Notes to "On Borrowed Ground: Free African-American life in Charleston, South Carolina 1810-61."

1. Michael Eggart, "Anniversary Address," Minutes of the Friendly Moralist Society, June 11, 1848, cited by, Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South, (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1984), p. 215.

2. Bureau of the Census, Third Census of the United States: 1810 Population.

3. Bureau of the Census, Third Census of the United States, 1810: Population; Bureau of the Census, Forth Census of the United States, 1820: Population; Bureau of the Census, Fifth Census of the United States, 1830: Population; Bureau of the Census, Sixth Census of the United States, 1840: Population; Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census of the United States, 1850: Population; Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860: Population.

4. Bernard Edward Powers, Jr., "Black Charleston: A Social History 1822-1885" (Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1982), pp. 37-84.; Ira Berlin, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South, (New York: Random House, 1974)

5. Berlin, Slaves Without Masters, p. 90.

6. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.

7. Berlin, Slaves Without Masters, pp. 31, 58, 150-1.; E. Horace Fitchett, "The Origins and Growth of the Free Negro in Charleston, SC," Journal of Negro History 25 (October 1941), 421-37.; Fitchett, "The Traditions of the Free Negro in Charleston, SC," Journal of Negro History 26 (April 1940), pp. 139-52 Charleston Manuscript Census, 1860

8. Leonard P. Curry, The Free Black in Urban America 1800-1850 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), p. 150.; Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.; Johnson and Roark, Black Masters, p. 107.

9. Curry, The Free Black in Urban America, p. 150.

10. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 1-36.

11. Ibid.

12. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.

13. Robert S. Starobin, ed. Denmark Vesey: The Slave Conspiracy of 1822 (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970), p.2.; Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 1-36.; Margaret Washington Creel, A Peculiar People: Slave Religion and Community Culture Among the Gullahs, (New York: New York University Press, 1981), pp. 149-150; The percentage is based on information from 1810 census.

14. Creel, A Peculiar People, p. 150.

15. Starobin ed., Denmark Vesey, p. 11.

16. Starobin ed., Denmark Vesey.

17. Creel, A Peculiar People, pp. 113-166.

18. Starobin ed., Denmark Vesey, pp. 3,11,21,26,53.; Herbert Aptheker, "On Denmark Vesey," John H. Bracey, Jr., August Meier, and Elliott Rudwick, eds., American Slavery: The Question of Resistance (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co., Inc., 1971), pp. 120-4.; Robert S. Starobin, "Denmark Vesey's Slave Conspiracy of 1822: A Study in Rebellion and Repression," Bracey, Jr., Meier, and Rudwick, eds., American Slavery, pp. 142-54.

19. Ibid.

20. Creel, A Peculiar People, p. 150; Starobin, Denmark Vesey, p.8.

21. Starobin, "Denmark Vesey's Slave Conspiracy of 1822," 142-54.

22. Richard C. Wade, "The Vesey Plot: A Reconsideration," Bracey, Jr., Meier and Rudwick, eds., pp. 127-39.

23. Starobin, Denmark Vesey, p.72.

24 Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, Black Masters: A Free Family of Color in the Old South (New York: W. W. Norton and company, 1984), p. 105; Starobin, Denmark Vesey, p. 2.

25. Starobin, Denmark Vesey, pp. 149-51.

26. Johnson and Roark, Black Masters, pp. 195-232.

27. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.

28. Johnson and Roark, Black Masters, pp. 195-232.

29. Johnson and Roark, Black Masters, pp. 233-287.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid, p. 224; Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.

34. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.

35. Ibid.

36. State Free Negro Capitation Tax Books: Charleston, South Carolina ca. 1811-1860. (South Carolina Archives, Microcopy Number 11).

37. Ibid.

38. Stephen O'Neill, "In the Shadow of Slavery: The Civil Rights Years in Charleston" (Ph. D. dissertation., University of Virginia, 1994), pp. 24-25.

39. Population Schedules of the Eighth Census of the United States. South Carolina Volume 2 (186-52), Charleston District (Pt.). City of Charleston Wards 1-8. (National Archives Microfilm Publication: Microcopy No. 653, Roll 1216).

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Frederick A. Ford, Census of the City of Charleston. South Carolina For the Year 1861 (Charleston, SC, 1861).

43. Charleston Population Schedules, 1860.

44. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 37-84.; Charleston Population schedules, 1860.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Powers, "Black Charleston," pp. 1-37.; Charleston Population Schedules, 1860.

48. Johnson and Roark, Black Masters, pp. 233-287. Charleston Population Schedules, 1860.

49. Ibid.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid; James M. Johnson Letter, Michael P. Johnson and James L. Roark, eds., No Chariot Let Down: Charleston's Free People of Color on the Eve of the Civil War, (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p 85.

54. James D. Johnson Letter, Johnson and Roark eds., No Chariot Let Down, p. 143.