Flying Machines: Construction and Operation

Jackman, W.J., Thomas H. Russell, and Octave Chanute . Flying Machines: Construction and Operation
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Header

Front Matter

Chapter 1 EVOLUTION OF TWO-SURFACE FLYING MACHINE. By Octave Chanute.

Section

Section Second Wenham Aeroplane.

Section Experiments by Stringfellow.

Section Linfield's Unsuccessful Efforts.

Section Renard's "Dirigible Parachute."

Section Phillips Fails on Stability Problem.

Section Hargrave's Kite Experiments.

Section Experiments With Glider Model.

Section How Lilienthal Was Killed.

Section Experiments by the Writer.

Section First Proposed by Wenham.

Section Monoplane Idea Wrong.

Chapter 2 CHAPTER II. THEORY, DEVELOPMENT, AND USE.

Section

Section Are Mechanical Birds.

Section Origin of the Aeroplane.

Section Character of Chanute's Experiments.

Section Developments by the Wrights.

Section Limits of the Flying Machine.

Section Some Practical Uses.

Chapter 3 CHAPTER III. MECHANICAL BIRD ACTION.

Section

Section Another Simple Illustration.

Section Principle In General Use.

Section Getting Under Headway.

Section Puzzle in Bird Soaring.

Section Modeled Closely After Birds.

Chapter 4 CHAPTER IV. VARIOUS FORMS OF FLYING MACHINES.

Section

Section What the Helicopter Is.

Section Form of the Ornithopter.

Section Three Kinds of Aeroplanes.

Section Differences in Biplanes.

Chapter 5 CHAPTER V. CONSTRUCTING A GLIDING MACHINE.

Section

Section Glider the Basis of Success.

Section Plans for Handy Glider.

Section Kind of Material Required.

Section Names of the Various Parts.

Section Quantity and Cost of Material.

Section Application of the Rudders.

Section Putting the Machine Together.

Section Another Way of Placing Struts.

Section Placing the Rib Pieces.

Section Joining the Two Frames.

Section Trussing with Guy Wires.

Section Putting on the Cloth.

Section Reinforcing the Cloth.

Section Use of Armpieces.

Chapter 6 CHAPTER VI. LEARNING TO FLY.

Section

Section Begin on Level Ground.

Section Effect of Body Movements.

Section Ascends at an Angle.

Section Maintaining an Equilibrium.

Section Effects of Wind Currents.

Section Launching Device for Gliders.

Section How Glider Is Started.

Section What the Operator Does.

Section Motor For the Launcher.

Chapter 7 CHAPTER VII. PUTTING ON THE RUDDER.

Section

Section Cross Pieces for Rudder Beam.

Section The Rudder Itself.

Section Strengthening the Rudder.

Chapter 8 CHAPTER VIII. THE REAL FLYING MACHINE.

Section

Section Larger Surface Area Required.

Section Some Practical Examples.

Section Which is the Best?

Section Proper Sizes For Frame.

Section How to Splice Timbers.

Section Splicing with Metal Sleeves.

Section Joining the Two Pieces.

Section Installation of Motor.

Section The One Chief Object.

Section Shape of Machine a Factor.

Section Rudders and Auxiliary Planes.

Section Rudder and Auxiliary Construction.

Section Arrangement of Alighting Gear.

Section Why Wood Is Favored.

Section Things to Be Considered.

Section Estimating the Weights Involved.

Section What the Novice Must Avoid.

Section How to Distribute the Weight.

Section Figuring on Surface Area.

Section Distributing the Surface Area.

Section The Cost of Production.

Section Services of Expert Necessary.

Section Speed Affects Weight Capacity.

Chapter 9 CHAPTER IX. SELECTION OF THE MOTOR.

Section

Section Average Weight Per Horse Power.

Section How Lightness Is Secured.

Section Multiplicity of Cylinders.

Section Horse Power and Speed.

Section Great Waste of Power.

Section What the Propeller Does.

Section Kinds of Propellers Used.

Section Placing of the Motor.

Section No Perfect Motor as Yet.

Section Features of Darracq Motor.

Section Propeller Thrust Important.

Section Designs for Propeller Blades.

Section Difference in Propeller Efficiency.

Section Comparison of Two Designs.

Section Experts Fail to Agree.

Chapter 10 CHAPTER X. PROPER DIMENSIONS OF MACHINES.

Section

Section Dimensions of Leading Machines.

Section Figuring Out the Details.

Section The Matter of Passengers.

Section Average Proportions of Load.

Section Importance of Engine Power.

Section Proper Weight of Machine.

Section Comparison of Bird Power.

Section Measurements of Curtiss Machine.

Chapter 11 CHAPTER XI. PLANE AND RUDDER CONTROL.

Section

Section Several Methods of Control.

Section Connection With the Levers.

Section Which Method is Best?

Section Some Things to Be Learned.

Chapter 12 CHAPTER XII. HOW TO USE THE MACHINE.

Section

Section Why This Rule Prevails.

Section How to Make a Start.

Section When the Machine Rises.

Section Make Your Flights Short.

Section Preserving the Equilibrium.

Section How It Works In the Air.

Section When Planes Must Be Used.

Section When to Make a Flight.

Chapter 13 CHAPTER XIII. PECULIARITIES OF AIRSHIP POWER.

Section

Section Pressure of the Wind.

Section How to Determine Upon Power.

Section Wind Pressure a Necessity.

Section Supporting Area of Birds.

Section Comparison With Aeroplanes.

Section More Surface, Less Power.

Section The Fuel Consumption Problem.

Section Increase of Thirty Per Cent.

Chapter 14 CHAPTER XIV. ABOUT WIND CURRENTS, ETC.

Section

Section Changes In Wind Currents.

Section How a Bird Meets Currents.

Section Trying to Imitate the Bird.

Section Preserving Longitudinal Balance.

Section The Matter of Lateral Balance.

Section High Winds Threaten Stability.

Section Trouble With Vertical Columns.

Chapter 15 CHAPTER XV. THE ELEMENT OF DANGER.

Section

Section Two Fields of Safety.

Section Lesson in Recent Accidents.

Section Aviation Not Extra Hazardous.

Section Safer Than Railroading.

Section Two Main Causes of Trouble.

Chapter 16 CHAPTER XVI. RADICAL CHANGES BEING MADE.

Section

Section Dimensions of 1908 Machine.

Section Dimensions of 1909 Machine.

Section Some of the Results Obtained.

Section Changes in Engine Action.

Section More Speed and Same Capacity.

Section Wrights Adopt Wheeled Gears.

Section Only Three Dangerous Rivals.

Section Other Aviators at Work.

Section Smallest of Flying Machines.

Section Have One Rule in Mind.

Chapter 17 CHAPTER XVII. SOME OF THE NEW DESIGNS.

Section

Section Features of Van Anden Model.

Section The Method of Control.

Section Automatic Control of Wings.

Section Motive Power of Van Anden.

Section Still Another New Aeroplane.

Section Motor Is Extremely Light.

Section Machine Built by Students.

Section Frame Size and Engine Power.

Chapter 18 CHAPTER XVIII. DEMAND FOR FLYING MACHINES.

Section

Section Results of Bleriot's Daring.

Section Wonderful Results in a Year.

Section Some of the Actual Results.

Section Larger Plants Are Necessary.

Section Prices at Which Machines Sell.

Section Systematic Instruction of Amateurs.

Section Yes, the Airship Is Here.

Chapter 19 CHAPTER XIX. LAW OF THE AIRSHIP.

Section

Section Rights of Property Owners.

Section Privilege Sharply Confined.

Section How It Affects Aviation.

Section Hard to Catch Offenders.

Section Points to Be Proven.

Section Difficult to Fix Damages.

Section Right of Way for Airships.

Section Possible Solution Offered.

Section Responsibility of Aviators.

Section Fine for an Aeronaut.

Section Air Not Really Free.

Section Relations of Owner and Employee.

Section As to Aeroplane Contracts.

Section No Redress for Purchasers.

Chapter 20 CHAPTER XX. SOARING FLIGHT. By Octave Chanute.

Section

Section Soaring Power of Birds.

Section Great Power of Gulls.

Section Mystery to be Explained.

Section Buzzards Soar in Dead Calm.

Section Results of Close Observations.

Section An Interesting Experiment.

Section Some Data on Bird Power.

Section Results Astonish Scientists.

Section Endorsed by Prof. Marvin.

Section Conditions Unfavorable for Wrights.

Section Langley's Idea of Aviation.

Section Requisites for Soaring Flights.

Chapter 21 CHAPTER XXI. FLYING MACHINES VS. BALLOONS.

Section

Section Expense and Other Items.

Section Lack of Speed and Control.

Section Some Balloon Performances.

Section Speed of Flying Machines.

Section Expense of Producing Gas.

Section Proportions of Materials Required.

Section In Time of Emergency.

Section Balloons for Commercial Use.

Chapter 22 CHAPTER XXII. PROBLEMS OF AERIAL FLIGHT.

Section

Section Helicopter Type Useless.

Section Must Compete With Locomotive.

Section Matter of Fuel Consumption.

Section Eccentricities of the Wind.

Section Thinks Use Is Limited.

Section Weight of Lightest Motors.

Section Best Means of Propulsion.

Section Advocates Propellers in Rear.

Section Benefits of Soaring Flight.

Section Main Difficulties in Aviation.

Section Requisites of Flying Machine.

Chapter 23 CHAPTER XXIII. AMATEURS MAY USE WRIGHT PATENTS.

Section

Section What Wright Brothers Say.

Section Basis of the Wright Patents.

Section Wrights Obtain an Injunction.

Section What the Judge Said.

Section Similar to Plan of Wrights.

Section Variance From Patent Immaterial.

Section "June Bug" First Infringement.

Section Points Claimed By Curtiss.

Section Does Not Warp Main Surface.

Section Rudder Used Only For Steering.

Section Aero Club Recognizes Wrights.

Chapter 24 CHAPTER XXIV. HINTS ON PROPELLER CONSTRUCTION.

Section

Section What the Designers Seek.

Section Terms in General Use.

Section When Pitch Is Not Uniform.

Section Effect of Non-Uniformity.

Section Why Blades Are Curved.

Section How to Determine Angle.

Section Relation of Diameter to Circumference.

Chapter 25 CHAPTER XXV. NEW MOTORS AND DEVICES.

Section

Section A Powerful Light Motor.

Section Roberts Aviation Motor.

Section The Rinek Motor.

Section The Overhead Camshaft Boulevard.

Chapter 26 CHAPTER XXVI. MONOPLANES, TRIPLANES, MULTIPLANES.

Section

Section Dimensions of Monoplanes.

Section Winnings Made with Monoplanes.

Section The Most Popular Monoplanes.

Section Combined Triplane and Biplane.

Section New Cody Biplane.

Section Pressey Automatic Control.

Section The Sellers' Multiplane.

Chapter 27 CHAPTER XXVII. 1911 AEROPLANE RECORDS.

Section THE WORLD AT LARGE.

Section AMERICAN RECORDS.

Section AVIATION DEVELOPMENT.

Section NOTABLE CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHTS OF 1911.

Section AEROPLANES AND DIRIGIBLE BALLOONS IN WARFARE.

Chapter 28 CHAPTER XXVIII. GLOSSARY OF AERONAUTICAL TERMS.