How To Cite Essays in History

Please feel free to make use of Essays in History as a resource for your own academic work, but remember to cite correctly. Most style manuals printed since the mid-1990s include guidelines for citing electronic journals. One notable difference between electronic and other sources is that electronic sources lack consistent pagination. The current consensus is to use paragraphs instead as internal subdivisions. Because locations of electronic sources sometimes change, it is useful to record the date at which you accessed each source as well as its location. The following are example citations in several different formats of an article from Essays in History:

• American Psychological Association (social sciences)
  American Psychological Association (APA) style is prevalent in the social sciences. It prefers internal citations and gives prominence to the date of publication.
  
  Internal citation
  (Stinehart, 1998).
  
  Note that, in APA style, reference to paragraph numbers is made only when quoting.

  List of References

  Stinehart, Anne C. (1998.) "‘Renowned Queen Mother Mathilda:' Ideals and Realities of Ottonian Queenship in the Vitae Mathildis reginae (Mathilda of Saxony, ?895 - 968)." [91 p.]. Essays in History [On-line serial], 40. Available: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH40/steinh40.html.

• Chicago Manual of Style
  The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) style is used in history and in many other humanities fields. It prefers notes.

  Note at first citation

  1. Anne C. Stinehart, "‘Renowned Queen Mother Mathilda:' Ideals and Realities of Ottonian Queenship in the Vitae Mathildis reginae (Mathilda of Saxony, ?895 - 968)," Essays in History 40 (1998) http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH40/steinh40.html, [27 July 2000], 32.

  Note at subsequent citation

  2. Stinehart, 32.

  Bibliography

  Stinehart, Anne C. "‘Renowned Queen Mother Mathilda:' Ideals and Realities of Ottonian Queenship in the Vitae Mathildis reginae (Mathilda of Saxony, ?895-968)." Essays in History 40 (1998). Available: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH40/steinh40.html. [27 July 2000].

• Modern Language Association
  Modern Language Association (MLA) style is common in the study of languages and literatures, and is used in many other humanities fields. It prefers internal citations. For more detail, see the MLA's website at www.mla.org.

  Internal citation
  (Stinehart 32).

  List of works cited
  Stinehart, Anne C. "‘Renowned Queen Mother Mathilda:' Ideals and Realities of Ottonian Queenship in the Vitae Mathildis reginae (Mathilda of Saxony, ?895 - 968)." Essays in History 40 (1998): 91 pars. 27 July 2000. < http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH40/steinh40.html>.

  Note that the length of the article in paragraphs is given.

If you are not sure which format to use, consult your instructor.

If your use of Essays in History extends beyond academic research, you may wish to consult our copyright policy.