"To Exercise a Sound Discretion":
The University of Virginia and Its First Lawsuit
Notes
1. Henry Ingle to Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 1801, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, Massachusetts Historical Society (hereafter cited as MHi:TJ; citations from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson at the University of Virginia are cited as ViU:TJ; and citations from the Papers of Thomas Jefferson at the Library of Congress are cited as DLC:TJ). See also Richard Charles Cote's 1986 Boston University Ph.D. dissertation, "The Architectural Workmen of Thomas Jefferson in Virginia," 82, 101–4 (hereafter cited as "Architectural Workmen").
2. See William B. O'Neal, "The Workmen at the University of Virginia, 1817–1826: With Notes and Documents," The Magazine of Albemarle County History, volume 17, (Charlottesville: Albemarle County Historical Society, 1958–59), 16 (hereafter cited as "UVA Workmen").
3. At least two of Oldham's slaves, Hatley & Sackell, worked as carpenters also. I was first alerted to this and some other personal information on Oldham by K. Edward Lay, who graciously shared with me the fruit of his many years of research on university and local workmen. I have gleaned much from notes loaned to me by him (hereafter cited as "Notes"). See note 7 below. See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 30–31, 97–98.
On at least two occasions Oldham's apprentices accused him of mistreatment. Benoni Robeo won his freedom from the Richmond Hustings Court in March 1811. In May of the next year the court ruled in Oldham's favor in a suit brought by Richard Booker, but that apprenticeship nevertheless was annulled in 1813. Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 105.
4. Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Carrington Cabell, 4 February 1823, ViU:TJ. See Jack McLaughlin's Jefferson and Monticello: The Biography of a Builder, (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1988), 311–15 (hereafter cited as Jefferson and Monticello).
5. Bath County Census Records, 1810, in Lay, "Notes."
6. James Oldham to Thomas Jefferson, 15 June 1818, ViU:TJ, MHi:TJ, in McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello, 337. See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 106–108.
7. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 1 January 1819, MHi:TJ.
James Oldham (1770s–1843) lived along Three-Notched Road with his wife, Mary I. Gambell (1784–1856), the daughter of Henry Gambell (1741–1829) of Richmond. James and Mary married on 31 March 1812 and had at least two children, a daughter and a son, both born between 1820 and 1825. He purchased five hundred acres of Albemarle County land from M. Woods in 1828 and in 1830 land on the Mechums River, where he owned Oldham's Ordinary. He also owned a small brick house in Richmond, where he submitted plans for a powder magazine for the penitentiary on 13 June 1809. According to the 1810 census a James Oldham lived in Bath County. He showed up in the Albemarle Census in 1820, 1830, and 1840. He held ten slaves in 1830. At his death Oldham owned drawing instruments, carpenters tools, slaves valued at fifty-five hundred dollars, 5 Horses, 3 Colts, 12 Cattle, 26 Sheep, 45 Hogs, 9 Windsor Chairs, 1 Settee, 12 more chairs, 4 double and 2 single cherry tables, 4 pine presses, 1 mahogany bureau, 1 shotgun, and c. 30 books. The above information is taken from K. Edward Lay's "Charlottesville's Architectural Legacy," The Magazine of Albemarle County History, May 1988, 50 (hereafter cited as "Architectural Legacy"), and Lay, "Notes."
8. Ironically, Oldham's most important Richmond work was on the Virginia State Capitol. See Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 104.
9. Philip Alexander Bruce, History of the University of Virginia, 1819–1919, 5 volumes, (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1920), 1:277 (hereafter cited as History of UVA).
10. "Statutory History of the University of Virginia," compiled by Eugene C. Massie, The Alumni Bulletin, (Charlottesville: Faculty of the University of Virginia, 1899), 5:106 (hereafter cited as "Statutory History of UVA").
11. Incorporation of the Albemarle Academy took place on 12 January 1803. It became Central College on 14 February 1816. See Massie, "Statutory History of UVA," 5:101, 102.
12. The Board of Visitors appointed Brockenbrough at their very first meeting on 29 March 1819.
13. Barksdale became proctor by 16 September 1817. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:172, 188–89. Construction began first on Pavilion VII, not Pavilion I.
14. James Oldham to Nelson Barksdale, 27 March 1819, University of Virgina Proctors Papers, University Archives, Alderman Library, University of Virginia (hereafter cited ViU:PP). See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 65–66.
15. See James Dinsmore to Thomas Jefferson, 27 March 1819, ViU:TJ.
16. Another guide, Evans 1804 Washington Price Book, was mentioned in a 16 March advertisement in the Richmond Enquirer. See Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 68.
17. James Oldham to Thomas Jefferson, 3 April 1819, ViU:TJ.
18. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham with Enclosure, 8 April 1819, James Oldham v the University of Virginia, University of Virginia Chronological File, University Archives, Alderman Library, University of Virginia (hereafter cited as ViU: Chronological File). Documents from James Oldham v the University of Virginia are also in ViU:PP and the Records of the Superior Court of Chancery holden at Stuanton, in the Staunton Court House in Staunton, Virginia (hereafter cited as Stuanton Chancery Court Records). Hereafter the case will be cited as Oldham v UVA, followed by the collection name.
19. Oldham vs UVA, ViU: Chronological File. Oldham received the following amounts for his major carpenter work at the university.
Pavilion I $4,748.99
Hotels A 1,692.14
Hotels AA 2,203.62
Dorms 1,326.16
2,160.00
Total 12,130.91
Between 1819–22 the UVA Proctors Ledger accounts for payments to Oldham totaled $14,777.99. Lay, "Notes."
20. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 8 April 1819, ViU:TJ.
21. Oldham worked for Jefferson from 20 March 1801 to 1808. Lay, "Notes."
22. That Oldham made "great progress" in the study of architecture was attested to in an early recommendation for him to Jefferson. See Daniel Trump to Thomas Jefferson, 12 March 1801, ViU:TJ, Masschusetts Historical Society. See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 82–83.
23. See Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 24 December 1804, and James Oldham to Thomas Jefferson 21 June 1819, ViU:TJ. See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 26–27.
24. J. A. Harrison, "The Pavilions and their Earlier Occupants," Alumni Bulletin, May 1896 (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press), 3:1; Tripp Evans, "The Lawn: Pavilion I," Cavalier Daily, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia, 26 September 1988), 3. Pavilion I, the fifth of the Lawn's ten to be finished, cost $9,992.05. Completed in 1821, its first resident, John Patten Emmet, professor of chemistry and natural history, lived there until 1840. A biography of Emmet by his son, Thomas Addis Emmet, entitled "Memoir of Prof. John Patten Emmet," can be found in the Alumni Bulletin, February 1895, 1:93–101. Emmet's son said his father gave a large assortment of native Virginia snakes and reptiles free reign over the pavilion—plus an owl and a bear cub—until he married at which time his bride cleaned house (1:97).
25. John Percival to [Thomas Jefferson], 29 March 1819, ViU:TJ.
26. John Parham to Nelson Barksdale by Thomas Jefferson, 23 March 1819, ViU:TJ, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 27–28. See also Cote, "Architectural Workmen," 65–66, 96.
27. Alexander Garrett to Thomas Jefferson, 26 January 1819, ViU:TJ; James Dinsmore to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, May 1819, ViU:PP in Bruce, History of UVA, 278–79.
28. Some confusion exists here. Oldham claimed no one spoke to him about the price drop. Brockenbrough said in a document entitled Answer, of 7 July 1826, that he did not remember ever speaking to Oldham about the discount. In his Bill of Exception at the end of the decade the proctor said he did tell him.
29. James Oldham to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 June 1819, and 1 August 1819, ViU:PP.
30. George W. Spooner to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 9 August 1819, ViU:PP.
31. Receipt, 18 March 1819, ViU:PP.
32. For biographical information pertaining to these and some other university workmen mentioned in this essay, see Lay, "Architectural Legacy," 31–53.
33. See the letters to Arthur S. Brockenbrough from John Carter, 26 March 1821; Malcolm F. Crawford, 30 March 1821; James Dinsmore, 30 March 1821; John M. Perry, 30 March & 2 April 1821; Abiah Thorn, 31 March 1821; Dabney Cosby, 31 March 1821; William B. Phillips, 29 March 1821; George W. Spooner, 28 March 1821. All in ViU:PP.
34. James W. Widderfield to Thomas Jefferson, 3 April 1821, ViU:TJ, and James W. Widderfield to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 April 1821, ViU:PP.
35. James Starke to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 31 March 1821, ViU:PP.
36. Joseph Pitt to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 31 March 1821; Thomas R. Blackburn to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 30 March 1821, ViU:PP.
37. Thomas Pickering to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 25 March 1821, ViU:PP.
38. See James W. Widderfield to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 April 1821, ViU:PP.
39. Dabney Cosby to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 April 1821, ViU:PP.
40. George W. Spooner to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 March 1821, ViU:PP.
41. Brockenbrough endorsed this proposal "prices as last year," William B. Phillips to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 29 March 1821, ViU:PP.
42. Malcom F. Crawford to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 30 March 1821, ViU:PP.
43. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:250.
44. In fact the influx of workers from Philadelphia pushed the number employed on different buildings that same summer to over one hundred. See Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 27 & 29 June 1819, and Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Cooper, 11 July 1819, ViU:TJ.
45. George W. Spooner to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 April 1821, ViU:PP.
46. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:265; O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 5.
47. Plasterer's Bid of Joseph Antrim, 17 December 1817, ViU:PP, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 22.
48. James Glasgow to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 24 March 1821, ViU:PP.
49. William Thackara & Edward Evans to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 23 April 1821, ViU:PP.
50. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:258. Bruce spells Lowber as Lawber.
51. Edward Lowber to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 26 July 1821, ViU:PP.
52. Edward Lowber to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 May 1824, ViU:PP.
53. Edward Lowber to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 August 1824, ViU:PP.
54. Edward Lowber to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 18 April 1825, ViU:PP.
55. Edward Lowber to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 6 June 1827, ViU:PP.
56. It is impossible to ascertain with certainty that this is the time referred to by Brockenbrough. See Bill of Exception of Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
57. Dabney Cosby to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 8 February 1821, ViU:PP.
58. James Oldham to the Board of Visitors, 2 April 1821, ViU:PP.
59. Arthur S. Brockenbrough, Notice to Undertakers, 25 August, 1821, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and Staunton Chancery Court Records.
60. Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
61. Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 November 21 1821, ViU:TJ.
62. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 3 November 1821 [misdated 2 November], ViU:TJ, and Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
63. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 5 November 1821, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and Staunton Chancery Court Records.
64. James Oldham to Thomas Jefferson, 3 January 1822, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
65. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 3 January 1822, ViU:TJ, and Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
66. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 3 January 1822, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and ViU:PP, and Staunton Chancery Court Records.
67. Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
68. Arthur S. Brockenbrough, Due Bill to James Oldham, True Copy made 14 July 1823, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
69. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 25 January 1823, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and ViU:PP.
70. For Griffin's role in opposing the university, see Joseph C. Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 1821, 3 & 7 January 1822, 3 & 6 February 1822, 6 & 10 March 1822, and 3 February 1823, ViU:TJ.
71. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 5 February 1823, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and ViU:PP.
72. Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 4 February 1823, ViU:TJ, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 40–41.
73. Minutes of the Board of Visitors, April 7, 1823, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 42–43.
74. Thomas Jefferson to Joseph C. Cabell, 4 February 1823, ViU:TJ, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 41. About Brockenbrough, Philip Alexander Bruce wrote, "His ability and fidelity in performing the practical part imposed on him officially in the erection of the University have not been awarded the praise to which they fully entitle him in the history of the institution. Constant vigilance, unceasing activity, and the power to direct and use men to advantage, as well as knowledge of building in its general and special qualifications he exhibited. His responsibilities covered a large field of small details arising continuously, and calling for sound judgment and expert information to meet them correctly and promptly." See Bruce, History of UVA, 1:275–76.
75. Joseph Carrington Cabell to Thomas Jefferson, 11 February 1823, Early History of the University of Virginia, as Contained in the Letters of Thomas Jefferson and Joseph C. Cabell, (Richmond: J. W. Randolph, 1856), 274–75.
76. Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
77. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:258.
78. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:277.
79. William J. Coffee to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 19 April 1823, ViU:PP.
80. Thomas Jefferson to William J. Coffee, 10 April 1823 (Draft Copy in DLC:TJ), in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 43–44.
81. See also O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 41–46.
82. Bruce, History of UVA, 1:277.
83. Oath of Rice W. Wood, 14 July 1823, (Copy) ViU:PP; Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
84. Proctor's Note to James Dinsmore, 14 July 1823, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. The attached bill of 1 September for $48.50 worth of Oldham's work plus unvalued work on the lower Range of Dormitories and Hotel, is marked, "Bill of Some of the Carpenters work Executed by James Oldham for the University by request of the proctor—"
85. James Dinsmore to ——, 6 October 1823, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
86. Memorial of James Oldham to the Rector & Visitors, 3 October 1823, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File, and Staunton Chancery Court Records.
87. Thomas Jefferson to James Oldham, 7 October 1823, Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
88. Oath of Rice W. Wood, [20 November 1823], ViU:PP. The oath was sworn before John R. Jones. See also Oldham v UVA, ViU: Chronological File.
89. Thomas Jefferson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 November 1823, ViU:TJ, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 46.
90. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to Rice W. Wood, 23 November 1823, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
91. Summons, 26 September 1825, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. See also Summons, 28 April & 1 June 1826. The six were members of the university Board of Visitors.
92. Answers [of Arthur S. Brockenbrough], 7 July 1826, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
93. Notification of Deposition in James Oldham to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 17 July 1827, and James Oldham to Rector, 17 July 1827, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. The Board of Visitors received the notice the next day. See Board Minutes, 18 July 1827, in O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 48. See also Commonwealth of Virginia (William S. Eskridge) to Luckett Otho, 14 August 1827, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
94. Notification of Deposition in James Oldham to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 15 November 1827, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records, and ViU:PP.
95. For a discussion of Dinsmore and Neilson, see K. Edward Lay's "Dinsmore and Neilson, Jefferson's Master Builders," Colonnade: The Newsjournal of the University of Virginia School of Architecture, Spring 1991, 9–13.
96. James Dinsmore and John Neilson to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 2 August 1827, ViU:PP.
97. Deposition [Agreement between James Oldham and Arthur S. Brockenbrough], 22 November 1827, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
98. Note of Arthur S. Brockenbrough, [22 November 1827], Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
99. Answers enclosed in Arthur S. Brockenbrough to Briscoe G. Baldwin, 14 December 1828 [Letter not found], mentioned in Briscoe G. Baldwin to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 19 December 1828, ViU:PP.
100. Briscoe G. Baldwin to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 December 1828, ViU:PP. Baldwin ended his correspondence with a plea rivaling Edward Lowber, "If you Should be in funds; as proctor, you will oblige me much by Sending me a fee—" Brockenbrough fulfilled his request by sending him twenty dollars on 14 December.
101. Briscoe G. Baldwin to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 19 December 1828, ViU:PP.
102. Arthur S. Brockenbrough Answer to Amended Bill of James Oldham, 18 December 1828, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
103. Answer [of Rector & Board of Visitors], 20 July 1829, Minutes of the Board of Visitors, (typed transcript in McGregor Reading Room, Alderman Library, University of Virginia).
104. James Oldham to Judge Allen Taylor, 22 July 1829, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
105. Copy Order [Judge's Order for Smith & Manson], 4 March 1830, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. An endorsement dated 3 April by Otis Manson says the order was delivered to James Madison on 29 March at a cost of two dollars and fifty cents.
106. Summons of John Vowles & George W. Spooner, 31 March 1830, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
107. Report [Commissioners], 17 June 1830, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. Smith and Manson charged fifty dollars and seventy-five cents each for six days work, travel and expenses.
108. V. W. Southall to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 26 December 1830, ViU:PP. For a mention of McClung's Tavern, see Thomas Jefferson's Table of Mileages, Staunton to Warm Springs, and Warm Springs to Charlottesville [1769–1772], ViU:TJ.
109. Notification of Deposition, enclosed in Rectors & Visitors to James Oldham, 28 December 1830, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
110. Notification of Affidavit, enclosed in James Oldham to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 28 December 1830, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
111. Bill of Exception of Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 3 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. A lawyer Tapp questioned Brockenbrough on behalf of the plaintiff.
112. Affidavit of M. W. D. Jones, 1 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
113. Certificate [of John Booker & John Goddin], 1 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
114. Affidavit of Otis Manson, 1 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
115. The letter mentioned is Arthur S. Brockenbrough to Thomas Gilmer, 29 December 1830 [not found], mentioned in Affidavit of Otis Manson, 1 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
116. Order [by William S. Eskridge, C.C.C.], and Order [Decree of Superior Court of Chancery], 28 January 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
117. Arthur S. Brockenbrough to James Oldham, 8 March 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. Brockenbrough called Morris "a very correct man" and said he knew no one else in Philadelphia to pick as commissioner. "If you do not oppose or if he will not come I can get Dr Patterson to make an enquiry."
118. Certificate of Joseph Morris, n.d., Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records. Morris submitted his report sometime after finishing his work in May 1831, possibly on the same day he completed his work and submitted a bill for his services. See Bills [of Joseph Morris], 5 May 1831, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
119. Affidavit of John M. Perry, 3 May 1831, Oldham v UVA, ViU:PP. Perry testified he knew several undertakers anxious to do all the work on lawn and ranges at the ten per cent discount rate but, as far as he knew, Oldham never received notice of the ten per cent discount. He also testified that no one ever furnished offers to do Oldham's work at a better price. Evidently Perry was eager to testify in behalf of the university and the proctor, for in late 1830 he wrote, ". . . it is probable that my evidence is of Importance, I Recollect that it was distinctly understood by all, that the last work let at the university, was to be done 10 pr. cent below the first work undertaken." When he complained to Jefferson about the price decrease, Perry recalled that Jefferson replied "that work had fallen every where, and that no more would be given . . . Oldham not excepted." John Perry to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 20 December 1830, ViU:PP.
120. Before the judge could rule on the final settlement Oldham tied up a few more loose ends by taking new affidavits from Joseph Pitt and Dabney Cosby to ensure that the new proctor, John A. Carr, became involved in the affair. The Board of Visitors unexpectedly replaced Brockenbrough as proctor in August 1831. Brockenbrough, caught off guard by the board's actions, angrily stayed on as assistant policeman for the university. William G. Pendleton replaced Carr himself by September 1832, shortly after the settlement of the Oldham lawsuit. See Arthur S. Brockenbrough to John A. Carr, 21 August 1831, ViU:PP. Pitt gave his deposition on 21 September at Fitch's Tavern in Charlottesville and Oldham took Cosby's 20 January 1832 affidavit at Union Seminary in Prince Edward County. See James Oldham to John A. Carr, [19 September 1831], and James Oldham to John A. Carr, 10 January 1832, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
121. Last Report, Exceptions & Opinion thereon, 12 June 1832, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
122. The final settlement was as follows:
Whole amount of Plaintiff's claims $10,123.90
Amount received by James Oldham 8,077.48
subtotal owed to James Oldham 2,040.42
10% deduction 217.61
reduced balance 1,828.81
interest on $4200 107.13
sundrie items 112.55
Total due James Oldham $2,048.49
Interest on $2,048.49 began accruing 7 October 1824.
See Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
123. Amendatory Report, 13–14 June 1832, Oldham v UVA, Staunton Chancery Court Records.
124. It is incredible that major contracts could be made and executed without the slightest mention of important details. The code of honor served as a powerful motivation and restraint in most cases. See Richard Ware to Arthur S. Brockenbrough, 27 March 1821, ViU:PP. Ware volunteered to do "any Carpenter work" on the West Range Hotels or dormitories but did not suggest a price. Brockenbrough endorsed the bid, "Prices as heretofore Proctors House & the adjoining dormitories at 10 p Cent below the present prices—" However, the letter does not mention prices. Face to face negotiations must have played an important role.
125. The former proctor was dead by 17 September 1832.
126. O'Neal, "UVA Workmen," 16.