoclassical forms to his eventual ambition to make Monticello a ferme ornée on the model of the Leasowes. Points out the uniqueness of the social and economic setting of Monticello in post-Renaissance villa history in being rooted in slavery yet committed to democracy and in being a curious mixture of simplicity and elegance. Usefully sets TJ's architectural thinking and practice in a long tradition.

Reference: 601.

Notes: TJ is the right American ancestor for the present moment when liberty is ascendant in the world. But the reality of his legacy in foreign policy is more complicated than the myth. As Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson have recently shown, he wanted both empire and liberty.

Reference: 602.

Notes: On how TJ, Crevecoeur, Franklin focused on the nature of the family and on its capacity to symbolize both the future success and future failure of the Revolution. Suggests that TJ's understanding of slavery in Query 13 is based upon a high valuation of the importance of domestic life that resembles that shown in John Winthrop's "Modell of Christian Charity." Slavery corrupts the bond between parent and child, the most vital in a community.

Reference: 603.

Notes: Reprint with minor revisions of 1960 essay, TJCAB #79.

Reference: 604.

Notes: Attacks Presser's characterization (# 627 below) of TJ as a demagogue, made as part of his argument for an "original intent" of the Framers which involved more of a belief in aristocracy than commonly believed. Contends that aristocracy and monarchy were among the framers' chief fears, and that TJ was indeed the idealist he has been portrayed to be. Chase is no model for a present day conservative jurisprudence, but TJ's democratic values remain central to American life. Presser's essay (1990) cited below.

Reference: 605.

Notes: On the collapse of Soviet hegemony in Eastern Europe. Not about TJ, beyond the mention in the title.

Reference: 606.

Notes: Discussion of Kimball's career which considers both TJ's impact on him and his important position vis a vis scholarship on TJ's architecture. Useful for those interested in reception theory, less so for those interested in TJ's work as such.

Reference: 607.

Notes: Demonstrates that Poplar Forest was not merely a simple, rustic retreat but one upon which TJ lavished a great deal of thought and care in extending the geometry of the house into the design of the grounds. The landscape design is remarkable for the mathematical relation of the parts to each other as well as for the whole design. The geometrical symmetry of the Poplar Forest design, involving a biaxial plan centered on the house, contrasts surprisingly with the asymmetrical landscape designs at Monticello. Describes TJ's careful siting of buildings with regard to views, privacy, etc. A significant essay on Poplar Forest.

Reference: 608.

Notes: "An elaboration of the author's introduction to the second reissue of his book" (1987, see above). Argues that judicial interpretations of the amendments to the Constitution has more to do with the history of the public administration of the United States than does the Constitution itself. Claims that "the predominance of adjudicative power as it has evolved in America is not conducive to a governance that can anticipate and plan for the future." Hence, "a more serious and comprehensive examination" of the founders' ideas about public administration and their very different legacies can uncover for us "the generally warping effect" of the courts "upon the character of public administration." Describes Hamilton's central concern for effective and responsible government, TJ's for defense of individual liberties, and laments the apparent lack of interest many Americans today seem to have in them.

Reference: 609.

Notes: Discusses TJ's life, his development of a rational religion, and the political and cultural institution of this both in the Statute for Religious Freedom and the First Amendment and also in the cultural pluralism encouraged by his plans for the University. Authors see TJ's religious program as central to America's civil religion. Well written, but not strikingly novel.

Reference: 610.

Notes: TJ favored provision for the discovery and recruitment of natural aristocrats, but Adams did not share his confidence that talent and virtue would always coincide. "We might say, paraphrasing Reinhold Neibuhr, that for Jefferson the best men's capacity for good makes democracy possible, while for Adams the best men's inclination to ill makes democracy necessary."

Reference: 611.

Notes: An imaginary dialogue. TJ here argues that Americans should stay home and mind American business, while Hamilton contends for the extension and exercise of U.S. power in the world.

Reference: 612.

Notes: Sketch of TJ's book collecting interests and the history of his library. Nothing new.

Reference: 613.

Notes: Argues that to focus on the Bill for Religious Freedom in isolation distorts TJ's church-state model, and it must be seen in the context of the four related bills in the Report of the Committee of Revisors . These preserved church property, punished disturbers of worship and sabbath breakers, authorized days of public fast and thanksgiving, and invoked biblical law for a bill on marriage. Claims that collectively the bills suggest TJ took a more accommodating view of church-state relations than the wall metaphor suggests. Hence, the Supreme Court has relied on an erroneous conception of TJ's views to inform its first amendment analysis, and its legal pronouncements may be flawed. Does not, however, give enough weight to these proposed laws as resulting from a committee of revisors, not perhaps TJ alone, and fails to consider TJ's support or rejection elsewhere for the various positions behind these laws. This essay in fact isolates the Bill for Religious Freedom to the narrow context of the Revisor's report.

Reference: 614.

Notes: Compares Lithuanian president Vytautas Landsbergis to TJ and claims the movement to regain Lithuanian independence is motivated by the same desire for liberty as the American Revolution.

Reference: 615.

Notes: A children's history of the U.S., written, it is claimed, with "drama, fun and real substance." Sample chapter relates the debate between Hamilton and Jefferson.

Reference: 616.

Notes: Description of Poplar Forest and current archaeological work there. Gives hours when house is open to visitors.

Reference: 617.

Notes: Short sketch, noting TJ's interests in inventions such as his moldboard plow, his code wheel, etc.

Reference: 618.

Notes: Reprints chapter from Lerner's 1987 book, The Thinking Revolutionary . See above.

Reference: 619.

Notes: TJ began the tradition of volunteer citizen weather observers.

Reference: 620.

Notes: An exercise in ethical analysis and reasoning for secondary students which examines TJ's life and his attempts to reconcile his democratic principles with his ownership of slaves. Like many aids for educators of this sort, it suffers from limits to the amount of information it can provide, but it does point out that in making decisions in cases such as this "we often feel we need more information" and invites students to search it out. Reprinted from the authors'
Publication: Reasoning with Democratic Values .
City: New York:
Publisher: Teachers College Press,
Date: 1985.
Pages: Vol. I, 54-66.

Reference: 621.

Notes: In the context of a larger argument about the shared qualities of Scottish and American literature resulting from self-conscious differences from the English "center" and from their own philosophical traditions, this chapter discusses the distanced, impartial stance of the objective observer implied by the moral sense theorists as the background to the Declaration's divided discourse of sympathy and separation. Analyzes TJ's language against the background of Hume, Adam Smith, and Reid, without suggesting (like Garry Wills?) that he was merely rewriting Scottish texts. Suggestive for discussion of TJ's relation to common sense philosophy and to skepticism.

Reference: 622.

Notes: Very brief sketch of Monticello.

Reference: 623.

Notes: Brief discussion of TJ in the context of a historical sketch of American paleontological studies. Minor.

Reference: 624.

Notes: Authoritative account of the collaboration between TJ and Clérisseau. Suggests that while TJ supplied the basic idea for the temple form and for copying a specific classical building (yhe Maison Carrée), Clérisseau's architectural expertise influenced both the design as a whole and specific details. Reduction of the portico depth, treatment of the windows, the inset plaques, and the change of the capitals from the Corinthian to the easier to carve Ionic represent Clérisseau's contributions.

Reference: 625.

Notes: Conventional, brief account of TJ as president. Sees the "revolution of 1800" as the beginning of a realignment in American politics marked by the rise of the Democratic-Republicans, the construction of a centralized partisan system in the government, and after TJ left office the consequent diminution of the office in respect to Congress.

Reference: 626.

Notes: Conventional biographical sketch, emphasizing TJ as a non-radical who thought government should stay within constitutional limits. The author intends to help restore the constitutional system of the U.S. by restoring faith in the founding fathers and consequently offers a somewhat muted and old-fashioned view of TJ. States that neither of the major parties of today can legitimately claim the legacy of TJ, "though both parties pretend to do so." Reprints first inaugural address.

Reference: 627.

Notes: Argues for a pre-1800 "original understanding" of the Constitution as enunciated by Samuel Chase and opposed by TJ. Claims Chase as a possible model for a conservative jurisprudence because he revised the "original misunderstanding" of replacing a "republican" with a "liberal" jurisprudence. Rejects notion of TJ as a moderate as evidenced by his distrust of the judiciary and his support for a radical democracy. Claims TJ was unwilling to submit to a strict rule of law, but Chase was (without noting that if each man was equally sure in his own mind what the law was, Chase was in the better position to claim to be submitting to it.) Posits an unrealized conservative alliance between Chase, TJ, John Taylor of Caroline, John Randolph as aristocrats with a hierarchical cast of mind; John Marshall relegated Chase's position to history by synthesizing his belief in commerce with TJ's faith in the wisdom of the masses and in democratic institutions. See reply to this argument by Raoul Berger, cited above.

Reference: 628.

Notes: A "monograph" crafted out of selected quotations from political thinkers beginning with Plato and Aristotle and extending to Lenin and Maritain. Concludes, however, with two pages of comments by TJ, generally of a somewhat libertarian complexion, but also one or two on the need for respecting the "will of the majority" and the "will of the people."

Reference: 629.

Notes: Considers early republican United States as a time of "modernist transformation of historical self-understanding" and examines the usefulness of competing notions of modernism advanced by Paul de Man on the one hand and Malcolm Bradbury and James McFarlane on the other. Discusses TJ's Declaration,
Publication: Notes on the State of Virginia , and "The Life and Morals of Jesus" as attempts to put off the burdensome hand of the past and encourage the emergence of a new man.

Reference: 630.

Notes: Argues that TJ and Thoreau are "figures of capable imagination" who could be organizing points of an adequate American literary history that is democratic and neither narrowly ideological nor mindlessly expansive. They are agents of an American pragmatics whose writings are dialogic, open to the widest possible range of other experiences, and, because of an underlying skeptical position, the possessors of a non-exclusive ideology able to engage with differing ideological positions. Starting with these two voices in order to rediscover the American literary tradition, we find their dialogue opens to a colloquy with agents of our understanding as diverse as Cotton Mather, Margaret Fuller, W.E.B.DuBois, Ezra Pound, Gertrude Stein, and Adrienne Rich.

Reference: 631.

Notes: Uses Carol Gilligan's theory of different patterns of moral development in men and women to analyze the epistolary exchanges in which John Adams quarrelled with Mercy Otis Warren and in the differences between John and Abigail Adams with TJ. Argues that their differences can be understood in terms of differences between an "ethic of justice" and an "ethic of care," and TJ's ability to comprehend the possibilities of both a masculine and a feminine voice demonstrates a version of the "post-conventional morality" which Gilligan posits as a better ethical position. Suggests TJ's ability to support an "ethic of care" can be understood as a positive valuation of contemporary Federalist charges that he was morally "effeminate."

Reference: 632.

Notes: Critiques TJ's educational philosophy as "dogmatic and parochial" and as unfortunately fundamental to the American common school system. Characterizes his thought as a "vacillation" between the individual person as one center of gravity and the universal law of nature as the other, and claims that his educational philosophy envisioned schools indoctrinating individuals in "rationalistic empiricism and enlightened moralism." Given this "bias," the answer is to abandon the common school in favor of independent schools, each defining its own philosophy of education. Such schools could discriminate according to gender or religion, but not by race or class, says the author. (Not clear why one sort of discrimination is legitimate and another not.)

Reference: 633.

Notes: Well-written account of TJ's proposal for dry docks in which to lay up naval ships not needed in peacetime. Gallatin advised TJ against the plan on fiscal as well as political grounds, especially when Latrobe's design turned out to be more elaborate and expensive than expected. Congress turned down the dry docks but accepted the gunboat idea.

Reference: 634.

Notes: Discusses TJ's jurisprudential thinking within the larger context of an analysis of the concept of judicial review out of eighteenth-century court practice and theories about the role of juries. Finds TJ shared with John Adams a belief in the fundamental importance of jury trials, but he took a more conservative position on the function of the jury and its power to interpret law. Traces this difference in part to TJ's materialist epistemology as well as to his response to French thought which distinguished him from other Founders. Argues that he paradoxically increased the legitimacy of public opinion as the basis of law while decreasing the individual's propensity to question his or her own views. He thus posited "revolution," either literal or legislative, as the means to resolve constitutional debate rather than by jural or judicial discourse. His failure to come up with an institutional alternative to the "majority will" of "the people" as the decisive voice in constitutional matters left him with a compact theory of politics, law, and constitutional "judgment" which collapsed the functions of will and judgment. Provocative and stimulating argument and book.

Reference: 635.

Notes: After noting that "Of all the American presidents, only Jefferson and Lincoln have commanded a literary style that is indisputably their own and memorable to later generations," goes on to examine the ways in which TJ lived in Lincoln's imagination "more intensely than any other American figure." Lincoln saw the Declaration as the "electric cord" which connected him to TJ, and its "truth" of equality became his standard for marking the limit on popular sovereignty. Although TJ was unable to escape complicity with the institution of slavery which his own principles made untenable, Lincoln was able to apply the Jeffersonian notion of equal rights to the issue of slavery in a political context and contest. TJ's fear of civil war, as expressed in his response to the Missouri Compromise, overrode his objections to slavery. Ironically, when the South seceded in 1861, Lincoln, for whom TJ's idealism had been a source of inspiration, found TJ's tactics and constitutional theory deployed against him. The best essay yet on TJ and Lincoln.

Reference: 636.

Notes: Notes TJ's role as the patron of the agrarian ideal in America, but points out several positions that distinguish him from other, later agrarian thinkers from Emerson through James, Dewey and George Herbert Mead. His agrarianism did not point toward establishing rights to farm, rose from an assessment of farming's instrumental value, and was subordinate to his abiding interest in forming a viable democratic state.

Reference: 637.

Notes: Discusses TJ's interest in the scientific observations of Lewis and Clark and describes the expedition as "in great part a scientific endeavor." Graceful note, but nothing particularly new. Illustrated.

Reference: 638.

Notes: Sketch about the history of the Monticello cemetery.

Reference: 639.

Notes: Argues that the ideals of American life remain Jeffersonian in the midst of powerful and corrupting institutions which he would reject. Points to his rejection of the notion of reasons of state for a belief that our interests are inseparable from our moral duties as an aspect of his desire to reject the whole apparatus of the modern state that had emerged in Europe in the eighteenth century. Nevertheless, he employed most of the means characteristic of the old statecraft; he desired for the U.S. both the traditional fruits of power--expansion--without having it be corrupted by the exercise of power. He wanted statecraft, diplomacy, without coercion or armament. In his hands foreign policy overrode other interests, in effect taking the place of "reasons of state," because of the demands of his isolationism. This isolationist mentality was unwilling to come to terms with the political world of his time and is related to the deeply ingrained "inwardness" of our national feeling. Adaptation from the authors' book, noted above.

Reference: 640.

Notes: Frames a critique of the American patriarchal "garrison state" with a consideration of the counter example of TJ, at least as expressed in his revolutionary concepts of the pursuit of happiness and of the necessity of occasionally watering the tree of liberty with the blood of patriots and tyrants.

Reference: 641.

Notes: The first essay discusses TJ's changing notions about Christianity, leading up to his preparation of his reformed gospels. Points to the early and significant influence of Bolingbroke, but maintains that TJ was not indifferent to the religion held by Americans. He did not separate religion and politics at the time of writing the Declaration, using Protestant fears of Catholicism as part of his argument. The second essay claims that the Statute for Religious Freedom was intended to protect the purity of religion, putting TJ in the camp of Roger Williams on this point, although he did not know Williams's work.

Reference: 642.

Notes: Well-informed and gracefully written account of TJ's interest in books, his building of a working library and use of it, and its foundational direction for the Library of Congress, most notably in terms of the breadth of his interests and the classification system he devised.